Slide 1

transcriptionDNA RNA

translationprotein

In-text figurePage 227

Slide 2

URACIL (U)base with a single-ring structure

phosphate group

sugar (ribose)

Figure 14.2Page 228

Slide 3

DNA

DNA DNA

RNAG C A T

C G T A

G C A U

C G T A

base-pairing in DNA replication base-pairing in transcription

Figure 14.3Page 228

Slide 4

sugar-phosphate backbone of one strand of nucleoides in a DNA double helix

sugar-phosphate backbone of the other strand of nucleoides

part of the sequence of base-pairs (blue)

Figure 14.4aPage 228

Slide 5

RNA polymerase

DNA

Figure 14.4bPage 229

Slide 6

transcribed DNA winds up again DNA to be transcribed unwinds

newly forming RNA transcript

DNA template at the assembly site

Figure 14.4cPage 229

Slide 7

3’5’

growing RNA transcript

5’

3’ 5’

3’

direction of transcription

Figure 14.4d,ePage 229

Slide 8

mature mRNA transcript

5’ 3’

3’

poly-A tail5’

snipped out snipped out

cap

transcription into pre-mRNA

unit of transcription in a DNA strand

exon intron exon exonintron3’ 5’

Stepped ArtFigure 14.5Page 229

Slide 9

arginine glycine tyrosine tyrosinetryptophan

base sequence of gene region

mRNA

amino acids

Figure 14.6Page 230

Slide 10

Figure 14.7Page 230

Slide 11

codon in mRNA

anticodon

amino acid OH

amino-acidattachment site

Figure 14.8Page 231

Slide 12

small ribosome subunit large ribosome subunit

tunnel

intact ribosome+

Figure 14.9b,cPage 231

Slide 13

mRNA transcript

intact ribosome

Initiation

initiator tRNAsmall ribosomal subunit

Fig. 14.10a-cPage 232

Slide 14

binding site for mRNA

P (first binding site for tRNA)

A (second binding site for tRNA)

platform on small ribosomal subunit

Figure 14.10dPage 232

Slide 15

Elongation

Fig. 14.10e-gPage 233

Slide 16

Elongation

Fig. 14.10h,iPage 233

Slide 17

Termination

mRNA

new polypeptide chain

mRNA

Fig. 14.10j-kPage 233

Slide 18

original base triplet in a DNA strand

During replication, proofreading enzymes make a substitution:

a base substitution within the triplet (red)

original, unmutated sequence

a gene mutation

possible outcomes:

or

Figure 14.11Page 234

Slide 19

mRNA parental DNA amino acids

altered mRNADNA withbase insertionaltered amino-acid sequence

arginine glycine tyrosine tryptophan asparagine

arginine glycine leucine glutamateleucine

Figure 14.12Page 234

Slide 20

mRNA rRNA tRNA

Translation

amino acids, tRNAs, ribosomal subunits

mRNA transcripts

protein subunits

ribosomal subunits

tRNA

Transcription

Protein Figure 14.14Page 236