SKRIPSI

MAULIDA RIZKIA UMROH

PENGARUH PVP K-30 TERHADAP

EFEKTIFITAS CAMPURAN LAKTOSA DAN

AVICEL PH 101 SEBAGAI PEMBAWA KEMPA

LANGSUNG (Pembuatan Dengan Metode Granulasi Basah)

PROGRAM STUDI FARMASI

FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2015

ii

Lembar Pengesahan

PENGARUH PVP K-30 TERHADAP EFEKTIVITAS CAMPURAN

LAKTOSA DAN AVICEL PH 101 SEBAGAI PEMBAWA KEMPA

LANGSUNG

(Pembuatan Dengan Metode Granulasi Basah)

SKRIPSI

Dibuat untuk memenuhi syarat mencapai gelar Sarjana Farmasi pada

Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

2015

Oleh :

MAULIDA RIZKIA UMROH

NIM : 201110410311246

Disetujui Oleh :

Pembimbing I Pembimbing II

DR. H. Achmad Radjaram, Apt Dra. Uswatun Chasanah, M.kes., Apt

NIP UMM : 11407040448

iii

Lembar Pengujian

PENGARUH PVP K-30 TERHADAP EFEKTIVITAS CAMPURAN

LAKTOSA DAN AVICEL PH 101 SEBAGAI PEMBAWA KEMPA

LANGSUNG

(Pembuatan Dengan Metode Granulasi Basah)

SKRIPSI

Telah diuji dan dipertahankan di depan tim penguji

Pada 11 Juni 2015

Oleh :

MAULIDA RIZKIA UMROH

NIM : 201110410311246

Tim Penguji :

Penguji I Penguji II

DR. H. Achmad Radjaram, Apt Dra. Uswatun Chasanah, M.kes., Apt

NIP UMM : 11407040448

Penguji III Penguji IV

Drs. H. Achmad Inoni, Apt Arina Swastika M., S.Farm Ap

iv

KATA PENGANTAR

Segala puji syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT atas segala

rahmat dan hidayah serta karunia-Nya, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan

skripsi yang berjudul “Pengaruh Kadar PVP K-30 Terhadap Efektifitas

Campuran Laktosa dan Avicel PH 101 Sebagai Bahan Pembawa Kempa

Langsung (Pembuatan dengan metode granulasi basah)”.

Pada kesempatan yang berharga ini, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih

sebesar-besarnya kepada :

1. Bapak DR. H. Achmad Radjaram. Apt selaku dosen pembimbing I dan

Ibu Dra.Uswatun Chasanah, M.Kes., Apt. selaku dosen pembimbing II

atas saran, bimbingan, dan arahannya yang dengan sabar telah

meluangkan waktu untuk membimbing dan mengarahkan penulis.

2. Bapak Drs. Achmad Inoni,Apt selaku penguji I dan Ibu Arina Swastika

Maulita, S.Farm., Apt selaku penguji II atas saran dan kritik yang

diberikan sehingga penyusunan skripsi ini menjadi lebih baik.

3. Dosen wali yang telah membimbing serta mengarahkan studi

akademik selama 4 tahun, Ibu Arina Swastika M, S.Farm, Apt.

4. Bapak Yoyok Bekti Prasetyo,S.Kep, M.Kep, Sp.Kom selaku Dekan

Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

5. Ibu Naylis Syifa’, S.farm, M.Sc, Apt. selaku Ketua Program Studi

Farmasi Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah

Malang.

6. Ibu Sovia Aprina Basuki, S.Farm,Apt selaku Kepala Laboratorium

Program Studi Farmasi.

7. Yang tercinta Mama, Abah, Om, Tante, Adik dan Kakak serta seluruh

saudara saudari dan keluarga besar penulis atas support materiil dan

non materiil, doa, serta kasih sayang sehingga penulis dapat

menyelesaikan studi dan skripsi dengan baik.

8. Saudara-saudari yang ter-hits se kampus dua UMM, yang terbaik

teristimewa, Kakak Yulianita, Mimi Verga, Bili Nabiela, anak Lidya

sulbactam, kakak Soyichin, Handi Besar, Riza tinggi, Nana mungil,

v

Sakin-kin subhanallah, Apres dan Virgin, kak Icha ikan kudu, linda

kentir, sejoli gokil Tigor dan Yolla dll, Terimakasih telah membuat

penulis merasakan warna-warni dunia kuliah yang lebih seru daripada

Ftv.

9. Iddo Brian, yang ter-asik dalam segala hal. Terimakasih atas segala

support, bantuan 24/7, canda tawa, doa dan love supply yang lebih dari

cukup untuk penulis sehingga skripsi ini dapat terselesaikan.

10. Teman-teman kelompok skripsi solida co-processed excipient

merangkap paduan suara informal laboratorium: kakak Adisya, Fina,

Resty, Nanan, dan Irvan. Terimakasih sudah bersabar menghadapi ke-

tulalit-an dan kerjasama, support serta bantuannya dalam penelitian ini.

11. Semua teman-teman farmasi 2011 kelas A,B,C,D dan E Sakoplek,

kakak-kakak 2010, teman-teman farmasi 2012 (geng TELO) dan 2013

terimakasih atas dukungan dan suka duka yang sudah kita jalani

selama kuliah.

12. Orang-orang baik hati yang banyak membantu saat penulis

mengerjakan skripsi ini: Mr.Yonni, Mas Odi dan Kak Villa, Mas

nowval, Mas Dani, Mas Ferdi, Mas Pablo dll. Serta Pihak-pihak yang

tidak dapat disebutkan satu per satu yang telah memberikan bantuan

dan motivasi sehingga skripsi ini dapat terselesaikan.

Penulis menyadari bahwa masih banyak kekurangan yang terdapat

pada skripsi ini. Oleh karena itu penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang

bersifat membangun dari berbagai pihak untuk kesempurnaan skripsi ini. Semoga

skripsi ini bermanfaat bagi semua pihak, khususnya bagi penulis dan para

pembaca pada umumnya.

Malang, 11 Juni 2015

Maulida Rizkia Umroh

x

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ............................................................................................ i

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................................................................ ii

LEMBAR PENGUJIAN .................................................................................... iii

KATA PENGANTAR ....................................................................................... iv

RINGKASAN .................................................................................................... vi

ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................... viii

DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................................................... x

DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................ xiii

DAFTAR GAMBAR ....................................................................................... xiv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................... xv

DAFTAR SINGKATAN ................................................................................. xvi

BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................. 1

1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................. 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah ............................................................................ 4

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian .............................................................................. 4

1.4 Hipotesis ............................................................................................ 5

1.5 Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................ 5

BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ....................................................................... 6

2.1 Tablet.............................................................................................. 6

2.1.1 Kempa Langsung ................................................................. 7

2.1.2 Granulasi Basah ................................................................... 8

2.1.3 Granulasi Kering.................................................................. 9

2.2 Paracetamol .................................................................................... 9

2.3 Tinjauan Tentang Eksipien ......................................................... 10

2.3.1 Eksipien Ko-proses ............................................................ 10

2.3.2Laktosa ................................................................................ 11

2.3.3Avicel.................................................................................. 13

2.3.4 polyvynilpyrrolidone (PVP K-30) ..................................... 14

2.4 Uji Mutu Fisik Granul ................................................................ 15

2.4.1 Uji Kecepatan Alir dan Sudut Istirahat .............................. 15

xi

2.4.2 Kompresibilitas .................................................................. 16

2.4.3 Uji Kandungan Lengas ...................................................... 17

2.4.4 Uji Kompaktibilitas ........................................................... 17

2.4.5 Distribusi Ukuran Partikel ................................................. 18

2.5 Uji Potensial Pengenceran .......................................................... 18

2.6 Uji Mutu Fisik Tablet ................................................................ 18

2.6.1 Uji Kekerasan Tablet.......................................................... 19

2.6.2Uji Kerapuhan Tablet ........................................................ 19

2.6.3Uji Waktu Hancur Tablet .................................................... 20

2.6.4Uji Keseragaman Bobot Tablet ........................................... 20

2.7 Permasalahan Pada Tablet .......................................................... 21

2.7.1Capping ............................................................................... 21

2.7.2 Lamination ......................................................................... 21

2.7.3Cracking ............................................................................. 21

2.7.4Sticking ................................................................................ 21

2.7.5Picking................................................................................. 21

BAB III KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL .......................................................... 22

3.1 Uraian Kerangka Konseptual ...................................................... 22

3.2 Alur Kerangka Konseptual .......................................................... 24

BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN .................................................................. 25

4.1 Bahan Penelitian.......................................................................... 26

4.2 Alat .............................................................................................. 26

4.3 Rancangan Penelitian .................................................................. 26

4.4 Metode Penelitian........................................................................ 28

4.4.1 Pemeriksaan Bahan Penlitian ............................................. 29

4.4.2 Pembuatan Granul Koproses Eksipien ............................... 30

4.4.3 Pembuatan Tablet Paracetamol Kempa Langsung ............ 30

4.4.4 Pemeriksaan Mutu Fisik Granul ........................................ 33

4.4.5 Pemeriksaan Mutu Fisik Tablet Kempa Langsung............ 35

4.5 Analisa Statistik .......................................................................... 35

xii

BAB V HASIL PENELITIAN ......................................................................... 36

5.1 Pemeriksaan Kualitatif Bahan Penelitian .................................. 36

5.1.1 Pemeriksaan Kualitatif Laktosa ......................................... 36

5.1.2 Pemeriksaan Kualitatif Avicel PH 101 .............................. 36

5.1.3 Pemeriksaan Kualitatif PVP K-30 ..................................... 37

5.1.4 Pemeriksaan Kualitatif Paracetamol .................................. 38

5.2 Pemeriksaan Mutu Fisik Granul Eksipien Ko-proses ................ 38

5.3 Pemeriksaan Mutu Fisik Tablet ................................................. 40

5.3.1Hasil Uji Kekerasan Tablet ................................................. 41

5.3.2Hasil Uji Kerapuhan Tablet ................................................. 42

5.3.3Hasil Uji Waktu Hancur Tablet............................................ 44

BAB VI PEMBAHASAN ................................................................................. 46

BAB VII KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ......................................................... 52

7.1 Kesimpulan ................................................................................. 52

7.2 Saran ........................................................................................... 52

xiii

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Halaman

II.1 Hubungan Kecepatan Alir dan Sifat Aliran Granul ....................................... 16

II.2 Hubungan Sudut Istirahat dan Daya Alir ....................................................... 16

II.3 Hubungan antara % kompresibilitas dan kemampuan aliran ......................... 17

II.4 Penyimpangan Bobot Rata-rata ...................................................................... 20

IV.1 Rancangan Formula Koproses Eksipien Kempa Langsung .......................... 27

IV.2 Rancangan Formula Tablet Parasetamol Kempa Langsung ......................... 27

V.1 Hasil Pemeriksaan Spektrum Inframerah Laktosa……..…………………... 36

V.2 Hasil Pemeriksaan Spektrum Inframerah Avicel PH 101..…………………. 37

V.3 Hasil Pemeriksaan Spektrum Inframerah PVPK-30……………………….. 37

V.4 Hasil Pemeriksaan Spektrum Inframerah Paracetamol………………………. 38

V.5 Hasil Pemeriksaan Mutu Fisik Granul Eksipien ko-proses…………………. 39

V.6 Hasil Uji Potensial Pengenceran Terhadap Mutu Fisik Tablet

Parasetamol Metode Kempa Langsung dengan Pengikat PVP K-30 3%...... 40

V.7 Kekerasan Tablet……………………………………………………………. 41

V.8 Hasil uji HSD Kekerasan Tablet……………………………………………. 42

V.9 Kerapuhan Tablet…………………………………………………………… 43

V.10 Hasil Uji HSD Kerapuhan Tablet…………………………………………. 43

V.11 Waktu Hancur Tablet……………………………………………………… 44

V.12 Hasil Uji HSD Waktu Hancur Tablet……………………………………… 45

xiv

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar Halaman

2.1 Struktur Kimia Paracetamol ............................................................................ 9

2.2 Struktur Kimia Laktosa ................................................................................... 12

2.3 Struktur Kimia Avicel ..................................................................................... 13

2.4 Struktur Kimia PVP K-30 ............................................................................... 14

2.5 Moisture Content Analyzer ............................................................................. 16

2.6 Alat Pencetak Tablet Hidrolik ......................................................................... 17

2.7 Sieve Shaker .................................................................................................... 18

2.8 Tablet Hardness Tester ................................................................................... 19

2.9 Friability Tester .............................................................................................. 19

2.10 Disintegration Tester .................................................................................... 20

3.1 Skema Kerangka Konseptual .......................................................................... 25

4.1 Skema Metode Penelitian ................................................................................ 28

4.2 Skema Pembuatan Granul ............................................................................... 31

4.3 Skema Pembuatan Tablet ................................................................................ 32

5.1 Grafik Distribusi Ukuran Granul……………………………………………. 39

5.2 Grafik Pengaruh Tekanan dan Kadar Bahan Pengikat Terhadap

Kompaktibilitas Tablet………………………………………………………. 40

5.3 Hubungan Kadar GranulTerhadap Kekerasan Tablet Parasetamol................. 41

5.4 Hubungan Kadar Granul Terhadap Kerapuhan Tablet Parasetamol………... 42

5.5 Hubungan Kadar Granul Terhadap Waktu Hancur Tablet Parasetamol…… 44

xv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran Halaman

1. Daftar Riwayat Hidup ..................................................................................... 58

2. Surat Pernyataan Bebas Plagiasi ..................................................................... 59

3. Sertifikat Analisis paracetamol ....................................................................... 60

4. Sertifikat Analisis PVP K-30 .......................................................................... 61

5. Sertifikat Analisis Laktosa .............................................................................. 62

6. Hasil FTIR Paracetamol .................................................................................. 63

7. Hasil FTIR Laktosa ......................................................................................... 65

8. Hasil FTIR Avicel PH 101 .............................................................................. 67

9. Hasil FTIR PVP K-30 ..................................................................................... 69

10. Tabel Gugus Fungsi FTIR ............................................................................... 71

11. Hasil Pemeriksaan Mutu Fisik Granul Eksipien Ko-Proses Dengan Bahan

Pengikat PVP K-30 ………………………………………………………….. 72

12. Pemeriksaan Mutu Fisik Tablet……………………………………………… 75

13. Hasil Analisis Statistik Kekerasan Tablet……………………………………. 78

14. Hasil Analisis Statistik Kerapuhan Tablet…………………………………… 81

15. Hasil Analisis Statistik Waktu Hancur Tablet………………………………. 84

16. Foto Granul Eksipien Ko-proses……………………………………………. 87

17. Foto Tablet Hasil Uji Potensial Pengenceran Dengan Berbagai Perbandingan

Komposisi……………………………………………………………………. 88

18. Daftar F Tabel……………………………………………………………….. 89

19. Tabel Konversi Mesh ...................................................................................... 90

xvi

DAFTAR SINGKATAN

PVP : Polivinilpirolidon

tan : tangen

cm : centimeter

g : gram

mg : mili gram

kg : kilogram

oC : derajat Celcius

MC : Moisture Content

53

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