Society and Culture under CUP Government

• Military and administrative reforms• Liman von Sanders and German officers• Secularization of judicial and educational systems• 1917: Religious courts brought under the

jurisdiction of Ministry of Justice• Medreses under the Ministry of Education: Foreign

language education made compulsory

Society and Culture under CUP Government

• Status of women• Reformed family law• Women in education– 1914: İnâs Darülfünunu (Women’s University)

• Women as part of work force• Wider segments of the society integrated to

politics

Ottoman Economy under CUP Government

• First, classical liberal economic policy– More protectionist and nationalist economic policy after

1913• Desire to get rid of European economic supremacy• Relations with Germany• National economy after 1913• Capitulations abolished unilaterally in 1914• The status of non-Muslim middle classes

Ideological Debates under CUP

• What is the solution to the problems of the Ottoman Empire?

• What is the identity of the Ottoman Empire?• What should be the degree of Westernization?• Becoming modern while keeping traditions

Ideological Debates under CUP

• Ottomanism• (Pan-)Islamism• (Pan-)Turkism• Westernization• Ottomanism and the Balkan Wars

Ideological Debates under CUP

• Islamism: Declaration of jihad in 1914• Islamic modernists• Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani• Mehmet Akif Ersoy• Sebilürreşat (journal)

Ideological Debates under CUP

• Yusuf Akçura: Three Types of Policy– Compared and contrasted Ottomanism,

Islamism and Turkism• Ahmet Ağaoğlu• İsmail Gaspıralı• Tekin Alp• Pan-Turkism vs. Anatolian nationalism• Türk Ocağı (Turkish Hearth) and Türk Yurdu

Ideological Debates under CUP

• Ziya Gökalp– Synthesis of Islamism, Turkism and Westernism– Nation over individual– Submerging Turkish culture within European

civilization

Ideological Debates under CUP

• The ideology of the CUP leadership– nationalism– Belief in the power of education– Belief in progress and change– Secularism– State over individual