[slideshare] fiqh-course(sept-2012-batch)-#4b-historyof madzahib -(13-oct-2012)

““INTRODUCTION TO THE INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF STUDY OF FIQH FIQH ””

Intermediate Level Islamic course in English for AdultsIntermediate Level Islamic course in English for Adultsconducted by Ustaz Zhulkeflee Hj Ismailconducted by Ustaz Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH,IN THE NAME OF ALLAH,MOST COMPASSIONATE,MOST COMPASSIONATE,MOST MERCIFUL.MOST MERCIFUL.

All Rights Reserved © Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2012))

LESSON # 4b – LESSON # 4b –

PRESERVATION OF PRESERVATION OF PRIMARY SOURCES AND BRIEF PRIMARY SOURCES AND BRIEF

HISTORY OF MADZAAHIB HISTORY OF MADZAAHIB And say: O Lord! Increase for me my knowledge

Using text & curriculum he has developed especially for Using text & curriculum he has developed especially for Muslim converts and young Adult English-speaking Muslims. Muslim converts and young Adult English-speaking Muslims.

““To seek knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim (male & female)”To seek knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim (male & female)”

PROPHET MUHAMMAD AS THE SOURCE FOR GUIDANCEPROPHET MUHAMMAD AS THE SOURCE FOR GUIDANCE

All Rights Reserved © Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2012))Previous lessonPrevious lesson

““He (Allah) it is who has sent unto the unlettered people a He (Allah) it is who has sent unto the unlettered people a

Messenger from among themselves, to convey unto them Messenger from among themselves, to convey unto them

His messages, and to cause them to grow in purity, and to His messages, and to cause them to grow in purity, and to

impart unto them the divine Writ as well as Wisdom - impart unto them the divine Writ as well as Wisdom -

whereas before that they were indeed, most obviously, lost whereas before that they were indeed, most obviously, lost

in error …. ”in error …. ”

((Qur’an : Al-Jumu’ah : 62 :2Qur’an : Al-Jumu’ah : 62 :2))



“…“…. and (to cause the message to spread) from them . and (to cause the message to spread) from them

unto other people as soon as they come into contact unto other people as soon as they come into contact

with them : for He (Allah) alone is almighty, truly wise ! with them : for He (Allah) alone is almighty, truly wise !

””

((Qur’an : Al-Jumu’ah : 62 :3Qur’an : Al-Jumu’ah : 62 :3))



““O You who believe ! Obey Allah, and obey the Messenger, O You who believe ! Obey Allah, and obey the Messenger,

and those charged with authority from among you. If you and those charged with authority from among you. If you

differ in anything among yourselves, refer it back to Allah differ in anything among yourselves, refer it back to Allah

and to His Messenger, if you do believe in Allah and the and to His Messenger, if you do believe in Allah and the

Last day : That is best and most suitable for final Last day : That is best and most suitable for final

determination.”determination.”

((Qur’an : An-Nisa’ : 4 :59Qur’an : An-Nisa’ : 4 :59))



““And I leave behind me for you all, for clarifying in your And I leave behind me for you all, for clarifying in your

affairs (of this religion), whosoever holdfast to them shall affairs (of this religion), whosoever holdfast to them shall

never be led astray – (these are) the never be led astray – (these are) the Book of Allah Book of Allah and and

the the SunnahSunnah (Way or tradition) of His Messenger.” (Way or tradition) of His Messenger.”

((From Sermon reported by Ibnu Hisham in his “Seerah”From Sermon reported by Ibnu Hisham in his “Seerah”))


““Verily, I am leaving behind me for you all, whosoever clings Verily, I am leaving behind me for you all, whosoever clings

to them shall never be astray after this till the hereafter :-to them shall never be astray after this till the hereafter :-

the Book of Allah - the rope stretched from heaven to the the Book of Allah - the rope stretched from heaven to the

earth; and my ‘earth; and my ‘itrahitrah’ [progeny] from my Household – These ’ [progeny] from my Household – These

two will never be separated from each other until they return two will never be separated from each other until they return

upon the Pool (in Paradise). upon the Pool (in Paradise).

See that you do not differ from (the guidance of) these two See that you do not differ from (the guidance of) these two

after me.”after me.”

((Hadith reported by TirmidziHadith reported by Tirmidzi))


““We (Allah) have, without doubt, send down the We (Allah) have, without doubt, send down the

Message (Al-Qur’an) And We will assuredly guard it Message (Al-Qur’an) And We will assuredly guard it

(from corruption)”(from corruption)”

((Qur’an: Surah al- Hijr: 15: 9Qur’an: Surah al- Hijr: 15: 9))


“ “And upon thee (too) have We bestowed from on And upon thee (too) have We bestowed from on

high this reminder, high this reminder, so that thou (Muhammad) might so that thou (Muhammad) might

make clear unto mankind all that has ever been thus make clear unto mankind all that has ever been thus

bestowed upon thembestowed upon them, and that they might take , and that they might take

thought.thought.

((Qur’an : An-Nahl : 16: 44Qur’an : An-Nahl : 16: 44))



TO CONTINUE – TO CONTINUE – INSHA-ALLAHINSHA-ALLAH

AL-QUR’AN , THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD AND AL-QUR’AN , THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD AND THOSE APPOINTED AS THE SOURCE FOR GUIDANCETHOSE APPOINTED AS THE SOURCE FOR GUIDANCE


AL-QUR’AN , THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD AND AL-QUR’AN , THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD AND THOSE APPOINTED AS THE SOURCE FOR GUIDANCETHOSE APPOINTED AS THE SOURCE FOR GUIDANCE

““O You who believe ! O You who believe ! Obey Allah, and obey the Messenger, Obey Allah, and obey the Messenger,

and those charged with authority from among youand those charged with authority from among you. If you . If you

differ in anything among yourselves, refer it back to Allah differ in anything among yourselves, refer it back to Allah

and to His Messenger, if you do believe in Allah and the and to His Messenger, if you do believe in Allah and the

Last day : That is best and most suitable for final Last day : That is best and most suitable for final

determination.”determination.”

((Qur’an : An-Nisa’ : 4 :59Qur’an : An-Nisa’ : 4 :59))


““(‘Ali ibn Abi Talib r.a. said) “I asked: ‘O Messenger of Allah! (What (‘Ali ibn Abi Talib r.a. said) “I asked: ‘O Messenger of Allah! (What

are we to do when) matters come before us wherewith there is no are we to do when) matters come before us wherewith there is no

(explicit) indication regarding them in the Qur’an nor in the Sunnah (explicit) indication regarding them in the Qur’an nor in the Sunnah

from you regarding them (regarding its ruling)?’from you regarding them (regarding its ruling)?’

(The Prophet s.a.w.) he said: “You are to gather together the learned (The Prophet s.a.w.) he said: “You are to gather together the learned

((‘ULAMA‘ULAMA) amongst them” – or he may have said “The worshippers ) amongst them” – or he may have said “The worshippers

((‘AABIDEEN‘AABIDEEN) from amongst the Believers” – “Convene () from amongst the Believers” – “Convene (IJMA’IJMA’ ) ) with with

them (consultation them (consultation SHURASHURA, to derive a consensus decision) in regard , to derive a consensus decision) in regard

to religious rulings. Do not decide based upon (idea or knowledge of) to religious rulings. Do not decide based upon (idea or knowledge of)

only one (singular) person’s thought.”only one (singular) person’s thought.”

((Hadith reported by Ibnu Abdil BarrHadith reported by Ibnu Abdil Barr))


(When the Prophet s.a.w. was about to send Muadz ibn Jabal r.a. to (When the Prophet s.a.w. was about to send Muadz ibn Jabal r.a. to

Yemen) he said (to Muadz): “Yemen) he said (to Muadz): “How would you judge (give religious How would you judge (give religious

decision for people)?decision for people)? “ “

He (Muadz) replied: “(I will judge) With what is in the He (Muadz) replied: “(I will judge) With what is in the Book of AllahBook of Allah”. ”.

Rasulullah then said: “What if you cannot find (any) in it?” Rasulullah then said: “What if you cannot find (any) in it?”

Muadz replied: “(Then, I will judge) with the Muadz replied: “(Then, I will judge) with the Sunnah of Rasulullah Sunnah of Rasulullah

s.a.w.”. Rasulullah then said: “What if you cannot find in the Sunnah?” s.a.w.”. Rasulullah then said: “What if you cannot find in the Sunnah?”

He replied :”( Then) I will make He replied :”( Then) I will make ‘IJTIHAD ‘IJTIHAD (exertion) with my (exertion) with my

reasoning.” reasoning.”

(Then the Rasulullah s.a.w.) he said: “All praise be to Allah Who (Then the Rasulullah s.a.w.) he said: “All praise be to Allah Who

granted granted taufiqtaufiq (success in this test) for the messenger of Allah’s (success in this test) for the messenger of Allah’s

messenger!”.messenger!”.((Hadith reported by TirmidziHadith reported by Tirmidzi))All Rights Reserved © Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2012))


““And whoever amongst you lives after me will And whoever amongst you lives after me will

see many conflicts (disagreements), let him then see many conflicts (disagreements), let him then

adhere to whatever they know of my adhere to whatever they know of my SUNNAHSUNNAH

and the and the SUNNAHSUNNAH of my Rightly guided Khalifah.” of my Rightly guided Khalifah.”

((Hadith reported by AhmadHadith reported by Ahmad))

“ “(Honour) My successors, may Allah s.w.t. be Merciful (Honour) My successors, may Allah s.w.t. be Merciful

towards them!.” He was asked: “Who are your successors towards them!.” He was asked: “Who are your successors

O Messenger of Allah?” O Messenger of Allah?”

And he said: “They are those who And he said: “They are those who revive my revive my SUNNAHSUNNAH and and

teaches them (teaches them (YU-’ALIMUUNAHUYU-’ALIMUUNAHU)) to the servants of to the servants of

Allah.”Allah.”

((Hadith of the Prophet s.a.wHadith of the Prophet s.a.w.).)


““The best of mankind The best of mankind – (believers) – are (those) in – (believers) – are (those) in

my generation (my generation (ASHAABIYASHAABIY) , then (a generation) ) , then (a generation)

after it (after it (TABI’IINTABI’IIN), and then (another generation) ), and then (another generation)

after that (after that (TABI’-AT-TABI’INTABI’-AT-TABI’IN).”).”

((Hadith reported by Bukhary and MuslimHadith reported by Bukhary and Muslim))


COMPANIONS WHO GAVE MANY FATWASCOMPANIONS WHO GAVE MANY FATWAS

‘UMAR IBN AL-KHATTAB R.A.

‘ALI IBN ABI TALIB R.A.

IBN MAS-UD R.A.

IBN ‘UMAR R.A.

IBN ABBAS IBN ABDUL MUTALIB R.A.

ZAYD IBN TSAABIT R.A.


““AS-HAABIY AS-HAABIY ” – companions of the Prophet ” – companions of the Prophet صّل�ى الّله عّليه و آله وسّل�مصّل�ى الّله عّليه و آله وسّل�م

THOSE WHO GAVE FATWA THOSE WHO GAVE FATWA IN MADINA AL-MUNAWWARAHIN MADINA AL-MUNAWWARAHA’ISHAH BNTE ABU BAKR R.A.

‘ABDULLAH IBN UMAR R.A.

ABU HURAYRAH R.A.

SA-’ID AL-MUSAYYAB AL-MAKHZUMI R.A.

URWAH BIN ZUBAYR BIM AWWAM R.A.

‘ALI BIN HUSSAYN ZEIN AL-’AABIDEEN R.A.

MUHAMMAD BIN ‘ALI BIN HUSSAYN AL-BAQIR R.A.


““TAABI-’IN TAABI-’IN ” – followers of the ASHAABIY of the Prophet ” – followers of the ASHAABIY of the Prophet صّل�ى الّله عّليه و آله وسّل�مصّل�ى الّله عّليه و آله وسّل�م

THOSE WHO GAVE FATWA THOSE WHO GAVE FATWA IN MAKKAH AL-MUKARRAMAHIN MAKKAH AL-MUKARRAMAH

‘ABDULLAH IBN ABBAS IBN ABDUL MUTTALIB R.A.

IKRIMAH (MAULA OF IBNU ABBAS) R.A.

MUJAHID IBN JABR (MAULA OF BANI MAKHZUM) R.A.

ATHA’ IBN ABI RABAH (MAULA OF QURAYSH) R.A.

ABU ZUBAYR MUHAMMAD IBN MUSLIM R.A.



THOSE WHO GAVE FATWA THOSE WHO GAVE FATWA IN KUFA (SECOND CAPITAL)IN KUFA (SECOND CAPITAL)

ALQAMAH IBN QAIS AN-NAKHA-’IE R.A.

AL-ASWAD IBN YAZID AN-NAKHA-’IE R.A.

IBRAHIM IBN YAZID AN-NAKHA-’IE R.A.

MASRUQ IBN AJDA’ AL-HAMDANI R.A.

UBAYDAH IBN ‘AMIR AS-SILMANI AL-MURADI R.A.

SHURAIH IBN HARITH AL-KINDI R.A.

SA-’EED IBN JUBAYR (MAULA WALIBAH) R.A.



THOSE WHO GAVE FATWA THOSE WHO GAVE FATWA IN BASRA (IRAQ)IN BASRA (IRAQ)

ANAS IBN MALIK AL-ANSARIY R.A.

ABU ‘ALIYA RAFI’ IBN MAHRAN AR-RAYANI R.A.

HASSAN IBN HASSAN YASSAR (MAULA ZAID IBN TSABIT) R.A.

ABU SHA’-TSA JABIR IBN ZAID (IBN ABBAS COMPANION) R.A.

MUHAMMAD IBNU SIRRIN (MAULA OF ANAS IBN MALIK) R.A.

QATADAH IBN DI-’AMAH AD-DAUSI R.A.



THOSE WHO GAVE FATWA THOSE WHO GAVE FATWA IN SHAM (SYRIA)IN SHAM (SYRIA)

‘ABDUR RRAHMAN IBN GHUNMIN AL-ANSARIY R.A.

‘AIDZULLAH IBN ‘ABDULLAH AL-KHULANI R.A.

QABISHAH IBN DZUAIB R.A.

QABISHAH IBN DZUAIB R.A.

‘UMAR IBN ‘ABDUL AZIZ IBN MARWAN R.A.

RAJA’ AL-HAYAH AL-KINDI R.A.



THOSE WHO GAVE FATWA THOSE WHO GAVE FATWA IN MISR’ (EGYPT)IN MISR’ (EGYPT)

THOSE WHO GAVE FATWA THOSE WHO GAVE FATWA IN YEMENIN YEMEN

‘ABDULLAH IBN ‘AMR AL-’ASH R.A.

ABUL KHAYR MARTSAD IBN ‘ABDULLAH AL-YAZINI R.A.

YAZIB IBN ABUL HABIB (MAULA AL-AZDI) R.A.

THAWUS IBN KAISAN AL-JUNDI R.A.

WAHAB IBN MUNABBIH AS-SAN’AANI R.A.

YAHYA IBN ABU KATSIR R.A.



PERIOD OF CONSOLIDATION AND FURTHER PERIOD OF CONSOLIDATION AND FURTHER

DEVELOPMENT OF THE VARIOUS SCIENCESDEVELOPMENT OF THE VARIOUS SCIENCES

‘‘ILM AL-QIRA’AT WA AL-TAFSIRILM AL-QIRA’AT WA AL-TAFSIR

‘‘ILM AL-HADITH - SEERAHILM AL-HADITH - SEERAH

‘‘ILM AL-FIQH WAL USUL-AL-FIQHILM AL-FIQH WAL USUL-AL-FIQH

‘‘ILM AL-KALAMILM AL-KALAM

‘‘ILM JARH WA TA’DIL – ‘ILM MUSTALAH AL-HADITHILM JARH WA TA’DIL – ‘ILM MUSTALAH AL-HADITH

‘‘ILM TASAWWUF –TAZKIYAH AN-NUFUSILM TASAWWUF –TAZKIYAH AN-NUFUS ETC..ETC..



““TABI’ - TAABI-’IN TABI’ - TAABI-’IN ” – Followers of the ” – Followers of the TABI-’INTABI-’IN

““Those Those who listen to the Word, and follow the best (meaning) who listen to the Word, and follow the best (meaning) in it: in it:

those are the ones whom Allah has guided, and those are the onesthose are the ones whom Allah has guided, and those are the ones

endued with understanding.” endued with understanding.”

((Qur’an: Az-Zumar:39:18Qur’an: Az-Zumar:39:18))


FOUNDERS OF FOUNDERS OF MADZAAHIBMADZAAHIB IN FIQH (JURISPRUDENCE) IN FIQH (JURISPRUDENCE)

IMAM JA’FAR IBN MUHAMMAD AS-SODIQ R.A. (83 AH - 198 AH)

Born in Madinah, he belongs to the illustrious family of the Born in Madinah, he belongs to the illustrious family of the

Prophet’ s household (Prophet’ s household (AHLUL BAYTAHLUL BAYT) through Imam Muhammad al-) through Imam Muhammad al-

Baqir ibn ‘Imam Ali ibn Imam Hussain ibn Imam ‘Ali ibn Abi Tolib Baqir ibn ‘Imam Ali ibn Imam Hussain ibn Imam ‘Ali ibn Abi Tolib

with Sayyidatina Fatimah Az-Zahra binte Rosulillah s.a.a.w.with Sayyidatina Fatimah Az-Zahra binte Rosulillah s.a.a.w.

Regarded as the sixth Imam of the Shiite, he was also the Regarded as the sixth Imam of the Shiite, he was also the

teachers of many scholars including Sunni Imams like Malik and teachers of many scholars including Sunni Imams like Malik and

even Abu Hanifah.even Abu Hanifah.



Because of persecution by the ruling powers of the ‘Ummayad Because of persecution by the ruling powers of the ‘Ummayad

and the Abbasid, the Shi’ite Madzhab later evolved separately from and the Abbasid, the Shi’ite Madzhab later evolved separately from

the mainstream Sunni schools through the subsequent Imams from the mainstream Sunni schools through the subsequent Imams from

his descendants.his descendants.

The other branch of Shi’ite evolved earlier was the Zaydi which The other branch of Shi’ite evolved earlier was the Zaydi which

refer to the followers of Imam Zayd ibn ‘Ali (Zayn al-’Abidin) ibn refer to the followers of Imam Zayd ibn ‘Ali (Zayn al-’Abidin) ibn

Hussain ibn ‘Ali ibn ‘Abi Tolib.Hussain ibn ‘Ali ibn ‘Abi Tolib.

IMAM JA’FAR IBN MUHAMMAD AS-SODIQ R.A. (83 AH - 198 AH)



IMAM ABU HANIFAH AL-NU’MAN BIN TSABIT R.A. (80 AH - 150 AH)

A A Tabi’inTabi’in born in Kufah and had studied under many surviving born in Kufah and had studied under many surviving

Ashaabi Rasul Ashaabi Rasul (Prophet’s companions) there such as Anas ibn (Prophet’s companions) there such as Anas ibn

Malik, Sahl ibn Sa’ad etc. and learnt many Ahadith from them. Malik, Sahl ibn Sa’ad etc. and learnt many Ahadith from them.

After learning under many scholars in Kufah, he went on to After learning under many scholars in Kufah, he went on to

Makkah and Madinah to take knowledge from many other scholars Makkah and Madinah to take knowledge from many other scholars

who were students of well-known companions and other who were students of well-known companions and other Tabi’inTabi’in

scholars there.scholars there.




Although he too regarded the Qur’an, Sunnah and Although he too regarded the Qur’an, Sunnah and Ijma’Ijma’ as the as the

important primary sources, he had limited access to much of important primary sources, he had limited access to much of

Ahadith in Kufah (unlike Imam Malik in Madinah). Thus he was best Ahadith in Kufah (unlike Imam Malik in Madinah). Thus he was best

known for the use of juristic analogical deduction (known for the use of juristic analogical deduction (QiyasQiyas) and ) and

IstihsanIstihsan (Equitable Preference) – as methods of (Equitable Preference) – as methods of IJTIHADIJTIHAD, whence , whence

his school were called his school were called Ahlul-Ra’yuAhlul-Ra’yu (People of Juristic Reasoning) (People of Juristic Reasoning)




His famous disciples were:His famous disciples were:

Qadhi Abu Yusuf – appointed by Caliph Harun ar-Rashid as the Qadhi Abu Yusuf – appointed by Caliph Harun ar-Rashid as the

chief judge (chief judge (Qadhi al-QudhatQadhi al-Qudhat))

Imam Muhammad ibn al-Hassan As-Shaybani – one of the Imam Muhammad ibn al-Hassan As-Shaybani – one of the

teacher of Imam As-Shafi’ie.teacher of Imam As-Shafi’ie.

Imam Zufar well-known scholar of Hadith and especially of Imam Zufar well-known scholar of Hadith and especially of

QiyasQiyas (analogical deduction). (analogical deduction).



IMAM MALIK BIN ANAS R.A. (93 AH – 179 AH)

Born and raised in Madinah ar-Rasul (City of the Prophet), he Born and raised in Madinah ar-Rasul (City of the Prophet), he

learnt from and met many of the students of Companions learnt from and met many of the students of Companions

(Sahabah) of the Prophet s.a.w. And he compiled the famous book (Sahabah) of the Prophet s.a.w. And he compiled the famous book

on Hadith of the prophet s.a.w. – “on Hadith of the prophet s.a.w. – “Al-Muwatta’ Al-Muwatta’ ”.”.

His notable teachers were Imam Ja’far as-Sodiq, Abu Radim Nafi’ His notable teachers were Imam Ja’far as-Sodiq, Abu Radim Nafi’

ibn ‘Abdur Rahman, Nafi’, Muhammad ibn Yahya al-Ansari, Yahya ibn ‘Abdur Rahman, Nafi’, Muhammad ibn Yahya al-Ansari, Yahya

ibn Sa’-id and Hishan ibn ‘Urwah.ibn Sa’-id and Hishan ibn ‘Urwah.




The greatest contribution of Imam Malik was the codification of The greatest contribution of Imam Malik was the codification of

the Madinan Fiqh.the Madinan Fiqh.

Imam Malik had recourse to many transmitters of Ahadith and Imam Malik had recourse to many transmitters of Ahadith and

thus his important compilation of “thus his important compilation of “Al-Muwatta’ Al-Muwatta’ “ which he “ which he

systematically arranged in accordance with the practice of the systematically arranged in accordance with the practice of the

Deen. Imam Shafi’ie and Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal both studied and Deen. Imam Shafi’ie and Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal both studied and

memorized this and regarded this book as second to the Qur’an.memorized this and regarded this book as second to the Qur’an.




He also regarded He also regarded ‘Amal Ahll Madina ‘Amal Ahll Madina -the “Practice of the People of -the “Practice of the People of

Madina” and Madina” and Masalih Mursalah Masalih Mursalah - “Public interest or welfare ” to be - “Public interest or welfare ” to be

also important basis for Fiqh unlike Imam As-Shafi’ie. Although as also important basis for Fiqh unlike Imam As-Shafi’ie. Although as

MuhaddithMuhaddith, Imam Malik placed importance upon Hadith, yet he was , Imam Malik placed importance upon Hadith, yet he was

still regarded by Ibn Qutaybah as still regarded by Ibn Qutaybah as Ahlul-Ra’yyAhlul-Ra’yy in matters of in matters of FIQHFIQH. .

Later, tension grew between those who literally follow Ahadith, Later, tension grew between those who literally follow Ahadith,

better known as better known as Ahlul-HadithAhlul-Hadith, with those identified as , with those identified as Ahlul-Ra’yuAhlul-Ra’yu..




Some of his famous disciples were:Some of his famous disciples were:

Imam Muhammad ‘Idris As-Shafi’ieImam Muhammad ‘Idris As-Shafi’ie

Imam Yahya ibn Yahya al-MasmudiImam Yahya ibn Yahya al-Masmudi

Imam Abu Muhammad ibn Wahb ibn Salmah al-Fahri al-MisriImam Abu Muhammad ibn Wahb ibn Salmah al-Fahri al-Misri

Imam Muhammad ibn al-MubarakImam Muhammad ibn al-Mubarak

Imam Muhammad ibn Hassan al-ShaybaniImam Muhammad ibn Hassan al-Shaybani



IMAM MUHAMMAD BIN ‘IDRIS AS-SHAFI-’IE R.A. (150 AH – 204 AH)

Born in Gaza from a Qurayshi descent, raised amongst a Born in Gaza from a Qurayshi descent, raised amongst a

Yemenite tribe and later travelled with his mother to Makkah Yemenite tribe and later travelled with his mother to Makkah

when he was ten years old.when he was ten years old.

At an early aged he already memorised the whole Qur’an, the At an early aged he already memorised the whole Qur’an, the

Ahadith compilation Ahadith compilation Al-Muwatta’Al-Muwatta’ of Imam Malik, while studying of Imam Malik, while studying

jurisprudence and being mentored by well-known jurists in Makkah jurisprudence and being mentored by well-known jurists in Makkah

– the Mufti Muslim Khalid al-Zanji ,and Imam Sufyan ibn ‘Uyayna.– the Mufti Muslim Khalid al-Zanji ,and Imam Sufyan ibn ‘Uyayna.




At 23, he travelled to Madinah and became a student of Imam At 23, he travelled to Madinah and became a student of Imam

Malik ibn Anas until his teacher’s death.Malik ibn Anas until his teacher’s death.

Later went to Yemen. His reputation attract the Caliph’s Later went to Yemen. His reputation attract the Caliph’s

attention but Imam Shafi’ie’s frankness, brought him in conflict attention but Imam Shafi’ie’s frankness, brought him in conflict

with the ruler. Jealous of his reputation his enemies made with the ruler. Jealous of his reputation his enemies made

unfounded allegations against him and he was arrested amongst unfounded allegations against him and he was arrested amongst

the conspirators against the Abbassid rulers, and brought to face the conspirators against the Abbassid rulers, and brought to face

the Caliph in Iraq.the Caliph in Iraq.All Rights Reserved © Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2012))



He eloquently defended himself and enthralled the Caliph with his He eloquently defended himself and enthralled the Caliph with his

knowledge, not only the Deen but also regarding Greek philosophy knowledge, not only the Deen but also regarding Greek philosophy

and medicine. and medicine.

His acquaintance with Imam Al-Hassan ibn Muhammad al-His acquaintance with Imam Al-Hassan ibn Muhammad al-

Shaybaniy and Qadhi Abu Yusuf (disciples of Abu Hanifah) benefitted Shaybaniy and Qadhi Abu Yusuf (disciples of Abu Hanifah) benefitted

him much on Imam Abu Hanifah’s juristic methodology, him much on Imam Abu Hanifah’s juristic methodology,




Thus, Imam Ash-Shafi-’ie can be said to be expert on both Thus, Imam Ash-Shafi-’ie can be said to be expert on both

methodologies of Imam Malik and Abu Hanifah.methodologies of Imam Malik and Abu Hanifah.

Imam Ash-Shafi-’ie then wrote the important treatise and codified Imam Ash-Shafi-’ie then wrote the important treatise and codified

a systematic approach to the principles of Islamic jurisprudence in his a systematic approach to the principles of Islamic jurisprudence in his

important work: important work: “Kitab ar-Risaalah fi-Usul al-Fiqh”.“Kitab ar-Risaalah fi-Usul al-Fiqh”. To correct the To correct the

over-reliance upon rational legal deduction over textual evidence over-reliance upon rational legal deduction over textual evidence

which became rampant, especially when the Caliph became which became rampant, especially when the Caliph became

influenced by the Mutazilites. influenced by the Mutazilites. All Rights Reserved © Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2012))



It was Imam Ash-Shafi-’ie who reasserted the pre-eminence of It was Imam Ash-Shafi-’ie who reasserted the pre-eminence of

AhadithAhadith over over QiyasQiyas, and revived the effort amongst his followers to , and revived the effort amongst his followers to

ensure its proper collection and preservation.ensure its proper collection and preservation.

He also wrote “He also wrote “Kitab al-UmmKitab al-Umm” in which he presented views of his ” in which he presented views of his

teachers as well as his own regarding many issues which made it teachers as well as his own regarding many issues which made it

clear that Imam Ash-Shafi-’ie was an authority of his own. clear that Imam Ash-Shafi-’ie was an authority of his own.




He became well-known while in Makkah where his school of He became well-known while in Makkah where his school of

jurisprudence attracted many scholars from all over the Muslim jurisprudence attracted many scholars from all over the Muslim

world.world.

Finally left Makkah for Egypt and remained there till his death. His Finally left Makkah for Egypt and remained there till his death. His

school was so well accepted the many renown Islamic scholars school was so well accepted the many renown Islamic scholars

themselves prefer to be regarded as followers of this school of themselves prefer to be regarded as followers of this school of

jurisprudence, even though many of them have attained the rank of jurisprudence, even though many of them have attained the rank of

Mujtahid.Mujtahid.All Rights Reserved © Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2012))



Some of these famous or notable scholars of this school:Some of these famous or notable scholars of this school:

Imam Al-MuzaniImam Al-Muzani

Imam Al-MawardiImam Al-Mawardi

Imam An-NawawiyImam An-Nawawiy

Imam Al-HaramainImam Al-Haramain

Imam Al-GhazaliyImam Al-Ghazaliy

Imam ‘Izzuddin ibn Abdul SalamImam ‘Izzuddin ibn Abdul Salam

Imam Al-BaqilanyImam Al-BaqilanyAll Rights Reserved © Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2012))



Some of these famous or notable scholars of this school:Some of these famous or notable scholars of this school:

Most MuhaddithinMost Muhaddithin: Imam Bukhary, Muslim, Tirmidzi, Ibn Majah, : Imam Bukhary, Muslim, Tirmidzi, Ibn Majah,

Baihaqy, Ibn Hajar, Abu Dawud, Ad-Darimi, An-Nasa-i, Daruqutni, Baihaqy, Ibn Hajar, Abu Dawud, Ad-Darimi, An-Nasa-i, Daruqutni,

etc.etc.

Imam Abul Hassan al-Ash’ariy, Juneid al-Baghdadi, At-Tabari, Ar-Imam Abul Hassan al-Ash’ariy, Juneid al-Baghdadi, At-Tabari, Ar-

Razi, As-Suyuti, As-Subki, etc.Razi, As-Suyuti, As-Subki, etc.



IMAM AHMAD IBN HANBAL R.A. (164 AH – 241 AH)

Imam Abu ‘Abdillah Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hanbal is Imam Abu ‘Abdillah Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hanbal is

mostly known as a Muhaddith although he is acknowledged to be a mostly known as a Muhaddith although he is acknowledged to be a

Mujtahid on Fiqh having studied under Imam Muhammad Idris As-Mujtahid on Fiqh having studied under Imam Muhammad Idris As-

Shafi-’ie, Bishr ibn al-Mufaddal, Waki’ ibn al-Jarrah etc.Shafi-’ie, Bishr ibn al-Mufaddal, Waki’ ibn al-Jarrah etc.

As a Muhaddith, even his teachers and other muhaddithin take As a Muhaddith, even his teachers and other muhaddithin take

Ahadith from him. His famous work is “Musnad Ahmad”.Ahadith from him. His famous work is “Musnad Ahmad”.




He is well-known for piety and detachment (He is well-known for piety and detachment (ZuhudZuhud), and his ), and his

school relies much upon Ahadith on Fiqh – much akin Maliki school school relies much upon Ahadith on Fiqh – much akin Maliki school

– but not limiting it only from narrators in the Hijaz but elsewhere – but not limiting it only from narrators in the Hijaz but elsewhere

too.too.

But unlike his teacher Imam Ash-Shafi’ie, his followers and But unlike his teacher Imam Ash-Shafi’ie, his followers and

school of jurisprudence was limited and today mostly confine only school of jurisprudence was limited and today mostly confine only

to the peninsula of Arabia.to the peninsula of Arabia.All Rights Reserved © Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2012))



He was strict and very cautious in his adherence to the ways of He was strict and very cautious in his adherence to the ways of

the pious predecessors, that when the Caliph sought his service as the pious predecessors, that when the Caliph sought his service as

a Qadhi he refused. He was even flogged for rejecting the a Qadhi he refused. He was even flogged for rejecting the

Mu’tazilite’s assertion regarding the createdness of the Qur’an but Mu’tazilite’s assertion regarding the createdness of the Qur’an but

remained steadfast upon his principle.remained steadfast upon his principle.




His jurisprudence later was somewhat revived by Imam Ibn His jurisprudence later was somewhat revived by Imam Ibn

Taymiyyah and his student Ibn Qayyim Al-Jauziy.Taymiyyah and his student Ibn Qayyim Al-Jauziy.


OTHER LESS KNOWN OR EXTINCT OTHER LESS KNOWN OR EXTINCT MADZAAHIBMADZAAHIB

IMAM ZAYD IBN ‘ALI IBN HUSSAYN (80 AH – 122 AH)

IMAM LAYTH IBN SA’AD (97 AH – 174 AH)

IMAM SUFYAN AL-TSAURIY (100 AH – 160 AH)

IMAM DAWUD IBN ‘ALI AD-DHAZHIRI (199 AH – 269 AH)


Etc..

““WAFAYAT-AL A’YAN AN-BA ABNAZ-ZAMANWAFAYAT-AL A’YAN AN-BA ABNAZ-ZAMAN” – Ibn Khallikan” – Ibn Khallikan

““TABAQAT AL-SAFI’IYYAH AL-KUBRATABAQAT AL-SAFI’IYYAH AL-KUBRA” – As-Subki” – As-Subki

““TARIKH BAGHDADTARIKH BAGHDAD” – Khatib Al-Baghdadi” – Khatib Al-Baghdadi

““TABAQATTABAQAT” – Ibn Abi Ya’la” – Ibn Abi Ya’la

““TADZKIRAH AL-HUFFAZTADZKIRAH AL-HUFFAZ” – Adz-Dzahabiy” – Adz-Dzahabiy


AND ALLAH KNOWS BEST


TO BE CONTINUEDTO BE CONTINUED


66

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All welcome to visit my web-blog:All welcome to visit my web-blog:


[slideshare] fiqh-course(sept-2012-batch)-#4b-historyof madzahib -(13-oct-2012)

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