slavery, disunion, and reconstruction apush – mr. hesen
TRANSCRIPT
Slavery, Disunion, and Reconstruction
APUSH – Mr. Hesen
“King Cotton”– Slavery was profitable – Cotton
Gin (1793)– Cotton trade fostered business in
North– Britain heavily dependent on U.S.
cotton– Accounted for 57% of exports by
1860
The Three Souths– Further North – cooler climate – fewer slaves– Further South – warmer climate – more slaves– Mountain whites sided with North– Southward flow of slaves continued from 1790s to
1860– NOT A UNIFIED SOUTH – unless talking about
states’ rights
Border South – DE, MD, KY, and MO– Plantations scarce– Grain production
• Tobacco stripped land of nutrients
– 1850 – 17% of population slaves – 22% of families owned slaves– Produced over 50% of South industrial products
Lower South – SC, FL, GA, AL, MS, LA, TX– “Cotton Belt” and “Black Belt”– Deep South along rivers and deltas– Plantations were prevalent – cotton was king!– 1850 – slaves made up 47% of population
The “Peculiar Institution”– Planter Aristocracy
• South was ruled politically by rich landowners
– 1850 – 1,733 families owned more than 100 slaves– Least democratic region in country– Huge gap between rich and poor
• Elitist culture – genteel-class emerged
The “Peculiar Institution”Plantation SystemRisky – slaves might die of diseases or escapeOne crop economy – cotton or tobaccoSoutherners resented North’s large profits at their expenseResented being so dependent on NorthRepelled large-scale European immigrationSlave labor cheaperNO JOBS
The “Peculiar Institution”Plantation Slavery4 million slaves by 1860 – 4x more than 1800Legal importation ended in 1808Population increase due to natural reproductionSlaves seen as valuable assets to ownersSource of wealth and staturePunishment was often brutalDeep South was the most brutal
The “Peculiar Institution”African American Culture DevelopsElements of African cultureFamily ties and oral traditionsReligion – blend of Christianity and VoodooBook of Exodus – “exodusters”Music – “Call and Response” – led to the development of jazz, blues, and rock n’ roll
Burdens of Slavery
Slave RevoltNat Turner (1831)
• Most significant• 60 Virginians slaughtered – mostly women and kids• Largest slave revolt in South• Over 100 slaves killed throughout South• Created paranoia in plantation owners and harsh laws were created in response
The White Majority75% of whites in South owned no slavesMostly subsistence farmersBelieved in white superiority – defended slaveryPoor – suffered from malnutrition and no educationEnding slavery would mix the races – not good
Mountain WhitesLived in Appalachian Mountain chainIndependent small farmersHated wealthy planters and aristocracyDuring Civil War – mostly pro-Union
AbolitionismAmerican Colonization Society (1817)Recolonization – manumission Liberia – created for freed slaves – MonroviaBlacks and whites could not coexist in societyDominant form of reform in U.S.
Radical AbolitionismImmediate and uncompensated manumissionWilliam Lloyd Garrison – Liberator (1831)Symbolized beginning of radicalism“Virtuous” North secede from “Wicked” SouthInspired American Anti-Slavery Society
American Anti-Slavery SocietyWanted to organize for more political influenceTheodore Dwight Weld – American Slavery As It Is (1836)Wendell PhillipsGrimke SistersTappan Brothers
Frederick DouglassGreatest of the black abolitionistsPublished North Star – abolitionist newspaperFormer slave – escaped when he turned 21Narrative Life of Frederick DouglassDepicted his life as a slaveLooked to politics to end slavery – unlike GarrisonFlexibly practical
Underground RailroadChain of antislavery homesHarbored slaves from South to CanadaHarriet Tubman (Moses)Ex-slave from MD! – Led 19 expeditions to CanadaRescued 300 slavesServed as a spy in Civil WarSouth demanded stronger fugitive slave laws for escapees
Impact of Abolition on South1820s – southern abolition societies outnumbered NorthPost-1830s – many groups silenced (Nat Turner)Abolitionist propaganda banned throughout SouthPro-slavery whites launched massive campaign against NorthGeorge Fitzhugh – “northern wage slavery”“Gag Resolution” (1836) – any appeals regarding slavery are illegal in Congress
Impact of Abolition on NorthUnpopular in many areas in NorthSlavery was protected by the Constitution – states’ rightsNorthern industry depended on South for cotton1850s – abolition influenced the northern mind against the SouthSaw slavery as morally evil and undemocratic
“Popular Sovereignty”– People in sovereign areas could decide the fate of
slavery
Election of 1848• Whigs – Zachary Taylor “Old Rough and Ready”• Democrats – Lewis Cass – embodied popular
sovereignty• Free-Soil Party – Martin Van Buren – against slavery in
new territories– Taylor – 163 to Cass – 127 – Foreshadowed Republican Party in 1852
California Gold Rush (1848)Sutter’s Mill (Sacramento)“49ers” – mostly men moved to CAMass migration to West CoastPaved way for RAPID economic growth in CACA applied for statehood under no-slave clauseState constitution denied slaverySouth went nuts – NM and UT leaned towards free status as well
Nashville ConventionSouthern fire-eaters – June 1850Discussed southern rights and secessionShould California be admitted to Union?Many saw as a sign of disunionNo compromise reached – until Henry Clay (again)
Compromise of 1850Henry ClayNorth should pass stricter fugitive slave lawsJohn C. CalhounDemanded that abolitionists leave slavery aloneThought Clay’s compromise was inadequateDaniel WebsterSupported Clay“Reasonable concessions” in SouthAbolitionists saw Webster as a traitor – turned North towards compromise
William Seward – young radical“Higher Law” SewardOpposed to granting concessions to the SouthDeep Christian beliefsSlavery shouldn’t exist in western territories due to “higher law” than Constitution
War FeverPresident Taylor was swayed by SewardTaylor was willing to start Civil War in Texas if Texans tried to expand to NMTaylor dies in 1850VP Millard Fillmore follows TaylorSupported compromiseStephen Douglas – most instrumental at getting Compromise of 1850 passed in Congress
Compromise of 1850California admitted as free stateAbolition of slave trade in Washington, DCNew Mexico and Utah – popular sovereigntyMore stringent Fugitive Slave LawsTexas received $10 million over its dispute with NMNorth got the best of the deal
Fugitive Slave LawBecame the most frictional issue between North and SouthAbolitionist movement given boostSlaves could not testify on own behalfHeavy fines and jail for those who broke lawSome states did not accept FSL – “personal liberty law”Ableman v. Booth (1859) – SCUS upholds FSL
Election of 1852Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce (NH)Sympathized to southern viewsWhigs nominated Winfield ScottSplit the Whig Party Scott – anti-slaverySouthern Whigs – supported FSLPierce wins 254-42Marked the end of the Whig Party
Expansion Under Pierce– “Young America” – sought to extend Manifest Destiny– Southerners wanted to gain land (Cuba) to spread slavery– Ostend Manifesto (1854) – Take Cuba by force if they did
not accept $130 million• Nicaragua and Asia• Expand trade – especially with Japan (Commodore Matthew
Perry)
Gadsden Purchase (1853)– U.S. sought transcontinental railroad– Should TCRR run through North or
South?– Congress purchased Mesilla Valley
from Mexico - $10 million– After purchase – U.S. below Canada
is complete– Northerners rushed to gain
Nebraska – South blocked them
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)– Most important short-term cause
of the CW• Stephen Douglas – proposed splitting
Kansas in two (Kansas and Nebraska
– Kansas – slave / Nebraska – free• Slavery based on popular sovereignty
– KS was above the 36 30’ line – Missouri Compromise of 1820
– Bill passed in 1854 – Douglas guided it through
Birth of the Republican PartyRepublican Party forms in response to K-N ActIncluded Whigs, northern Democrats, Free-Soilers, and Know-NothingsEmerged as 2nd national political party Was NOT allowed in South!
Bleeding KansasNew England Emigrant Aid CompanySent 2,000 men to KSStop slavery from forming“Beecher’s Bibles”Southerners furious over North’s betrayal of K-N ActKansas heavily split territory – some free, some slave1860 - only two slaves occupied KS
Caning of Charles Sumner - 1856
Pres
ton B
rook
sCharles Sumner
Pottawatomie Massacre (1856)
Lecompton Constitution (1857)Kansas applied for statehood under popular sovereigntyDenied statehood until Civil War – entered as a free stateSplits Democratic PartySplit between Buchanan, Douglas, Whigs, EVERYONE!
Anti-Slavery Literature
Harriet Beecher Stowe(1852)
Hinton R. Helper (1857)
Election of 1856Democrats nominated James BuchananRepublicans nominated John Fremont (Pathfinder of the West)American Party (Know-Nothings) nominated Millard Fillmore – nativists
Buchanan won 174-114-8 Fear of disunion and secession aided in Buchanan’s election
Dred Scott v. Sandford1857
DecisionScott is a slave not a citizenAll slaves were no longer citizensCould not be taken from owners without due processMissouri Compromise ruled unconstitutional
ImpactContributed to the further split in the Democratic PartySplit North and South even furtherTaney’s “opinion” NOT law – Northerners undermined it – Southerners claimed that North was unwilling to compromise
Panic of 1857CausesOverspeculation of land...againInflux of California gold caused inflationOverproduction of grainResultsNorth was hardest hitWesterners demanded free farmsHigher tariffs
Lincoln Douglas Debates1858
John Brown – Harper’s Ferry
Election of 1860
J o h n B r e c k i n r i d g e J o h n B e l lA b r a h a m L i n c o l n
Lincoln wins 180-123South Carolina secedes from Union
D CUR
The South Secedes!!!SC is first – within six weeks MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, and TXAll during Buchanan’s lame-duck period – HE DID NOTHING!Confederate States of America – Montgomery, ALJefferson Davis – chosen as president in 1861
Reasons for Southern SecessionPolitical balance favored North (so they thought)Hated sectional politicsDemanded states’ rightsHated free-soil criticisms and abolitionismWanted to end dependence on NorthSoutherners thought they had “moral high ground”
Crittenden AmendmentsFinal attempt at compromiseJohn Crittenden – KY – Clay followerAppease the SouthNo slavery north of 36 30’ but South was given full protectionLincoln rejected amendments…No more compromise
President LincolnFirst Inaugural AddressVowed to preserve the Union: to “hold, occupy, and possess”“Physically speaking, we cannot separate”
Lincoln’s CabinetWilliam Seward – Secretary of StateSalmon P. Chase – Secretary of the TreasuryEdwin M. Stanton – Secretary of War
All often disagreed with Lincoln on issues but he proved be a savvy leader
Attack on Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861)Charleston Harbor – federal fort in SouthLincoln’s dilemma: send more supplies, surrender, or leave!Lincoln sent “supply reinforcements” to SumterSouth saw it as violent act!Sent 70 canon to bombard the fort Held off for 35 hours, but surrenderedBeginning of the Civil War!
Lincoln’s GoalsPrimary objective: Keep border states in line (MD, KY, MO, WV)War was to preserve the Union at all costsDeclared that North was NOT fighting to free slavesLetter to Horace Greeley – August 22, 1862
Confederate AssetsOnly needed a stalemate – not victorySouth had superior moral cause – states’ rightsSuperb military officersRobert E. LeeOutspoken against secession and slaveryThomas J. “Stonewall” JacksonFar superseded the Union’s capabilities and leadership
Confederate WeaknessesLack of industryShortages during warNo railroads – weak ones at bestNo foreign intervention
Northern Advantages22 million people20% Union forces were foreign bornUnion had ¾ of wealth75% of railroadsBlockade of southern ports“Union Forever!”Better logistical planning
Confederate States of America
Jefferson Davis
British Diplomacy• Mostly “neutral” during war• Traded with North and South – grain, textiles, and cotton
– Trent Affair (1861)• Union warship stopped British vessel with Confederates on board
(Mason and Slidell)• Lincoln released diplomats
– Laird Rams (1863)• British-constructed Confederate ships
Raising Armies: North and SouthNorthMostly volunteers1863 – first federal conscription lawRich got out of service – paid $300New York Draft Riot (1863) – Irish v. Blacks 200,000 people deserted and avoided service
Raising Armies: North and SouthRelied on volunteers at firstSmaller population – smaller numbersForced to conscript men 17-50Rich men could hire substitutesMountain white refused to enlist
African American Soldiers180,000 in Union armies – 10% of total enlistmentBlack volunteers were rejected at first1862 – need for soldiers was highInspired to fight for their freedomConfederacy did not use blacks – did not revolt either
Civil War EconomicsMorrill Tariff Act (1861)
National Banking System (1863)Greenbacks
Homestead Act (1862)
Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862
Pacific Railway Act (1862)
Lincoln and Civil Liberties
Civil War as a Modern War “Total War”
Four Step Plan:1.) Strangle the South – block ports2.) Control Mississippi River3.) Devastate GA and NC4.) Capture Richmond by crushing Confederate armies
Battle of Bull Run (Manassas – July 21, 1861)First major land battle in CWNorth needed quick, decisive victory“Stonewall” Jackson surprised Union troopsUnion pulled back tot Washington, DCCasualties – Union – 3,000 / Confederacy – 1,900Psychological Effect:Long, bloody war on their handsSouth grew complacent – come thought war was over!
• Appointed to head Army of the Potomac
• Fatal flaws: Overcautious!
• Surrendered when the numbers favored him!!!
Gen. George McClellan
Peninsula Campaign• April-June 1862• McClellan abandoned an
assault on Richmond
– Seven Day’s Battles • Lee takes over Conf.
– McC retreated – Lincoln loses confidence but keeps him in charge
– Second Battle of Bull Run• Another Union retreat
Antietam – September 17, 1862Most significant battle of CWLee invaded MD to take it from UnionEnds in a stalemate – Lee withdrawsTurning point in the warForeign countries don’t intervene“Victory” for Union – momentum they needed
Emancipation Proclamation (1862-63)Confiscation Act (1862) – Union could “take” slaves as they invaded SouthEscaped slaves would not be returned to ownersProvisions:All slaves in states of rebellion are freeSlaves in border states not freeDid little in the short-runReactions were mixed
General Ulysses S. GrantWon numerous victories in the WestShiloh – April 6-7,1962 Western TennesseeTook over southern railroadsCasualties were shocking: 24,000 UnionNew Orleans taken as well
Battle of Gettysburg – July 1-3, 1863Lee invades PA - wanted to get support from foreign nationsBloodiest battle of the CW – 57,000 dead
Day One:
Day Two:
Day Three:
Gettysburg Address (November 1863)
The End of the WarVicksburg (December 1863 – July 1864)Longest battle in the CWSplit Confederacy in two – Union controlled Mississippi RiverSherman marches through Georgia – “March to the Sea”Lincoln and Sherman wanted to punish SouthTotal war – turned to SC and then to VA
The CopperheadsDemocratic faction of the northernersOpposed the war“Peace at any price”Appealed to western farmersCondemned Lincoln for continuing war
Clement L. VallandighamEx-congressman from OhioDemanded end to the warArrested and banished from UnionReturned to OH and was not banished againShows Lincoln’s willingness to work with political opposition
Election of 1864
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Speech“With malice toward none, with charity for all”
End of the War in the EastRichmond (April 1865)Confederates surrender at Appomattox Court HouseApril 9, 1865Provisions:30,000 POWS were allowed to go home – never take up arms againCould keep horses for plowing and farming
Lincoln Assassinated – April 14, 1865
Results of the Civil War620,000 men dead – 2% of populationMathew Brady photosUnion/nation was preserved$15 billion spent on war effortAffirmed the Monroe Doctrine
What is Reconstruction?Attempt to achieve national reunificationEnormously difficult to achieveNorth won the war – South won Reconstruction
Questions:– How to rebuild after Civil War?– What will the conditions of African Americans in
the South?– How would South be reintegrated into the Union?– Who would control the process? Congress?
President?
• Richmond
• Charleston
• Atlanta
• Southern farms
• Planter class
• 13th Amendment (1865)
Freedmen’s Bureau – Oliver O. Howard
• Response to Freedmen’s Bureau
Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan (10% Plan)
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
Andrew Johnson’s Plan
• Radical Republicans
Black Codes
• Civil Rights Act of 1866
• 14th Amendment
• Military Reconstruction
Tenure of Office Act (1867)
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
• Impeachment Ticket
15th AMendment
• Hiram Revels• Blanche Bruce
• Scalawags
• Carpetbaggers
• KKK
• Force Acts
• Solid South and Redeemers
• Civil Rights Act of 1875
• End of Reconstruction– Election of 1876
• Compromise of 1877
• Jim Crow Laws
• Lynchings
Booker T. Washington – Tuskegee Institute– “Atlanta Compromise” – 1895
• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
WEB DuBois– The Crisis– “Talented Tenth”– Niagara Movement– NAACP