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ProdsOktorSkjrv2007Cambridge,Mass.

INTRODUCTION TO PAHLAVI BY

PRODS OKTOR SKJRV

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INTRODUCTION:THEIRANIANS,THEIRLANGUAGES,ANDTHEIRLITERATURES

THE IRANIANS Iranianisatermofmanymeanings,butforourpurposesweshalldefineitaspertainingtopeopleswhoatsomepointinhistoryspokelanguagesbelongingtotheIranianlanguagefamily.TheIranianlanguagefamilyitselfbelongstotheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily,1withinwhichitsclosestrelativesaretheIndo-Aryanlanguages,morespecificallytheOldIndiclanguageoftheVedas,theoldestofwhichistheRigveda.2 Iranianpeoplesdidnotenterhistoryuntilthe9thcenturyB.C.E.,whenthePersianswereforthefirsttimementionedintheAssyrianannals.AfterthistherearescatteredreferencestoPersians,Medes,andScythiansintheMesopotamiantexts. Then,inthe7thand6thcenturies,theIraniansfinallymadeabigsplashinworldhistory,whentheMediankingCyaxaresdestroyedAssur(614)andNiniveh(612),butwereredeemedintheeyesoftheworldwhenKingCyrustheGreatin549overthrewthelastoftheMediankings,establishingtheAchaemenidsonthethrone,andallowingtheJewstoreturnhomefromtheirBabyloniancaptivity.OLD AND MIDDLE IRANIAN LANGUAGES AvestanandOldPersian,bothspokenseveralcenturiesbeforeourera,arethetwooldestIranianlanguagesknown.AmongotherOldIranianlanguagesareMedian,spokenbytheMedes,whoruledwesternIranbeforetheAchaemenids,andScythian,spokenbytheNorthwest-IraniantribesfromwhichtheAlansandthemodernOssetesaredescended.3 AvestanisthelanguageoftheAvesta,theholyscripturesoftheZoroastrians.TheAvestaasweknowitwaswrittendownsometimeduringtheSasanianperiod(ca.224-636C.E.)inanalphabetinventedforthatpurpose.ThisalphabetisbasedupontheMiddlePersianPahlavialphabetbutalsocontainselementsfromtheearlierPsalterscript,onwhichseebelow.TheAvestaiscollectionofmiscellaneoustextsfirstcompiledandcommittedtowritinginthemid-firstmillenniumofourera.Thistextcorpuswassubsequently,aftertheMuslimconquest,considerablyreducedinvolume. ItisfromoneofCyrusssuccessors,DariusI,thatwehavetheearliestindigenoustextsinanIranianlanguage,OldPersian,whichistheoldestknownancestorofmodernPersian(Pers.frsi),theofficiallangaugeofmodernIran/Persia.OldPersianwaswritteninacuneiformscript,probablyinventedunderDariusforthepurposeofrecordinghisdeeds.Itwasalsothefirstcuneiformscripttobedecipheredandprovidedthecluetoalltheothercuneiformscripts. TheextantOldPersiantextsalldatefromthe6thtothe4thcentury.TheOldPersianlanguageasweknowitfromthelaterinscriptions(5th-4thcents.)wasalreadyabouttochangefromOldtoMiddlePersian,withsimplificationofdiphthongsandlossoffinalvowels,andwiththem,lossofgrammaticalendings. MiddleIranianisthecommonnameformumerousIranianlanguages,nowextinct,thatwerespokenthroughoutIranandcentralAsiafromaboutthe4thcenturyB.C.E.uptoaftertheIslamicconquest.TheycanbegroupedtogetherwithOldPersian,ononehand,intoasouthwesterngroup(MiddlePersian=Pahlavi),andwithAvestan,ontheother,intoanorthernandnortheasterngroup(Parthian,Bactrian,Chorasmian,Sogdian,Khotanese).MIDDLE PERSIAN, PAHLAVI TheMiddleIranianlanguagemostcloselyrelatedtoOldPersianisMiddlePersian,whichisknownfromavarietyofsources:inscriptionsandManicheantexts,theearliestofwhichdatefromthe3rdcent.C.E.,andfromtheZoroastrianscriptures.ThelanguageoftheZoroastriantextsiscommonlyreferredtoasPahlavi.1ForIndo-Europeanlanguages,see,e.g.,Mallory,1989;Fortson,2004;forIndo-EuropeanliterarypoeticsseeSchmitt,1967,andWatkins,1995.2ForEnglishtranslationsfromtheRigveda,seethePenguinClassicsedition,OFlaherty,1981.3SeeSkjrv,2006.

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TheMiddlePersianinscriptions,mostofthemlocatedinsouthernIran,arewritteninascriptderivedfromAramaic,andtheZoroastriantextsinastillmoredevelopedformofthisscript.AfewpagesfromaMiddlePersiantranslationofthePsalmswerealsofoundthere,writteninacursivescriptbetweenthescriptoftheinscriptionsandthePahlaviscript.4 TheManicheanMiddlePersiantextsarewritteninascriptderivedfromavarietyoftheSyriacalphabet.THE PAHLAVI TEXTS TheearliestMiddlePersiantextswithZoroastriancontentsarethe3rd-centuryinscriptionsofthefirstSasaniankingsandtheirhighpriestKerdr. MostoftheextantPahlavitextswereprobablycompiledinthe9thcentury,althoughpartsofthemmusthavebeencomposedmuchearlier,evenasearlyasthe3rdcentury.Itisprobablymorecorrecttosaythattheextantliteraturewascompiledfromthelivingoraltradition,someofwhichwasascribedtospecificauthors. Thecorpusconsistsof1.translationsofAvestantexts,2.textswithreligiouscontents,sometimesincorporatingtranslationsfromtheextantorlostAvesta;and3.seculartexts. TranslationshavebeenpreservedofmostoftheAvestantexts(referredtoasthePahlaviYasna,PahlaviVidevdad,etc.),withtheimportantexceptionoftheoldyats.Allthetranslationscontainglossesandcommentaries,expeciallythePahlaviVidevdad,whichincorporateslengthylegalisticdiscussions. ThemainreligioustextsaretheDnkard(deedsofthedn)andtheBundahin(thewaytheworldwasestablishedinthebeginning),bothofwhicharebestcharacterizedasencyclopaediasofZoroastrianreligion. Ofthe9booksoftheDnkard,thefirsttwoarecompletelylost,asisthebeginningofthethird.Ofspecialinterestarebook3,whichdiscussesnumeroustheologicalissues(transl.Menasce,1973).book5(theologicalquestions,transl.AmouzgarandTafazzoli,2000),book6,awisdomtext(transl.Shaked,1979),book7,whichcontainsacompletelifeofZarathustra(Mol,1967),book8,whichcontainsadescriptionofthecontentsoftheAvestaasknownintheSasanianperiod,andbook9,whichcontainscommentariesontheGs. TheBundahinandtheWizdaghZdspram(selectionsofZ.;transl.GignouxandTafazzoli,1978)areourmostimportantsourcesonZoroastriancosmology. TheDdestnMny[]Xrad(thejudgementsofthedivinewisdom)5isacollectionZoroastriantenetsoffaithintheformofquestionsaskedbythewiseman(dng)andanswersgivenbythedivinewisdom(mnyxrad). TheDdestndng(thejudgementsofthedn;transl.Jaafari-Dehaghi,,1998)andtheNmaghManuihr(lettersofManushchihr)dealwithquestionsofZoroastrianpractice. TheArdWirz-nmagmaybedescribedasthePahlaviDivinaCommedia(transl.Gignoux,1984). Amongseculartextsarethefollowing: TheMdaynhazrddestn(bookofathousandjudgments),dealswithquestionsofreligiouslaw(transl.Macuch,1993. TheKr-nmagArdaxrPbagn(thebookofthedeedsofArdashir[founderoftheSasaniandynasty],sonofPabag;transl.Grenet,2003,andtheAydgrZarrn(thememorialofZarr;transl.Monchi-Zadeh,1981),aboutthewaroverthednbroughtbyZarathustra. Seealsothetranslationsat http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Zoroastrianism/index.html http://avesta.org/4SeeSkjrv,1996.5ThetitleisusuallycitedasMnyxradthespiritofwisdom,butmnynevermeansspirit.Itisanadjectivereferringtothingsintheotherworld,alsoinexpressionssuchasmnysmnthesky(located)intheotherworld.

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BIBLIOGRAPHYAmouzgar,J.,andA.Tafazzoli,LecinquimelivreduDnkard,Paris:Associationpourlavancementdestudesiraniennes,Leuven,2000.

Andreas,F.C.,andK.Barr,BruchstckeeinerPehlevi-bersetzungderPsalmen,SPAW1933,pp.91-152.Back,M.,DiesassanidischenStaatsinschriften,ActaIranica18,TehranandLige,1978.Barr,K.,RemarksonthePahlaviLigaturesxandX,BSO(A)S8,1936,pp.391-403.Bartholomae,C.,MitteliranischeStudienI,WZKM25,1911,pp.245-62;II,pp.389-409;III:27,1913,pp.19-24,IV:pp.347-74;V:29,1915,pp.1-47.

,ZurKenntnissdermitteliranischenMundartenI,SHbAW,phil.-hist.Kl.,1916,no.9;II,1917,no.11;III,1920,no.2;IV,1922,no.6;V,1923,no.3.

Boyce,M.,SomeMiddlePersianandParthianConstructionswithGovernedPronouns,inDr.J.M.UnvalaMemorialVolume,Bombay,1964a,pp.48-56.

,TheuseofrelativeparticlesinWesternMiddleIranian,Indo-Iranica.MlangesprsentsGeorgMorgenstierne...,Wiesbaden,1964b,pp.28-47.

,AWord-ListofManichaeanMiddlePersianandParthian.TehranandLige,1977.Brunner,C.J.,ASyntaxofWesternMiddleIranian,Delmar,NewYork,1977.CanteraGlera,A.,DieStellungderPahlavi-bersetzungdesAvestainnerhalbdesMittelpersischen,StudiaIranica28,1999,pp.173-204.

,StudienzurPahlavi-bersetzungdesAvesta,Wiesbaden,2004.CompendiumLinguarumIranicarum,ed.R.Schmitt,Wiesbaden1989.Dhabhar,BamanjiNusserwanji,EssaysonIranianSubjects,Bombay,1955.Durkin-Meisterernst,D.,DictionaryofManichaeanMiddlePersianandParthianinDictionaryofManichaeanTextsIII:TextsfromCentralAsiaandChina,Part1,ed.,NicholasSims-Williams,Turnhout,2004.

FortsonIV,B.,W.Indo-EuropeanLanguageandCulture.AnIntroduction,Malden,Mass.,2004.Gignoux,Ph.,Glossairedesinscriptionpehleviesetparthes,CorpusInscriptionumIranicarum,SupplementarySeries,Vol.1,London,1978.

,Lelivred'ArdVrz,Paris,1984.andA.Tafazzoli,ed.andtr.,AnthologiedeZdspram.Editioncritiquedutextepehlevi,StudiaIranica.Cahier13Paris,1993.

Grenet,F.,LegestedArdashirfilsdePbag=KrnmagArdaxrPbagn,ditionsADie,2003.Henning,W.B.,DasVerbumdesMittelpersischenderTurfanfragmente,ZeitschriftfrIndologieundIranistik9,1933,pp.158-253=SelectedPapersI,pp.65-160.

,reviewofNyberg,Hilfsbuch,inGGA,1935,no.1,pp.1-19.,Mitteliranisch,In:HbOI,IV,1.Leiden-Cologne,1958.,Selectedpapers,2vols.,ActaIranica14-15,TeheranandLeiden,1977.Herzfeld,E.,Paikuli.MonumentandInscriptionoftheEarlyHistoryoftheSassanianEmpire,2vols.,Berlin1924,especiallyEssayonPahlavi,pp.52-73.

Humbach,H.andP.O.Skjrv,TheSassanianinscriptionofPaikuli:Parts3.1Restoredtextandtranslationand3.2Commentary,Wiesbaden,1983.

Jaafari-Dehaghi, M.,ed.,Ddestnidnig.PartI.Transcription,TranslationandCommentary,StudiaIranica.Cahier20,Paris,1998.

Josephson,J.,ThePahlaviTranslationTechniqueasIllustratedbyHmYat,Uppsala,1997.,TheMiddlePersianNounsin-inand-inh,OrientaliaSuecana47,1998a,pp.87-104.,SemanticsandPahlaviTranslators,Meijerbergsarkivfrsvenskordforskning24(CategorisationandInterpretation.IndologicalandComparativeStudiesfromanInternationalIndologicalMeetingattheDepartmentofComparativePhilology,GteborgUniversity),1998b,pp.147-78.

,NominalSentencesandCopulainMiddleandEarlyNewPersian,inLudwigPaul,ed.,PersianOriginsEarlyJudaeo-PersianandtheEmergenceofNewPersian.CollectedPapersoftheSymposium,Gttingen1999,Wiesbaden,2003,pp.79-94.

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,TheImportanceofthePahlaviTranslationTextsforaMiddlePersianDictionary,inC.G.CeretiandM.Maggi,eds.,MiddleIranianlexicography.ProceedingsoftheConferenceHeldinRome,9-11April2001,Rome,2005,pp.357-73.

Lazard,G.,Lesmodesdelavirtualitenmoyen-iranienoccidental,inW.SkalmowskiandA.vanTongerloo,eds.,MiddleIranianStudies.ProceedingsoftheInternationalSymposiumOrganizedbytheKatholiekeUniversiteitLeuvenfromthe17thtothe20thofMay1982,Louvain,1984,pp.1-13.

,Lesprpositionspa(d)etb()enpersanetenpehlevi,inR.SchmittandP.O.Skjrv,eds.,StudiaGrammaticaIranica,Munich,1986,pp.245-55.

MacKenzie,D.N.,TheIndirectAffecteeinPahlavi,inDr.J.M.UnvalaMemorialVolume,Bombay,1964,pp.45-48.,NotesontheTranscriptionofPahlavi,BSOAS30,1967,pp.17-29.,AConcisePahlaviDictionary,London,1971.,reviewofBack,1978,inIndogermanischeForschungen87,1982,pp.280-97.Macuch,M.,RechtskasuistikundGerichtspraxiszuBeginndessiebentenJahrhundertsinIran:DieRechtssamlungdesFarromardiWahrmn,Wiesbaden,1993.

Menasce,J.de,Dixansd'tudespehlevies:publicationdetextes,StudiaIranica1,1972,pp.133-39.,LetroisimelivreduDnkart,Paris,1973.Mol,M.,LalgendedeZoroastreselonlestextespehlevis,TravauxdelInstitutdtudesiraniennesdelUniversitdeParis3,Paris,1967.

Nyberg,H.S.,HilfsbuchdesPehlevi,2vols.,Uppsala,1928,1931.,AManualofPahlavi,2vols.Wiesbaden1964,1974.,FrahangiPahlavk,ed.B.UtasandC.Toll,Wiesbaden,1988.Osnovyiranskogojazykoznanija.Sredneiranskiejazyki,ed.V.I.Abaev,M.N.Bogoljubov,andV.S.Rastorgueva,Moscow,1981(Srednepersidskijjazyk,pp.6-145).

Rastorgueva,V.S.,Sredne-Persidskijjazyk,Moscow,1966.Salemann,C.,Mittelpersisch,inGrundrissI,pp.249-332.Shaked,S.,TheWisdomOfTheSasanianSages(DnkardVI)byAturpt-imtn,Boulder,Colo.,1979.Sims-Williams,N.,NotesonManichaeanMiddlePersianMorphology,StudiaIranica10,1981,pp.165-76.Skjrv,P.O.,CaseininscriptionalMiddlePersian,inscriptionalParthianandthePahlaviPsalter,StudiaIranica12,1983,pp.69-94;2,pp.151-181.

,RemarksontheOldPersianverbalsystem,inFestgabefrK.Hoffmann,MnchenerStudienzurSprachwissen-schaft45,1985,pp.211-27.

,VerbsinParthianandMiddlePersianinscriptions,inR.SchmittandP.O.Skjrv,eds.,StudiaGrammaticaIranic.FestschriftfrHelmutHumbach,Munich,1986,pp.425-39.

,VerbalideogramsandtheimperfectinMiddlePersianandParthian,intudesirano-aryennesoffertesGilbertLazard,StudiaIranica.Cahier7,1989,pp.333-54.

,MiddlePersianand,annd,inR.E.EmmerickandD.Weber,eds.,CorollaIranica.PapersinHonourofProf.D.N.MacKenzieontheOccasionofHis65thBirthdayonApril8th,1991,Frankfurt,etc.,1991,pp.190-97.

,LinscriptiondAbnnetlimparfaitenmoyen-perse,StudiaIranica21,1992,pp.153-60.,TheEarliestDatableInscriptiononaSasanianBowl:TwoSilverBowlsintheJ.PaulGettyMuseum,BulletinoftheAsiaInstitute7,1993[1994],pp.181-92.

,AramaicinIran,ARAM6(PalmyraandtheAramaeans),1995[1997/98],pp.283-318.,IranianalphabetsderivedfromAramaic,inP.T.DanielsandW.Bright,eds.,TheWorldsWritingSystems,NewYork-Oxford,1996,pp.515-35.

,OntheMiddlePersianImperfect,inE.Pirart,ed.,SyntaxedesLanguesIndo-iraniennesanciennes.ColloqueInternational,Sitges(Barcelona)4-5mai1993,AulaOrientalisSupplementa6,Barcelona,1997a,pp.161-188.

,TheJoyoftheCup,BulletinoftheAsiaInstitute11,1997b[2000],pp.93-104.,Iraniv.IranianLanguagesandScripts,inEncyclopdiaIranicaXIII/3,2006,pp.344-77.Sundermann,W.,Mittelpersisch,inR.Schmitt,ed.,CompendiumLinguarumIranicarum,Wiesbaden,1989,pp.138-64.Tedesco,P.,DialektologiederwestiranischenTurfantexte,MondeOriental15,1921,184-258.

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LESSON1PRELIMINARY REMARKS ABOUT STUDYING PAHLAVI SincePahlaviisanIndo-Europeanlanguage,itsgrammarandgrammaticalterminologyisthattypicalofsuchlanguagesEnglish,German,French,Latin,etc.).ThegrammaticalterminologyofSemiticlanguages,forinstance,Hebrew,cannotbeapplied,so,ifyouhavehadlittleexposuretoIndo-Europeangrammaticalterminology,youshouldstudyabookongrammar. Pahlaviisdifficulttogetintobecauseofitsscript,soyoushouldtrytomemorizeasmuchvocabularyaspossibleasyougoalong.Thespellingisparticularlydifficult,soyoushouldgetusedtorelyingonyourmemoryratherthanondictionariesandglossaries.Tryingtofindawordinadictionaryusuallytakesalongtime.Forthisreason,glossarieswillnotbeincludedinthefirstlessons.Instead,youshouldstartcompilingyourownmini-dictionaryrightaway.Itisthebestwaytolearnthewords.Categorizethewordsintonouns,adjectives,arameograms,etc. Youshouldbeabletofigureoutthemeaningsoftheindividualwordsinthesentencesquotedwithtranslationsfromtheexplanationsinthelessons.Donottrytolookthemupinadictionary. Youshouldreadthroughtheentirelessonbeforestudyingitindetail,since,occasionally,afeatureinasentenceisexplainedinwhatfollows. Numerouswordsincludedasexamplesinthesectionsonspellingandarameogramsarenotnecessarilyhigh-frequencyandneednotbelearned.High-frequencywordsandimportantterminologywillberepeatedlyusedintheexamplesandexercisestoensurefamiliarity.SOUND SYSTEM Thephonology(soundsystem)ofPahlaviissimilartothatofmodernPersian. Vowelsareshortorlong(markedbyamacron): a (e) i (o) u Vowelsshouldbepronouncedcleanly,thatis,asinSpansishandItalian,forinstance.Englishdiphthongizationshouldbeavoided(eifor,etc.). Itisnotclearwhetherthevowelseandowerephonemes,thatis,whethertherewerewordsthatwereonlydistinguishedbyonehavingiandtheothere.Onthewholeitisdoubtful.Here,eandowillbeusedconsistentlyincaseswheretheymayhaveoccurred(e.g.,kerbag[notkirbag]gooddeeds,andabdom[notabdum]last).Tofindsuchwordsindictionariesandglossaries,youmayhavetolookfortheformswithiandu. TheconsonantsareasinmodernPersian.Notetheuseofahaekin,,,and. andarethesoundsinEnglishchurchandjudge. isEnglishsh,Germansch,Frenchch,etc. isthevoicedsoundofEnglishpleasure.Itisonlyfoundasavariantofbeforedandgasindudnhavingevildn,forwhichweshallwritedudn;ydahrrituallyclean,forwhichweshallwriteydahr;adahgdragonfromAvestanaidahka,forwhichweshallwriteadahg;andagahnindolent,forwhichweshallwriteagahn.Theremayhavebeenothersporadiccases,suchasmiag(miag),Pers.moeeyelash.

xisthech-soundinGermanBachandtheSpanishSpanishj-soundinjuego(notasinAmericanSpanish,wherethejispronouncedasEnglishh).

(Greekgamma)isthesoundoftheSpanishgbetweenvowels,asinhaga.ItisavariantofgusedprobablybyinfluencefromAvestan,e.g.,moMagian"insteadofregularmowfromAvestanmou(

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THE PAHLAVI SCRIPT ThePahlavialphabetcontainsonlytwelvedifferentletterstoexpressallthesesounds.Severalofthelettersthereforehavemanyvalues,whichmakesreadingdifficult.Thisdifficultyiscompoundedbythevariousshapesthedifferentletterscantake. Asstudentsprogress,theywillbecomeusedtorecognizingwholewordsratherthanidentifyingeachletterandfindingapossiblecombinationthatproducesawordandmakessenseinthecontext. ThetwelvelettersinthealphabeticalorderrighttoleftusedinMacKenziesDictionaryandtheirequivalentsintheSemiticalphabetsareasfollows(thevaluesofthelettersarediscussedbelow): T C P M L K Z W Y B A t () p m l k z w y b a Thefollowingarerelativelyunambiguousletters: B b L r,l C c Z z M m K k P p T t WhenLspellsl(ratherthanthemorecommonr),itissometimeswrittenR. Theveryambiguouslettersare: Asvowels Asconsonants A ,a, h-x Y i,,e,,ay d-g-y Y+Y=SorJalso=s W u,,o,,aw n-w-r Theuseof(aleforhamza)isapracticetakenoverfromSemiticalphabets. Whenthesethreelettersexpressvowels,theyareoftencalledmatreslectionismothersofreading.Longvowelsanddiphthongs,aswellasshortu,arealwaysspelledwithmatreslectionis,whileshortimayormaynotbespelledwith.Theassumedeandoaresometimesspelledwith,sometimeswithoutand. Notethatshortaisrarelywrittenandthatlongiswrittenwith Thescriptisacursivescript,thatis,thelettersarecombinedwithoneanother. Notethatthefollowingsixlettersarenevercombinedtotheleft: B b C c K k P p T t W w TypicalofthePahlavicursiveisthewaysomelettersarecombinedbyadeepcurve,droppingbelowthebaselineofthescript,whileothersarenot,forinstance: A +A > a B +A > bA W +A > wA K +A > kA W + M > N M +A > A

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A +Y > E M + Y > Y W +Y > wY T +Y > tD K +Y > I orkYTheonlytallletterisL,whichmaybecombinedonthebaselineorbelow: L + T + W > LTW K + M + L >kmL L + A + M >la L + W + P > LWP T + L >t L + A + K > lAK ThecombinationformoftheletterPisoftenidenticalwiththatoftheletterC.Whenthatisthecase,weusuallytransliterateas: P +A > pAorc(common) C +A > c P +Y > pYorcD(lesscommon) C +Y > cD P +M > pMorcD C +M > c P +Z > pZorc C +Z > c P +L > pLorc C +L > cNotethealternativeformsofcombinationswiththelettersLandZonorbelow: W + L > wLor{ W + Z > wZor U P +L > pLorf P +Z > pZorf Inthemanuscripts,therearestillothervariations,e.g.,P +A>f, +A>,etc.SPELLING 1 Forvariousreasons,Pahlaviwasnotwrittenthewayitwaspronounced,butratherasithadbeenpronouncedcenturiesearlier.ThisissimilartothecaseofFrenchandEnglish.Inordertodeterminetheactualpronunciation,wemaycomparethespellingsusedintheManicheantextsofthe3rd-4thcenturies,whichwerewritteninadifferentalphabet,whichshowedtheactualpronunciation.Wemayalsocomparethemodernpronunciation,aswefinditinmodernPersian.Finally,wemayconsidertheetymology(history)ofthewordtoreconstructthepresumedpronunciation. Comparethespellingandpronunciationofthefollowing: t radchief,ratu6 lAk krwork kmL ramagherd,flock LTW wattarbad,evil la mrsnake LWP purrfull(of) kahAWT tuxgdiligent YtJ gtytheworld-of-the-living,thisworld lH rlion tD dadwildanimal6AnAvestantechnicalterm,meaningmodel,prototype,principalrepresentative,andsimilar.

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gLwY gurgwolf (+) msheep CWB buzgoat YWfJwY gspanddomesticanimal wdlY driypoor MWtM mardmpeople,humans thAWtZ ZarduxtZarathustra CwA huambenevolent Note:Doubleconsonantsarenotwrittendouble,exceptinsomecompounds,e.g.,LKKCBbazzak-karevil-doer.TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSCRIPTION Above,whatisinsideisaone-to-onecorrespondencebetweenthePahlaviandLatinalphabets.Wecallthistrans-LITER-ation,meaningtransferringlettertoletter. Thepronunciationofthewordisincursive.Thisiscalledtran-SCRIP-tion,meaningthatwewriteoutthewordsoitcanbepronounced. Later,weshalltalkmoreaboutvariouswaysoftransliteratingandtranscribingPahlavi.GRAMMAR 1 THE SENTENCE Pahlavisentencescanbeshortandclearorlongandponderous.Themostcommonconstituentsaresubject,directobject,andverb,inthatorder. Therearenodefiniteorindefinitearticles. Personalpronounsassubjectsofverbsmaybeleftout. Word order Theinflectedverbisusuallyattheendoftheclauseorsentence. Thebasicwordorderistherefore: SUBJECT-VERB(e.g.:helives,hewas-killed) SUBJECT-INDIRECTOBJECT-DIRECTOBJECT-VERBe.g.: theman+theboy+book+gives=themangivestheboyabook ThisisthewordorderthatshouldpreferablybeusedinthetranslationsfromEnglishintheexercises. Thewordorderisrelativelyflexible,however,andapredicateordirectobjectisoftenloweredbehindtheverb,ortheverbmayberaisedtoinfrontofthesubject. Adverbs and complements of t ime, place, manner, etc., may precede the subjec t and are often placed at the beginn ing of the sentence, but they can also occur elsewhere in the sentence in various logica l places. Noteonterminology: InWestern(Indo-European)languages,whatonecallsthesubjectofaclauseisusuallydefinedasthepersonorobjectthatperformsanaction(oruttersastatement,thinksathought)oris(orgetsinto)astate,forinstance: action:Godcreatedtheworld;Zarathustraspokeaword;haveyoureflectedonthis? state:mansleeps;wealldie. Inthesecases,thesubjectiswhatismostcloselyconnectedwiththeverb,andtheverbagreeswiththesubject.

LESSON1

11 May4,2008-11:22PM

Thereareexamplesofclausesthathavenosubject,forinstance,itrains,itisimpossible,inwhichithasnomeaning.Suchclausesarecalledimpersonal. Therearealsoexamplesofclausesinwhichtheonewhoperformstheactionisnotwhattheverbagreeswith,asintheZoroastrianswerepersecutedbytheArabs.HeretheperformersaretheArabsandtheverbagreeswiththeZoroastrians.Wecalltheseclausespassive. InthisIntroduction,thetermsubjectshallonlytorefertothepartofthesentencewithwhichtheverbagrees. Apredicateisanounoradjectiveconnectedwithanoun(pronoun)bytheverbtobe,e.g.,themanisbig,wearehungry,heisateacher.NOUNS I m p o r t a n tI m p o r t a n t : Nouns as subjec ts and predicates have the same form in the singular and the plura l . Ifanounassubjectissingular,theverbis3rdpersonsingular.Ifanounassubjectisplural,theverbis3rdpersonplural.E.g.: andarmndwbd ademonwasinthehouse=therewasademoninthehouse andarmndwbdhnd demonswereinthehouse=thereweredemonainthehouseOntheverbs,seebelow.PERSONAL PRONOUNS Thepersonalpronounsusedassubjectarethefollowing:Singular Plural 1st an I 1st amh we 2nd t you,thou 2nd amh you,ye 3rd y he,she,it 3rd awn theyNote:donotconfusethe2ndsingularandplural,whicharenotdistinguishedinEnglish.TO BE Thepresent(indicative),imperative,andpasttenseoftobeareasfollows: Presenttense: Imperative: Singular Plural Singular Plural 1st ham Iam hm weare 2nd h youare(thouart) hd you(ye)are b be! bawd be! 3rd (nothing) he/she/itis hnd theyare Pasttense: Singular Plural 1st bdham Iwas,Ihavebeen bdhm Iwas,Ihavebeen 2nd bdh youwere,youhavebeen bdhd youwere,youhavebeen 3rd bd he,she,itwas,hasbeen bdhnd theywere,theyhavebeen

LESSON1

12 May4,2008-11:22PM

NEGATIONS Thecommonnegationisnnot. Thenegationma(do)notisusedwithimperatives.QUESTIONS Questionsaredistinguishedfromstatementsonlywhenintroducedbyquestionparticles,forinstanceinterrogativepronouns(kwho?etc.).

SENTENCES1 Analyzethefollowingsentences: aymardtkh Oman,whoareyou? anKayHusryham=anhamKayHusry IamKayHusry amhkhd Whoareyou(all)? amhmazdsnhm WeareMazdayasnians amhdriymardmhd you(all)arepoorpeople awnmardhndzannhnd theyaremen,notwomen dwhndnmardm theyaredemons,nothumans. andarmardmrtanudarbudhuamb amongpeople,behumbleandamenableandbenevolent! amhpadkrudkerbagtuxgbawd (youall),bediligentin(your)workandgooddeeds! padAhrimenwistxmabawd donotbeconfidentin(=relyon)Ahrimen(theEvilOne)! padgtynbdham Ihavenot(always)beeninthisworld andarmnmrbd (there)wasasnakeinthehouse fradommardmandarabgumnhbdhnd thefirsthumanswereinastateofnon-doubt andarrn-ahrwasmazdsnbdhnd InthelandoftheIranians,thereweremanyMazdayasnians

EXERCISES11.PracticewritingthePahlaviwordsinthislesson,usinglinedpaper. Pahlaviiswrittenhorizontally,straightacrossthepage;thelinedoesnotbendupwardordownward. Note,inparticulartheheightanddepthofthelettersrelativetothebaseline,e.g.,

2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtransliterationsandidentifythemwithwordsinthislesson: wdlY CwA EwawDc MWtM CWB MWtP kahAWT MwYc kmL nla la pLC lAk PwA lH thAWtZ LKKCB td

LESSON1

13 May4,2008-11:22PM

LKKPWK t LTW TWB LWP wa Wt YtJ YK YWfJwY gLwY 3.TranslateintoEnglish(donotattempttowriteinPahlavi):

1. anPrzhamtWahrmh2. amhmardmhd3. gurgudrdadhnd4. padgtywistxmab5. padmardmwistxmabawd6. mnpurrwattarmrbd7. andarramaggurgbdhnd8. amhandarmazdsnahrrtanbawd9. amhmazdsndriymardmnhm10. Zarduxtpadgtykrtuxgbdpaddriyhuambd

4.TranslateintoPahlavi(donotattempttowriteinPahlavi): Besuretostudythesentenceswithtranslationsabovetogetusedtothecorrectwordorder.

1. YouareKayWitsp,IamZarduxt.2. KayWitspwasaMazdayasnian.3. YouareMayandMayny;youwerethefirsthumans(people).4. OZardut,amongtheMazdayasnians,beamenableandhumble!5. OMazdayasnians,amongtheIraniansbebenevolentanddiligent!6. Ahrimenhasnot(always)beeninthisworld.7. Thereweremanydemonsinthisworld.8. Thesheepandthegoataredomesticanimals.9. Oman,beamenableandbenevolentto(your)wife(=woman)!10. Owoman,behumbleto(your)man!

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHESENTENCESANDTHEEXERCISES1 Note:Grammaticalwordsinthelessonarenotincluded.Spellingisonlyincludedwithwordsspelledwitharameograms.abgumnh EwawDc stateofnon-doubting;freedomfromdoubtAhrimen nla Ahrimen,theEvilOneandar in,inside;duringabdom MwYc last;intheenday O!particleofaddressbuz CWB goat

LESSON1

14 May4,2008-11:22PM

bazzakkar LKKCB evil-doer,someonewhodoevildeedsbd TWB wasarb pLC amenabledad td wildanimaldw demon,demonsdriy wdlY poorrn-ahr WWtHwa landoftheIraniansrtan Wt humblefradom MWtP firstgty YtJ thisworldgspand YWfJwY domesticanimalgurg gLwY wolf huam CwA benevolentHusry Y]JwA Husry(laterHusraw,Xosrow)kr lAk work,activitieskay YK atitle(Av.kauui)kerbag KPWK gooddeedskerbakkar LKKPWK someonewhodogooddeedsmn wa housemr la snakemard man,menmardm MWtM people,humansMay HM MayMayny YwaHM Maynymazdsn Wtja

15 May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON2SPELLING 2 THE OTIOSE STROKE TheletterWdrdeception,lie WCwA radratu WPT ramagherd,flockNootiosestrokeispossibleafterlettersthatcombinetotheleft: aD ghthrone,place YN manghashish LKKCB bazzakkarevil-doer MWtP fradomfirst wY gear Notallscribesusedthefinalstrokeoruseditconsistently,so,dependingonthescribe,thewordsbdwasandbdantobe(come)aredifferenciatedasfollows: withfinal bd: WTWB WTWB InthisIntroduction,thefinalstrokewillbeusedregularly.CONSONANTS TheunvoicedconsonantsP T k Careusedtospellthesesounds(p,t,k,)whenatthebeginningofaword;afterf,x,s,;orwhendouble,forexample: Initial: lAk krwork lAT trdarkness LWP purrfull lAC rable,capable Afterf,x WTc guftsaid WtJ

LESSON2

16 May4,2008-11:22PM

Afters,: WJW rststraight,true,truthful WfJW Witp,aking WklA kutkilled Double: LKKCB bazzakkarevil-doer/doing LTW wattarbad,evil WtWc waagchild WhenthesameconsonantsP T k Ccomeafteravoweloravoicedconsonant,theyare(usually)pronouncedvoicedb,d,g,z.Aftern,ispronounced.Examples: WPT ramagherd,flock WPwA kerbaggooddeed WKCB radratu WCwA rdgenerous EKcDc abzaghpurity WKtN warzmiraculouspower MWtM mardmpeople CWP panfiveExceptionsincludethefollowingcommonwords: WilAT nazdknear EilAT trkhdarkness EigZW nazdkhnearness,vicinity WcdA a-kanraglimitless haftseven

LESSON2

17 May4,2008-11:22PM

Theletterspellszalsowhennotinitial,butthisisrelativelyrare(exceptinarameograms)andalmostonlyincompounds,e.g.: zA azgoat(rarewordfromAvestanaza) Wwjgza zarmnoldagebut WwalzA

LESSON2

18 May4,2008-11:22PM

THE ADJECTIVE/ADVERB WAS MUCH, MANY, VERY Thisadjectiveisverycommonlyusedtoqualifynounsandadjectives,e.g.,andarrn-ahrwasmazdsnbdhndinthelandoftheIranians,thereweremanyMazdayasniansnkanzagwashuihrnrdagwashuwrthisgirlisverypretty,thatboyisverymanly

Notethealternativewordorder,inwhichwasisthepredicateofthenounitqualifies:andarrnahrwasmowmardhndinthelandoftheIranians,therearemanyZoroastrianpriests

besideandarrnahrmowmardwashndinthelandoftheIranians,Zoroastrianpriestsaremany

POSSESSION 1 Possessioncanbeexpressedbysimplyputtingthepossessorinfrontofwhatispossessed,similartoEnglishInGodsname(asopposedtoInthenameofGod). If the possessor i s a plural noun, it usual ly takes the ending -n ,e.g.:padOhrmazdnminOhrmazdsnamepadyazdnnminthegodsnamedwndmthecreationoftheevilgods.mardmnruwnpeoplessouls

TO BE AND NOT TO BE Toexpressexistence,theverbsastexistsandnstdoesnotexistareused,pasttensebd. Theseformsarealsousedtoexpressthereis,thereare. Thepluralformshnd,nhnd,bdhndareusedwhenpluralityisemphasized. Examples:wahitastuddoxastParadiseexists,andHellexists;thereisaParadiseandthereisaHellAhrimenandargtynstAhrimendoesnotexistinthisworldandarwahitbazzakkarnstthereisnoevil-doerinParadise,therearenoevil-doersinParadise(noonein

Paradisedoesevildeeds)andardoxkerbakkarnhndtherearenodoersofgooddeedsinHell(nooneinHelldoesgooddeeds)andargtyyazdnbdhndtherehavebeennogods(ever)inthisworld,therehaveneverbeenany...

TO HAVE Theseverbsarealsousedtoexpresspossession.Grammatically,wecouldsaythatthepossessorisindirectobject.Pluralnounstaketheending-n,e.g.:mannstIhavenothing(thereisnothingforme)murwnparrastbirdshavewing(s)forthebirdstherearewings)

LESSON2

19 May4,2008-11:22PM

SENTENCES2 andarOhrmazdmnwazurgdhast inOhrmazdshouse,thereisgreatjoy waddwhndwadyazdnhnd therearebaddemons,therearenobadgods padOhrmazdwarzyazdndumennhnd ByOhrmazdsmiraculouspower,thegodshavenoenemies Witsphnhudrnhbd Witspwaskingofkingsand(the)kingoftheIranians nWitspbdwazurgh thiswasWitsp,agreatking padgtymardmwashnd therearemanypeopleinthisworld andarJamxwadyhhaftkiwarmardmpad duringJamskingdom(rule),thepeopleoftheseven abgumnhbudhnd continentswereinabsenceofdoubt(hadnodoubts) mardmntanudgynudruwnast humanshavebodies,vitalspirits(souls),and(immortal)

souls gspandnuddadnruwnnst domesticandwildanimalshavenosouls andarwahitrnhwiderdagnruwnwashnd inthelightofParadise,therearemanysoulsofthe

departed padgtykfudrdudzrywasastbstragnst intheworldoftheliving,therearemanymountains,rivers,

andoceans,buttherearenostars andarnzryudrdmhgast inthisoceanandrivertherearefish xwardudmhudstragpadsmnhnd thesun,moon,andstarsareinthesky bazzakkarhmardmnwattarkunin evil-doingishumansworstdeed(act,action) andarmazdsnnbazzakkarwasnst therearenotmanyevil-doersamongtheMazdayasnians

EXERCISES21.PracticewritingthePahlaviwordsinthislesson,usinglinedpaper.2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtransliterationsandidentifythemwithwordsinthislesson: a WJW EilAT WfJW EKcDc WilAT EtH WKcDWK LPW WklAtJ > LwYK WklAWkA lYWwA WKtdL mATK WKtTW At WthAW kLW Wt WTc EwwL

LESSON2

20 May4,2008-11:22PM

2.TranslateintoEnglish(donotattempttowriteinPahlavi):

1. OhrmazddmhamnAhrimendm2. Ohrmazdfradomdmkadmbd3. nGaymardbdfradommardm4. HangudTahmrafudJamhaftkiwarhbdhnd5. andarwahitwiderdagnruwnandardhbdhnd6. Ohrmazdudwasyazdandarwahitpadrnhudabzaghbdhnd7. Ahrimenudwasdwandardoxpadtrkhudbazzakkarhbdhnd8. ngtyrnhazxwardudmhudstragast9. yazdnkuninandargtynst10. smnkanragnst

3.TranslateintoPahlavi(donotattempttowriteinPahlavi):

1. Jamwasverygeneroustothepoor.2. Alldemonsdoevil,allgodsdogood.[say:areevil-doers,etc.]3. Theevil-doingdemonsareindarkness.4. Thesoulsofthegenerous(ones)areinpurityandjoy.5. Onthebigmountainthereismuchsnow.6. Inthehouse,therewereaprettygirlandabigboy.7. ByWitspsmiraculouspower,thelandoftheIranianshadnoenemies.8. InHell,thesoulsoftheevil-doersareindarkness.9. Therewasagirlinthehouse;shewasverypretty.10. Whoarethesetruthfulmen?TheyareMazdayasnians.

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHESENTENCESANDTHEEXERCISES2 Note:Grammaticalwordsinthelessonarenotincluded.Spellingisonlyincludedwithwordsspelledwitharameograms.abzagh EKcDc purity akanrag WklAWkA sky,heaven tax At firebazzakkarh eLKKCB thepracticeofdoingevildeedsdm E creationdox(duox) WwaHwY enemyn this gh aD (aspecial)place;throneGaymard WtMwD soul,vitalspirit(leavesthebodyatdeath)haft WTc

LESSON2

21 May4,2008-11:22PM

huwr lYWwA manlyJam Y Jam(mythicalking,deposedbyDahg)kadm mATK which(oftwo)kanrag WklAWK girlkiwar LwYK continentkf PWK activity,doingofdeeds mh a moon mhg Wia theAvestawasdividedinto21nasksOhrmazd awAwA Ohrmazd(thesurpemegod) rd Wt boy rd WTwL soul(goestoParadiseorHell)dh EtH happinessh aH kinghnh aH WwaH kingofkingsstrag WklAtJ amythicalkingtan WWT darkn trkh EilAT darkness waag WKCW ParadiseWarka kLW Warka(theworldocean;Av.Vourukaa)wazurg big,great,largewarz WcW departed,dead wisp WfJW Witsp(aking)xwadyh eTwA rulexward WtdLwA godyazdn WwaD

LESSON2

22 May4,2008-11:22PM

23 May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON3SPELLING 3 THE LETTER ThisisthemostproblematicletterinthePahlaviscript.Initialy Ininitialposition,rarelyhasthevaluey-andmostofteninwordsborrowedfromAvestan. Thewordyalheromaybealoanword.Initialdandg Wordswithinitialdandgarecommon,e.g.: WtD dn,technicalterm kAwD gygplace awY dannhtoothache kAwY ganngfoul(-smelling) lY dardoor,chapter lY garmountain Note:WeseethatlYhasthreedifferentreadings:yal,dar,gar.SuchhomographyisquitecommoninPahlavi.aftern: YWB bandbond,tie,rope YWW nangmodesty,shame YWwlY druwandevil,wicked YWT tangnarrow YWC andasmuchas,howmuch/many? YWC anglyre(musicalinstrument) YwLWB bulandtall,high YwL rangcolor YNwAtjA astmandwithbones YN manghashishafterz: gzA azdknown gzA azgbranch gzM mizdfee,reward gzM mazgmarrow,brainafterr: gLwY gurgwolf gLtJW wastarggarment,clothes glM margdeath gLtJW wistargcarpet,bedspread,etc.for SometimestheletterYisusedforandisthenusuallytransliteratedas.ItcombineswithafollowingintotheletterA,transliteratedas,e.g.: imY zamgearth(alsoimZ) WwAtjmY yazdn(of,to)gods awAwA ohrmazd,nameofthesupremegod

LESSON3

24 May4,2008-11:22PM

NotetheveryirregularWtDyazdnandwith-t-asintheolderspellingintheinscriptions.ThewordismuchrarerthanWtDmazdsnMazdayasnian,inwhichalsothewShasbeendistortedintotD.Somescribeswritethewordlike.ThewordisoccasionallyfoundspelledoutasWwjgzM,WwjzM. NotealsotheirregularWtMwDrststraight,true,truthful WwasA ham-ddestnagreed SwewD Syns(variantspelling) WtJpl yazdn(of,to)thegods WwaD ghnlivingbeings,world(oflivingbeings) WwaH,WwaH dwndwthe(worst)demonamongdemons aH WwaH gyn(n) = WwE E>W weh = EW

Note:Themarkforisnotoriginallyadiacritic,butthetopoftheoldformof,cf.theearlierformsintheinscriptionsdandthePsalterD.

LESSON3

25 May4,2008-11:22PM

ARAMEOGRAMS 1 Wejustsawthattheworddwn,possessivepluralofdwbadgod,(male)demonisspelledwithacompletelydifferent-lookingword,aH.ThewordDYAisinfactfromAramaicand,whenitisusedtospellaPahlaviword,iscalledanarameogram(orheterogram,ideogram,Persianhozvre). ProbablyclosetohalfthePahlavivocabulary(ormore)isspelledbymeansofarameograms.Thismaysoundverydifficult,butwithtimethestudentwilllearnthatitiseasiertorecognizeanarameogramthananIranianword.Thisisinpartduetosomeverycommonpatters,mainlyintheverbs,butalsobecauseofcertainlettercombinations. Arameogramsaretraditionallytransliteratedwithcapitalletters. NotefinalN-=andthevalueforW. Herearesomecommonarameogramsforwordswehavealreadylearnedandsomeothercommonwords:Conjunc tions and part ic le s W ud and Y 1.particle;2.relativepronoun L n not oA ma donot AWB b but;out,away;verbalparticleexpressingcompletion k 1.that,introducesdirectspeech(=:);2.sothat;3.where? YW t 1.until,foraslongas;2.sothat,inorderthatAdject ives YBK was much,many AbL wazurg big,greatAdverbs W h inthatmanner,intheusualmanner WwGwL

LESSON3

26 May4,2008-11:22PM

Tobe Theverbtobehastwoprincipalfunctions:1.toaddapredicate,inwhichcaseitiscalledacopula;2.inthe3rdpersontoindicateexistence,inwhichcaseitiscalledanexistentialverb.Thecopulahasno3rdsingular.TheexistentialverbcorrespondstoEnglishthereis,thereare. MNwA ham Iam YNwA hm weare NwA h youare WtDNwA ast is,exists;thereis WtDwL bd (he/she/it)was/hasbeen;therewas/hasbeen (he/she/it)became/hasbecome YNwA WTWB

LESSON3

27 May4,2008-11:22PM

Itcanalsobeplacedafteraninterveningverb,e.g.:andarmntax-wbdwazurginthehouse,therewasagreatfire

Theparticleisalsousedinexpressionssuchas:kfHarburzthemountainHarburz,MountHarburzandarzryWarkaxar-wasts-pyintheWarkasea(ocean),thereisathree-leggeddonkey(xar)rnahrandarkiwarXwanrahthelandoftheIraniansisinthecontinent(kiwar)ofXwanrahkerbaggtythegooddeeds(performed)inthisworld

Severalparticleswithonenoun:

ahrwazurgBblthegreatlandofBabylonTheparticleisalsousedbeforeprepositionalphrases:nkhpadwahitudanghpaddoxthegoodnessinParadiseandtheevilinHellkang-wkangnnhomngayoungwomannotlike(other)youngwomen

ThePahlaviexpressionfortheXone,isnX,literally,thatXone.Thisexpressioncanalsobeusedtoattachadjectivestonouns:e.g.:

npahlomaxwnthebestexistence=pahlomaxwn=axwnpahlomnwattaraxwnthebest/worstexistence=wattaraxwn=axwnwattarnasartrkhtheendless(asar)darkness=asartrkh[*trkhasar*isnotused]nmehkerbagudnkehthegreatergooddeedandthesmalleronenahlawkasudndruwandtherighteouspersonandtheeviloneghrstnudndrzanntheplaceofthetruthfulonesandthatoftheliarsndndudnntheonewhoknowsandtheonewhodoesnot

Notealso:

ymazdsntheMazdayasnian(person),theMazdayasniansThe construc tion with n i s very common and important, so learn it well! POSSESSION 2 NotethecommonpossessiveexpressionxXxwbelongingtoX.Pluralnounstake-nbeforexw,e.g.:kxwhamwhoseamI?(whodoIbelongto?)OhrmazdmanxwudanOhrmazdxwhamOhrmazdbelongstome,andIbelongtoOhrmazdAhrimenuddwnxwnhamIdonotbelongtoAhrimenandthedemons

LESSON3

28 May4,2008-11:22PM

SENTENCES3anag-ruwndurbdMahrspandnmazdsnnslrbddurbdsonofMahrspandof-immortal-soul

(anag-ruwn)wasaleaderoftheMazdayasnians Notetheending-ninMahrspand-nmeaningsonof.nahlawnwiderdagnruwnhamgabgOhrmazdudamahrspandnandarGardmnpadwazurgdh

hndthesoulsoftherighteousdepartedareall(hamg)inGardmntogetherwithOhrmazdandtheamahrspandsingreatjoy

AppositionsarenotmarkedinPahlaviandcanattimesbenotsoeasytoidentify(atfirstglance):asarrnhghamahrspandnudGardmnudsmnawinhtheEndlessLights,theplaceofthe

Amahrspands,Gardmn,andtheskyaresinless(freefromsin,awinh)kastrhahlyhrhprytkhudnabrgrhhamgn-rhone(k)istheroad(path,rh)of

righteousness,(namely)theroadoftheteachingsofold(prytkh);theother(abrg)roadsareallnon-roads

EXERCISES3

1.PracticewritingthePahlaviwordsinthislesson,usinglinedpaper.2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptionsandaddthetransliterations: awAwA LwYK WTwL aD MNwA Wwa EilAT MWtP WwaJ EtH NwA WwAtJtdmA EwawDc slYWwA WwAwa N WkAwD WwD WN WklAtJ WwDC AWB WthAW WWtH kL WtMwD x LKKPWK WtdA YBK

LESSON3

29 May4,2008-11:22PM

3.Addthetransliterationstothesesentencesandtranslatethem:1 anPrzham.tkxwh / NwA nPW WN kL ? MNwA WCwlYP NwA2 OhrmazdxwhamnAhrimenxw / nPW a MNwA nPW awAwA3 yazdnxwhamndwn / WwaH a MNwA nPW WwaD4 amhOhrmazddmhmndruwanddmnhm / YWNwA L E YWwlY Y ? YWNwA E awAwA NwL5 amhmardmmazdsnhdbamhdriyhm/ YWNwA wdlY NwL AWB WtDNwA Wtja Y MWtM MWkL6 dwbazzakkarhndnmardmawinh / sAWwA Y MWtM a YNwA LKKCB Y aH7 padkfbulandwafrwasast / WtdA YBK LPW YwLWB Y PWK WWP 8 andarOhrmazdmnwazurgdhast / WtdA EtH AvL Wwa awAwA x 9 padgtykfudrdwasastbstragnst / WtDwL WklAtJ AWB WtdA YBK WTwL W WPWK YtJ WWP 10 Ohrmazdandarasarrnhbdzamnakanrag / WklAWkA Y WwaY WTWB EwwL :jA x awAwA4.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslatethefollowingsentences: / YwLWB Y WPWK WcWblA . ! / WtdA YWC WklAtJ WwasA WWP . 2 / WthAW x WkAwD< W aD< awAWA . 3 / YWNwA YBK w Y MWtM WWtH x . 4 / YNwA WTWB WwAtJtdmA MWtM WkAA . 24 / WTWB Wtja W Wt slYWwA ^ LwYK x WthAWtZ . 33 / WTWB WwaJ< x Y WwaWtM N MWtP WtMwD< ?34 / YNwA WTWB Ewaw

LESSON3

30 May4,2008-11:22PM

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHESENTENCESANDTHEEXERCISES3 Note:Grammaticalwordsinthelessonarenotincluded.Spellingisnotincludedwithwordsspelledwitharameograms.abrg WIwAc thenameofafamoushighpriestinthe4th

centuryahlaw WBwla thedndruwand YWwlY evil,wicked(opposite:ahlaw)k WKw thehouseofOhrmazd,Paradiseghn WwaJ allham-ddestn WwAtJtdmA similarto(...homng)Mahrspandn WwaDWfJwa Ran,oneofthejudgesinthebeyond;he

holdsabalance,onwhichthegoodandevilthoughts,etc.,areweighed

slr lEwD leader,chief,governortang YWT narrowXwanrah slYWwA thecentraloneoftheseverncontinentszamn WwaZ

31 May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON4SPELLING 4 THE LETTER TheletterWisnotquiteasambiguousasY.Itscommonvaluesarenandwandasotiosestroke,ofwhichwehavealreadyseenmanyexamples. Inafewcommonwords,however,ithasthevaluer,forexample: WWt ahrland WWWt frnblessing,applause WWwYcD kerddid WKPWK frzforth,forward WIwAc pursdaskedNoteespeciallytheirregularlEwDslrleader,chief,governor. ThevalueisalsofoundinmanyZoroastriantechnicalterms,notablyinthenamesofthe7amahrspands(alsonamesofmonths): YWfJwaA WTc Wahman WthAWTwA Spandarmad(theEarth) WtDWwA AmurdadLETTER VALUES IN ARAMEOGRAMS Arameogramsarealwayswrittenwithcapitalletters,includinginsteadof,forinstance:AWbYmardman. ThreelettervaluesarefoundonlyinArameograms: N-(onlyfinal),e.g.: NwYnthis nLWyhe,she,it. W,e.g.: OWto WWKnnnow M:onlyin qabaron TheletterNwhenfinalisalmostalwaysthesignofanArameogram,forinstance,nYWzanwoman;onlyrarelyarewedealingwithanIranianword,forinstanceWnwY,whereasfinal

LESSON4

32 May4,2008-11:22PM

Notelettercombinationswith: nM what,which q abaron nMWP dahanmouth (WtJW)WtJWnm g then Pronouns nLW y he,she,it WwaHnLW zarrnofgold,goldenNouns ATwwA mardm people WbA

LESSON4

33 May4,2008-11:22PM

GRAMMAR 4 POSSESSION 3 Wehavealreadyseenexpressionssuchasmanpidmyfatherandrnh(the)kingofiran(ians).Morecommonly,genitivesareconnectedtotheirnounsbymeansoftheparticle,alsousedwithadjectives.Inthiscase,too,pluralnouns(andsometimestheiradjectives)taketheending-n,e.g.: gygOhrmazdudabrgnyazdntheplaceofOhrmazdandtheothergods>Ohrmazdsandtheothergodsplace(beside:Ohrmazdudabrgnyazdngyg). Notethat,inthisconstruction,theisinthesamepositionasEnglishof. Asinthecaseofadjectives,onecanalsousetheformulanXthatofX,whichcanbereplacedbyn(d)XthisoneofXs,e.g.:

nhpusthekingssonnmurwnparrthebirdsfeatehrswingsnmandnudntkerbthisdnofmineandthatbody/shapeofyoursdmardmnzndaghthispeopleslife,thislifethatpeopleleadmizdgtyn-izmnytherewardinthisworldandthatintheotherworld,tootanpasnnOhrmazdabdomdmtheFinalBodyisOhrmazdslastcreationnahlawnkerbagudndruwandnwinhthegooddeedsoftherighteousonesandthesinsofthewicked

onespadnOhrmazdmurzdrhudpadnOhrmazdrdhbyOhrmazdsmercyandbyOhrmazdsgenerositymeninudgwinudkuninnharwdkwehudk-izwattarthinking,speaking,andactingbelongstoboth

(harwd):(theone)whoisgoodandalso(-iz)(theone)whoisbad Note:theuseoftherelativepronouninkwehudk-izwattarisinimitationofAvestan.

Andwithxwandpluralnounswith-n: nOhrmazdxwthatofOhrmazds,thatwhichbelongstoOhrmazd damahrspandnxwthisthatbelongstotheamahrspandsPERSONAL PRONOUNS Personalpronounshavefullformsandencliticforms.Encliticformsareshortformsthatcannotstandalone,butareattachedtoaprecedingword,oftenthefirstwordinaclause. Theyareoftenusedas:genitives(my,your,his,etc.),directobject(me,you,him,etc.),indirectobjects(to/forme,you,him,etc.);andgovernedbyprepositionsandpostpositions.Sincetheencliticpronounisusuallyattachedtothefirstwordofaclause,theprepositionwilloftenfollowitandbecomeapostposition. Anencliticpronouncanneverbethe(grammatical)subjectofaverb. Thepronounsassubjectsofverbsareoftenleftout. Thereisnogrammaticaldifferencebetweenhe,she,it. Notethatthe1stpers.anisonlyusedassubject(withwhichtheverbagrees),whilemanandtheotherpronounsareusedasdirectandindirectobject,possessive,withpre/postpositions,etc.

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Fullforms EncliticformsSingular 1st NwA an I M- -(i)m me,my L man I,me,my 2nd kL t you,your T- -(i)t you,your 3rd nLW y he/she,him/her,his/her - -(i) him/her/it,his,etc.Plural 1st NwL amh we,us,our Wwa- -(i)mnus,our 2nd MWkL amh you,your WwAT- -(i)tn you,your 3rd WwaHnLW u-mn Wwa k-n WwATWwdA

LESSON4

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Relativepronounswithenclitics,e.g.:

n-andardninthatwhich(is)withinhisknowledgespazghmagwd-tnandardoxwinhspazghazpdwrddonotspeakslander(spazgh),forinHell,

thesinofslanderrunsinfrontofyou.TO BE AND TO HAVE 2 Asalreadymentioned,theverbtobe,becomeisalsousedtoexpresspossessionthereisanXforY=YhasanX.Thepossessoroftentakesthepostpositionry:agar-ithambun-izmihramhastifyouhaveanyloveforusatall(hambun-iz)PbagryfrazendnbdPbaghadnochild.

Wefindastincertaincontexts(notyetentirelydefined),referringtosomeprecedingdiscussionorexplanation,meaningsomethinglikethatis(idest)orandthatisX. Examples:

nastOhrmazd(Wahmansaid:)That/heisOhrmazdazasaragkerbAhunwarfrzbd.astdnFromthehead-lessform,theAhunwaroriginated,thatis,thednstragkdagwashndk-nnmnasttherearemanysmallstars,whose(k-nwhotheir)namesare

these(=asfollows)THE VERB. THE 3RD PERSON SINGULAR AND PLURAL PRESENT AND THE IMPERATIVE Pahlaviverbsareconjugatedin3personsand2numbers(1st,2nd,3rdpersonsingularandplural),likeGerman,French,etc.Present indicat ive 3rd person singular and plura l Endings: Singular Plural WtD- tux-dmakesaneffort YwhAWT tux-nd WtJWWP framy-dcommands YwdaLP framy-nd Wtja:J zy-dlives YwYw zy-nd WtDBwY

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ahlawnkerbagyazdnrasdaybdwndoesthegoodactivity(thegooddeeds)oftherighteousonescometothegodsortothedemons?

Note:Rememberthatpluralnounstaketheending-nalsoafterprepositions:yazd-n/dw-n.SpandarmadzamgrdhdkhamgdmnazyzyndSpandarmadtheearthsgenerosityisthis:all

creatures(dmn)livefromherpadnOhrmazdmurzdrhdmnzyndudpadnOhrmazdrdhnpahlomaxwnrasndby

Ohrmazdsmercy(murzdrh)thecreatureslive,andbyOhrmazdsgenerositythey(will)cometothebestexistence

winwngnastkahlawsryndAbestgabargwndthesound(wng)ofthelute(win)isthatwhichtherighteousonessingwhorecite(abargwnd)theAvesta

Impera tive 2nd person s ingular and plural Endings: Singular Plural - -(noending) WtD- tuxd SWWP pursask! WtJWWP dwrd LP framycommand! WtjaLP sryd

Note:The2ndpluralisalwaysidenticalwiththe3rdsingular.Examples:rstgwdndrmagwdSpeakthetruth!Donotspeakuntruth/lies!nwinhkrzahrdahtandarzamnmrdgivethatsinnerpoison,sothathediesintime=onthespot!aybazzakkarOhrmazddmmazanddoxrasdOevil-doers,donotsmiteOhrmazdscreation,because

youwillcometoHell!Negat ions Notetheuseofdoublenegations:n...(ud)n,ma...ma,neither...nor,e.g.:

nazabestgpaydgnbawdkannnudngtnstThis(case)weknowfromtheAvesta.That(isthecase)when(hehas)neitherbreadnormeat.

ma-izpas-izmazdsnnzamgkrndmababarhilndkpadnabarsagaybmardwiderdAlso,afterward,letthemnotillthatearth,letthemnotreleasewateronit,onwhichadogoramanhaspassedaway!

TWO TECHNICAL TERMS: DN AND PAYDG Thetermdnisoftenrenderedasreligion,whichcanbeadequateinlatetexts.Itcanbemisleading,however,ifappliedtopre-Christiantimes,whenreligioninthemodernsensedidnotreallyexist.Inancienttimes,religionwasmoreawayoflifeincludingthedivine,ratherthanapersonalattitudetothedivine.Westernscholars,however,haveprojectedthecharacteristicsofChristianityandIslamontoZoroastrianism,ratherthanseeingitasareligionlikethoseoftheAncientNearEast. TheDnandtheGoodDn(wehdn)refertotheentiretradition,knowledge,andcustomsoftheZoroastrians,whichwererevealedtoZarathustrabyOhrmazd.ItissometimessynonymouswithZoroastrianism.

LESSON4

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IntheZoroastrianeschatologicalmyth,thednisthetotalityofapersonsgoodthoughts,speech,anddeeds.Afterdeath,sheappearstothesoulintheshapeofawoman,whoseappearanceisaccordingtothebalanceofgoodversusevilthoughts,etc.,andwholeadsthesoultoheavenorhellaccordingly. Thetermpaydgandthephrasepaydgbdareoftenrenderedasitis/wasrevealed,butitonlymeansapparent,(forall)tobeseenandpaydgbdmeansappeared. Thetermiscommonlyconnectedwiththednorgooddn,andwhatappearsisoftensomethingthatOhrmazdshowsZardut;inthosecasesitcomesclosetoouruseofrevealed. ThesimilartermazAbestgpaydgmeansitisknownfromtheAvestaandissometimesfollowedbyanAvestanquotation. Thecorrespondingnounispaydgh,ofteninthephrase(b)paydghmadcameintofullview(appeared,becameclearforalltosee).Examples:padwehdnpaydgkOhrmazdddrhamgghnastmandn.n-izpaydgkharwkasmand(itis)

apparentintheGoodDnthatOhrmazdisthecreator(ddr)ofalllivingbeingswithbones(ghnastmandn);thistooisapparent:thateveryperson(=everybody)(is)mortal(mand).

Notetheparticle-iztoo,also.astkdngwdnazAbestgpaydgthereisone(authority)whosays:ThisisknownfromtheAvestanazabestgpaydgnbawdkannnudngtnstThis(case)weknowfromtheAvesta.That(oneisthe

case)whenhehasneitherbreadnormeat.

TEXT4 AdaptedfromtheArdWirz-nmagBookoftherighteousWirz(theZoroastrianDivinaCommedia):ArdWirzazMihrudprzgarSrAhlyudduryazdpursdkawnkhndudrydarestndgwdSrAhlyudduryazdkngyghamstagnxwnndudnruwnttanpasnngygestndudruwnawnmardmnhndk-nkerbagudwinhrstbdu-npdifrhazwardinandarwysardhaybgarmhu-nabrgpetyragnst ArdWirzasksMihr,thevictoriousSroftheRewards,andthedivineFire: Whoarethose(souls)andwhyaretheystandinghere? SroftheRewardsandthedivineFiresay:ThisplacetheycallHamstagn. Thesesoulsstand(in)thisplaceuntiltheFinalBody. Theyarethesoulsofthosepeoplewhose(k-n)gooddeedsandsinsareequal(inweight). Andtheirpunishmentisfromthecoldnessandheatof(resultingfrom)theturningoftheatmosphere. Andtheyhavenootheradversities.

EXERCISES41.Addthetranscriptions/transliterationstothesesentencesandtranslatethem:1 / WtdA WPwA ^ gLtJW WthAW x WkAtDP WWWtdA WwD WWP ? !

2 / WwmL WWP nMt WN WwaE awAwA N LWP YtJ NwY ? 2

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3 / WnwY lAksAWW Mc WtJwY LKKPWK L ? WnwY ATK Tc WtJwY ATK kL ? 3

LESSON4

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WtDwMwA WwL dumen h Wtja WwmL dwrd t WwaTwlY WWt trkh WwaD WWtHWwa d tis WwAIwAc WWwDC dar wahit WwAKtTW WWWt dn widerdagn WwAtJtDtDwY WWWtdA n winhkr WwAwABwL YW rn-ahr wistarg WwAwA glM Gardmn yazdn WWK gLtJW gwd zyd3.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslateatleastthreeofsentences1-5andatleastthreeofsentences6-10: / N eLTW W awAwA N EKwYW / eLTW WN N W EKwYW WN N ? ! / Yw EtH W WwmL WWP W WtDwL WnwY> WcdA NwL lYpAB Y WWtH x nMt ? 2 / YwMwA WTWB Ewaw WTw 333 ? 3 / WwAtJtDtDwY Pw WtDwMwA WwAtJtdmA MwY>N NwY WWP MWkL ? 4 / WwaD WwAIwAc W Wtja ^ WwL W WWt NTwL Y>WNwA WthAW x WwJP Y WWT Y>W YWfJwaA W awAWA . 23 / WtDWnA W WtDWwA W WtwYWfJ W WWwYWWtH W WthAWTwA W WNwAW W awAwA YWNwA WTc NwY YWfJwaA . 33 / YWNwA EtH AvL WWP WwAwABwL WwAKtTW NTwL WwaTwlY< x WkaA ?34 WWtHWwa OW glM W WPwA WWP WnwY WwaD Y lAksAWW WWK WtDBwY< WWWtdA AklM WwAwA ? 44 / WtdlABwY> x / WtDBwY MWkL WWwDC WWWtdA L WkAtDP WtDBwY MWkL Y AwA Wwa WtDBwY AwA WthAWtZ .333 / YWNwA Wwma W EtH WWP WthAW x WWABwL Et WWP W elAtDcnA awAwA Y WWP ? 4.TranslateintoPahlaviatleastthreeofsentences1-5andatleasttwoof6-10(donotattempttowriteinPahlavi):

1. ThatmanwhosingstheAhunwarisourteacher.2. PrzasksWahrmthus:Isbattleagoodthingorabadone?3. Inthisworldtherearemanymen,domesticanimals,andfires.4. Inrnahr,thepeopleareallMazdayasniansdoinggooddeeds.5. Theevil-doingDahgshousewasfarfromthelandoftheIraniansinthelandofBabylon.6. PeopleareOhrmazdscreaturesandthedemonsarethoseofAhrimen.7. Here,therearenodemonsandtheirevil,fortheyaretogetherwithAhrimeninHell,therewherethereis

nogoodness.8. Whoisyourfather,mother,brother,andsister?OurfatherisOhrmazd,ourmotherisSpandarmad,our

brotherisSr,andoursisteristheDnoftheMazdayasnians.9. ThiswomanwhoistogetherwithOhrmazdonthegoodcarpetishisdaughterSpandarmad.10. Itisclearinthednthatgoodnessistheseedofknowledge,butHellthefruitofsin.

ADDITIONAL READINGS 4.1 ZandWahmanYasn7.36udwngkundmihrfrx-gydPiitanbmgkbkanbzannuzdstrdwnnimag

LESSON4

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rawnrndehnmanOhrmazd-ddabzwiryghdnudxwadyhabardruwandnkatwnbkenn$$

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTANDTHEEXERCISES4abargw- utter,recitedur WWWt propernameb WPwA turmoilayb,ayb...ayb WPw as,like,inthewaythat;how?Dahg WkaD knowledgedastwar LBWtjY guideinreligiousmattes,teacherdr WiL far,distantdar nMt heredn WWWtdA doubtful(bedoubtful=havedoubt)hamstagn WwAKtjA disagreementkrzr lAcdlAK battlemarg glM deathnkh EKwYW goodnessn 333 nine,9nn WWK nowpdifrh saPtP punishmentpaydg WkAtDP joy,happinesssl WTw

LESSON4

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SrAhly a wlS SroftheRewards(Av.Sraoaaiia)t YW until;sothattanpasn WwJP Y WWT theFinalBody(theworldintheend)tis MwYN thingthm mAWT seed wardin WwtW

42 May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON5SPELLING 5 Therearenumerousirregular(i.e.,unpredictable)spellingsofPahlaviwords,asthereareinEnglish,mostofthemcausedbythehistoryofthewords.COMBINATIONS WITH < , H> =-h- Theregularreadingofthesequenceish,e.g.: a mhmoon aWP panhrefuge aD ghthrone,place a rhroad,path akA ghaware,knowledgeable aWW winhsin,evilact aKW nighalook aPtP pdifrhpunishmentSomeofthesewordsarealsospelledwith,e.g.: sE ghthrone,place sa rhroad,path sAkA ghaware,knowledgeable sAWW winhsin,evilact sAKW nighalook saPtP pdifrhpunishment

Note:aPtPandsaPtParealsospelledaPWtPorsaPWtPpdufrh.Lesscommonly,itistobereadasandspellsh,e.g.: MwlaC ahromfourth WkaD ghnlivingbeings,world=-ah-/-ax- Inanumberofcommonwords,however,thesequencespells-ah-/-ax-(withshort-a-),e.g.: aP pah,smalldomesticanimal(sheepandgoats,Av.pasu)

laB bahrpart,share WtB saxthard,firm;firmly WtJ mehmnguest;intimate WwAkaD dehgnlandownerZWY4.53$$

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THE SEQUENCE AND = XW , -X Atthebeginningofwords,thesequence,inadditiontohu-,alsospellsxw-,e.g.: eTwA xwadyhrule WwLwA xwardsun elAkYwA xwkrhduty(asaZoroastrian)Thesequenceisfoundbetweenvowelsin: WWwaJ passoxanswer WwatJW oxexistence WwAwa doxHell EwawA hu-oxhorhu-axwhgoodexistence WwaP wistx(w)confident Man. WwaP passoxanswer Man. foror Wefindinternalforinacoupleofwords,perhapstoavoidconfusionwithsimilarwords,e.g.: Lwa zrstrengthfor LwZ zrcf. LwZ zrdeception,deceitfulTheisignoredinseveralwordsafteralongvowel,e.g.: WWwYcD or.POSTVOCALIC Intervocalicandspell-d-and-g-whentheyaretheinitialsofwordswithprefixesandincompounds,e.g.: WwDwA hu-gwinspeakinggoodspeech EwawDc ab-gumnhlackofdoubt(gumn)

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-yspelled FromtheinscriptionsandthePahlaviPsalms,weseethatfinal-ywasalwaysspelledandthatintervocalic-y-wasoftenspelledbutalso: YwL ryface YWB bysmell,fragrance

NotethatYwLandYWBalsospellrangandband. W Wy,adeity JW nasycorpse YWw mnytheworldofthought TwA xwadylord,ruler iYWw bayngods,Majesty YBwLP Farnbay,FarrbayNotetheirregular (WtJWwY) WtDWwY aybor-y-spelled= Sincecanbefor(etc.),thesequencecanalsobeforor,e.g.: Wwa maynmiddle Wwa zynharm WklatDP= WklEtDP =framydhecommands = WtjaLP nkgood WkAwD dahbedlordoftheland WtJw-w zyendag>zndagliving,alive wspelled ThiscombinationisfoundinaZoroastrianterm: AWbYw,WtMw

LESSON5

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Spellingof-ay,-ay-as Inafewwordsspellsaywithshorta,amongthem: W waybird - zay- askfor WtMwD gtygofthegty Note:Thetermsgtyandmnyareoftentranscribedasgtgandmng,basedontheManicheanterm,buttheyarenever(exceptoccasionallyinlatetexts)spelledwith.Av.maiia-*maiin-(thefirsttwohumansinthePahlavitexts): aHM,HM May (etc.)YwaHM Mayny (etc.)a Mahly (etc.)Ywaa Mahlyny (etc.)YWt Mahry (etc.)YwaWt MahriynyNote:Thespellingfor--issometimesfoundbeforeconsonants,aswell,e.g.: WwAkadawlA

LESSON5

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GRAMMAR 5 THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS Therelativepronouns(Y)andk(WN)arebothofthemcommoninthefunctionsofwho,whom,which. Notethatrelativeclausesintroducedbyusuallycontainaverb,whichhelpsdistinguishthemfromezafeconstructions. Examples:astkdngwdthereisonewhosaysthus(asfollows)...mardmandarnahrhndmazdsnhndthepeoplewhoareinthistownareMazdayasniantaxBurzisawangtaxpohrmazdxwadyestdTheBurzisawangfireisthefirewhichstandsbefore

OhrmazdtheLord Note:Thethreeparticlesinthislastsentenceallhavedifferentfuntions.Whatarethey?

Whose Therelativepronounkcanbedirectorindirectobject,aswellaspossessivewhose,e.g.:

nkkrabgwehnwehhkundudkabgwattarnwattarhkundhewhohasbusinesswithgood(people)doesgoodthings(goodness);hewho(hasbusiness)withbadonesdoesbadthings(badness)

Thepossessivewhosecanalsobeexpressedbyattachinganencliticpronountotherelativepronoun,e.g.:u-nwinhbdk-nruwnwngarnpdifrhbawdandwhatsinwastheirswhosesoulgets(lit.who

fortheirsoul=forwhosesoultherewillbe)suchaheavypunishment? Ardawnkanzagbd-kerbwasnkArdawnhada(servant)girl,whose(lit.whoher)shape(was)very

good(beautiful)Therelativepronoun(nM)ismostoftenusedindefinitely,allthat,everythingthat,etc.,e.g.:udandarndarand(that)which(is)inthatchapterharandardninOhrmazdkanragmandeverythingthat(is)inOhrmazdsknowledgeislimited

THE VERB. THE PRESENT AND PAST STEMS 1 ThePahlaviverbalsystemisbasedupontwoformsoftheverb:thepresentstemandthepaststem.Thepaststemendsin-daftervowelsandvoicedconsonantsandin-taftervoicelessconsonants. Thepaststemmad(Wt

LESSON5

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Regular(weak)verbstakeendings(-d,-d,-ist),whileirregularverbshaveunpredictablepaststems,e.g.:-d: est-(st-) est-d stand nih- nih-d place,laydown-d: ras- ras-d arrive tux- tux-d strive,workdiligently,makeaneffort frst- frst-d send-ist: dn- dn-ist know dwr- dwr-ist rush(howevilbeingsmove) dry- dry-ist howl(howevilbeingsspeak) zy- zst( WtjaH Thepaststemcanbemadefromthepresentstembyreplacingafinalconsonantwith-d,e.g.: zan- zad strike,smite,smash zan- zad kill framy- framd order,command zy- zd bebornARAMEOGRAMS 3 . VERBS 1 ThelargemajorityofcommonPahlaviverbsarespelledwitharameograms.Thus,mostoftheverbsabovearespelledwitharameograms: -WNtHW xwar-xward eat,consume -WWtwA nih-nihd place -WtDWK=-WtdLK xwn-xwnd call -WwLTK mn-mnd remain -WtdmL abgan-,abgand throw -Wtda zan-zad strike -WWwH frst-frstd send -WtDwA dn-dnist know(something) -WWtE ras-rasd arrive -WWwE baw-bd be,become -WnYWI est-estd(or:st-) stand(up) -WwLT=-WwLTI zan-zad kill -WwaZ zy-,zd beborn

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Notethemanysimplifiedandotherwisechangedletters:written,,;written,etc.;written,etc.Ifwearrangethesearameogramsbyforms,werecognizecertainpatterns:Endingin: -WwLTK mn-mnd remain -WWwH frst-frstd send

Note:-WWwHisalsospelled-WWtH(cf.Wtjamndhewaits WwLTK mnwait!Plural: YWwLTK mnndtheywait WtDWwLTK rasd(paststem)orrasd(3rdsing.present).

LESSON5

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THE PAST STEMS OF ARAMEOGRAMS Arameogramsofverbstakeregular(Iranian)endings.Suchphoneticallyspelledendingsarecommonlyreferredtoasphoneticcomplements. ThecommonendingofthepaststemisWT- xward eaten WTWtda est-d stood WtDWWtE frst-d send WtJWtDwA

LESSON5

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pas2(d)druzfrzmnndAhrimenudzafterward,twoLie-demonsremain:Ahrimenandz / YNwA Wt lAWP WTPWwYC OW WcWP ? 2 frzinwadpuhlmadhmwecametotheinwadbridge / WtDWwmYWkY WKWcT c Wtja ^ WwL nMT ? 3 nhRanrstu-tarzgestdtherestandsRantheStraightandhisbalance / YNwA Wt WklYTP OW WwABwL WwAKtTW WwaHnLW WkAwD WWP Wwac ? 4 u-mnpadngygawnwiderdagnruwnpadragmadhnd and,inthatplace,thesoulsofthedepartedcametoward(padrag)us / WtJw Tw # EtDb x WtMwD WtjlABwY x WklEtDP tA N oa ? 23 pasaznkapetyragandardwristGaymardandarbgadh30(s)slzstaftertheAdversary(=Ahrimen)

(had)rushedin,GaymardlivedintheStateaftertheInvasion(bgadh)for30years / YNwA WTWwaZ WtMwD ^ WkmAWT N WkaA ATwwA WIwAc W YwaHM W HM ? 33 MayudMaynyudabrgmardmhamgazthmagGaymardzdhnd MayandMaynyandtheotherhumanswereallbornfromGaymardsseed / WtDWWtE q WimY WWP EkYwY W W WwaHc WTWwLTK x WimY WWP WKtN ^ LtJplA ? 34nxrafstarmurdagpadzamgandarmndu-nwiudgandaghpadzamgabarrasd thosedeadevilanimalsremainedinsidetheearthandtheirpoisonandfoulnesscameupontheearth

TEXT5AdaptedfromtheArdWirz-nmag:

dngwndkpasazmargahlawZarduxttbowandagh300(ssad)sldnandarabzaghudmardmandarabgumnhbdhnd

gngizistagAliksandarhrmygpadgarnzynudanthrn-ahrmadpasazmargAliksandarmardmnrn-ahrkabgdidwasbudpahikrbdiyn-inxwadyudslruddastwardn-ghnbdudmowmard-izpadtisyazdngumnbdhndudwasud-ddestnhandarghnbpaydghmad Sotheysay:AfterthedeathofrighteousZarduxtuntilthecompletionof300years,thereligion(was)inpurity,

andpeoplewereinastateofnon-doubt. ThenthataccursedAlexander,theRoman,cametoIranwith(=bringing)muchharmandlackofpeace(=

war). AfterthedeathofAlexander,therewasmuchturmoilandstrifeamongthepeopleofIran(lit.thepeopleof

Iranhadmuchturmoilandstrifeonewiththeother) sincetheyhadnolord(king),governor,andguideknowledgeableinthedn. Andthehighpriests,too,weredoubtfulaboutthemattersofthegods. Andmuchdisagreementappearedintheworld.

EXERCISES5 1.Transcribe/transliteratethesesentencesandtranslatethem.Underscoreletterswithirregularshapes.Identifythepastandpresenttensearameogramsandtranslatethesentences.:

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YNwA NTwL aH c WtdA WtDWtDwA esAkAfJwlA WWP CNwY awAwA ? ! / LtJplA LtdlS ^ WOhrmazdn-izpadharwisp-ghhdndkAhrimenastu-dwabgudnwattarxrafstar

/ WtDWtda egZfJ WWP MWtM ^ WtdA 1aH WkAtDP WWWtdA WwD WWP ? 2

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/ WtWwmYWkY YP WwYva ^!WKWcT WN Wtja ^ WwL WTWB NTwL WwaHc YNwA WTWB WwAkYWw ^ WWtH NwY N WwaZ N YP M WtDBwY WWWtdA WwaWvYw OW WcYW AtA 4 / WtDWWwH oA WwAKtN ^ oW AWB

WtWwmYWkY WiLW OW Y eTwaHwY x WN WTWB !WTPwD WktJcD Y WkaD ? 23 / WtTW Tw + N oa W WcYW AtA OW WtD WWWt W WtdA WkAwD ATK NwY WtJWWP WtD WWWt N WcYW AtA / YWtDWK WwAKtA WkAwD NwY WtDWWWnY WwaJP WWP ? 33

*4.TranslateintoPahlaviandwriteinPahlaviatleastfourofthesentences.Notethetenses.Donottranslatepresentintopast.1 Thedemonhowlstotherighteousman:Donotspeaktruth,forthosewhospeakthetruthwillcometohell.2 Butspeaklies,forthosewhospeaklies,theirplaceandpositionwillbeinParadise.3 ThenZarduxtstoodbeforethedemons.Thus,hesays:4 ButI,whoamZarduxt,saytoyou,thedemons:Forthatlie,there,therewillbepunishmentforyoufromAhrimeninHell.5Havenodoubtaboutthisthing:fromtheaccursedAhrimentherewillbenomercy.6Donotspeakslander,forinHelleverysinwillrunafteryou,butthesinofslanderwillruninfrontofyou!7Destinyisfromtheturningofthestarsintheatmosphere,goodnessisfromthedutiesyouperform,andrewardsarefromthegenerosityandtruthfulnesswhichareintrinsictoyou(=inyou).

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTANDTHEEXERCISES5abarras- comeuponabzmn- remainbehindanth EthAwA lackofpeace,warandarwy wlYwA theintermediatespace,atmosphereArzsp WfjAcA destinyb toinwadpuhl lAWP WTPWwYC knowledgeableinthedndry-dryist -lY howl(demonicwayofspeaking) dr WBwlY theLie,lie-demons(female)duxwadyh eTwaHwY evilrule,misrulebgad WtDb oneanotheresm mdA firewoodgarn WwaG accursed(aboutAhrimenandAlexander)hamwr lAnA alwaysharwisp-ghh esAkAfJwlA omniscience

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hazr + athousandhrmyg WiawlA havinggooddnam Y Jam,Jamshid(mythicalking,AvestanYima)ud-ddestnh EwAtJtDtDwY disagreementkirrn-d WtDwYwK intimate,intrinsicnm name,famenmrz WCwlmYW Zarduxtsfatherpuhl lAWP bridgerspg WIfjL balance,scaleswardin WwtW pass(over,through:az),crossoverwirg WiLW living,alivezst WtJw -w chiefpriest

54 May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON6SPELLLING 6 Initial=pay-,=py- Thesespellingsarefoundinafewwords: YWWTP paywandconnection,lineage WtJWTP,-YWWTP mihrMithra(agod);love WWtH rabihwinnoon(Av.rapiina) WtWtdM dshare Y amJam E mcup WtdmY dchewed WwAtDwE rd(g)barley,grain LwE rtime(threetimes,etc.) NoteWwEbrburden;time(threetimes,etc.) WWwlYB bgowl MWB bmearth

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WKvmatJ bgad(bgat),theInvasion(attackoftheEvilSpirit;Av.*aibigaiti) mYvYc abbmwithoutfear YWBwA hubyhavinggoodsmell,sweet-smelling,fragrantFinal Final-bafter-m-wasprobablystillpronouncedinearlyPahlavi,butspellingswithout-bshowthatitwaseventuallylost.After-hm-itwasprobablynolongerpronounced,thoughitmayhavepersistedbeforesuffixes,e.g.: MwY dumbtail MwS,MwS sumbhoof MkA ,MWkA akamb,akombwomb MwYCK kazdumbscorpion matJ stahm(b)violence WKvmatJ ahlawrighteous WWABwL udgseparate WwEwY inwadinwadpuhl,thebridgeofjudgement

Note:ThespellingWTWwYCaydmemory elAvsA hayrhelp aAKtvsA aydgrhremembrance

Note:TheolderspellingsareknownfromthePahlaviPsalms.Note:DonotconfuselAbsAhayrandlABwsA=aswrhorseman

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GRAMMAR 6 THE VERB. THE PRESENT AND PAST STEMS 2 Thepaststemcanbemadefromthepresentstembychangingthefinalconsonantandadding-t(noexamplesof-d?),e.g.: bad- bast fall xwh- xwst seek,askfor hil- hit let,leave,allow dr- dt have,holdThepaststemcanbemadefromthepresentstembychangingthevowelandadding-d(noexamplesof-t?),e.g.: bar- burd carry,bring mr- murd die Thepaststemcanbemadefromthepresentstembychangingthevowelandfinalconsonant(s)andadding-dor-t.Thisgivesuspaststemsendinginoneortwoconsonants,e.g.:Paststemendinginoneconsonant: dah- dd give aw- ud go baw- bd be,become sry- srd recite,sing naw- nd hear,listenPaststemendingintwoconsonants: band- bast tie,bind,close nin- niast sit y- ust wash kun- kerd do,make raw- raft go(about) gw- guft say,speakSometimesthechangeismoresubstantial,e.g.: gr- grift take,seize padr- padrift receive,acceptSomepaststemsarenotetymologicallyrelatedtothepresentstem,e.g.: h- bd be,become y- mad(mad) come wn- dd see

Note:Cf.Englishbe-am-wasandgo-went.

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ARAMEOGRAMS 4 . VERBS 2 Herearethearameogramsoftheverbsabovearrangedbypatterns:Endingin: -WwW kun-kerd do -WwW gr-grift take,seize W]JW band-bast tie,bind,close -WwlZW aw-ud go WtJwEW|-WwEW| xwh-xwst seek,askfor,request WtJWwLPW-WwLPW dr-dt hold Wtor WTWwaZ,-WwaZ zy-,zd beborn WTPwYorWTWWWnY, -WWWnY gw-guft say,speakARAMEOGRAMS. ADVERBS Herearesomecommonadverbsandotherusefulwords,arameogramsandothers: nMt dar here nMT nh there WcWP frd down aa ul up WWwlYwA brn out(side) lYc azr below LPc azabar above

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WwYwL nazdist first(ofall) tA ka when,if t kay when?

Note:nazdistisoftenspelledWtjZWaward hither,comehere!

Note:Thewordisspelledasifwithmouth.NOUNS AND ADVERBS AS PREPOSITIONS AND POSTPOSITIONS Severaloftheseadverbscanbeusedasprepositions,inwhichcasesometaketheconnectingparticle,otherscombinewiththeprepositionaz,e.g.,pinfrontof,p(go)before,pazbefore,pasazafter,azpasafter,inpursuitof,drazfarfrom,etc.Notepasazn()kaafter...(conjunction). Manynounsindicatingpositionalsobehaveinthismanner,e.g.,mayninthemiddleof,prmnaround,kanragbythesideof,beside. Notethat,inmanycases,itcanbedifficulttodecidewhetherornotanexpressiontakestheparticle. Examples:pandpasudpasyWirzpmazdsnnudand,afterward,thatWirzwentbeforetheMazdayasniansdngudxwamn-wizrpxwsthndthewisemenandthedream-interpreterswerecalledbefore(him)pasazn()kadruzdmdwristaftertheDruzrushedupontheworldazpasawnrdn18rdazhambunxnfrztazdhndafterthoserivers,18(other)riversflowedforth

fromthesamesourcesphKirmazpasArdaxrawetftKirmsarmyhurriedafterArdashirOhrmazdpazdm-dahinhnbdxwadyudpasazdm-dahinhxwadybdbeforethecreationwas

established,Ohrmazdwasnotlord,and,afterthecreationwasestablished,hebecame/waslordOthersWdmnywdknzamgazrudazabardrdtheWindisthewindintheotherworld,whichholds(up)this

earthbelowandaboveazrnzamghamggygbbestdunderthisearth,ineveryplace,therestandswaterHarburznkfprmnnzamgHarburzisthatmountain(whichis)aroundthisearthkfHarburzprmnghnkfTragmaynghnMountHarburzisaroundtheworld,MountTragis

inthemiddleoftheworldinwadpuhlpadagdDityestdkfbulandmaynghntheinwadBridgeisontheRidgeofDity,

whichisthehighmountaininthemiddleoftheworldzryFrxkerdkanragHarburztheFrxkerdseaisbeside(Mount)Harburz

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SENTENCES 6 Analyzethefollowingsentences,andidentifythearameograms:

/ WtDWWi oA AWB lsa x aWW ? ! winhandarhsrbmahilddonotletasinwithinamile(ofyou)!

/ YWwLT WwahA YWtjA LtJplA tA MWtM ? 2 mardmkaxrafstarwnnd-nzanndwhen/ifpeopleseeevilanimals,theykillthem / LbmAtDP WwAtja NwL ^ WcYW kL nMWc WtDWwY ? 3drustawartWirzammazdsnnpaygmbarwelcome,Wirz,our,theMazdayasnians,messenger!

/ WtDWtjA EkAwA AWK nMT W WtDWwLPW WwaHwY OW YWWwlY Y WwABwL ? 4 ruwndruwanddoxbaddudnhharwanghwndthesouloftheevil(person)fallsdowntoHell

/ WcWvlA Y WPWK Y WklAWK WCwlmYW Y WtJWK WWP kLW Y glZ WwD WWP WtDWWWnY ? 23 gwdpaddnkzryWarkapadkustnmrzkanragkfHarburzItsaysinthednthattheWarkaSea

(is)inthesoutherndirectionnexttoMountHarburz / WtDWWwH WwAKtN ^ oW AWB WwAI>Ww ^ WWtH NwY N WwaY N WwYwL MWWK ? 33nn-impazzamnaznahrzndagnbnmurdagnfrstdnow,sendmebefore(my)timefromthis

realmofthelivingtothatofthedead!

/ YWWbE WwaHwY oW WPw WthAW oW WwABwL WTWWtdmY tA YtJ x nMt ^ MWtM ? 34mardmdarandargtykamurdruwnwahitaybdoxdahndpeopleinthisworld,whentheyare

dead,dotheygive(their)soul(s)toparadiseortohell?

/ WtDWwW Wwa YWWi L WklatDP NwY W YWwEWB MwYN NwY ^ WklAC YWfJwaA W awAwA ? 44 OhrmazdudamahrspandragntisxwhndudnpetyragnhilndkzynkundOhrmazdandthe

amahrspandswillseekameans(todealwith)thismatter,andtheywillnotpermitthisadversarytodoharm

TEXTS6TEXTS 6.1 FromPand-nmagZarduxtZarduxtsBookofAdvice(alsocalled:WizdaghprytknSelect(sayings)oftheteachersofold):paydgkxwardharwrzsbrmardmgtyframndahd.bmddngwdkOhrmazdamhkmardmhdhamgwdkpadkrudkerbagtuxgbawdt-tnanzngtypad

maynkunam Itiswellknownthateverydaythreetimes,thesuncommandsthepeopleofthisworld.Atdawnitsays: Ohrmazdkeepssayingtoyou,(whoare)people:Bediligentinall(your)activitiessothatI(can)placeamong

youlifeinthisworld! Note:kmardmhd(you)whoarepeopleisanAvestan-typephraseandmeansonly(you)people.

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TEXTS 6.2 AdaptedfromtheArdWirz-nmag:fradomgmpadhumaduddidgargmpadhxtudsidgargmpadhuwartfrzinwadpuhlmadhamwas-pahnyamwandOhrmazd-ddahromgmfrznihamnrnGardmnhamg-xwrhu-mnpadragmadawnwiderdagnruwnuddrdpursndudfrnkunndudngwndkiyntahlawbmadhaznwas-anghaxwnudabarnaxwnapetyragmadhudanxwardagrzamndarrminwn Thefirststepwithgoodthought,thesecondstepwithgoodspeech,andthethirdstepwithgoodaction IcameforthtotheverywideandpowerfulinwadbridgeestablishedbyOhrmazd. TheforthstepIplaceforthtotheluminousGardmn,fullofbliss. Andthosesoulsofthedepartedcametomeetus. Andtheyask(usaboutour)health;theyapplaud(us);andtheysaythis: Howdidyou,Orighteousone,comefromthatexistencewithmuchevilandcametothisexistence,freefrom

adversity? Anddrinknectar!Foryoushallseepeaceforalongtime.

EXERCISES61.Addthetranscriptions/transliterationstothesesentencesandtranslatethem:Ohrmazdxwadypadnasarrnhnind / WtDWWbYtD EwwL :jA Y WWP AWwM Y awAwA ? !

/ WkAwawA la WtWnYkY AWB WwasA ^ WWwlYwA lECwY ? 2

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2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions:abrg druwandn stahmbag WKw lgelA MwY>cabdom g-i tis aH WwDA WwYvaamahrspandn k thm WwaE WWtHWwa WwAwAArdaxr rn-ahr u-n WtD WwDwA WkAwEArdawn farrox wnam WIwAc lAkaWW WKvmatJ arek gty winhkr WwEWwlY lAWP WklA aswr haftn wistx YWWi mEwA MwYNwm hilnd xward mAWT WwEWfJwaA WwATcdmn hudn yazd MWtjA atJ WwatJWdng pasn zarrn WwaHc WwJP WwaPdw puhl lABwsA WtdLwA 3.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslateatleastfiveofthefollowingsentences:

/ WtDWWvE awAwA ^ WwaE OW eY>wDWwa NwY lAk aH WKw ? ! / YWWi L WwmL W EtH c WthAW x WwABwL WwEWwlY ^ WtD WIwAc W awAwA ? 2 / YNwA n>d W YWWwE NTwL lABwsA Y>BK WwDA WtDWWtD tA WWTwaHP ? 4 YWwlZW GvGc ^ YWBwA ^ WthAW ^ WwAwa MwlaP OW WwDwA ^ LKKPWK lYp ? 23 / YWtdmL WTwLP WwaHwY OW LKKCB ^ WKvmatJ ^ lAkaWW LtdlS AWB WtDWWWwmY WwaHc WtDWwsE q EthA WwaAbsA c YWw WkAwY OW awAwA WwDA ? 33 / WWbE Ww>tJ W W]J elAvsA L ^ E> OW q YWw WkAwY WtDWWwE kAwawA GWw awAwA N W WtDWWtD lL WwEWfJwaA W awAwA ^ WwYwL WthAWtZ EwA WWP ? 44 WtDWwlZW WTwLP atJ OW lAwa W YWWbE L AWB WtDWwEWB WwAtDwE ^

4.TranslateintoPahlaviandwriteinPahlaviatleast2ofsentences1-5and3ofsentences6-10: Notethetenses.Donottranslatepresentintopast.

1. WhenSnscomes,theFinalBodywillcomeabout(=become).2. Everyday,thesungoesin(side)throughonewindowandgoesout(side)byonewindow.3. Whoknowshowmuchgoodandevilthereisinthisworldandwhatwillbeatlast?4. Donotdoworkthatyoudonotknow,anddowell(=good)theoneyoudoknow!5. Seekfromthegodstherewardofthisworld,andtheywillgiveyouthatoftheotherworld,too.6. Andthenthosesevenmensatdownonagoldenthrone.Thus,theysay:Mazdyasnians,donotdothis

thing!7. Oneday,Ardawnrequeststhewiseones(tocome)before(him)andasks(them):Whatdoyouseeinthe

matteroftheseven(planets)?8. IfyouhaveconfidenceinthelawofOhrmazd,youwillbeveryfortunateinthisworldandveryrighteousin

theotherworld.9. InParadise,thegenerousandtruthfulmanseeksfromOhrmazdtherewardoftherighteous(ones).10. InthatfiercebattleoftheIraniansandtheXyns,manyMazdayasnianheroesarekilledandgoto

OhrmazdinGardmn,wheretheywillnowbetogetherwiththeotherrighteousones.

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ADDITIONALREADINGS6FromBundahin26.34-36ADDITIONAL READINGS 6.1 mny-wabgMihrhamkrSgxwnnd.hamgnkhkaazabargarngtybrhndnazdistSgydSgMhabesprdMhArdwsrabesprdudArdwsrSpahrabesprdudSpahrpadghnbaxdkwdahdnkhSpahrudkkemdahdwadSpahrxwnndudn-izbaxinpadzamnrasdkWydagrand-xwadyastZurwn OnebeinginthemnywhocollaborateswithMihrtheycallSg. Allgoodness,whenitisfashioned(tobesent)fromthosewhoworkabovetothisworld,firstcomestoSg. SgtransfersittotheMoon.TheMoontransfersittoArdwsr. AndArdwsrtransfersittotheFirmament.AndtheFirmamentdistributesitamonglivingbeings. TheonewhogivesthemoregoodnessistheFirmament,andtheonewhogiveslesstheycallthebad

Firmament. Andthatdistribution(ofgoodness),too,comesthroughTime,whoisWyoflong-lastinglordship,thatis,

Zurwn.

ADDITIONAL READINGS 6.2 Ardwahitxwkrhdkruwndruwandnandardoxdwnwazwinh-nastpdifrhnhild

kerdanu-nwasabzdrd.iyngwdkAwahitayhpahlomamargabzng. Ardwahitsspecialdutyisthis:Hedoesnotpermitthedemonstoexactmorepunishmentonthesoulofthe

wickedinHellthantheirsins(warrant),andheholdsmanyofthemback. Asitsays:ArdwahitisthebestRighteousness,undyingandmakingincrease.

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTSANDTHEEXERCISES6abardr- -WwDEq extend,offerabargar lc whoworksaboveabr lYc veryabespr-,abespurd WtWfJclAfJc makingincrease(forAv.spnta)frn WwYWc

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apetyrag WklEtDpA Ardawnayh ehA Righteousness(anotherformofahlyh)th EthA peacewm ABwA (timeand)agebm,bmdd WtdmA| ,AV distributionbrhn-brhnd -wdL| fashion;frz+fashionforth,create rag WklAC health,well-beingdukm-kerdrh elATWAkwY performingofevilwishesframn WwaLP allbliss,alljoyhamstrh elAtjmA oppositionhamkr lA collaboratorhsr :ja aleague(measureofdistance)homng WkAwawAWkAwaA similarto,likewdn WwAtDwE side,directionmadr lAt comingmayn Wwa Piytan,sonofWitsppurr-xwarrah ndLWP fulloffortune,veryfortunaterzan WWCwL fearsomesar-nign WWWKwlS

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styin Ww>tJ = foodXyn WWw

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LESSON7ARAMAEOGRAMS, NOUNS Hereare(again)somecommonandlesscommonnounsfromthehumansphere: WbA

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Adjective>noun dhappy dhhappiness nkgood nkhgoodness wattarbad wattarhbadness frrn(morally)good frrnh(moral)goodness abrn(morally)bad abrnh(moral)badness druwandevil druwandhevilness abzagpure abzaghpurity dngknowing,wise dnghwisdom tuxgdiligent,hard-working tuxghdiligence,hardwork hubysmellinggood,perfumed,fragrant hubyhgoodsmell,perfume,fragrance dusrawofevilfame dusrawhinfamy abgumnfreefromdoubt abgumnhfreedomfromdoubt ham-ddestnagreeing ham-ddestnhagreement harwisp-ghomniscient,all-knowing harwisp-ghhomniscienceNotethephoneticchangein ahlawrighteous ahlyhrighteousness-in Thissuffixisusedtoformactionnounsfrompresentstemsofverbs,occasionallyfromthepaststeme.g.: men-think meninthinking,thought gw-say,speak gwinspeaking,speech kun-do kunindoing,deed warz-make,perform,produce warzinmaking dn-know dninknowledge dwr-run(aboutevilbeings) dwrinrunning rm-beinpeace rminpeace madcome madincoming(inthepast) Theoriginalimplicationofactionisoftenfaded,andthenounisnolongeranactionnounandmayexpresstheresultoftheactionratherthantheactionitself,asinseveraloftheaboveexamples(thinking>thought). Occasionally,thereisnoaction,asin xwar-eat xwarinfood-in h Thecombination-inhisalsocommon,e.g.: bwider-passaway b-widerinhpassingaway tarmen-scorn tar-meninhscorning,scorn drgw-speaklies dr-gwinhspeakinglies,theliesonespeaks dmdah-establishthecreation dm-dahinhtheestablishmentofthecreation hamraw-goforever ham-rawinhgoingforever,eternity hu-kunindoinggooddeeds hu-kuninhthedoingofgooddeeds,thegooddeedsonedoes Thesenounsarefrequentlyspelledwiththearameogramoftheverb,e.g.,WwWwllmYgun-h il-in-hthereleasingofthemaleanimals(i.e.,intothefemalesformating).

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GRAMMAR 7 COMPARISONS WITH IYN Theconjunctionofcomparisoniynas,like;how?isusuallycombinedwithanadverbmeaningsuch,inthis/thatmanner.TheconstructionscanrarelybetranslatedliterallyintoEnglish. Thecommonestcombinationsare: WWwYwA iyn as WWWtdA

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-WWvYTI nibs-nibit write -WWtdmY mr-murd die -WwJwY stan-stad takeEndingin -WnmW naw-nd hear,listenBeginningwith,endinginor: -WwYtdA nay-nd bring,fetch(people) -WwAkA wind-windd(-d) findNotethepairs: -W]J bar-burd carry,bring(awaythings) -WwYtdE war-wurd bring,fetch(hitherthings) -W]>D> nay-nd lead(awaypeople) -WwYtdA nay-nd bring,fetch(hitherpeople)Similarly: Wt 3rd -d for

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Paradigms: Paradigmsofmen-(-w)tothink,br-(-lAPwA)swallow,purs-(-JWWP)toask,framy-(-LP)toorder,command,kun-(-WwW)todoandaw-(-WwlZW)togo:Singular 1st Mw menam SWWP *pursam daLP *framyam 2nd w men JWWP purs saLP framy 3rd WtDw pursd WtdaLP mend WtJWWP framyd 3rd YwYw mennd YwJWWP pursnd YwDaLP framyndSingular 1st MWwW kunam MWwlZW awam 2nd WwW kun WwlZW aw 3rd WtDWwW awdPlural 1st YWwW kunm YWwlZW awm 2nd WtDWwW awd 3rd YWwW kunnd YWwlZW awnd

Notes: Inarameograms,the1stsingularand1stpluralendingsarealwaysdistinguished:sing.plur.. ForJWWP,wealsofindJWWP,etc.The2ndsingularofzay-issa,aa,etc.,youask(for). FormssuchasWtDWWtE(etc.)canbereadas brd swallow!(youall) WtJWWP framyd order!(youall)

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Singular 2nd WwW kundo! WwlZW awgo!Plural 1st YWwW kunmletusdo! YWwlZW awm letusgo! 2nd WtDWwW awdgo!(youall)Notes: Theimperativeoftocomeistheregulary,yd,butawaraward

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amhmardmadwnstydyou,men,donotpraisethedws!artgkawmanhrawfrzdastypadndastesmstanudfrztaxbarOwoman,whoaregoing

(there),donotgothere!Washyourhand!Withthathandtakefirewoodandcarryittothefire!SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT Whenthesubjectisthepluralofananimatenoun(humansoranimals)thepredicateisusuallyintheplural,butinthepasttensetheauxiliary(hnd)issometimesomitted.Whenthesubjectisnotexpressed,theauxiliarycannotusuallybeomitted:

andyndxynazbunagandaswryndandmrndudandabzawndhowmanyXynswillbecomingfromthecamp?Howmanywillcomeonhorseback?Howmanywilldie?Andhowmanywillgoback?

udpasawnhaftmardbniasthndandthenthosesevenmensatdownu-mnpadragmadawnwiderdagnruwnandthesoulsofthosedepartedcametomeetus

Collect ive nouns Collectivenounsinthesingularcantakeapluralverb:grh-wyndudrstgrnahrtBblgrndonegroupwillcome,andtheywilltaketheprovincesofIran

(alltheway)toBabylon Whenthesubjectisaninanimatenounthepredicateisusuallyinthepluralwhentheindividualityisemphasized,alsowhenthenounhasnopluralending:

gwdpaddnknazdistkffrzrustHariburzudaznpashamgkffrzrusthndpad18slitsaysinthedn:Thefirstmountain(that)grewup(is)Hariburz.Andfromthat,afterward,allthemountainsgrewupin18years.

VERBAL PARTICLES Therearetwokindsofnegations,withnandma,andthreecommonverbalparticleswithmodalfunctions:ham,b,and.Negat ions Torecapitulate:Thenormalnegationsaren(a)andma(oA,A)(do)not!,bothofwhichwehaveseenmanytimes,e.g.:

g-imakmagmandmangmadahdthendonotgivemehashishunwillingly(i.e.,ifIdonotwantit)Itisusedalsoinotherpersonstoexpressletnot!e.g.:

maxynrasndletnottheXyonianscome!Noterepeatednandma,oftenwith-izeither,e.g.:

ntarzgkustaggrynkundnahlawnryudn-izdruwandnnxwadynryudn-izndahbednthatbalancedoesnotdiptoanyside(i.e.,thewrongway):neitherfortherighteousnortheevil,neitherforlordsnorgovernors

nkrhgrdahlyhudmapadfrxhudmapadtanghudmapadrhaz-iwarddTakethatonepath,thatofrighteousness,anddonotturnfromitontoany(other)path,(n)eitherinwell-being(n)orindistress!

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The partic le ham Theparticleham(A)literallymeansever,foreverandisusedtoexpresscontinuingaction;itcanberenderedbykeepdoingorsimilar,e.g.:thamudham-rawinhforeverandeverkmagGanngMnyhamwarzndtheykeepperformingthewill/wishoftheFoulSpiritOhrmazdamhkmardmhdhamgwdkpadkrudkerbagkerdantuxgbawdOhrmazdkeeps

sayingtoyou(whoare)people:Bediligentinperforming(your)workandgooddeeds!hamka(for)aslongashamkawrinwrdxrafstardnwrdiynwrinforaslongasitrains,itrainsevilanimalslikerain

The partic le b Asanadverb,b(AWB)meansout(from),away(from),andisoftenusedwithprepositions,asinbto,allthewayto. Asaverbalparticle,oneofitsmostcommonfunctionsseemstobetoexpresscompletedaction,especiallywithpasttenses,butalsowiththepresent,andimperative,e.g.:Withthepresent:kanhazrslbowandagbawdSrahlyhembzandwhentheninethousandyearsarecomplete,Srof

theRewardswillsmiteWrathpadabdomGanngMnynbawdandardmOhmrazdudpadfrazmbabeshdIntheend,theFoul

Spiritwillnotbe(exist)inOhrmazdscreation,and,for(all)future,hewillbedestroyedWiththeimperative:bnigerdlook!winhandarhsrbmahilddonotletasinwithinamile(ofyou)!

The partic le Theparticle(,A,3;inscr.wwya,Man.hb)isusedwiththepresenttoexpressexhortationtootherthan2ndperson.Itcanusuallybetranslatedwithlet...! Itisnegatedwithma(ma)e.g.:

Note:Inthemanuscripts,isfrequentlyspelledd,whichindicatesthatatthetimeofthemanuscriptswerewritten,thepronoundhadlostitsfinal-dandbecome.

paydgkmardmnyazzanbandditiswellknown:Letamanclosehismindtowomen!kamehruwn-dstarmehawdWhenthegreater=olderloves(his)soulmore,letthegreatergo!akambrydnmatuxdLethimnotlaborsoforthesakeofhisbelly!SpitmnZarduxttzmanbrasdpadtuxghSpitmnZarduxttzudmannigzddnOhrmazd

udZarduxt.Notet...ma...sothatnot,lest,e.g.:

tazsphdumennxynmamndsothatnoXynremainsofthearmyoftheenemies

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SENTENCES7 Analyzethefollowingsentences,andidentifythearameograms: / YWtDWK WTCW nYwL ABwY< ^ WtdA !WJW WTWKwD x ? !andarDnkardnask-wastDuzd-sar-nizadxwnnd IntheDnkard,thereisabookwhichtheycallstruckdownontheheadofthethief Note:Cf.Yt.10.40Eventheirwell-wieldedaxes/well-brandishedcudgels,whenstruckdownupontheheadsofmen...

WklAWkA ^ WwaZ elYp W esAkAWfJwlA WWP WItjlA| awAwA WkAtDP WWwY EW WWP ? 2 / WTWWwE A EwwL q padweh-dnwnpaydgkohrmazdblistgpadharwisp-ghhudwehhzamnakanragabarrnhhambd. InthegooddnitisthusevidentthatOhrmazdwasonhighinthelightinomniscienceandgoodnessforan

endlesstime

^ nYwL WN WWwSC WkAwawA WWWtdA nLW WtDWNtHW nPW ^ EkaHAWT WWwlaP N L WN ? 3 / WtDWNtHW WwaTwwA ^ gW WtDpAtHwA WWK ? 4 WtDWWwE YvYc WwAnwY N TtDWwLPW lZ OWNw WwATtA nMnnawetbdtzryudkazrypadamwndmapydka-tnamzrybaddazdumennabbmbawd Now,hurrytothesea!And,whenyouseetheseawith(yourown)eye(s),donotlinger! For,whenyoureyesfallonthesea,youwillbewithoutfearoftheenemies

33 WwaHnLW N W AWbY W nYW WTWwaZ !WtwY. a 333 WWP YwaHM W HM N ? 23 / YWNwA WTWWwE nYW ^ Nt W a WkaA W ? Y>KW W O ^ YWNwA WTWWwE WtwY.azMayudMaynypadnmhuxt-wzdzanudmardudazawnauxtbdhndnarudmdag.udhamgbrdudxwahzanbdhnd FromMayudMayny,withinninemonths,acouplewasborn,womanandman,and,fromthose(two),

therecamesixcouples,maleandfemale.Andtheywereallbrotherandsister-wife.

WtWtjA W wlgLwA ^ A WWwSC YWnYWkY lAtjA YBK WWkmaJ ^ YwLWB ^ lAWP WTPWwYC WWP ? 33 / WtDWtDwA L el WwD>na WNpadnwadpuhlbulandsahmgenwashamstrstndiynXemxurdruudAstwihdkhmyndmbrdudsagrhndnd Atthehighandfrighteninginwadbridge,manyopponentsarestanding:Wrathwith-the-bloody-cluband

Astwihd,whoswallowstheentirecreationandknowsnosatiety.

Y>WV aH WtWtjA WwdA WtDWwlZW LtdmA ^ nsLK OW LtDvA ^ WtHWP N tA ATwWA ? 34 / WtDWWtdmL nLWC OW x

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mardmkaazputpidarakombmdarawdg-iAstwihddwband-wandargrwabgand Whenahumangoesfromthefathersloinstothemotherswomb,then(=atthattime)thedemonAstwihd

throwsaropeabouthisneck.

/ WtDWwLPW nLWC N Y>WB WVwla ^ EwWWKwA nPW ^ WWP EwlYTW AWB N oa . 44pasazb-widerinhpadnxwhukuninhnahlawbandazgrwbbadd Afterhispassing(away),onaccountofhisgooddeedstheropeoftherighteousfallsaway.

TEXTS7TEXTS 7.1 FromtheaccountofthelastdaysintheBundahinpasmardmmardmbnsndkruwnruwntantanbnsdknmanastpidnmanastbrdudnman

astzan.pasbawdhanamanIsadwstarnkmardmpadnzamgbestnd.andarnhanamanharwkasnk-kuninhudwad-kuninhxwwnnd.ahlawandardruwandwnpaydgiyngspandspdandarnsybawd.pasahlawazdruwandudgkunndudahlawGardmnnaynduddruwandabzdoxabgannd.ud3(s)rzabdoxgtanmandgynmandandardoxpdifrhwidrndudahlawandarGardmn

tanmandn3rzaburwhmenhwnd. Thenpeoplewillknow(recognize)people,i.e.,soulswillknowsouls(and)bodiesbodies(knowingthat)thisis

myfather,thisismybrother,andthisismywife. ThencomestheassemblyofIsadwstar,where(inwhich)peoplewillstandonthisearth. Inthatassembly,allwillseewhatgoodtheydidandwhatbadtheydid. Therighteouswillbeasevidentamongthewickedasawhitesheepamongtheblack. Thentheywillseparatetherighteousfromthewicked.AndtheyleadtherighteoustoGardmnandthrowthe

wickedbackintoHell. And,forthreedays(and)nights,theHell-bound,theywillsufferpunishmentinHellinbodyandsoul,andthe

righteous(one)inGardmnwillsee(=experience)blissinbodyforthreedays(and)nights.TEXTS 7.2 Mhnyyin3.4,translationfromAvestanandcommentary.

iyn ka mh waxd i yn ka mh nirfsd 15 (panzdah)ka mh wax d 15 ka mh nirfsd 15rzazgtynkrudkerbagpadrdudazmnynmizdudpdnud15rzmnynkrudkerbagbabesprdgtynmizdudpdnnkhmhprzgarazkt15rzazmnynnkhudfarroxhpadrdudaz15tbowandagh30(sh)rzpadgtynbaxdudaznkrzkangbabznpadmhbawdtbowandagh30rzrnhudnkhazmnynpadrd

gtynabesprdmizdudpdn How(isit)whenthemoonwaxes?How(isit)whenthemoonwanes? Fifteenwhenthemoonwaxes.Fifteenwhenthemoonwanes.

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Forfifteendays,itreceivesalltheactivitiesofthoseinthisworldandrewardsandcountergiftsfromthoseintheotherworld.

Andforfifteendays,ittransferstheactivitiestothoseintheotherworld,tothoseinthisworldtherewardsandcountergifts.

Thegoodnessofthevictoriousmoon:fromdayoneto(day)fifteen,itreceivesfromthoseintheotherworldgoodnessandgoodfortune.

Andfromdayfifteentothecompletionofthirty(days),itdistributesitamongthoseinthisworld. Andfromthatdayone,when(itis)new,thereis(b...bawd)increaseinthemoon,tothecompletionofthirty

(days),itreceiveslightandgoodnessfromthoseintheotherworld(and)transfersrewardsandcountergiftstothoseinthisworld.

EXERCISES7

1.IdentifytheverbsinTexts1-2thatarespelledwitharameograms.2.Addthetranscriptions/transliterationstothesesentencesandtranslatethem:

/ WtTW AWB t YWNwA Wt WWwL WKtJWK NwY OW ^ nYW W AWvY ^ eLP 2 ? ! ndaswrmardudzannkustagrnmadhndkaybwiderd / YwYw elwA x nMT WWK W YNwA WTWwlZW WcDWwa OW AWB WwaJ WkaA N oa W ? 2 WtDWWtE WwaD OW WKPWK NwY Y>WtDwA Y>WNwA WWK ^ ATwwA WtJWWP awAwA N WthAWtZ ? 3 / WwaH OW WPw>

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3.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions: saPtP nh ftnd a WwAtja ArdWirz zannd afJ WwATc aswr pdifrh AklM WcdA aswr pad-iz A WfjAtHW brd paygmbar eLP WNwAW drd p cYW AtA WtA h CWWP WtDWtda w sph EKwYW WtDWwLTK farroxh ud EkY>Ww WtDWwsE frstd u-tn EwaP WtDWWwH ham Wahman >M WtJWWvYtD harwkas Waran lAbsA WTWwlZW hayr Witsp lABwsA WwAtDwE wdn xrad LbmAtDP WwLW kay xwah lY WWw mnd Xyn nMT YWwLPW mazdsnn yal Nt YWwLT mizd yazdn AWK nm zand YP WwaD nkh zndagh t niast4.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslatethefollowingsentences: / YNwA WtJWWvYtD nMT W YNwA WTWwlZW YP WwAtja ^ WNCwA x WcYW AtA ^ Nt WTc ? ! WtDWWwH WwAwa WwEWw OW AWB NwL ^ a Wtja MWkL oA YWWWnY WWWtdA oa / EtH W EKwYW WfJwlA AWbY nLW N WwanM WtdaLP WWWtdA AklM WfjAtHW ? 2 WtDWtda WnwY WwaD ^ sAWW LWP ^ LKKCB Y WWw W WtDWwlZW WcWP MWkL WWK ? lYW / EwBwLA W A Y>W / WtWWtwA WwaWtM ^ WWT x ^ a 3 CNwY . 3 / YWwsE a WCwlY 3 W aD YWw 3 a 3 NwY WWP / WtDWwsE a A W aD WNwAW Www WWP / WtDWwsE a WwLW W aD WtA WwBwY WWP WtDWwsE a YWw WkAwY W aD YWw WkAwYfJ WwWWK WWP

Note:nihdisthepasttense:(are)placed.

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5.TranslateintoPahlaviandwriteinPahlaviatleastfoursentences,includingatleasttwoofthelongerones:

1. Gaymardslifewas30years.Afterthathedied.2. Zarduxt,theMazdayasniansmessenger,willbringOhrmazdsdntoKingWitsp.3. Now,Ohrmazd,showmeheavenandhellandtherewardoftherighteousandthepunishmentoftheevil!4. Alwaysbetruthfulandgenerous(so)that(t)youwillbehappyafterdeath![singularandplural]5. Praiserighteousnessandscornthe