sl military and mod receive high corruption ratings

7/29/2019 SL Military and MoD Receive High Corruption Ratings

1/76

Sptm 2013

Th uaity o gisativovsight o dnc

in 82 countis

Watchdogs?


2/76

The deee setr is beset bsigifat rrpti. Failre t

eetiel iestigate deeespedig dermies law-maersrespsibilit t their eletrate tesre that eer ta dllar is

spet hestl ad eetiel.

Legislatie ersight deeehas bee egleted r t lg at

the epese the well-beig itizes.

Adrew Feistei, rmer Sth AriaMember Parliamet ad athr TheShadw Wrld: Iside the Glbal Arms Trade


3/76

3

Te pinciple tat militay oces sould be

unde civilian contol is well accepted by all

nations, except militay dictatosips. But in

many counties, te eality is tat suc

contol is illusoy.

Tanspaency Intenationals Deence and

Secuity Pogamme (TI-DSP) as been

woking wit govenments, deence

companies, amed oces, civil society, andpolicy-makes to impove anti-couption

standads in te deence and secuity secto

since 2004. Ou objective is to ensue tat

stong, eective mecanisms ae in place in

govenments and companies to pevent

couption in deence, and to empowe civil

society to demand tanspaency and

accountability in tis secto.

In Januay 2013 TI-DSP publised te

Govenment Deence Anti-Couption Index

(GI), ou most extensive eseac so a. Te

Index analyses te vulneabilities o 82

govenments to couption isk in deence

and secuity and te complete esults ae

publised on a dedicated website.

Tee wee 19 questions in te Index tat

elated to te ole o paliaments and

legislatues in gting couption in deence

and secuity.

Te esults wee sockingtwo-tids o

counties ae at vey ig isk o couption

due to poo legislative contols ove deence

and secuity. Wose, 85 pe cent o

counties lack eective legislative scutinyo deence policy.

Te ability o te legislatue to old

deence and secuity establisments to

account is peaps te single most

impotant anti-couption capability tat a

nation as. I paliamentay deence

committees ae not olding te amed

oces to account, wo is?

Te pupose o tis epot is to gain a

deepe undestanding o te eality o

legislative ovesigt o deence. Tis study

extacts good pactices wic may be

emulated woldwide, to enable clea

impovement in paliamentay and legislative

contols.

Frewrd

Mak Pyman

Dicto

Dnc and Scuity Pogamm

Tanspancy Intnationa UK

Sptm, 2013

Foewod


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4

Table tets

Table o Contents

Eetie smmar 5

Deee rrpti & legislatres 14

Data & methdlg 18

Reprt methdlg 22

The reslts 24

Aalsis the see e areas 26

Bdget ersight & debate 28Bdget traspare 32Eteral adit 36Pli ersight & debate 40Seret bdgets ersight 44Itelligee series ersight 48Prremet ersight 52

Mar leel aalsis 56

Aees 61

Bibligraph 68


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5

Eetie smmar

Parliamets adlegislatres hae a ital

rle i redig the ris rrpti i deeead serit. Mst aret perrmig.

This reprt shws hwthe a impre.

Executive Summay


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6

Tanspaency Intenational UKs Deence and

Secuity Pogamme (TI-DSP) publised te

st eve Govnmnt Dnc Anti-

Couption Indx (GI )in Januay 2013,

available at www.dncindx.og. Tis

made available an extensive and

unpecedented analysis o couption isk in

te deence and secuity secto in 82

counties aound te wold.

Building on TI-DSPs wok wit

govenments, deence companies, amed

oces, civil society, and policy-makes, te

Index povides oiginal eseac by

knowledgeable county assessos. It

quanties couption isks in ve key aeas:

political, nancial, pesonnel, opeations and

pocuement.

Te GI analysis nds tat 70 pe cent o

counties leave te doo open to waste and

teats to secuity as tey lack te tools to

pevent couption in te deence and

secuity secto.

Paliaments and legislatues play a key

ole in te battle to pevent tis isk. Tey

can do tis by legislating o laws to pevent

it, putting issues o couption in deence at

te level o national debate, and execising

powes o ovesigt. Tis epot te st

one to take an in-dept look at te esults o

te GIexamines ow eectively tey do

tis. It aims to bette undestand te

stengts and weaknesses o legislativeinstitutions in contolling couption in te

deence and secuity secto, and to povide

clea guidelines on ow paliaments and

legislatues can do bette.

LEGISLATuRES PERFoRMAncE In

conTRoLLInG coRRuPTIon RISk

Te GI as 19 questions wic assess

legislative capacity to stem couption isk in

deence and secuity. Tese questions ae

clusteed into seven key ocus aeas, as

sown in te box below.

Te tee main ndings in te study ae:

Parliamets adlegislatres apreet rrptii the deeesetr b dratiglaws t tale it,

pttig the tpiat the leel atial debate,ad igrsleerisig pwers ersight.

SeCreT bUDGeTS

Pecentage o budget secet

Legislative access toinomation on secet items

Legislative access to auditepots

Mecanisms o classiyinginomation

Pocuement legislation

Pocuement ovesigt

Disclosue o pucases

DeFeNCe bUDGeTSOVerSIGHT & DebATe

Ovesigt o pocess acquisitionplanning

Committee scutiny o deencebudget

Intenal audit o expenditue

DeFeNCe bUDGeTTrANSPAreNCY

Budget tanspaency & detail

Budget publicly available

Eective & tanspaent

extenal audit

DeFeNCe POlICY

Fomal legislative ovesigtpocedues

Committee ovesigt

Deence policy debated

Militay exploitationo natual esouces

Ams expo t contols

INTellIGeNCe

Eective & independentovesigt

eXTerNAl AUDIT

PrOCUreMeNT MeCHANISMS& OVerSIGHT

7Parliamet-sed themes i GI estis

Executive Summay
http://www.defenceindex.org/http://www.defenceindex.org/


7/76

The reslts

Paiamnts and gisatus in

two-thids o th 82 countis

assssd hav siousy insucint

contos that giv is to high o citica

couption isk in thi Ministy o

Dnc and amd ocs.

eighty-v p cnt o countis ack

ctiv scutiny o thi dnc

poicy.

Mo positivy, 16 out o th 82

countis assssd hav ow o vy

ow isk o couption du to stong

gisativ mchanisms in pac.

I te counties analysed wee

paliamentaians, and te levels o

couption isk tey displayed wee political

paties, te distibution o seats in tis

paliament would look like te image below.Tese esults ae also available online at

http://govnmnt.dncindx.og/

paiamnts.

DISTRIBuTIon oF counTRIES By PARLIAMEnTARy LEvEL oF coRRuPTIon RISk

26%

17%

vERy LoW

LoW

MoDERATE

HIGH

vERy HIGH

cRITIcAL

21%

17%

15%

5%

Executive Summay 7
http://government.defenceindex.org/parliamentshttp://government.defenceindex.org/parliamentshttp://government.defenceindex.org/parliamentshttp://government.defenceindex.org/parliaments


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8

BAnD counTRIES

AUSTrAlIA, GerMANY, NOrWAY,

UNITeD KINGDOM

AUSTrIA, brAzIl, bUlGArIA,

COlOMbIA, FrANCe, JAPAN,POlAND, SlOVAKIA, SOUTH KOreA,

SWeDeN, TAIWAN, UNITeD STATeS

ArGeNTINA, bOSNIA AND

HerzeGOVINA, CHIle, CrOATIA,

CYPrUS, CzeCH rePUblIC, HUNGArY,

ITAlY, lATVIA, MeXICO, SOUTH

AFrICA, SPAIN, THAIlAND, UKrAINe

GeOrGIA, GHANA, GreeCe, INDIA,

INDONeSIA, ISrAel, KAzAKHSTAN,

KeNYA, KUWAIT, lebANON, NePAl,

PHIlIPPINeS, rUSSIA, SerbIA,

TANzANIA, TUrKeY, UGANDA

AFGHANISTAN, bAHrAIN,

bANGlADeSH, belArUS, CHINA,

eTHIOPIA, IrAq, JOrDAN, MAlAYSIA,

MOrOCCO, NIGerIA, OMAN,

PAleSTINe NATIONAl AUTHOrITY,

PAKISTAN, rWANDA, SINGAPOre,

TUNISIA, UNITeD ArAb eMIrATeS,

UzbeKISTAN, VeNezUelA,

zIMbAbWe

AlGerIA, ANGOlA, CAMerOON, COTe

DIVOIre, DrC, eGYPT, erITreA,

IrAN, lIbYA, qATAr, SrI lANKA,

SAUDI ArAbIA, SYrIA, YeMeN

VerY lOW

lOW

MODerATe

HIGH

CrITICAl

VerY HIGH

ThE rESULTS:

Te table opposite lists

counties accoding

to tei nal scoe on

te paliament-ocused

questions o te GI.

Tey ae placed in one

o six bands accoding

to tei level ocouption isk, wic

anges om vey low

to citical.

Executive Summay

BAnDInG BRAckETS

Couption Lowe % Uppe %

risk Scoe Scoe

VerY lOW 83.3 100

lOW 66.7 83.2

MODerATe 50.0 66.6

HIGH 33.3 49.9

VerY HIGH 16.7 33.2

CrITICAl 0 16.6


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9

RESuLTS In MoRE DETAIL

1. Dnc udgts & sct udgts

Deence budgets in 55 pe cent o

counties entiely lack tanspaency o

include only limited, aggegated

inomation.

Seventy ve pe cent o counties do not

publicly eveal deence and secuity

expenditue tat is secet.

Paliaments and legislatues pomoting

low couption isk sae te ollowing

attibutes:

a. Featue popely esouced deence

committee wit omal powes to veto

te deence budget and te autoity

to old public ocials to account.

. Possess paliamentay committees

wit decision-making and veto powe

ove te secet budget. Tey ae

povided wit compeensive and

classied inomation.

c. Disclose te deence budget in bot

its tecnical and non-tecnical oms,

wic ae easily accessible to te

public.

2. Poicy ovsight and dat

Paliaments and legislatues in almost

al o te counties analysed only ave

minimal omal mecanisms to scutinise

and debate deence policy.

Evidence o igly eective mecanisms

wee ound in less tan 15 pe cent o

te counties studied.

In a tid o te counties analysed, any

extenal auditing o te deence budget

tat takes place is eite ineective o

its independence is ully undemined by

te govenment.



attibutes:

a. Te paliaments, legislatues, and

committees ae independent, able to

call witnesses, and to decide on lines

o inquiy to inom powes tat can

veto deence policy.

. Tey possess independent audit

bodies and paliamentay committees

wit te specic emit o analysing

audit ndings and te powe to callaudit ocials o questioning.

Executive Summay


10/76

3. Intignc svics ovsight

Tee is no evidence o independent

extenal ovesigt o intelligence

sevices policies, budgets, and

administation in al o te counties

assessed.



attibutes:

a. Its deence o secuity committees ae

legally ganted ovesigt o te

intelligence sevices. Paliaments and

legislatues ave access to classiedinomation, te powe to call on

intelligence sevice pesonnel o

evidence, and adequate suppot

esouces.

4. Pocumnt ovsight

In 40 pe cent o te counties assessed

tee is eite no evidence o

pocuement ovesigt mecanisms, o

tose in place ae igly opaque and

inactive.



attibutes:

a. Tey ave ull and tanspaent

ovesigt o deence pocuement. Te

elevant paliamentay committee

and potentially sub-committees

dedicated to specic pats o te

militayis ully esouced and ableto question pocuement ocials.

5. extna Audit

Tee-quates o counties eite ave

extenal auditing pocesses wit

questionable eectiveness, o tee is

uncetainty as to wete extenal

auditing occus at all.



attibutes:

a. Togete wit independent audit

bodies, tey ave te specic emit o

analysing audit ndings, wit te

powe to call audit ocials o

questioning.

FAcToRS MAkInG A DIFFEREncE

Tee ae seveal national-level

caacteistics tat elp explain te degee

to wic paliaments and legislatues can

aect te isk o couption:

boad poitica doms, and tuy

dmocatic systms, man mo

ctiv dnc pocumnt

committs, tt a to pvnt

couption om occuing.

High vs o miitay p capita tnd

to incas th isk o couption. This

may sut om th amd ocs in

mo miitaisd socitis having

stong infunc o oying pow

with dcision-maks. In such

situations, paiamnts and

gisatus may undmind and

sidind.

Incasd miitay spnding pomots

ducd couption isk. An intsting

sut dsving o uth sach,

which might xpaind y

paiamntaians ing motivatd to

push o tt and dp ovsight

whn spnding o taxpays mony on

th scto is paticuay high.

Psidntia systms hav high

dnc couption isk than

paiamntay systms.

Executive Summay10


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11

What t d?

Tls

Tis epot sows tat tee ae majo,

dangeous weaknesses in legislative

ovesigt o deence woldwide. But wat

specic actions can be taken to impove

ovesigt?

Tee ae ecommendations o

paliamentaians, govenments, auditbodies, and civil society and te media

wic may acilitate bette scutiny o

deence. In some counties, it is too

convenient o politicians, militay, and

govenment ocials to avoid seious

scutiny o tis secto. In ote counties, it

is too sensitive o paliamentaians to

question deence mattes, as it means tat

tey may be questioning tei own paty

leadesip. Two innovative tools tat may

catalyse cange ae to empowe a deence

expet consulting goup, and to set up a

secue system o anonymous epoting:

1. DEFEncE ExPERT conSuLTInG GRouP

Convening a goup compising concened

tecnical expets om divese backgounds

wo come togete to assist legislatos and

pess o cange is one way tat te

legislative committee can stengten its

capability.

Te deence expet consulting goup may

include membes o civil society, etiedmilitay pesonnel, etied deence industy

pesonnel, and subject matte expets o

academics tat legislatos in te deence

committee can egulaly daw upon o tei

expetise.

Tey can assist paliamentaians by

poviding tem wit knowledge and

inomation on a specic and oten tecnical

secto. It will also elp to ensue te

inomation tat paliamentaians eceive is

independent o te cuent militay

institutions tey ae oveseeing. Well-

espected membes o te goup may alsoaise public suppot and undestanding o

eective paliamentay activity.

2. BIPARTISAn REPoRTInG BoDy

Govenments can ceate suc a body,

peaps un by te Audito Geneal, to take

te ole o egulaly soliciting concens

about misuse o deence unds, bot om

legislatos temselves and te public. Tis

committee would encouage anonymous

epoting, and would ave powe to

investigate and to epot te list o concens.

It sould be equied to pesent its ndings

annually to paliament.

Executive Summay


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12

1. Aocat th soucs ogisatus to scutinis, gisat

and dat dnc matts,

including secet deence budgets and

te intelligence sevices.

2. Povid paiamnt with th uang o dnc udgt,

pocumnt and audit documnts.

Te executive sould also espond to

paliamentay questions accoding to a

stict timeame, yet allow sucient

time o scutiny.

3. empow th gisatu dnccommitt with oma pows to

viw and vto th dnc udgt,

dnc poicy and aws. Tese

powes sould extend to secet

budgets, and sould include te option

o eezing deence spending.

4. Intoduc aws that cay dnwhn dnc inomation may

cassid and poibit sececy unless

justiably equied to potect national

secuity.

5.estaish an indpndnt auditoc wit te legal autoity to

examine govenment deence

expenditue. It sould poduce publicly

available and accessible audit epots.

THE ExEcuTIvE

1. estaish a w-soucd andcoss-paty paiamntay dnc

committ, and be bold in demandingtat govenment and deence ocials

attend and give evidence to it.

2. estaish a cosd paiamntaycommitt tat scutinises secet

spending and te intelligence sevices.

3. loy th govnmnt tointoduc aws nsuing that

paliaments and legislatues ave telegal autoity to scutinise, legislate

and debate deence mattes, including

secet deence budgets and te

intelligence sevices, as well as

deence institutions and sites.

4. Pss o udgt suppot tompoy tchnica xpts wit

specialist knowledge tat can bedeployed to elp educe couption isk

by, o example, identiying nancial

anomalies.

PARLIAMEnTARIAnS

Atis

Executive Summay


13/76

13

1. Poduc dtaid, timy auditpots o govnmnt dnc

xpnditu tat ae clea, tanspaentand easily accessible to te legislatue

and te geneal public.

2. Consut with th gisatuo conducting audits in ode to

undestand wee paliaments andlegislatues may lack tecnical

expetise on deence, and teeoe

equie additional suppot.

3. Attnd gisatu committmtings upon equest to oe te

audit oces opinions and explain auditepots.

AuDIT oFFIcES

1. loy th govnmnt tointoduc aws to cat a gisatu

with ctiv ga authoity to

scutinise, legislate and debate deencemattes, including secet deence

budgets and te intelligence sevices.

2. Act as a souc o dncxptis tat te legislatue can call

upon, and povide suppot to tose

paliamentaians acting to impoveovesigt o te secto.

3. Initiat puic dat anddiscussion about deence spending and

weak ovesigt.

cIvIL SocIETy & MEDIA

Executive Summay


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14

Paliaments and legislatues ave an

impotant ole in peventing couption in

deence and secuity. Tis secto tends to

be closed and secetive. As a cental souce

o epesentation and legitimacy in

govenment, paliaments and legislatues

can old govenments and deence

establisments to account and incease

tanspaency. As te legislative body, tey

may pass laws tat stop couption omoccuing, and scutinise te eectiveness

o a govenments attempts to enoce tis

legislation.

Te epot is timely. Along wit te

launc o te Govenment Deence Anti-

Couption Index (GI) 2013, it comes at a

point wen we ae bette equipped to

analyse te ability o govenments to stem

couption isk in deence and secuity tan

eve beoe. Tis study is also available

online at http://govnmnt.dncindx.

og/paiamnts.

WHy DoES DEFEncE coRRuPTIon

MATTER?

Couption in te deence secto ininges

upon te integity o te state and

undemines te autoity o its institutions.

It also leads to te loss o public tust and

ceates insecuity among citizens.

Couption in deence is dangeous and

costly. It negatively impacts society and

govenments, and poses a teat to globalsecuity.

Govenments exist to seve tei people,

and deence and secuity establisments to

potect tem. Wen deence and secuity

establisments ae coupt, te integity o

te govenment is undemined as tose wit

entusted powe abuse it o pesonal gain.

Coupt deence and secuity

establisments likewise ail to ull tei

pimay duty, as tey may become a teat

to te individuals tey ae supposed to

potect. Te militay temselves also sue

as a esult o couption. Pesonnel ae put

at isk by unnecessay o poo quality

deence equipment wen pucases ae

made accoding to ow muc individuals

stand to pesonally gain, ate tan todevelop te deence capabilities tat a

county genuinely needs.

Couption involves te tet o public

money. As deence and secuity tends to

occupy a lage potion o te national

budget, it may attact tose inteested in

poteeing impopely. Govenment money

lost toug deence and secuity couption

means less money to spend on ealt,

education, inastuctue, and development.

Deence couption also mattes o wold

secuity. Ams aces, many times kick-

stated by individual geed, can potentially

destabilise delicate egional and

intenational balances. Couption may act

as a disincentive to ending confict, since it

enables people to pot om te instability

o wa.

Couption in te deence and secuity

secto ams citizens, govenments and

deence establisments. It also as te

potential to cause o intensiy egional oglobal instability.

Deee rrpti & legislatres

Deence couption & legislatues
http://http//government.defenceindex.org/parliamentshttp://http//government.defenceindex.org/parliamentshttp://http//government.defenceindex.org/parliamentshttp://http//government.defenceindex.org/parliaments


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15

WHERE cAn PARLIAMEnTS AnD

LEGISLATuRES MAkE A DIFFEREncE?

To undestand exactly ow paliaments and

legislatues can elp educe couption isk

in deence and secuity, it is elpul to

conside wat couption in deence

actually is.

Wen dening couption in deence,most people tink about pocuement, as

scandals involving te ams tade tend to

make te eadlines most oten.

In act, deence couption is muc

boade tan tis. Ove te past nine yeas

o discussing te subject wit govenments,

TI-DSP as identied 29 specic couption

isks. Tese ae mapped out in ve main

aeas: political isk, nance isk, pesonnel

isk, opeations isk and pocuement isk.Te ull list is sown in te diagam below.

PrOCUreMeNT

Tecnical requiements / Speci-cations

Single Soucing

Agents / Bokes

Collusive Biddes

Financing Packages

Osets

Contact Awad, Delivey

Subcontactos

Selle Infuence

POlITICAl

Deence and Secuity Policy

Deence Budgets

Nexus o Deence &National Assets

Oganised Cime

Contol o I ntelligenceSevices

Expot Contols

FINANCe

Asset Disposals

Secet Budgets

Militay-owned businesses

Illegal Pivate Entepises

PerSONNel

Leadesip Beaviou

Payoll, Pomotions, Appoint-ments, rewads

Consciption

Salay Cain

Values & Standads

Small Bibes

OPerATIONS

Disegad o Couption inCounty

Couption witin Mission

Contacts

Pivate Secuity Companies

29Deee rrpti riss



16/76


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17

leGISlATIVeFUNCTION

As te pincipal law-making institution

in democatic states, paliaments and

legislatues pass te laws tat set te

boundaies witin wic govenmentsmust opeate.

In te eld o deence, paliaments and

legislatues ave a cental ole to play

in legislating bot to potect against

couption and to enable pope

scutiny o te executive. Tis may be

toug ensuing tat laws elating to

deence and secuity pocuement

contain anti-couption clauses, o

example. It may also be toug

legislating o igoous citeia to

detemine wen a govenment is

pemitted to keep inomation

classied.

DelIberATIVeFUNCTION

Paliaments and legislatues act as

oums o te debate and easoned

consideation o policy. In peoming

tis ole, paliaments and legislatuescan bing muc-needed tanspaency

to te aea o deence and elp old

te executive to account.

Witout open debate in deence,

govenments ae able to opeate

beind closed doos, and outside te

glae o te public eye, ceating an

envionment o couption to occu.

Te delibeative ole played by

paliaments and legislatues elpsensue tat te deence secto

opeates in te public inteest.

Sel-seeking inteests ae unlikely to

be poposed i deence is discussed in

te open.

OVerSIGHTFUNCTION

Paliamentay ovesigt is a ute

unction tat is cucial in educing

couption isk. By cecking excesses

o executive powe and ensuing tegovenment opeates lawully,

paliaments and legislatues play a key

ole in olding tis secetive secto to

account.



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18

Data & methdlg

The Germet Deee Ati-crrpti Ide (GI) 2013

eatres i-depth aalsis rrpti riss.

varis idiatrs pertai t the

apait r parliamets adlegislatres t trl sh risi deee ad serit.

Aalsis ges bed atitatiesres t i-depth alitatieeplaatis, whih will be draw

p i this reprt.

Data & metodology


19/76

19Data & metodology

ovERALL GovERnMEnT DEFEncE AnTI-

coRRuPTIon InDEx (GI) RESuLTS

Te counties wee placed in one o six

bands accoding to tei nal scoe. To

constuct te bandingwic uns om A

to Fte scoes o all 77 questions wee

aggegated and expessed as pecentages

o te total available scoes. Tese scoes

wee ten mapped against te scema

below. Te dial and box on te ollowing

page sow te global esults.

BAnDInG BRAckETS

Band Lowe % Uppe % Couption

Scoe Scoe risk

A 83.3 100 Vey low

B 66.7 83.2 Low

C 50.0 66.6 Modeate

D 33.3 49.9 hig

E 16.7 33.2 Vey ig

Due to te lage numbe o countiesclusteed in Band D, counties wee

subdivided into D+ and D- sub-bands.

Te cut o mak was 41.6 pe cent,

te mid-point in te Band D ange.

BAnD % In BAnDcounTRIES

AUSTrALIA, GErMANY

AUSTrIA, NOrWAY, SOUTh KOrEA,

SWEDEN, TAIWAN, UNITED KINGDOM,

UNITED STATES OF AMErICA

ArGENTINA, BrAZIL, BULGArIA,

ChILE, COLOMBIA, CrOATIA, CZECh

rEPUBLIC, FrANCE, GrEECE,

hUNGArY, ITALY, JAPAN, LATVIA,

POLAND, SLOVAKIA, SPAIN

BOSNIA & hErZEGOVINA, CYPrUS,

INDIA, ISrAEL, KENYA, KUWAIT,

LEBANON, MEXICO, NEPAL, SErBIA,

SINGAPOrE, SOUTh AFrICA, ThAI-

LAND, UKrAINE, UNITED ArAB

EMIrATES (UAE)

BANGLADESh, BELArUS, ChINA,EThIOPIA, GEOrGIA, GhANA, JOrDAN,

KAZAKhSTAN, MALAYSIA, PAKISTAN,

PALESTINIAN NATIONAL AUThOrITY,

rUSSIA, rWANDA, TANZANIA, TUrKEY

AFGhANISTAN, BAhrAIN, COTE

D'IVOIrE, INDONESIA, IrAN, IrAQ,

MOrOCCO, NIGErIA, OMAN, PhILIP-

PINES, QATAr, SAUDI ArABIA, SrI

LANKA, TUNISIA, UGANDA, UZBEKI-

STAN, VENEZUELA, ZIMBABWE

ALGErIA, ANGOLA, CAMErOON,

DEMOCrATIC rEPUBLIC OF CONGO,

EGYPT, ErITrEA, LIBYA, SYrIA, YEMEN

A 2%

B 9%

c 20%

18%

36%

18%

E 22%

F 11%

D-

D+

D


20/76

2020 Data & metodology

Te examination o paliaments and

legislatues ability to cub couption isk in

deence and secuity will be diven, in lage

pat, by te esults o te Govenment

Deence Anti-Couption Index 2013 (GI ).

Te GI measues te degee o couption

isk and vulneability in govenment deence

establismentste deence ministy, te

amed oces, and ote elated govenmentinstitutions in a given county. Te 82

counties included in te Index account o

94 pe cent o te global militay

expenditue in 2011 (USD 1.6 tillion). Tey

wee selected accoding to te size o tei

ams tade, te absolute and pe capita size

o tei militaies, and a poxy o te size o

tei secuity secto.

Te GI 2013 is a band new tool and te

esult o a majo two-yea study. It makes

te levels o deence couption isk acoss

govenments visible, and enables decision-

makes and citizens to monito te pogess

made in educing tis isk. It also povides

govenments and citizens wit inomation

on ow tei deence ministies and amed

oces compae to otes in tackling deence

couption. Te GI 2013 will be epeated in

time, allowing any canges in counties

peomances to be obseved and examined.

counTRy ASSESSMEnTS

Eac o te 82 counties included in te GI

2013 wee subject to independent

assessment o te extent o couption isk

in tei deence sectos. Evey county was

analysed using a compeensive suvey o

77 questions, clusteed into te ve aeas

outlined in te couption isk typology

pesented in Capte 1 (page 17).

Te questionnaie was answeed by a lead

county assesso, wose esponses wee

eviewed by two independent pee

eviewes. Te eseaces ecuited wee

independent specialists acoss academia,

jounalism, and te anti-couption

movement, including TI national captes.

We sougt individuals based in-county and

wo ad access to knowledge on te

gound.

Te answe to eac question is scoed

om 0 to 4, and detailed model answes

wee povided o assessos and eviewes

guidance. Tis elped standadise te

esponses acoss counties and ensue a

tigt ocus on deence couption isk.

Assessos wee equied to povide a

naative justication o tei scoing and to

list eeences o eac question. TI-DSP

poduced summaies o deence couption

isks o eac o te counties assessed

using te in-dept analysis esulted om

eac isk aea. Tese and ute analysisae available online at www.dncindx.

og.
http://www.defenceindex.org/http://www.defenceindex.org/http://www.defenceindex.org/http://www.defenceindex.org/


21/76

21

Th Indx paints a concning pictu

o th stat o couption contos in

th dnc scto acoss th wod.

O th 82 countis assssd, ony

twoAustaia and Gmany

xhiitd stong contos.

Appoximaty 30 p cnt o th

countis hav gnay high omodat tanspancy.

Th maining nations hav poo

sutswith 69 p cnt aing in

ands D, e and Fand catgoisd

as having high, vy high, o citica

couption isk.

Th countis assssd incud 20 o

th agst 30 ams impots in th

wod, and 16 o th agst 30 ams

xpots.

2%

9%

20%

18% 18%

22%

11%

D+

F

A

B

c

D

E

21Data & metodology


22/76

22 Data & metodology

Fo te puposes o tis studyocused on

te ole o paliaments and legislatues in

educing couption iskTI-DSP selected

te 19 questions elating diectly to tis

topic om te oiginal list o 77 indicatos

o analysis.

Tese 19 questions collectively povide an

accuate pictue o te autoity, ability, and

attitude o paliaments and legislatues incombating deence couption isk in te 82

counties assessed. A list o te 19 GI

questions specically elevant o

paliaments and legislatues, can be ound

in Annex 2. Te table below sows te 19

temes coveed in tis study, wic goups

te questions into te seven key aeas tat

om te basis o te analytical captes

tat ollow.

Te geneal pictue o paliamentay

ability to stem couption bot globally and

egionally can be bette undestood by

banding counties in tems o te

eectiveness o tei paliaments andlegislatues in educing deence couption

isk. Tis is acieved by isolating te esults

o tese 19 paliament-ocused questions

and using te scoes elating just to tese

aeas to e-band te counties.

Reprt methdlg

SeCreT bUDGeTS

Pecentage o budget secet

Legislative access toinomation on secet items

Legislative access to auditepots

Mecanisms o classiyinginomation

Pocuement legislation

Pocuement ovesigt

Disclosue o pucases

DeFeNCe bUDGeTSOVerSIGHT & DebATe

Ovesigt o pocess acquisitionplanning

Committee scutiny o deencebudget

Intenal audit o expenditue

DeFeNCe bUDGeTTrANSPAreNCY

Budget tanspaency & detail

Budget publicly available

Eective & tanspaentextenal audit

DeFeNCe POlICY

Fomal legislative ovesigtpocedues

Committee ovesigt

Deence policy debated

Militay exploitationo natual esouces

Ams expo t contols

INTellIGeNCe

Eective & independentovesigt

eXTerNAl AUDIT

PrOCUreMeNT MeCHANISMS& OVerSIGHT

7Parliamet-sed themes i GI estis


23/76

23

Tis appoac is novel, and enables

govenments and citizens to see ow tei

paliament compaes to otes in tackling

deence couption.1 Used in conjunction

wit te oveall ndings o te Index, te

paliamentay anking indicates wic

counties peom elatively well in tose

questions applicable to paliaments and

legislatues, and wic peom less well.

Te esults sow tatacoss te boad

and in all egionstee ae substantial

impovements to be made. Sixty-ou p

cnt o countis a in andings D, e and

F, maning that thy ac high, vy high,

o citica couption iskin te aeas

wee paliaments and legislatues could

make a dieence. Ony a th o countis

hav paiamnts o gisatus that

xhiit ow o vy ow dnc couption

isk.

Paliaments and legislatues can

potentially play a poweul ole in educing

te isk o couption in deence and secuity

establisments by execising tei

legislative, delibeative and ovesigt

unctions. Te analysis sows tey ae not

cuently ullling tis potential. It sould

also be empasised tat all counties in all

egions ave pogess to make, even tose

wit ig scoes.

Wen tese paliament-specic esults

ae compaed to te oveall esults o te GI,some inteesting dieences ae obseved.

Singapoe and Cina, o example, all by 20

and 18 places espectively on te

paliamentay anking compaed wit tei

oveall anking. Tis indicates tat te poo

peomance o tese counties paliaments

and legislatues makes tem paticulaly

vulneable to couption in te deence

secto. Ote counties tat undepeom

wen compaing tei oveall scoes wit

te paliamentay questions in isolation ae

Geece, Banglades, rwanda, Pakistan,

Malaysia, and te Palestinian National

Autoity.2 Eots to impove paliamentay

eectiveness will signicantly lowe te isk

o couption in suc counties govenmentdeence establisments.

Ote counties peom bette in te

paliamentay anking, suggesting tat tei

pimay weaknesses in tackling deence

couption may lie elsewee. Te

Pilippines climbs 22 places, weeas

Indonesia and Sout Aica go up 14

positions.

Wat undelies suc mixed ndings?

Wic examples o good pactice ae

obseved acoss counties?

Te ollowing captes o tis epot will

answe tese questions, dawing on

examples o good pactice ound in counties

aound te wold in seven key aeas: budget

ovesigt and debate, budget tanspaency,

extenal audits, policy ovesigt and debate,

intelligence sevices ovesigt, secet

budgets ovesigt, and pocuement

ovesigt. Tese esults ae also available

online at http://govnmnt.dncindx.

og/paiamnts.

1 Tee is a Paliamentay Powes Index (Fis and

Koenig, 2009) wic included te question Does

te legislatue ave eective powes o ovesigt ove

te agencies o coecion (te militay, ogans o law

enocement, intelligence sevices, te secet police)?

wic was answeed yes/no. Yet tis index is not

ocused on anti-couption specically, and is scoed

only on tis binay vaiable, making te GI te peeable

souce o te puposes o tis epot.

2 Fo te pupose o te cats in tis epot, well ee

to te Palestinian National Autoity as Palestine.

Data & metodology
http://government.defenceindex.org/parliamentshttp://government.defenceindex.org/parliamentshttp://government.defenceindex.org/parliamentshttp://government.defenceindex.org/parliaments


24/76

24

BAnD COUNTrIeS

AUSTrAlIA, GerMANY, NOrWAY,

UNITeD KINGDOM

AUSTrIA, brAzIl, bUlGArIA, COlOMbIA,

FrANCe, JAPAN, POlAND, SlOVAKIA, SOUTH

KOreA, SWeDeN, TAIWAN, UNITeD STATeS

ArGeNTINA, bOSNIA AND HerzeGOVINA,

CHIle, CrOATIA, CYPrUS, CzeCH rePUblIC,

HUNGArY, ITAlY, lATVIA, MeXICO, SOUTH

AFrICA, SPAIN, THAIlAND, UKrAINe

GeOrGIA, GHANA, GreeCe, INDIA,

INDONeSIA, ISrAel, KAzAKHSTAN, KeNYA,KUWAIT, lebANON, NePAl, PHIlIPPINeS,

rUSSIA, SerbIA, TANzANIA, TUrKeY,

UGANDA

AFGHANISTAN, bAHrAIN, bANGlADeSH,

belArUS, CHINA, eTHIOPIA, IrAq, JOrDAN,

MAlAYSIA, MOrOCCO, NIGerIA, OMAN,

PAleSTINe NATIONAl AUTHOrITY, PAKISTAN,

rWANDA, SINGAPOre, TUNISIA, UNITeD

ArAb eMIrATeS, UzbeKISTAN, VeNezUelA,

zIMbAbWe

AlGerIA, ANGOlA, CAMerOON, COTe

DIVOIre, DrC, eGYPT, erITreA, IrAN, lIbYA,

qATAr, SrI lANKA, SAUDI ArAbIA, SYrIA,

YeMeN

VerY lOW

lOW

MODerATe

HIGH

CrITICAl

VerY HIGH

Te esults

Te counties ae placed in one o six

bands accoding to tei nal scoe on

te paliament-ocused questions o

te GI. Te level o couption isk

associated wit eac band is as

ollows:

The reslts

BAnDInG BRAckETS

Couption Lowe % Uppe %

risk Scoe Scoe

VerY lOW 83.3 100

lOW 66.7 83.2

MODerATe 50.0 66.6

HIGH 33.3 49.9

VerY HIGH 16.7 33.2

CrITICAl 0 16.6


25/76

2525Te esults

I the tries aalsed were

parliametarias, ad the leels rrpti ris the displaed wereplitial parties, the distribti seats i the glbal parliametwld l lie this:

DISTRIBuTIon oF counTRIES By PARLIAMEnTARy LEvEL oF coRRuPTIon RISk

26%

17%

vERy LoW

LoW

MoDERATE

HIGH

vERy HIGH

cRITIcAL

21%

17%

15%

5%


26/76

26

Aalsis thesee e areas

Analysis o te seven aeas


27/76

27

1. Bdget ersight & debate

2. Bdget traspare3. Eteral adit

4. Pli ersight & debate5. Seret bdgets ersight

6. Itelligee series ersight7. Prremet ersight



28/76

28

Govenments ave a duty to invest adequate

unds to potect citizens and te national

inteest toug maintaining poessional,

well-equipped, and popely esouced

militay and secuity sevices. A

govenments deence budget outlines tei

plans to do so. And paliaments and

legislatues can play an impotant ole in

making sue tis obligation is met. Tey can

pevent te misuse o public nancestoug execising tei ovesigt,

delibeative, and legislative unctions.

Te tecnical complexity o te deence

budget means tat ovesigt is best

povided by a pemanent committee wit te

necessay expetise and esouces. Tese

committees can povide te independent

analysis needed to allow legislatos to

engage wit te budget pocess in a

meaningul way, especially wen

consideing te govenments budget

poposal and suggesting amendments.

Committees may also povide a means o

balancing te need o condentiality wit

te need o accountability, since it is

possible to sae sensitive inomation wit

a smalle goup o paliamentaians.

Paliaments and legislatues may also

scutinise and incease te tanspaency o

te deence budget toug execising its

delibeative unction. Debates ae te most

visible aspect o paliamentay activity and

attact te most media attention. Tey elpsine a spotligt on govenment spending

and ensue tat national esouces ae

matced wit national deence pioities.

Wilst paliaments and legislatues may

ave te necessay autoity to scutinise

and debate te deence budget, tey also

need adequate esouces and access to

detailed budget documents (including

poposed budgets, enacted budgets, and

audit epots) to ensue tey can peom

tese oles eectively.

Paliamentay involvement in allocating,managing and oveseeing te esouces

dedicated to te deence and secuity

sectos is a cucial ingedient in te

emegence o accountable govenments,

deence institutions and amed oces.

SuMMARy FInDInGS FRoM THE DATA

lss than 40 p cnt o countis

otain at ast ha maks in this

aa.

Vy w countis otain ith

u o no maks.

Dspit th consida amount

o num o countis taking

positiv anti-couption stps, a

hug majoity o countis sti

hav oom to impov.

1.bUDGeT OVerSIGHT& DebATe

GI 2013 InDIcAToRS uSED

Does te county ave a pocess

o acquisition planning tatinvolves clea ovesigt, and is it

publicly available?

Is tee a legislative committee (o

ote appopiate body) esponsible

o deence budget scutiny and

analysis in an eective way, and is

tis body povided wit detailed,

extensive, and timely inomation

on te deence budget?

Is tee an eective intenal audit

pocess o deence ministy

expenditue (tat is, o example,tanspaent, conducted by

appopiately skilled individuals,

and subject to paliamentay

ovesigt)?


Govnmnts must dnd thi

citins whi nsuing that th

mony thy spnd is invstd with

ony gitimat puposs in mind.

Paiamnts and gisatus can

mak su this is th cas.


29/76

29

AUSTrALIA

GErMANYNOrWAY

SWEDEN

UNITED KINGDOM

BrAZIL

COLOMBIA

JAPAN

POLAND

TAIWAN

AUSTrIA

CYPrUS

FrANCE

LATVIA

SOUTh KOrEA

UNITED STATES

ChILE

CZECh rEPUBLIC

hUNGArY

INDIA

KUWAIT

ThAILAND

ArGENTINA

BULGArIA

BOSNIA

ITALY

KENYAMEXICO

SErBIA

SOUTh AFrICA

LoW RISk counTRIES%

MARkS

100

10092

83

83

75

75

75

75

75

67

67

67

67

67

67

58

58

58

58

58

58

58

58

50

50

5050

50

50

cHARAcTERISTIcS oF

LoW RISk counTRIES

Counties in tis goup possess a

deence committee wit stong

powes o scutiny ove te

deence budget, and isindependent and adequately

esouced.

Tey exibit legislative

mecanisms

o scutiny elating to acquisition

planning, and budget pojections.

Tey ave te acility o obust

paliamentay scutiny o te

deence budgets intenal audit

pocedues and outcomes.

HIGH RISk counTRIES%

MARkS

GhANA

BELArUS

CrOATIA

GrEECE

ISrAEL

KAZAKhSTAN

NIGErIA

PhILIPPINES

rWANDA

SPAIN

UGANDA

BAhrAIN

CAMErOON

GEOrGIA

LEBANONNEPAL

PAKISTAN

PALESTINE

rUSSIA

SINGAPOrE

SLOVAKIA

TANZANIA

UKrAINE

VENEZUELA

ZIMBABWE

AFGhANISTAN

BANGLADEShChINA

COTE DIVOIrE

EThIOPIA

INDONESIA

IrAQ

MALAYSIA

TUrKEY

UZBEKISTAN

IrAN

JOrDAN

OMAN

SAUDI ArABIA

SrI LANKA

ANGOL A

DrC

EGYPT

ErITrEA

MOrOCCO

QATAr

TUNISIA

UNITED ArAB EMIrATES

YEMEN

ALGErIA

LIBYA

SYrIA

44

42

42

42

42

42

42

42

42

42

42

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

25

2525

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

17

17

17

17

17

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

0

0

0

cHARAcTERISTIcS oF

HIGH RISk counTRIES

Counties in tis goup ave no

legislative committee wit eective

access to te deence budget.

Tey lack paliamentay ovesigt

o utue budget expenditue;

paliamentaians ave no input

into planned acquisitions.

Even i tey ave some

udimentay pocesses o intenal

audit, tey ail to disclose te

ndings to paliament; o ignoe

paliamentay scutiny wen tesedetails ae eleased.

0% 12%

51% 62%

13% 25%

63% 75%

26% 37%

76% 88%

38% 50%

80% 100%

SCOrE

COLOUr-CODING KEY

Vey low

Citical



30/76

30

POlAND

Polands budget must be appoved by

paliament. As pe te ules applicable

in 2013, Te Polis Council o Ministes

is legally equied to adee to a stict

timta o sumitting udgt

documnts to paliament:

A dat budget (including te

deence budget) must be submitted

to paliament o its consideation

and appoval no late tan tee

monts beoe te stat o te scal

yea.

A epot on te budgets

implementation must be pesented

to paliament witin ve monts

ollowing te end o te scal yea.

Witin paliament, te National Deence

Committee is tasked wit scutinising

and evaluating te govenments budget

poposal. It enjoys te capacity to

legislateit can denitively sape te

deence budget by sumitting

amndmnts to th udgt poposa

duing its passage toug paliament.

It may aso appoint a sucommitt

om its membes to conduct moe

detailed examination o te poposal.

In addition, it has th pow to

coss-xamin xpts woking wit

te deence budget, including te eads

o depatments witin te Ministy o

National Deence and te Ministy o

Finance.

Te committee may also make use o

te unique desideatasystem to old

te govenment to account ove te

deence budget. Desideataae omal

declaations by te committee to

membes o te executive egading te

implementation o law. Govenment

ocials wose actions ae subject to

desideataae oigd to povid

oma wittn sponss to th

committs within 30 days.

howeve, wilst te omal povisions in

place in Poland ae obust, tee is

some concen tat tey ae not always

used to tei ull extent in pactice. Tis

suggests tat tee may be

sotcomings eite in tems o

committee esouces o te political will

o paliamentaians.

TAIWAN

Te National Deence Committee o

Taiwans Legislative Yuan (LY)

scutinises te annual deence budget

poposal. Te committee as te powe

to cut o eeze te budget. In doing so,

it exets contol and infuence ove

govenment decision-making on

deence spending.

In 2007, o example, Taiwans Deence

Ministy equested unding om te

Legislative Yuan to acquie 66 militay

aicat and to boost te 2007 deence

budget. Te LYs deence and budget

committees esponded by jointly

passing an amended 2007 deence

budget, wic oze te aicat budget

o 5 monts, pending te povision o

pice and availability data.

Te committee is also able to

equest tat te govenment submits

epots to it and attends its meetings to

povide evidence. A live online

boadcast o te National Deence

Committees poceedings can be

steamed via te govenment website,

contibuting to deence budget

tanspaency.

Gd pratie ase stdies



31/76

31

INDIA

As pat o te wide pocess o

paliamentay appoval o te annualbudget, te Demand o Gants is

placed beoe te appopiate standing

committees.

In te case o te deence budget, te

Paliamentay Standing Committee on

Deence is empoweed to:

Appove o eject te budget

demands made.

reduce te amount o money

equested by te govenment.

To ute incease condence in te

Committees wok, it is ecommendedtat impovements ae made in te

tanspaency suounding tis ovesigt.

Annual epots on decisions made and

te easoning beind tem, as well as

te outcomes o tese decisions, would

elp assue citizens tat te Committee

is ully eective. Tis is paticulaly

impotant in te wake o ecent deence

couption scandals in India.

Applig the fdigs

lv 3:

Optimising

uimnts o

nations withstong

gisativ

contos

lgay ui th govnmnt to sumit udgt documnts

to paiamnt within a stict timam.

Tis sould allow sucient time o paliamentay scutiny.

estaish a popy-soucd and pmannt gisativ

committ that is mandatd to scutinis th govnmnts

dnc udgt poposa and susunt impmntation.

Te committee sould be able to call on public expets and

ig-level govenment ocials to answe questions. It sould

be aided by an independent, extenal audito tat submits

epots on govenment deence spending to paliament.

empow th paiamntay committ with oma pows

to viw and vto th dnc udgt and to cut o

spnding.

As well as aving te powe to cut o eeze spending, tecommittee sould ave te capacity to submit amendments to

te budget poposal. Te committee sould ave te esouces

and autoity to appoint a subcommittee to conduct moe

detailed examinations o budget poposals.

lv 1:

P-uisit

uimnts o

nations with no

o vy wak

gisativ

contos

lv 2:

Mo advancd

uimnts onations with

som gisativ

ovsight

capacity, ut

with oppotunity

to do mo



32/76

Paliaments and legislatues must ave

access to detailed deence budget

documents i tey ae to popely scutinise

govenments. Budgets ae pivotal in

enabling paliamentaians, civil society

oganisations, and te public to old tei

leades and militaies to account o tei

actions. Te level o deence budget

tanspaency in a county stongly

detemines te capacity o its paliament toeduce te isk o couption in te deence

secto.

Govenments egulaly appeal to national

secuity to justiy sececy in deence. Yet

appoximaty on thid o countis

assssd as pat o th GI puish a

dnc udgt that is dtaid and

tanspant. Tese counties oten ave

mecanisms in place allowing tem to

maintain a justiable level o sececy wile

ensuing tat te deence budget is

disclosed in a manne tat means

accountability can be enoced.

Te desie o sececy can esult in

paliaments and legislatues only being

given igly aggegated budgets, making it

impossible o tem to pevent te misuse o

public money. A lack o tanspaency

suounding te budget and te inadequate

ovesigt tat necessaily ollows can act as

potential veils o couption. Unde suc

conditions, a countys deence budget may

be infated, wit te excess unds siponedo by coupt ocials. Public money could

be wasted on pucases tat ae not based

on national need, but ate on ow muc

individuals stand to pesonally gain toug

bibes. A countys national secuity will be

undemined i te amed oces ae not

esouced in a way tat maximises

opeational peomance.

Te Open Budget Suvey igligts eigt

budget documents tat must be publised to

ensue a tanspaent budget pocess. Teseinclude: a pe-budget statement, te

executive budget poposal, te enacted

budget, a ange o epots and eviews

tougout te budget execution pase, an

audit epot, and a citizens budget (a

non-tecnical vesion o te budget o

public consumption).

Legislative ovesigt is essential o te

ecient management o public budgets. Te

povision o detailed and tanspaent

deence budget documents to paliament isa peequisite o tis to occu. Te public

availability o suc documents allows

extenal actossuc as civil society

oganisationsto suppot paliamentay

eots to scutinise govenment deence

spending. Tis may be paticulaly elpul to

paliaments and legislatues tat lack

adequate suppot sta.


lss than 50 p cnt o th

countis pick up at ast ha

maks.

Th is consida wok to do

to nsu tanspancy o

dnc udgts.

Yt 30 p cnt o countis

otain 75 p cnt o mo o

avaia maks, indicating good

pactic is vidnt.

2.bUDGeTTrANSPAreNCY

Tanspancy in puic unds is a

cucia stp in pvnting th isk o

couption in th dnc scto.

Accoding to SIPrI data, in 2011 th

wods countis spnt USD 1.7

tiion on thi miitais. Wast

coud cost iions o doas.


Is te deence budget tanspaent,

sowing key items o expenditue?

Tis would include compeensive

inomation on militay r&D,

taining, constuction, pesonnel

expenditues, acquisitions, disposal

o assets, and maintenance.

Is te appoved deence budget

made publicly available? Inpactice, can citizens, civil society,

and te media obtain detailed

inomation on te deence

budget?

Analysis o te seven aeas32


33/76

33

AUSTrALIA

BrAZILFrANCE

GErMANY

NOrWAY

POLAND

SWEDEN

TAIWAN

UNITED KINGDOM

CZECh rEPUBLIC

ITALY

JAPAN

SLOVAKIA

SOUTh KOrEA

UNITED STATES

BOSNIA

BULGArIA

hUNGArY

LATVIA

PhILIPPINES

SOUTh AFrICA

ThAILAND

UKrAINE

AUSTrIA

ChILE

COLOMBIA

CrOATIASPAIN

AFGhANISTAN

ArGENTINA

GhANA

INDIA

KUWAIT

MEXICO

NEPAL

rWANDA

TUrKEY

LoW RISk counTRIES%

MARkS

100

100100

100

100

100

100

100

100

88

88

88

88

88

88

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

63

63

63

6363

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50


MARkS

BANGLADESh

BELArUSGEOrGIA

INDONESIA

LEBANON

MALAYSIA

MOrOCCO

NIGErIA

OMAN

SErBIA

TANZANIA

UGANDA

VENEZUEL A

BAhrAIN

CAMErOON

ChINA

COTE DIVOIrE

EThIOPIA

GrEECE

IrAQ

KAZAKhSTAN

KENYA

rUSSIA

TUNISIA

ZIMBABWE

ANGOL A

CYPrUSDrC

IrAN

ISrAEL

JOrDAN

LIBYA

PAKISTAN

PALESTINE

SrI LANKA

UZBEKISTAN

ALGErIA

EGYPT

ErITrEAQATAr

SAUDI ArABIA

SINGAPOrE

SYrIA


YEMEN

38

3838

38

38

38

38

38

38

38

38

38

38

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

13

1313

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

cHARAcTERISTIcS oF

LoW RISk counTRIES

Counties in tis goup publis

deence budget documents tat ae

ully tanspaent, detailed, and

accessible to paliament in ull.

Tey make bot te appoved and

poposed deence budget publicly

available, o example ongovenment websites.

cHARAcTERISTIcSoF

HIGH RISk counTRIES

Counties in tis goup ail to

publis detailed deence budget

documents. Any inomation tat is

publised is igly aggegated o

vague.

Tey make it extemely dicult o

impossible to obtain any detailed

inomation on te deence budget.

0% 12%

51% 62%

13% 25%

63% 75%

26% 37%

76% 88%

38% 50%

80% 100%

SCOrE

COLOUr-CODING KEY

Vey low

Citical



34/76

34

SOUTh KOrEA

Sout Koea manages te need o

bot condentiality and tanspaency

in te deence budget by splitting te

document into tee categoies,

depending on te degee o sececy

equied.Such catgoisation nas

th scutiny o a aspcts o thdnc udgt, without

compomising South Koas nationa

scuity.

Categoy A budget items ae

pesented to te entie National

Assembly in aggegated om.

Categoy B items ae disaggegated

and evealed witout estictions to

te membes o te National

Assembly Committee o National

Deence.

Categoy C items ae ute

disaggegated and evealed to te

Committee o National Deence wit

cetain estictions.

Tis categoisation is te esult o a

eom intoduced in 1993, pio to

wic Sout Koeas entie deence

budget was submitted to te National

Assembly as a lump sum.

South Koa puishs oth thpoposd and na vsions o th

dtaid dnc udgt on th

Ministy o Nationa Dnc and th

Nationa Assmy wsits. Te

deence budget om pevious yeas

and te planning budget o te cuent

yea ae also publicly available online,

along wit te level o deence

spending as a popotion o GDP and

oveall govenment spending.


NOrWAY

Noway publises extensive inomation

on te govenments deence budget.

Bot te executives budget poposal

and te enacted budget ae made

publicly available on te Ministy o

Deence website.

Th amd ocs a uid to

pot ack yay to account o how

thi aocatd unds hav n spnt.

At least tee membes o Noways

paliamentay deence committee ave

access to te ull budget, including

secet expenditues.



35/76

35

Applig the fdigs

Povid paiamnt with a dnc udgt that is dtaid and

comphnsiv.

Ensue tanspaency is sucient to enable poposals to be

subject to paliamentay debate, scutiny, and te appoval.

Povid paiamnt with th u ang o udgt documnts.

Tis sould include peiodic epots and eviews tougout te

budget enactment pase, as well as audit epots.

ensu that a udgt documnts a puicy avaia.

Citizens, and not only paliaments and legislatues, sould be

able to access te deence budget easily, bot in its oiginal

tecnical om and in its non-tecnical altenative.

lv 1:

P-uisit

uimnts o

nations with no

o vy wak

gisativ

contos

lv 2:

Mo advancd

uimnts o

nations with

som gisativ

ovsight

capacity, ut

with oppotunity

to do mo

lv 3:

Optimising

uimnts o

nations with

stong

gisativ

contos



36/76

Independent audit oces incease te

capacity o paliaments and legislatues to

educe deence couption isk. Audit oces

may peom eite geneal audits,

examining govenment deence spending

oveall, o ocused audits tat look at a

specic aea o deence expenditue. Tey

can be stict nancial audits, o analyses

looking at value o money and ecient

allocation o esouces. Paliaments andlegislatues wit access to audit epots

ave a means o citically assessing te

govenments past and cuent spending on

deence and secuity.

Alongside te executives budget

documents, audit epots ae cucial in

enabling paliaments and legislatues to

eectively scutinise te govenments

management o public unds. Tey allow

paliaments and legislatues to detemine

wete o not te deence budget was

executed as appoved, and wee tee ae

gaps and uncetainties tat equie moe

detailed investigation and questioning.

Toug analysis o budget poposals and

by independently validating costs, audit

oces can povide paliaments and

legislatues wit essential suppot in

scutinising complex budget documents.

A paliaments ability to ovesee govenment

deence spending can be signicantly

ampeed by te institutions lack o

tecnical expetise on deence mattes.

Since most paliaments and legislatues

ave a vey small eseac stai any

tey may be unable to geneate

independent, ig-quality inomation on

deence and so build up tis knowledge. Te

poduction o audit epots by anindependent institution can seve to edess

te imbalance o deence inomation and

expetise between govenment and

paliament.

Audit oces povide te documents

wic elp ensue tat paliaments and

legislatues ae able to ovesee govenment

deence expenditue om te beginning o

te budget pocess to its end. Suc

extensive ovesigt by paliaments and

legislatues educes te isk o couption.


Nay 65 p cnt o countis

otain at ast ha maks in this

aa.

O th svn paiamntay aas,

this on dispays st ova

suts.

Yt many countis pick up no

maks, spciay thos in Aica

and th Midd east.

3.eXTerNAl AUDIT

Whn a paiamnt acks th

soucs and xptis to pinpoint

wh anomais in dnc

xpnditu may cat couption

isk, audit pots can a cucia

souc.


Is tee eective and tanspaent

extenal auditing o militay

deence expenditue?

Analysis o te seven aeas36


37/76

37

AUSTrALIA

AUSTrIABrAZIL

JAPAN

NOrWAY

POLAND

UNITED KINGDOM

AFGhANISTAN

ChILE

COLOMBIA

CrOATIA

FrANCE

GErMANY

ITALY

LATVIA

SLOVAKIA

SWEDEN

TAIWAN

ThAILAND

UNITED STATES

ArGENTINA

BANGLADESh

BOSNIA

BULGArIA

CZECh rEPUBLIC

EThIOPIA

GEOrGIAGhANA

GrEECE

hUNGArY

INDIA

INDONESIA

JOrDAN

KAZAKhSTAN

KUWAIT

MALAYSIA

MEXICO

NEPAL

PAKISTAN

PALESTINE

rUSSIA

rWANDA

SErBIA

SINGAPOrE

SOUTh AFrICA

SOUTh KOrEA

SPAIN

TUNISIA

TUrKEY

UGANDA

UKrAINE


LoW RISk counTRIES%

MARkS

100

100100

100

100

100

100

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

50

50

50

50

50

50

5050

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50


MARkS

ALGErIA

BAhrAINBELArUS

IrAN

IrAQ

ISrAEL

KENYA

MOrOCCO

NIGErIA

OMAN

PhILIPPINES

SAUDI ArABIA

TANZANIA

UZBEKISTAN

ZIMBABWE

ANGOL A

CAMErOON

ChINA

COTE DIVOIrE

CYPrUS

DrC

EGYPT

ErITrEA

LEBANON

LIBYA

QATAr

SrI LANKASYrIA

VENEZUEL A

YEMEN

25

2525

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

00

0

0

cHARAcTERISTIcS oF

LoW RISk counTRIES

Counties in tis goup poduce

independent audit epots tat ae

ully tanspaent and publicly

available.

Tey povide tese audit epots to

paliament to aid te institutions

scutiny o govenment deence

spending.

cHARAcTERISTIcS oF

HIGH RISk counTRIES

Counties in tis goup ail to

conduct any extenal audit o

deence spending.

Any auditing tat does occu is ullyundemined by te govenment and

teeoe not independent o

eliable.

0% 12%

51% 62%

13% 25%

63% 75%

26% 37%

76% 88%

38% 50%

80% 100%

SCOrE

COLOUr-CODING KEY

Vey low

Citical



38/76

38

JAPAN

Japans deence expenditue is audited

by te sticty indpndnt boad o

Audit. Te Japanese constitution

equies te Boad to audit te nal

accounts o te expenditues and

evenues o te state on an annual

basis. Th audit pots a thnsumittd to paiamnt (Te National

Diet) via te cabinet, duing te scal

yea immediately ollowing te peiod

coveed.

Tese audit epots ae delibeated by

elevant paliamentay committees in

te lowe and uppe cambes o te

Diet, oth o which hav a committ

ddicatd to thi scutiny.

Te Boads snio ocias aways

attnd th diations o th

paiamntay committs. Thy us

this oppotunity to explain te

contents o te audit epots o

elevant audit activities and to pesent

te Boads opinion.Th boad o Audit consuts th Dit

whn ppaing th audit pan and

impmnting its audits, and takes its

equests into consideation. Tis is to

ensue te Boads wok efects te

concens and expectations o

paliament and te public.

Th boads pots a mad

puicy avaia, enabling public

citicism and scutiny o deence

expenditue.


LATVIA

Accoding to te GI 2013, Latvias

Audito-Geneals Oce as become

inceasingly moe eective and

espected in te Ministy o Deence

(MOD) in ecent yeas.

It is an independent institution, and

cais out oth gua and

spciaisd audits. Fo example, te

Audito-Geneals Oce as examined

te Use o Govenment Funds in

Taining Militay Pesonnel.A audit

pots a puicy avaia onin

and asiy accssi to paiamnt.

Latvias Paliamentay Public

Expenditue and Audit Committee is

taskd with ovsing th

impmntation o th Audito-

Gnas commndations, and

olds egula meetings to tis end. Te

pogess on any audit

ecommendations made to te MOD is

epoted to te paliamentay deence

committee.



39/76

39

Applig the fdigs

estaish an indpndnt audit oc.

Suc an oce sould conduct egula audits o govenment

deence expenditue, and tese audit epots sould be made

available to paliament.

ensu that a audit pots a ca and puicy avaia.

Ideally, tese sould be easily accessible to te public and civil

society oganisations online and in ad copy.

ensu th audit oc uy suppots paiamntay scutiny

o govnmnt xpnditu.

Senio ocials om te audit oce sould appea beoe

paliamentay deence committees to explain audit epots and

pesent te opinions o te audit oce.

lv 1:

P-uisit

uimnts o

nations with no

o vy wak

gisativ

contos

lv 2:

Mo advancd

uimnts o

nations with

som gisativ

ovsight

capacity, ut

with oppotunity

to do mo

lv 3:

Optimising

uimnts o

nations with

stong

gisativ

contos



40/76


41/76

41

AUSTrALIA

POLAND

UNITED KINGDOM

FrANCENOrWAY

SWEDEN

GErMANY

UNITED STATES

AUSTrIA

BULGArIA

CYPrUS

JAPAN

SLOVAKIA

BrAZIL

GrEECE

TAIWAN

COLOMBIA

CZECh rEPUBLIC

GEOrGIA

hUNGArY

ITALY

SOUTh KOrEA

CrOATIA

LATVIA

SPAIN

ThAILAND

ArGENTINA

BOSNIA

ChILEMEXICO

PhILIPPINES

UKrAINE

KUWAIT

SOUTh AFrICA

ISrAEL

KENYA

LEBANON

SErBIA

LoW RISk counTRIES%

MARkS

95

95

95

9090

90

85

85

81

80

80

80

80

75

75

75

70

70

70

70

70

69

65

65

65

65

60

60

6060

60

60

55

55

50

50

50

50



MARkS

AFGhANISTAN

INDIA

INDONESIA

KAZAKhSTANrUSSIA

TUrKEY

IrAQ

NEPAL

BANGLADESh

SINGAPOrE

BELArUS

EThIOPIA

JOrDAN

MOrOCCO

UGANDA

PALESTINE

NIGErIA

OMAN

rWANDA


VENEZUEL A

ChINA

GhANA

MALAYSIA

TANZANIA

TUNISIA

UZBEKISTAN

BAhrAIN

ANGOL ACOTE DIVOIrE

LIBYA

PAKISTAN

SrI LANKA

CAMErOON

DrC

SAUDI ArABIA

YEMEN

ZIMBABWE

QATAr

ALGErIA

EGYPTIrAN

ErITrEA

SYrIA

45

45

45

4545

45

40

40

38

38

35

35

35

35

35

33

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

25

20

1515

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

6

5

5

5

0

0

cHARAcTERISTIcS oF

HIGH RISk counTRIES

Counties in tis goup eite do

not ave independent paliaments

o legislatues, o ave ones tat

lack omal powes to scutinise

deence policy.

Tey lack paliamentay deence

committees tasked wit oveseeing

deence policy and institutions, o a

committee exists but as minimal

omal powes and tee ae

concens ove its eectiveness.

Tey ail to pevent deence

institutions om aving nancial

inteests in te countys natualesouce exploitation. Tese ae

neite publicly-stated no subject

to paliamentay scutiny.

0% 12%

51% 62%

13% 25%

63% 75%

26% 37%

76% 88%

38% 50%

80% 100%

SCOrE

COLOUr-CODING KEY

Vey low

Citical

cHARAcTERISTIcS oF

LoW RISk counTRIES

Counties in tis goup ave

independent legislatues wit

omal igts to scutinise and

debate deence policy. Tey can

veto, amend and appove

poposals, including ams expots.

Tey possess a well-esouced

deence committee wit extensive

powes to ovesee bot deence

policy and institutions.

Tey legislate to poibit deence

institutions om aving nancial

inteests in te countys natual

esouce exploitation.


42/76

42

UNITED KINGDOM

In te UK, te Deence Select

Committee and te Committee on

Ams Expo t Contols ae key

instuments o ovesigt. Te

committees activities and scedules,

along wit tei poceedings and

ndings, ae publicly available. Tese

committees ave statutoy powe to

call witnesses and equest witten

evidence to elp inom tei

conclusions. Tey ae ee to decide

upon tei own lines o inquiy, and te

govenment must espond to te

ndings witin a set time ame. Te

composition o te committees is

independent om paty wips, wic

educes te potential o te executive

to sway ndings on deence policy.

Suc powes pomote tanspaency

and povide a ceck on te executive

and te amed oces. Yet despite

tese examples o specic goodpactice, tee is some concen

egading:

Te eectiveness o committee

scutiny. Ovesigt concening te

Al-Yamamadeence contacts in

te 1990s was clealy ineective.

reom eots sould pomote

examination o couption issues

elating to UK-based deence

supplies.

Limited monitoing o te revolving

Doo in deence pocuement.

Ensuing committee membes ae

inomed o potential aeas o

impopiety in sucient time.

Te UK paliament does, oweve,

illustate stong, opn dat on

matts o dnc poicy. Questions

to ministes, and tei esponses, ae

publised online and paliamentaians

ae entitled to vote on impotant

mattes o deence policy. As obsevedegading te 2003 wa wit Iaq, tee

is willingness among MPs to ebel

against tei paty.



ThE PhILIPPINES

Taditionally, te Senate o te

Pilippines as been dened as a

fscalise: a body capable o and willing

to citicise te executive. Vocal

opposition concens wen tis as notbeen te case indicates tat te Uppe

houses taditional ole emains cental

to Filipino political consciousness.

Te Index ndings epot tat te 24

independent membes o te Senate

actively povide ovesigt o deence

policy. Te omal powes o te

Senate ae, indeed, consideable. Te

standing committees in te Senate ae

descibed as little legislatues, wit

pow to dispos o is.

Te committees in bot cambes ae

caied by ome Amed Foces o

police oces, and tis expetise at te

top level is efected in te expectation

o committee membes to be well-

inomed.

Dat is vigoous in te eld o

deence. Te website o te Senate

and te Congess o te Pilippines

contain consideable detail on

poceedings, including an online potal

called leGIS, which nas mms

o th puic to ctonicay accss

gisativ matia such as is and

puications.

Despite suc positive signs, te Index

nds tat tee is a tendency oFilipino paliamentaians to use powes

and peogatives in deence and ote

policy aeas as leveage to secue

patonage: a pactice equiing eom.


43/76

43Analysis o te seven aeas

CYPrUS

Te Paliamentay Deence Committee

in Cypus house o repesentatives

inspects te application o policies and

te opeations o te Ministy o

Deence and Cypiot National Deence.

Positively:

Outstanding bills and amendments

on deence ae publicly available on

te website o te house o

repesentatives.

Visits y th Paiamntay

Dnc Committ to miitay

units povide evidence o on-going

ovesigt and undestanding oissues on te gound.

Te Committee can ca o

vidnc om xpts, and calls

o expets ae made publicly

available.

Despite suc good pactice, a concen

was aised in te Index ndings

egading patisansip: te paty o te

executive as te majoity in

paliament and also in committee.

Applig the fdigs

ensu that paiamnt has th ga authoity to hod th

govnmnt and dnc scto to account o thi actions

and poicis.

Paliament is te souce o epesentation and legitimacy in

govenment. As suc, tee must not be any policy aea tat isnot subject to paliamentay debate and ovesigt. To play tis

ole meaningully, paliament needs to be an independent

institution, and ee o executive contol bot in teoy and

pactice.

estaish a popy-soucd and pmannt paiamntay

dnc committ that mts guay to scutinis

govnmnt dnc poicy.

A coss-paty committee wit poessional sta tat suppots it

toug poducing eseac means pluality o output. Te

committee sould be independent and ave meaningulautoity: it sould be ee to set its own agenda and ave te

powe to call public expets and te igest-level govenment

ocials beoe it to answe questions. Te committee sould

opeate wit tanspaency, wit its wok and agenda publicly

available.

Povid th paiamntay dnc committ with oma

pows to viw and vto dnc poicy and aws, and

authoity to inspct miitay units.

Ensue te committee as a ig level o on-te-goundknowledge on militay aais. Te govenment sould be

equied to povide witten omal esponses to te committees

enquiies, opinions, and ecommendations witin a set time-

ame.

lv 1:

P-uisit

uimnts o

nations with no

o vy wakgisativ

contos

lv 2:

Mo advancd

uimnts o

nations with

som gisativovsight

capacity, ut

with oppotunity

to do mo

lv 3:

Optimising

uimnts o

nations withstong

gisativ

contos


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46

GErMANY

In 2012, EUr 1 million o te Geman

deence budget o EUr 31.87 billionwas designated o secet spending.

Te lagely tanspaent budget o te

intelligence sevices in te county

means tat secet budgets ae vey

unlikely to exceed one pe cent o te

total deence budget.

Te pocess o legislative ovesigt o

suc items is aily tecnical, but

displays seveal clea aeas o good

pactice tat do not seem to be

compomised o coupted. Tepocess is as ollows:

1. Tee is a committee o tusted

membes in te Budget Committee

o te Geman Bundestagntitd

to ag o not ag with th

sct xpnditu and to autoise

tem o not. This is a coss-paty

committ, wo will notiy te ulle

Budget Committee o te total

amount o secet spending. This

ovsight is on a statutoy ooting,

as pe Aticle 10a o te Fedeal

Budget Code

(Bundesausaltsodnung).

2. Accoding to te same egulation,

te Fedeal Audit Cout is entitled toaudit te spending. Aticle 19 o te

Law on te Fedeal Audit Cout

(Bundesecnungsogesetz)

species tat sct itms a

auditd y th psidnt o

vic-psidnt o th Fda Audit

Cout, and y a cogium o

tustd sta. Te same law

species tat te Bundestagand

th Bundesatct th psidnt,

and that a mms o th Cout

hav tchnica auditing xptis.

3. Tei ndings a givn to th

committ o tustd mms in

th budgt Committ o th

Bundestago inspection, and to

ote elevant individuals as

specied by Aticle 10a o te

Fedeal Budget Code.

Geman legislatue plays a key ole in

ovesigt o secet items, electing te

pincipal auditos, and ten inspecting

te audit ndings. It is notable too tat

te pocesses o auditing ae put on a

statutoy ooting as pe legislation

passed by te Geman paliament.

BULGArIA

Spending on te National Intelligence

Sevices in Bulgaia o 2012 is

epoted to compise about 1.6 pe

cent o te aggegate deence budget.

Two committs a povidd with

comphnsiv inomation on sct

spnding:

Te Paliamentay Sub-Committee,

wic execises paliamentay

contol ove te National Sevice,

te National Secuity Sevice and

te Militay Inomation Sevice to

te Ministy o Deence. Te head

o te Sub-Committee as even

been inteviewed on adio on te

emit o te committee, testuctue o militay budgets, and

aeas o eom. Tis indicates

paiamntaians appa to

cognis th nd to connct

with th puic on thi wok,

despite its classied natue.

Te Paliamentay Committee on

Foeign Policy and Deence. Te

2011 Euopean Paliament epot,

Paliamentay Ovesigt o Secuityand Intelligence Agencies in te

Euopean Union, ound th scop

o th Committs accss to

cassid inomation ating to

sct udgts to oad. It

coves unlimited access to te

budget, pojected, and past

expenditues o te intelligence

sevices.

Accoding to th sam pot , a

paiamntaians in bugaia a aso

givn unimitd accss to cassidinomation in th nam o nationa

scuity. Tis seemingly povides

inomation on classied budget

mattes, and inceases condence tat

national secuity is unlikely to be

abitaily invoked o coupt puposes.




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47

SOUTh AFrICA

Fom inteview eseac and analysis

o Sout Aicas peomance in teOpen Budget Index, tee ae

numeous easons to be condent in

te Sout Aican paliaments capacity

to ovesee te secet budget:

Th Joint Standing Committ on

Intignc is povidd with u

inomation on sct udgts

ov th udgt ya. Tee is no

eason to suspect tat inomation

not disclosed to te public is

similaly witeld om te

Committee.

Th is dat o sct matts

y th Dnc Committ inPaiamnt o th Joint Standing

Committ on Intignc. Closed

eaings ae conducted to enable

tis.

Dtaid audit pots a tad

o th vant Paiamntay

Potoio Committs. Closed

sessions ae used o tis, and may

involve debate in te ouse i

someting o paticula inteest

aises concen. howeve

evaluations ave suggested tat

Potolio Committees sould be

assued wide access to inomation,

and sould ave geate ability to

equest wat tey can scutinise.

Applig the fdigs

Povid paiamnt with th pcntag o th dncudgt that is spnt on sct spnding.

In ode to execise a minimum level o ovesigt, paliament

must know te amount o public money tat is allocated to te

secet deence budget. Paticulaly ig volumes o secet

spending, o fuctuating amounts ove time, may aise ed fags.

estaish a coss-paty paiamntay committ that

xamins th sct udgt in dpth.

Te committee sould ave access to detailed and itemised

budget inomation, and tee sould be legislation in place

peventing any aspect o te secet budget om being exempt

om paliamentay scutiny. Te committee sould ave access

to detailed secet spending audits.

Giv th paiamntay committ dcision-making pows

ov th sct udgt.

Te committee sould be able to agee o disagee planned

secet expenditue, and ave powes o autoisation.

lv 1:

P-uisit

uimnts o

nations with no

o vy wak

gisativ

contos

lv 2:

Mo advancd

uimnts o

nations with

som gisativ

ovsight

capacity, ut

with oppotunity

to do mo

lv 3:

Optimising

uimnts o

nations withstong

gisativ

contos



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49/76

49

AUSTrALIA

AUSTrIABrAZIL

CrOATIA

GErMANY

ITALY

NOrWAY

SWEDEN

BULGArIA

COLOMBIA

CZECh rEPUBLIC

FrANCE

GEOrGIA

hUNGArY

JAPAN

LATVIA

POLAND

SErBIA

SLOVAKIA

SOUTh KOrEA

TAIWAN

TANZANIA

UNITED KINGDOM

UNITED STATES

ArGENTINA

BOSNIA

ChILEGrEECE

INDIA

INDONESIA

ISrAEL

KAZAKhSTAN

KENYA

MEXICO

NEPAL

PALESTINE

SOUTh AFrICA

SPAIN

ThAILANDTUrKEY

UKrAINE

LoW RISk counTRIES%

MARkS

100

100100

100

100

100

100

100

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

50

50

5050

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

cHARAcTERISTIcS oF

LoW RISk counTRIES

Counties in tis goup ave

independent paliaments o

legislatues wit omal powes to

ovesee te intelligence sevices.

Tey povide paliaments andlegislatues wit te necessay

esouces and access to sensitive

inomation to popely scutinise all

aspects o te intelligence

sevicesincluding policy, budgets

and administation.

cHARAcTERISTIcS oF

HIGH RISk counTRIES

Counties in tis goup lack

paliaments o legislatues wit

omal powes to ovesee te

intelligence sevices.

Even wee omal powes exist,

tese ae not utilised in pactice,

possibly due to inadequate political

will and/o esouces.

0% 12%

51% 62%

13% 25%

63% 75%

26% 37%

76% 88%

38% 50%

80% 100%

SCOrE

COLOUr-CODING KEY

Vey low

Citical



MARkS

AFGhANISTAN

BAhrAINBELArUS

ChINA

CYPrUS

DrC

EThIOPIA

GhANA

IrAN

IrAQ

JOrDAN

KUWAIT

LEBANON

OMAN

PAKISTAN

PhILIPPINES

rUSSIA

rWANDA

SINGAPOrE

SrI LANKA


UZBEKISTAN

VENEZUELA

ALGErIA

ANGOLA

BANGLADESh

CAMErOONCOTE DIVOIrE

EGYPT

ErITrEA

LIBYA

MALAYSIA

MOrOCCO

NIGErIA

QATAr

SAUDI ArABIA

SYrIA

TUNISIA

UGANDAYEMEN

ZIMBABWE

25

2525

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

0

0

0

00

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0


50/76

50


BrAZIL

In Bazil, tee is xpicit statutoy

nc to how th intignc

svics a omay scutinisd.

Fedeal Decee 7547, Aticles 4 and

sl military and mod receive high corruption ratings

Documents