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Key Technologies and Architectures in the Next Generation Network

Krishan SabnaniSVP, Networking ResearchBell Labs

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Some Random Observations about Testing

Software development is treated as a hobby, not as a responsible discipline. That is why testing is done in an ad hoc manner.

Open source software is becoming a major force. How would you test large systems based on open source software?

Testing is ~1/3rd of software development expenses

– Testing research can make tremendous impact. Why are we not making more impact?

Testing is a poor cousin of verification/validation in the computer science research community.

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Hippocratic Oath—Modern Version

I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant:

I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow.

I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism.

I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug.

….

4

Today’s Data Networks

AccessRouterAccessRouter

3G CellularNetworks

RadioController

RadioController


EnterpriseNetworks

HomeNetworks

MetroNetworks Packet-Based

Network

EdgeRouterEdge

Router

Edge RouterEdge Router

EdgeRouterEdge

Router


Ad hocNetworks

Best effort, insecure, difficult to manage, and unreliable

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Tomorrow’s Converged Network

EdgeRouterEdge

Router



3G CellularNetworks

RadioController

RadioController


EnterpriseNetworks

HomeNetworks

Next-GenMetro

Networks

4G/Mesh

UserMobility

Traffic Type(Multimedia)

Qualityof Service

(e.g. for voice)

Network Intelligence

QoS-EnabledPacket Core Network

EdgeRouterEdge

Router

EdgeRouterEdge

Router

Services Enablement Layer

Always-OnAlways-OnGlobal RoamingGlobal Roaming

PersonalizationPersonalization

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The Network Evolution

Networks were designed tocarry voice traffic

Data traffic mostly overlaid on voice networks (usingmodems)

Networks are designed to carry primarily data traffic

Voice traffic overlaid on data networks (e.g. VoIP)

Future networks should be designed primarily for efficient content distribution and content search/location

– Content distribution should not only be overlaid, but built in from ground up

Future networks should also be able to effectively carry best-effort data traffic and QoS-sensitive multimedia traffic

Yesterday… …Today...

…Tomorrow ...

Volume of data trafficexceeds voice traffic

Content trafficbecomesdominant

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Enabling Technologies

Future Telecom Networks will need secure, quality-enabled, high-speed, and well-managed converged packet cores

Bell Labs has several breakthrough programs to enable this change. Here are four examples:

– SoftRouter: A new architecture to deal with increased complexity of data networking

– Optical Data Router: Program to deal with increased traffic over the Internet

– Base Station Router: An access router which terminates all radio network processing

– Always-on & Global Roaming:

• Instant access to applications anywhere. An example is Push-to-Game.

• Lucent’s SuperDHLR is an industry leading product for enabling global roaming.

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SoftRouter Summary

Router networks are becoming increasingly complex• Emerging applications and performance requirements are driving more

functions to IP• Incorporating all IP functions in routers results in duplication of complex

functions in multiple routers of a network

Disaggregation of router hardware from software addresses this problem and has the potential for major additional advantages

Bell Labs has a research program that disaggregates router control and transport planes (called SoftRouter-based approach)

• Transport plane: packet forwarding element• Control plane: control element server and feature server• Control plane servers and transport plane communicate using standard

protocols• Approach similar to SoftSwitch-based disaggregation of class 5 switches

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Routers are becoming increasingly complex

Complexity is an IP “Middle-Age” problem!

– IP provides end-to-end datagram delivery service to protocols/applications

– IP can use any link-layer technology that delivers packets

Emerging applications are driving more functions into IP, expanding the “waist” of the IP hour glass

Router vendors incorporate all new IP functions into routers

Complexity is spread throughout the network

• Achieving network-wide objectives such as traffic engineering requires complex translation of global objectives to configuration information in numerous individual routers

• Misconfiguration or uncoordinated configuration can result in poor performance or even network instability

email WWW phone...

SMTP HTTP RTP...

TCP UDP…

IP

ethernet PPP…

CSMA async sonet...

copper fiber radio...

QoS, multicast, mobility, VPN, …

Applications

Transport

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New Router Architecture: SoftRouter

3 key components of SoftRouter approach

– Decoupling: Separate complex control plane processing from the transport plane

– Servers: Implement control plane processing functions on dedicated external control plane servers

– Standard Interface: Define standard protocol for control plane servers to interface to the forwarding elements

Control plane

processing

Forwarding plane

processing

ProprietaryAPI

Standardprotocol

Current Router Model SoftRouter Model

Control Plane

Transport Plane

FeatureServer

PacketForwarding

Element

Control ElementServer

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SoftRouter Network Architecture

Router

PacketForwarding

Element

ControlElementServer

Traditional Router-based Network

SoftRouter-basedNetwork

The SoftRouter approach separates and centralizes the software-intensive control element and feature servers from

hardware-centric transport and packet forwarding

FeatureServer

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Benefits

1. Lower Costs

– Commoditized, standards-based hardware (lower capex)

– Dedicated control element servers imply fewer management points (lower opex)

2. New Features

– Network-based features to support new services more easily added using open APIs

– Incremental deployment made simpler through centralized management

3. Better Scalability

– Centralized control element servers easier to scale using well-established server scaling techniques

4. Enhanced Stability, Controllability, and Reliability

– Network instability problems due to BGP Route Reflectors are eliminated

– SoftRouter-based network can be designed to be more reliable than a traditional network

5. Increased Security

– Fewer control element servers easier to secure using perimeter defense systems, e.g., firewalls

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Router Capacity over Time

Growth in Router Capacity

Internet traffic doubles every 12 months

Router Capacity doubles every 18 months

Routers will reach 100Tb/s in 2010

Single Rack <1Tb/s Multi-rack solutions >1Tb/s

e.g. Juniper TX640or Cisco XR12416

e.g. Juniper TX Matrix or Cisco CRS-1

Routers2x every

18 months

Internet2x every

12 months

Source: Nick McKeown, Stanford

Currently Third Generation of Packet Routers : 1Tb/s capacity in a Single Rack

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Why do current packet routers not scale?

Power and heat dissipation limit density.

– Require multiple shelves and racks of Line Cards

– Increases distance between Line Cards and Switch Fabric

SwitchFabric

CentralScheduler

ToNetwork

Line Cards

PacketProcessing

Buffer

Optics

I/OPacket

Processing

Buffer

Optics

I/OPacket

Processing

Buffer

Optics

I/OPacket

Processing

Buffer

Optics

I/O

Centralized Switch Fabric

– Switch Fabric alone pushes power density and heat dissipation limits

– Massive wiring density between Line Cards and Switch Fabric

Centralized Control and Scheduling complexity grows nonlinearly

Centralizedfunctions

scale poorly

Massive Wiring

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SwitchFabric

CentralScheduler

ToNetwork

Line Cards

PacketProcessing

Buffer

Optics

I/OPacket

Processing

Buffer

Optics

I/OPacket

Processing

Buffer

Optics

I/OPacket

Processing

Buffer

Optics

I/O

BL Solution: Distributed Optical Switch Fabric

Optical fibers eliminate massive wiring density and allow higher bandwidths

CentralScheduler

ToNetwork

Line Cards

PacketProcessing

Buffer

Optics OpticsPacket

Processing

Buffer

Optics OpticsPacket

Processing

Buffer

Optics OpticsPacket

Processing

Buffer

Optics

T-TX Optics AWGFiber

Central Switch fabric replaced by passive optical device that directs signals according to their wavelength

– Called Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG)

Switching using Fast Wavelength Tunable Transmitters (T-TX) distributed on each line card

– Deployed hardware scales with deployed capacity– Passive Optical Backplane

Fixes HardwareScaling

Passive Optical Backplane

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BL Solution: Distributed Scheduler

Eliminate central scheduler without sacrificing throughput

– Distribute traffic uniformly to Line Cards

– Technique called “load balancing”

ToNetwork

Line Cards

AWG

PacketProcessing

Buffer

Optics Optics

LocalScheduler

PacketProcessing

Buffer

Optics Optics

LocalScheduler

PacketProcessing

Buffer

Optics Optics

LocalScheduler

PacketProcessing

Buffer

Optics Optics

LocalScheduler

Each line card works like a small router with its own scheduler– Scales gracefully since complexity of scheduling is constant– Deployed hardware scales with deployed capacity

Combined with Distributed Optical Switch Fabric allows scaling to very large routers

RouterScales to >100Tb/s

Lucent Technologies – Proprietary

Use pursuant to company instruction

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Optical Data Router

DARPA-funded program

Linecards

– Highly integrated optical components

• Denser integration of optical interfaces on line card

• Data never converted to electronics for lower power

– Shallow Buffers

• Demonstration of high throughput with buffers 20 packet deep

Scalable switch fabrics

– Highly scalable nonblocking switch fabrics

• 5Tb/s using AWG plus tunable lasers and 100Gb/s Transmitter

– Use of load balancing to allow blocking switch fabrics to be used and simplifies scheduling

• Scalability to 256 Tb/s throughput

• Transparent optical packet router demonstrated

100Gb/s Packet

switching

Space SwitchSpace Switch Time Buffer

AWG3

drop

WC1

WC2

AWG1

WC3

WC4

AWG4

AWG2

TL4

TL3TL1

TL2

MZM EAM PD

PD

40GPG

40GCLK

40GBERT

NR

ZD

ata

RR

RR

TB

Sch

edul

e

FDLs

CSG

Optical Packet Router

Highly integrated photonic

chips

Effects of shallow buffers

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The Optical Data (IRIS) Router in a Carrier Network

IRIS intermediate

node

IRIS intermediatenode

IRIS Router

Riverstone15008

IRISintermediate

node

Riverstone15008

IRISedgecard

IRISedgecard

10 GbE

10GbE

40 Gb/s optical packets

Riverstone15008

Riverstone15008

10GbE 10

GbE

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Current wireless networks are complex, involving many network elements, and result in high cost and high latency

Base Station Router terminates all air interface-specific functionality in the base station

New Cellular Network ArchitectureBase Station Router: push intelligence to the edge

Collapsing Radio Access Network elements into the base station simplifies network and reduces latency

Pushing IP intelligence to the base station results in better Quality of Service support

Base Station

O

MobileSwitching

Center

Base Station

O

MobileRouter

O

RadioController

PacketBackhaul

Packetbackhaul

Telephone Network

Internetpacketdata

circuitvoice

Base Station Router

O

MobileRouter

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BSR Motivation

BSR provides advantages in the following areas

reduces system OpEx by 75%

increases VoIP Capacity by 25%

reduces delay by 40%

O

OO

O

PSTN

IP

OO

OOOO

O

PSTNPSTN

IPIP

BSR

Collapse access, control, and gateway elements to a single IP Access Point

AccessControl

Gateway

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Lucent Technologies' Base Station Router Receives CTIA Emerging Technology Award

Revolutionary Product Takes Top Honors for Most Innovative In-Building Solution

LAS VEGAS – Lucent Technologies (NYSE:LU) today announced that its Base Station Router (BSR) product was selected as the first place winner of a CTIA WIRELESS 2006 Wireless Emerging Technologies (E-tech) Award in the category of “Most Innovative In-Building Solution.” Award recipients were announced yesterday in a ceremony at the Las Vegas Convention Center during the CTIA WIRELESS trade show.

The Wireless E-tech Awards program is designed to give industry recognition and exposure to the best wireless products and services in the areas of Consumer, Enterprise and Network technology. Nearly 200 applications were submitted and reviewed by a panel of recognized members of the media, industry analysts and executives, as well as select show attendees. Products were judged on innovation, functionality, technological importance, implementation and overall “wow” factor.

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Always-On Services

Definition: A push-to-connect data service is “always-on” if it:– Connects the user to the service instantly– Delivers service content to the user instantly– Is easy for a user to use (requires few button presses on a handset)

To achieve this effectively, the network must:– Provide a persistent session between mobile users and services – Minimize delay in connecting to and controlling a service – Minimize delay in delivering service content– Handle complex interactions on behalf of the user– Scale to a large number of services and subscribers– Support easy deployment of new services

Our objective: Build the networking infrastructure that achieves the above goals

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Push-to- Game Demo on UMTS at CTIA 2006Push-to- Game Demo on UMTS at CTIA 2006

Live Demo Setup for Mobile Multiplayer Gaming”– Single-box AoG, available locally at CTIA booth – J2EE– Lucent’s UMTS trailer providing UMTS Airlink– Three Nokia 6680 handsets showing three users– Four online multiplayer games – J2ME:

• 2 Commercially Available: Brick Challenge, Black Jack: From ExitGames using remote server

• 2 Games w. Voice IM: Reversi, Tic-Tac-Toe: Developed by BL, available at local server in booth

Demo features:– One-touch gaming screen personalized based on user– One-touch game play – Dramatic improvement of end user experience!

• One-touch buddy invitation and play – AoG’ 1 click experience vs. 15+ clicks without AoG– AoG’s fast connectivity 10+ secs vs. 35+ secs without AoG

• One-touch anonymous game play with real-time matchmaking by AoG• Chatting (trash-talking) using voice-IM while playing games (vs. IM texting w.out AoG)

• Buddy selection based on presence

– Management of buddy presence, with avatars, in real-time

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Global Roaming

Global roaming allows a subscriber to roam across different access networks while retaining full service features

Enabler for global roaming: SuperDHLR– A common profile database and authentication server for telecom

(wireline and wireless) and Internet users enables migrating to and roaming between these networks supports global roaming in cellular networks around the world integrates cellular networks and 802.11 networks

CDMA Networks

802.11 Networks

SuperDHLRGSM/UMTS

High-speed Networks(e.g. EvDO)

Common Profile

Database

ProtocolGateways

Core Operations

CoreServers

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What is MiViewTVTM? TV subscription today is tied to the “home” location

– No access to subscribed content if not on “roaming” TV lineup

MiViewTV is a paradigm shift for the TV industry

Subscription Location Subscription User

Seamless TV “roaming” across:

– Any network: Wireline, Wi-Fi

– Any location: Home, Hotel, Bus, Train, Friend’s Home

– Any device: TV (HD, SD), Laptop, Handheld

MiViewTVMiViewTV

Making TV service “follow” you wherever you go!Making TV service “follow” you wherever you go!

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MiViewTVTM Roaming Demo

Demo Scenario:

Charlie is watching NFL football

Visitor Swarup interested in viewing soccer (UEFA Cup) Charlie does not subscribe to soccer channel (but Swarup

does) Using MiViewTV, Swarup enables his roaming

subscription The look and feel of the program guide now reflects Swarup’s preferences Channels from both users are available in this setup

(Football-Ch 2, Soccer-Ch 3) Swarup disables roaming on the way out and the TV returns to Charlie’s lineup

MiViewTV System Video

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Publicity and More..

FT (London) article on MiViewTVTM

FT (London) article on MiViewTVTM

BBC: MiViewTVTM among six “coolest” gadgets of CeBIT 2006

BBC: MiViewTVTM among six “coolest” gadgets of CeBIT 2006

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Conclusions

All networks will converge to a few IP/MPLS networks

These networks will be QoS-enabled, reliable, secure, and manageable.

Bell Labs has several router programs to enable the converged networks of the future: SoftRouter, Optical Data Router, and Base Station Router.

Bell Labs has also taken leadership in creating enablers for global roaming and always-on.

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Backups

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A Related Roaming Program: MiViewTVTM

TV subscription today is tied to the “home” location

– No access to subscribed content if not on “roaming” TV lineup

MiViewTV is a paradigm shift for the TV industry

Subscription Location Subscription User Seamless TV “roaming” across:

– Any network: Wireline, Wi-Fi, 3G

– Any location: Home, Hotel, Bus, Train, Friend’s Home

– Any device: TV (HD, SD), Laptop, Handheld

MiViewTV is a network-based service provider solution

– Service provider managed network provides control over roaming and avoids theft / illegal broadcast. Key for content providers!

– Intelligence in network. Seamlessly integrates with middleware, billing, OSS systems

MiViewTVMiViewTV

Making TV service “follow” you wherever you go!Making TV service “follow” you wherever you go!

(slides)

Documents

router control

unreliable access router

modems networks

network evolution networks

voice traffic data traffic

data traffic voice traffic

voice traffic content

increased traffic