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Artificial Intelligence

Hassan Najadat

Jordan University of Science & Technology

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Outline

• Course Overview

• What is AI ?

• A brief history

• The state of the art

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Course Overview

• Intelligent agent• Problem Solving

– Solving problems by searching – Informed Search and Exploration– Constraint Satisfaction Problems– Adversarial Search

• Logical system– Logical Agent– First Order Logic– Inference in First-Order Logic – Knowledge Representation

• Learning from Observations

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“Like People” “Rationally”

ThinkCognitive Science

Laws of Thought

Act Turing Test Rational Agents

What is AI ?

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What is AI ?Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationality

``The exciting new effort to make computers think ... machines with minds, in the full and literal sense'' (Haugeland, 1985)

``The automation of activities that we associate with human thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving, learning ...'' (Bellman, 1978)

``The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models'' (Charniak and McDermott, 1985)

``The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act'' (Winston, 1992)

Systems that act like humans Systems that act like rationality

``The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people'' (Kurzweil, 1990)

``The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better'' (Rich and Knight, 1991)

``A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in terms of computational processes'' (Schalkoff, 1990)

``The branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior'' (Luger and Stubblefield, 1993)

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Acting humanly: The Turing Test approach

• The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing (Turing, 1950), was designed to provide a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence.

• The computer would need to possess the following capabilities: 1. Natural language processing to enable it to communicate successfully in

English (or some other human language);2. Knowledge representation to store information provided before or during the

interrogation; 3. Automated reasoning to use the stored information to answer questions and

to draw new conclusions; 4. Machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and

extrapolate patterns.

• To pass the total Turing Test, the computer will need• Computer Vision • Robotics

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Example Natural Language (NL) Processing 1. noun 2. verb 3. determiner 4. adjective 5. adverb 6. pronoun • s --> det, noun, verb, det, noun. • a better version

– s --> np, verb. s --> np, verb, np. np --> det, adj*, noun. np --> proper-name. np --> pronoun.

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Thinking humanly: The cognitive modeling approach

- Program thinks like a human ..!We need to get inside the actual workings of human minds.

There are two ways: – through introspection--trying to catch our own thoughts as they

go by—– or through psychological experiments.

• GPS -``General Problem Solver'' – (GPS) A procedure and program developed by Allen Newell, J.

C. Shaw, and Herbert Simon. – GPS attains an objective by using recursive search and by

applying rules to generate the alternatives at each branch in the recursive expansion of possible sequences.

– GPS uses a procedure to measure the "distance" from the goal.

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Thinking rationality: The Logical approach

• Ensure that all actions performed by computer are justifiable (“rational”)

• Rational = Conclusions are provable from inputs and prior knowledge

• Problems:– Representation of informal knowledge is difficulty– Hard to define “provable” plausible reasoning– Combinatorial explosion: Not enough time or space to prove

desired conclusions.

Facts and Rules in Formal Logic

Theorem Prover

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Acting rationally: The rational agent approach

• Rational behavior : doing the right thing ( that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available information).

• Agent• Program• Agent and Program • Rational Agent is one that acts to achieve the best outcomes

or, when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome.

Rational agents do the best they can given their resources

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Rational Agents

• Adjust amount of reasoning according to available resources and importance of the result

• This is one thing that makes AI hard

very few resources lots of resources

no thought

“reflexes”Careful, deliberate

reasoning

limited, approximate

reasoning

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Areas of Study in AI

• Reasoning, optimization, resource allocation– planning, scheduling, real-time problem solving,

intelligent assistants, internet agents• Natural Language Processing

– information retrieval, summarization, understanding, generation, translation

• Vision– image analysis, recognition, scene understanding

• Robotics– grasping/manipulation, locomotion, motion planning,

mapping

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Where are we now?

• SKICAT: a system for automatically classifying the terabytes of data from space telescopes and identifying interesting objects in the sky. 94% classification accuracy, exceeds human abilities.

• Deep Blue: the first computer program to defeat champion Garry Kasparov.

• Pegasus: a speech understanding program that is a travel agent (1-877-LCS-TALK).

• Jupiter: a weather information system (1-888-573-TALK)

• HipNav: a robot hip-replacement surgeon.

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Where are we now?

• Navlab: a Ford escort that steered itself from Washington DC to San Diego 98% of the way on its own!

• google news: autonomous AI system that assembles “live” newspaper

• DS1: a NASA spacecraft that did an autonomous flyby an asteroid.

• Credit card fraud detection and loan approval• Search engines: www.citeseer.com, automatic

classification and indexing of research papers.• Proverb: solves NYT puzzles as well as the best

humans.

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Surprises in AI research

• Tasks difficult for humans have turned out to be “easy”– Chess– Checkers, Othello, Backgammon– Logistics planning– Airline scheduling– Fraud detection– Sorting mail– Proving theorems– Crossword puzzles

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Surprises in AI research

• Tasks easy for humans have turned out to be hard.– Speech recognition– Face recognition– Composing music/art– Autonomous navigation– Motor activities (walking)– Language understanding– Common sense reasoning (example: how many legs

does a fish have?)