skeletal system
DESCRIPTION
Skeletal System PresentationTRANSCRIPT
What are the
Functions of the Bone?
• Support- framework that supports body
and cradles its soft organs
• Protection- for delicate organs, heart,
lungs, brain
• Movement- bones act as levers for
muscles
• Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate
• Blood cell formation- hematopoietic
• Storage of fats - it stores energy-rich fat
in yellow bone marrow
Spongy Bone Tissue
Located at the ends and interior of long bones
Also called as bone marrow
Composed of an open lattice of bone
Within this lattice framework, RBC are produces
Compact Bone Tissue
Surrounds the sponfu bone tissue
Also found at the core of bones
Give strength to withstand mechanical stress
Exoskeleton or dermal skeleton
Built up outside the body
Muscles are attached to the inner surface
Characteristics into axial and appendicular skeletons
Endoskeleton Built up inside the
body surrounded by sot tissue
Muscles are attached to the outer surface
Characteristics of vertebrae
Divided into axial and appendicular skeletons
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Forms the main axis of the body
Composed of the notochord, vertebral column, ribs,hyoid sternum and skull
CRANIUM PARTS:
Frontal bone- forms the forehead and the anterior part of the brain case
Occipital Bone- curves to form the base of the brain
Temporal Bone- that leads to middle ear
Sphenoid Bone- contributes to forming the orbits
Ethmoid Bone- smallest bone separates the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity.
Posterior ViewPosterior View
Nasal bone – form the bridge of the nose
Zygomatic bone – form the cheekbones
Lacrimal Bone – located at the corners of the eyes near the nose
Maxillae – form the upper jaw to which facial bones are joined
Mandible - forms the lower jaw the only movable portion of the skull.
anchors the tongue and serves as the site for the attachment of muscles associated with swallowing.
• Warm and moisten air• Lighten the skull• Enhance voice resonance
Frontal Sinus
Ethmoid Sinus
Sphenoid Sinus
Maxillary Sinus
The main axial support vertebrae
Common called back bone
Protect the spinal cord
Provides rigidity to the body
Cervical vertebrae- Smallest of all
separate vertebrae- Atlas- firs t cervical- Axis – second
cervical Thoracic vertebrae- Have an extra
articular facet for the attachement of the ribs
Lumbar Vertebrae- The largest and
strongest of all vertebrae
Sacrum- Forms the pelvic
curvature Coccyx- Formed by the
fusion of 4 vertebrae
Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Lumbar Vertberae (5)
SacrumCoccyx
Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Lumbar Vertberae (5)
SacrumCoccyx
The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae
Sacrum & CoccyxSacrum & Coccyx
Series of cartilaginous or elongated bony structures attached to the vertebrae
Form the thoracic cageComposed of the neck, shaft and the angle
True Ribs (7 pairs)- Directly connected to
the sternum False Ribs ( (3 pairs)- The distal
cartilaginous ends unite with the costal cartilages of the last true ribs
Floating Ribs (2 pairs)- The distal
cartilaginous ends terminate freely
Sternum
True Ribs (7)
False Ribs (3)
Floating Ribs (2)
Sternum
True Ribs (7)
False Ribs (3)
Floating Ribs (2)
The Thoracic CageThe Thoracic Cage
Commonly called as the breast bone
Elongated structure lying in the mid- ventral region of the anterior trunk
Articulates with the pectoral girdle
Consists of the anterior pectoral appendages and girdle and the posterior pelvic appendages and girdle.
Pectoral girdle- Scapula – shoulder
blade- coracoid- Clavicle – collar bone Forelimbs- humerus- upper arm- Radius and ulna-
forearm- Carpals-wrist- Metacarpals- palm- Phalanges- fingers
Pelvic girdle- Illium- Ischium- pubis Hindlimbs- Femur – thigh- Tibia and fibula –
shank- Patella- knee cap- Tarsals- ankle- Metatarsals –sole- Phalanges - toes
Bones of the Pectoral GirdleBones of the Pectoral Girdle
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
8 Carpals
14 Phalanges
5 Metacarpals
Patella
The Lower Limb (Legs)
The Lower Limb (Legs)
Femur
TibiaFibula
5 Metatarsals14 Phalanges
7 Tarsals
metatarsals
phelangies
tarsals
metatarsals
phelangies
tarsals
Pelvis
Ischium
Ilium
Acetabulum
Pubis
Ischium
Obturator foramen
Pelvis (lateral view)
Long Bone- column shaped bones consists of a shaft and heads at both ends
Short bones –normally cube shape, contain mostly spongy bone
Flat bone- thin, flattened, with usually curved broad surfaces
Irregular bone- which have varied shapes that permit connections with other bones
Round Bone- exemplified by the patella that is circular in shape.
Distal
epiphysis
Proximal
epiphysis
diaphysis
yellow marrow
epiphyseal line
periosteum
compact bone
spongy bone
Endosteum
hyaline
cartilage
Sharpey’s fibers
Epiphyses – ends of long bones
Metaphysis – joints epiphysis and diaphysis
Articular Cartilage- where bone forms a joint with another bone
Periosteum- covering of the bone
Medullary or marrow cavity - space inside diaphysis; contain yellow bone marrow
Endosteum – inner covering/ lining of the bone
Nutrient foramen – entrance of blood vessel going inside the bone
Connective tissue structures that attach the muscles to the bones
The tendon of the quadriceps muscle traveling over the knee joint is what is tapped to elicit the knee- jerk reflex.
Flexible bands of connective tissue connecting bones together.
Refer to places where bones meet allowing a wide range of movements.
Also called articulationsMuscles and bone work together around joints.
Synarthrosis: immovable
Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable
Diarthrosis: freely movable/ Synovial joints
Gomphoses: joins teeth to mandible and maxilla.
Sutures: joins bones in skull to each other. Irregular edges of the sutures provide increased strength and decreased number of fractures at the suture point.
Synchondrosis: is a cartilaginous. Joint; it is also temporary joint that is replaced by bone during adult life
suturesuture
pubis symphisispubis symphisis
Symphysis: have a pad of fibrocartilage between articulating bones. Includes the pubic symphyses and the intervertebral joints.
Syndesmoses: joins articulating bones by long strands of dense, regular connective tissue. (radius/ulna and tibia/fibula)
Ball-and-Socket Joints. (Spheroid)These joints are formed where the rounded head of one bone fits into the hollow, cup-shaped socket of another bone such as the shoulder joint and thehip joint. Such joints allow freedom of movement in all directions.
Hinge Joints (Ginglymus)These joints occur where the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone, so making movement possible in one plane only. Examples of these joints are the knee and the elbow joints. Hinge joints have ligaments mainly at the sides of the joints.
Gliding Joints This type of joint allows for gliding movements between flat surfaces as the surfaces slide over one another. Only a limited amount of movement is allowed such as the joints between the carpal bones, the joints between the tarsal bones and those between the articular processes (zygapophyses) of successive vertebrae.
Pivot Joints (Trochoid)the end of one one bone rotates round the axis of another bone such as the end of the radius rotating around the ulna as the palm of the hand is turned inwards or outwards.
femur
ligaments
pelvis
(diarthrosis)- freely moveable
femur
pelvis
hyaline cartilage synovial
cavity
joint capsule
Fibrous: (a), syndesmosis (tibiofibular), (b) suture, skullCartilaginous: (c) symphysis (vertebral bodies),
(d) synchondrosis (first rib and sternum)Synovial: (e) condyloid (wrist), (f) planar (intercarpals),
(g) hinge or ginglymus (elbow), (h) ball and socket (hip), (i) saddle(carpometacarpal of thumb), (j) pivot (atlantoaxial)
Synovial Joint Movement
Types of movement and examples (with muscles)flexion- move lower leg toward upperextension- straightening the leg
abduction- moving leg away from bodyadduction- movong leg toward the body
rotation- around its axissupination- rotation of arm to palm-up positionpronation- palm down
circumduction- swinging arms in circles
inversion- turning foot so sole is inwardeversion- sole is out
Abduction
Extension
RotationFlexion
Adduction
Synovial Joint Movement
Male Pelvic Girdle
Female Pelvic Girdle
cartilagecalcified cartilage
bone
epiphyseal plate
epiphyseal line
Endochondral Ossification
2o ossification
center
Fetus: 1st 2 months
AdultChildhood
Just before birth
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
OsteoclastEats bone
Builds new bone
Mature bone cell
Osteoblasts are responsible for building new bone and lie at the centre of bone physiology. Their functions include the synthesis of collagen and the control of mineralization.
Osteocytes Bone adapts to applied forces by growing stronger in order to withstand them; it is known that exercise can help to improve bone strength.
Osteoclasts are specialised cells that resorp and remodel the bone. They work by sealing off an area of bone surface then, when activated, they pump out hydrogen ions to produce a very acid environment, which dissolves the hydroxyapatite.
A broken bone is known as a fracture. This
can simply be a crack or buckle in the structure of the bone, or a complete break, producing two or more fragments.
FracturesFractures
hematomacallus bony callus
bone remodeling
The repair of bone fractures is similar The repair of bone fractures is similar to embryonic bone formation.to embryonic bone formation.
Bone Fracture RepairBone Fracture Repair
Consists of more than 100 different conditions
The common denominator for all these conditions is joint pain
Osteoarthritis- nick-named “wear and tear” arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the most crippling forms of arthritis. It is characterized by chronic inflammation of the lining of joints.
Arthritis- inflammation of the joints
ArthritisArthritis
Osteoporosis- literally means "porous bones“ Occurs when a body's blood calcium level is
low and calcium from bones is dissolved into the blood to maintain a proper balance.
Over time, bone mass and bone strength decrease. As a result, bones become dotted with pits and pores, weak and fragile, and break easily.
Other factors besides age can lead to osteoporosis, such as a diet low in calcium and protein, a lack of vitamin D, smoking, excessive alcohol drinking, and insufficient weight-bearing exercises to stress the bones.
OsteoporosisOsteoporosis
2929 4040 8484 9292
Childhood disorder involving softening and weakening of the bones.
It is primarily caused by lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate
RicketsRickets
Condition involving complex lateral and rotational curvature and deformity of the spine.
Typically classified as: Idiopathic (unknown cause) Congenital (caused by vertebral
abnormality present at birth) possibly inherited
Secondary symptom of another condition, such as cerebral palsy ormuscular dystrophy
ScoliosisScoliosis
Kyphosis can be thought of as an arching of the spine in which the top of the arch is seen in the back
This conditionis sometimesreferred to as “humpback” or “hunchback”
Caused by inflammation of vertebrae, poor posture, or congenital abnormality
KyphosisKyphosis
Lordosis is the increase of the spinal posterior concavity.
In most cases the cause is unknown and the disorder appears from the onset of skeletal growth.
This condition is also referred to as “swayback”.
LordosisLordosis
Infection of bone or bone marrow, usually caused by bacteria.
The infective process encompasses all of the bone components, including the bone marrow
Pus is produced within the bone, which may result in an abscess which then deprives the bone of its blood supply.
Because of the particulars of their blood supply, the tibia, femur, humerus, and vertebral bodies are especially prone
OsteomyelitisOsteomyelitis
The most common type of malignant bone cancer, accounting for 35% of primary bone malignancies.
Usually occurs in the area where the body of cartilage (that separates the epiphyses and the diaphysis) of tubular long bones is located.
50% of cases occur around the knee.
OsteosarcomaOsteosarcoma
INQUIRY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSHoonPWwXQ
THE END!