S.L. Schroder, C.M. Knudsen, T.N. Pearsons, T.W. Kassler, S.F. Young,E.P. Beall, & D.E. Fast

Breeding Success Of Four Male Life History Types In Spring Chinook Salmon Spawning Under Quasi-Natural Conditions

Spring Chinook Spawning Communities Are Generally Thought Of As Assemblages Of Large Anadromous Fish

However, A Variety Of Alternative Male Life History Types Occur On Spawning Grounds

At The Cle Elum Supplementation Research Facility:

•37 – 49% Of All Males MaturedAt Age 2 (Larsen et al. 2004) (1999 – 2007 = 125,000/yr; Pearsons et al. 2009)

• Males Maturing At Age 3 increased From 8.5% To 22.9% After One Generation Of Culture (Knudsen et al. 2006)

• Similar Decreases in Male Age At Maturity Have Been Observed In Other Hatcheries (e.g. Gebhards 1960; Mullan et al. 1992)

And Their Abundance May Increase Due To Artificial Culture

1) Must Know Their Abundance On The Spawning Grounds, and

2) Their Relative Breeding Success Under Natural Conditions

What Genetic Effects Might Enhanced Numbers Of Early Maturing Males Have On Wild Spring Chinook Populations?

Created 7 Test Groups ConsistingOf Anadromous Females

& MalesWith Up To Four Different Life

History Strategies

The Artificial Stream At Cle Elum

Types Of Fish In The Test Groups

Anadromous 4 & 5 yr –old males & Females:

(“Large Anadromous Fish”)

Anadromous 3-yr-old males:(“Jacks”)

Hatchery Origin “Yearling Precocious Male”

Wild Origin “Yearling Precocious Males”

Types Of Fish In The Test Groups

Wild “Sub Yearling PrecociousMale”

Types Of Fish In The Test Groups

Prior To Placement In The Artificial Stream Each Fish Was:

And, A Small Bit Of Fin Material Was Removed For Later DNA Extraction

The Fish Were Released Into The Artificial Stream & Spawned Under Quasi-Natural Conditions

Fish No.s & Types Placed Into The Artificial Stream

Test GroupNo. Of Females

No. Of Lg Anadromous

MalesNo. Of Jacks

No. Of Yr Precocious

Males

No. Of Sub Yearling

Precocious

2001 A 16 21 3 - -

2001 B 17 18 2 5 5

2002 A 22 22 2 6 -

2002 B 17 16 2 6 -

2003 24 24 6 13 72004 20 29 4 12 -

2005 23 25 4 8 8

Totals 139 155 23 50 20

All Fry Produced From The Artificial Stream Were Trapped & Counted

10% Of The Fry Were Sub-sampled & a Pedigree Analysis Using Micro-satellite DNA Was Performed To

Assign Parentage

Fry Production

Test GroupFry

Produced

No. Of Fry Assigned To

Parents% Of Population

Assigned       

2001 A 18,960 991 5.2%       

2001 B 42,263 780 1.8%       

2002 A 45,889 1.566 3.4%       

2002 B 37,141 1,264 3.4%       

2003 64,494 2,750 4.3%       

2004 47,140 2,892 6.1%       

2005 49,552 2,973 6.0%       

TOTALS 305,439 13,216 4.3%

Calculating Male Breeding Success

IBrS or Individual Breeding Success = Progeny In The 10% Fry Sample No. Of Fry In 10% Sample

And the mean breeding success for a male type in each test group =

Mean BrS MALE TYPE A = (∑ IBrS1 + IBrS2 + . . . IBrSn) ∕ (nA),

Where nA = Number of Males Of Type A in a test group

Results Were Examined In Two Ways

Individual Effects1)Size2)Tertiary Sex Ratios3)Mate Numbers

Population Effects1)Tertiary Sex Ratios2)Prevalence Of The Male Life History Types

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

LgAnadromous

Jack Hat Yr P Wild Yr P Sub Yr P

Male Life History Type

Fork

Len

gth

(mm

)

Mean Fork Lengths Of The Male Life History Types

0

5

10

15

20

25

3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

Body Wt In Kilograms

Arc

sine

Bre

edin

g Su

cces

sBody Wt vs. Breeding Success In Large

Anadromous Males

r2 = 0.32P = 0.004

r2 = 0.03P = 0.473

Breeding Success Vs. Fork Length In Precocious Males

0.02.04.06.08.0

10.0

75 95 115 135 155 175 195 215

Precocious Male Fork Length

Bre

edin

g Su

cces

s

Effect Of Tertiary Sex Ratio On Individual Male Breeding Success

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6

Tertiary Sex Ratio

Mea

n A

rcsin

e B

reed

ing

Succ

ess

Lg Anadromous

Jacks

Yr Precocious

Mate Number & Breeding Success By Male Life History Type

2003 Test Group

0

5

10

15

20

25

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

No. Of Mates (sqrt)

Arc

sine

Bre

edin

g Su

cces

s

Lg Anadromous

Jacks

Yr P's

2003 Test Group

Fry Per Mate By Male Life History Type

0

200

400

600

800

Anadromous Males Jacks Yr P's

Male Life History Type: 2003 Test Group

Mea

n Fr

y Pe

r M

ate

Male Life History Type

Lg Anadromous

Jacks

Yr P Males > Sub Yr P Males

Comparisons Among Male Life History Types

Comparison

= Yr P Males, > Jacks, > Sub Yr P Males

= Yr P Males, > Sub Yr P Males

Mean Mate Number By Life History Type

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Lg Anadromous Yr P Males Jacks Sub Yr P Males

Male Life History Type

Mea

n N

o. O

f Mat

es

Mean Individual Breeding Success By Male Life History Type

012345

LargeAnadromous

Jacks Yr P Male Sub Yr P Male

Male Life History Type

Mea

n B

reed

ing

Succ

ess

Relative Breeding Success Of The Life History Types

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Lg Anadromous Jack Yr P Male Sub Yr P Male

Male Life History Type

Bre

edin

g S

ucce

ss R

elat

ive

To

Lar

ge A

nadr

omou

s Mal

es

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6

Males Per Female (Tertiary Sex Ratio)

Arc

sine

% O

f Fry

Pro

duce

d

Lg Anadromous

Jacks

Yr P Males

Sub Yr P Males

Tertiary Sex Ratios Vs. Progeny Paternity

% Male Life History Type Vs. Progeny Paternity

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00

Arcsine % Of Population Made Up Of A Male Type

Arc

sine

% O

f Fry

Pop

ulat

ion

NullLg AnadromousJackYr P's0 P's

% Male Life History Type Vs. Progeny Paternity

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Arcsine % Of Population Made Up Of A Male Type

Arc

sine

% O

f Fry

Pop

ulat

ion

Null

Atl. Parr

Atlantic Males

Atlantic Males

Atl. Parr

Special Thanks To:Yakama Nation Staff

WDFW Genetics LaboratoryJIM SHAKLEE, ALICE FRYE, JENNIFER VON BARGEN, NORM SWITZLER, CHERRIL BOWMAN,MO SMALL, JANET LOXTERMAN, & DENISE HAWKINS

WDFW Science Division StaffANTHONY FRITTS, GENE SANBORN, ED BEALL, JORDAN VANDAL, KURT FRESH, ERIC VOLK, ROCHELLE SHIPLEY, CHRIS WALDBILLIG, VAL TRIBBLE, SHAWNA STILTNER,& DEBBIE FIELDMAN

CESRF: CHARLES STROM, VERON BOGAR, SIMON GOUDY, QUINN JONES,ANNIE JO PARRISH, & DAN BARRETT

ROZA: MARK JOHNSTON, JOE HOPTOWIT, GERRY LEWIS, RAY DECOTEAU, & ANTOINE MAREK

NELSON SPRINGS: BILL BOSCH, DAVE LIND, & PAUL HUFFMAN

Bonneville Power AdministrationDAVID BYRNES AND PATTY SMITH