Skin Problems –

infections, allergies, or damages

Ch 4 Integument System

Warning: Graphic Pictures

1. Athlete’s Foot

– mostly from fungal infection

2. Boils & Carbuncles

Bacterial infection & inflammation of hair follicle.

• Boil = 1

• Carbuncle = several connected boils

3. Black & Whiteheads

• Blackheads - oil and dead skin cells trapped in a oil pore, makeup

• Whiteheads - flesh-or white-colored bumps due to skin pore blockage; blockage is deeper than blackhead (covered w/epithelium)

4. Cold Sores

• Caused by Herpes simplex virus I• Common, contagious, incurable

5. Contact Dermatitis• Inflammatory response – red, itchy rash• Non-contagious• Chronic – long term, reoccuring• Caused by contact with allergens or irritants,

exposure to sunlight, or by poor circulation, even stress.

6. Impetigo

• Crusting skin infection

• Caused by staph and strep germs

• Pus filled blisters

• Highly contagious

7. Psoriasis• Chronic – arms, knees, elbows, scalp

• Red patches covered with white scales

• Unknown cause; some think autoimmune disorder

• Triggered by trauma, infection, stress

8. Cyanosis

• Blue skin, membranes, and/or nails

• Due to reduced oxygen in blood

9. Burns

• Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals

• Associated dangers- Dehydration

- Electrolyte imbalance

- Circulatory shock

Rules of Nines

• Way to determine the extent of burns

• Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimate

• Each area represents ~ 9%

Burns are CRITICAL if…

• Over 25% of body has 2nd degree

• Over 10% has 3rd degree

• 3rd degree burns on face, hands, and/or feet

 

Scald Burn

Heat Burn

Chemical

Electrical

Sunburn

Contact Burn

Inhale Burn

10. Skin CancerAbnormal cell mass

Two types1. Benign

-does not spread (encapsulated)2. Malignant

-Metastasized (moves) to other parts of body

Skin cancer is most common type of cancer.

3 types of Malignant Skin Cancer

A. Basal cell carcinoma- least malignant

- Most common- Arises from stratum basale

B. Squamous Cell Carcinoma- -arises from stratum spinosum- Metastasizes to lymph nodes- Early removal allows a good chance of cure

C. Malignant Melanoma

- Most deadly

- Cancer of melanocytes

- Metastasizes rapidly to lymph & blood vessels

- Detection uses ABCD rule.

ABCD RuleABCD RuleA = Asymmetry

– Two sides of pigmented mole do not match

B = Border irregularity – Borders of mole are not smooth

C = Color – Different colors in pigmented area

D = Diameter – Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter

Pigmentation Disorders

Albinism

• Genetic recessive

Hyperpigmentation • too much sun

• drug reactions

• poor nutrition

Vitilgo

• autoimmune disorder

• linked hyperthyroidism & Addison's Disease, which affects the adrenal gland.

Lichen simplex chronicus

• psychological syndrome

• compulsive need to scratch

• dark, leathery skin

• scarring & infection

Lamellar ichthyosis (fish scale disease)

• Genetic?

Melasma

• Pregnancy mask

• Lupus (autoimmune)

Normal Discolorations• Moles - collection of

melanocytes• Freckles – some cells

make more melanin than others; uneven suntan.

• Lentigines - Age spots, sun spots, liver spots - harmless, flat, brown discolorations on the hands, neck & face 40+ yrs; too much sun

• Birthmarks – pigmented areas or dilated blood vessels