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Skeletal System
Unit 6.4 (6th Edition) Chapter 7.4 (7th Edition)
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Learning Objectives • Understand the five functions of bones (physiology) • Classify the four major types of bones • Identify the major parts (anatomy) of a bone • Identify the components of the axial and appendicular divisions of the skeleton • Identify the main bones of the human skeleton • Identify major joints and describe their motion • Describe the main diseases of the skeletal system (pathophysiology) • Distinguish between the major bone fractures
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Fun Facts About the Human Skeleton • Adult humans have 206 bones • You are born with 300 bones • Bones fuse together as you age • As human develops in mother’s womb, majority of skeleton is cartilage, not yet ossified bone • The strongest and longest bone in the femur (thigh) • The smallest bone is the stapes bone in the ear • Ounce for ounce, bone is stronger than steel and reinforced concrete • However, in a given year, doctors around the world treat tens of millions of broken bones! • One out of 20 people have an extra rib
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26 bones in head eventually fuse together with the exception of the mandible.
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Cervical Rib – attaches posteriorly at C7 and can be floating Or attach anteriorly to the first rib.
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Bone Functions (Physiology) • Framework
– support the body’s muscles, fat, and skin • Protection
– surround vital organs to protect them • Levers
– muscles attach to bones to help provide movement
• Blood Cell Production – produce red and white blood cells and platelets
• Storage – store most of calcium supply of body
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Types of Bones
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Bone Anatomy
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• Diaphysis – long shaft of bone – medullary cavity contains yellow marrow (fat cells)
• Epiphysis – ends of long bone – contains red marrow
• Red Marrow – produces red blood cells – produces platelets – some white blood cells – used to diagnose blood diseases
• Periosteum – tough membrane on outside of bone – aids in bone growth, repair, nutrition
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Two Divisions of the Skeleton
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• Axial Skeleton – main trunk of body – skull – spinal column – ribs – breastbone
• Appendicular Skeleton – extremities of body – shoulder girdle – arm bones – pelvic girdle – leg bones
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Bones of the Skull
10 Know the Yellow Highlighted Bones
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Division of Spinal (Vertebral) Column
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• Spinal Column – made of 26 bones called vertebrae – bones protect spinal cord – provide support for head and trunk
• Intervertebral Disks – pads of cartilage tissue – separate the vertebra – act as shock observers – permit bending & twisting motion
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Increase Mobility – Decreased Stability
• Cervical – smaller, more mobile • Thoracic – larger, less mobile • Lumbar – largest, minimal mobility
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Ribs & Breastbone
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• Ribs – 12 pairs called costae – attached to thoracic vertebrae on dorsal surface
• True Ribs – first 7 pairs of ribs – attached directly to sternum on front of body
• False Ribs – next 5 pairs of ribs – first three pairs of false ribs attach to cartilage of the rib above – last two pairs of false ribs are called floating ribs because they do not attach to front of body
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Bones of the Skeleton
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Joints
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• Joints – areas where 2+ bones join
• Ligaments – connective tissue bands – help hold long bones at joints
• Tendons – tough connective tissue cords – one way skeletal muscles attach to bone
• Four Main Types of Joints – classified according to degree of movement – arthr/o = joint – diarthroses- moveable (hip, elbow, knee) – amphiarthroses- partially moveable (ribs to vertebrae) – synarthroses- immoveable (cranium)
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Diathroses (Moving) Joints
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• Three Major Joint Parts – articular cartilage – bursa (joint capsule) – synovial (joint cavity)
•Ball and Socket –shoulders, hips
•Hinge –knees, elbows
•Pivot –radius, ulna
•Gliding –vertebrae
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Diseases & Abnormal Conditions • Arthritis
– inflammation of the joints • Osteoarthritis
– most common form of arthritis – chronic disease due to aging – commonly affects knees and hips – symptoms are stiffness, pain, aching, limited range of motion – no cure, but treatments include: anti-inflammatory medications, heat/ cold application, steroid injections, and rest
• Rheumatoid arthritis – affects joints and connective tissues – 3 times more common in women than men – occurs between 35 and 45 years of age – can case scar tissue formation and atrophy of bone and muscle tissue – results in deformity and immobility – rest, anti-inflammatory medications, and surgery
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Diseases & Abnormalities Continued • Bursitis
– inflammation of bursae (small, fluid-filled sacs surrounding joints) – common in shoulders, elbows, hips, or knees
• Dislocation – when bone is forcibly displaced from a joint – common in shoulders, fingers, knees, and hips
• Sprain – twisting action tears ligaments at joint – common in wrists and ankles
• Osteomyelitis – bone inflammation usually caused by pathogenic organism – abscess is formed within the bone and accumulation of pus
• Osteoporosis – increased porosity or softening of bones caused by hormone deficiency lack of calcium, and sedentary lifestyle
• Ruptured (Herniated) Disk – occurs when an intervetrebral disk ruptures/protrudes out of place
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Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine • Causes
– poor posture – congenital (at birth) defects – structural defects of vertebrae – malnutrition
• Kyphosis – hunchback or rounding of spine at the back of thoracic area
• Scoliosis – side-to-side, or lateral, curvature
• Lordosis – swayback – inward curvature of lumbar region
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Bone Fractures • Definition
– crack or break in a bone • Greenstick
– bone bends & is split causing a crack/incomplete break common in kids • Simple or Closed
– complete break of the bone with no damage to skin • Compound or Open
– bone breaks and ruptures through the skin with increased infection risk • Impacted
– broken bone ends jam into each other • Comminuted
– bone fragments/splinters into 2+ pieces • Spiral
– bone twists and results in one or more breaks • Depressed
– broken piece of skull bone moves inward • Colles
– breaking and dislocation of distal radius that causes bulge at wrist
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Bone Fractures Continued
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