skeletal muscles. myology my = muscle ology = study of
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Muscles Muscles 650650
Males : 42% of body is muscle Males : 42% of body is muscle weight weight
Females : 35% muscle weight in Females : 35% muscle weight in the bodythe body
Voluntary - skeletalVoluntary - skeletal
Involuntary – cardiac & smoothInvoluntary – cardiac & smooth
Cardiac muscleCardiac muscle
HeartHeart
InvoluntaryInvoluntary
1-2 nuclei1-2 nuclei
Basket weaveBasket weave
StriatedStriated
Not regeneratedNot regenerated
Smooth musclesSmooth muscles
InvoluntaryInvoluntary
VisceralVisceral
1 nuclei1 nuclei
Spindle shapedSpindle shaped
Not striatedNot striated
Nerves – needed or not?Nerves – needed or not?
regeneratedregenerated
Skeletal musclesSkeletal muscles
StriatedStriated
Needs a lot of ATPNeeds a lot of ATP
Moves skeletonMoves skeleton
Attached to bone Attached to bone
Some regeneration occursSome regeneration occurs
Muscle slidesMuscle slides
Use the slides to view these – Use the slides to view these – discuss with your partner the discuss with your partner the differences differences
Print out & label a picture of Print out & label a picture of skeletal, cardiac and smooth skeletal, cardiac and smooth musclemuscle
Functions of skeletal musclesFunctions of skeletal muscles
MovementMovement
Posture / body positionPosture / body position
Support of soft tissuesSupport of soft tissues
ProtectionProtection
Homeostasis - temperatureHomeostasis - temperature
Muscle connectionsMuscle connections
Origin – muscle’s connection to Origin – muscle’s connection to the non-moveable bonethe non-moveable bone
Insertion – muscle’s connection Insertion – muscle’s connection to the moveable boneto the moveable bone
Action - joint movement Action - joint movement
Muscles work in pairsMuscles work in pairsFlexor – contracted muscle Flexor – contracted muscle (agonist)(agonist)
Extensor – relaxed muscle Extensor – relaxed muscle (antagonist)(antagonist)
Ex. Biceps & tricepsEx. Biceps & triceps
What would happen if muscles worked What would happen if muscles worked alone?alone?
Helper muscles = synergist Helper muscles = synergist
ex: brachioradialis- helps to ex: brachioradialis- helps to flex flex
the elbowthe elbow
Origins, Insertions, and ActionsOrigins, Insertions, and Actions– OriginOrigin
Muscle attachment that remains fixedMuscle attachment that remains fixed
– InsertionInsertion
Muscle attachment that movesMuscle attachment that moves
– ActionAction
What joint movement a muscle producesWhat joint movement a muscle produces
Anatomy of Skeletal MusclesAnatomy of Skeletal Muscles
The Organization of a Skeletal The Organization of a Skeletal MuscleMuscle
Figure 7-1
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th EditionMartini / Bartholomew
PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University
The Muscular
System
The Muscular
System77
Figure 7.2aFigure 7.2a
Microanatomy page 188Microanatomy page 188
– SarcolemmaSarcolemmaMuscle cell membraneMuscle cell membrane
– SarcoplasmSarcoplasmMuscle cell cytoplasmMuscle cell cytoplasm
– SarcoplasmicSarcoplasmic reticulumreticulum (SR) (SR)Like smooth ERLike smooth ER
– Transverse tubulesTransverse tubules (T (T tubules)tubules)
– MyofibrilsMyofibrils (contraction (contraction organelle)organelle)
– SarcomeresSarcomeres
Movement due to Movement due to
Filaments:Filaments:
ActinActin
MyosinMyosin
Energy – will need ATP Energy – will need ATP
Sarcomere- smallest part of a Sarcomere- smallest part of a muscle that contractsmuscle that contracts
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-51 of 7
Resting sarcomere
Myosin head
Myosin reactivation
Active-site exposure
Cross bridge detachment
Cross-bridge formation
Pivoting of myosin head
Troponin
ActinTropomyosin
ADP
P+
ADP
P +
ADP
P+
Active site
Sarcoplasm
Ca2+
Ca2+
ADP
P +
ADP
+ P
Ca2+
ADP+P
Ca2+
Ca2+
ADP + P
Ca2+
ADP + P
Ca2+
ATP
ATP
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
ADP
P +
+ P
ADP
Muscle ContractionMuscle Contraction 1. Neurotransmitter-1. Neurotransmitter-
AcetylcholineAcetylcholine (ACh) released (ACh) released
from the motor neuronfrom the motor neuron
ACh binds to receptors on the ACh binds to receptors on the
sarcolemmasarcolemma
Na ions enter cellNa ions enter cell
ACTION POTENTIAL generatedACTION POTENTIAL generated
2. Action potential travels 2. Action potential travels through the cell via the T-through the cell via the T-TUBULESTUBULES
3. Ca ions released from the 3. Ca ions released from the cisternaecisternae
and bind to troponin and bind to troponin
troponin change shape (twist) troponin change shape (twist) to expose the active site on to expose the active site on the actin the actin
4. Crossbridge forms as actin 4. Crossbridge forms as actin and myosin bind together using and myosin bind together using ATPATP
As actin slides toward center of As actin slides toward center of each sarcomere – CONTRACTION each sarcomere – CONTRACTION occursoccurs
5. Acetylcholinesterase 5. Acetylcholinesterase (AChase)is released - ACh is (AChase)is released - ACh is broken down, Ca crossbridges broken down, Ca crossbridges break, Ca goes back to the break, Ca goes back to the cisternae, actin returns to cisternae, actin returns to resting positionresting position
Rephosphorylation occurs - Rephosphorylation occurs - ATP from ADPATP from ADP
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-51 of 7
Resting sarcomere
Myosin head
Myosin reactivation
Active-site exposure
Cross bridge detachment
Cross-bridge formation
Pivoting of myosin head
Troponin
ActinTropomyosin
ADP
P+
ADP
P +
ADP
P+
Active site
Sarcoplasm
Ca2+
Ca2+
ADP
P +
ADP
+ P
Ca2+
ADP+P
Ca2+
Ca2+
ADP + P
Ca2+
ADP + P
Ca2+
ATP
ATP
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
ADP
P +
+ P
ADP
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th EditionMartini / Bartholomew
PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University
The Muscular
System
The Muscular
System77
Table 7.1Table 7.1
Contractions need Contractions need
CalciumCalcium
Calcium is absorbed with the Calcium is absorbed with the help of vitamin Dhelp of vitamin D
How do you get vitamin D?How do you get vitamin D?
Vitamin DVitamin D
Sunlight- used by body to make Sunlight- used by body to make DD
Lack of vitamin D = rickettsLack of vitamin D = ricketts
Which system takes in the Which system takes in the sunlight and helps muscles have sunlight and helps muscles have a supply of Ca?a supply of Ca?
homeostasishomeostasis
What does the body do if it is What does the body do if it is cold? cold?
Muscle contraction and heat is Muscle contraction and heat is releasedreleased
ExercisesExercisesStretching – to prevent injury Stretching – to prevent injury
Resistance – to build muscleResistance – to build muscle
Aerobic - needing oxygen, efficient, Aerobic - needing oxygen, efficient, more ATP available through respiration more ATP available through respiration (which organelle?)(which organelle?)
Anaerobic – without oxygen, less Anaerobic – without oxygen, less oxygen – lactic acid buildupoxygen – lactic acid buildup
Lack of oxygen - muscle becomes soreLack of oxygen - muscle becomes sore
Lack of ATP – muscle can crampLack of ATP – muscle can cramp
Types of ContractionsTypes of Contractions
IsotonicIsotonic contractioncontractionconstant tension constant tension
((iso = iso = samesame, tonic = , tonic = tension)tension)
ex.ex.
Isometric contractionIsometric contraction The length of a muscle stays The length of a muscle stays constant (constant (isoiso = same, = same, metricmetric = = length)length)
ex.ex.
ATPATP Light activityLight activity
Aerobic Aerobic metabolism of metabolism of fatty fatty acidsacids
Storage of Storage of glucoseglucose as as glycogenglycogen
Moderate activityModerate activityBreakdown of Breakdown of glycogenglycogen to to glucoseglucose
GlycolysisGlycolysis of glucose of glucose
Peak activityPeak activityAnerobicAnerobic breakdown of glucose breakdown of glucose
Production of lactic acidProduction of lactic acid
Physical ConditioningPhysical Conditioning
– Anaerobic enduranceAnaerobic enduranceTime over which a muscle can contract Time over which a muscle can contract effectively under anerobic effectively under anerobic conditions.conditions.
– HypertrophyHypertrophy
Increase in muscle bulk. Can result Increase in muscle bulk. Can result
from anerobic training.from anerobic training.
– Aerobic enduranceAerobic endurance
Time over which a muscle can contract Time over which a muscle can contract
supported by mitochondria.supported by mitochondria.
steroidssteroids
Synthetic hormonesSynthetic hormones
Anabolic- builds muscle massAnabolic- builds muscle mass
AndrogenAndrogen
EstrogenEstrogen
Side effectsSide effects
AgingAgingReduceReduce
– Muscle sizeMuscle size– Muscle elasticityMuscle elasticity– Muscle strengthMuscle strength– Exercise toleranceExercise tolerance– Injury recovery Injury recovery abilityability
Which organelle stores ATPWhich organelle stores ATP
Which releases more ATP- aerobic Which releases more ATP- aerobic or anaerobic respiration?or anaerobic respiration?
Which is the backup for the Which is the backup for the other?other?
Rigor mortis – ATP is decreased Rigor mortis – ATP is decreased so Ca permeability is increased, so Ca permeability is increased, muscle can’t movemuscle can’t move
The Appendicular MusclesThe Appendicular Muscles 2 groups2 groups
Muscles of the shoulder and Muscles of the shoulder and upper limbsupper limbs
Muscles of the pelvic girdle and Muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbslower limbs
Names of muscle- based onNames of muscle- based on
Size Size
ShapeShape
LocationLocation
ActionAction
OriginOrigin
insertioninsertion
Shoulder MusclesShoulder Muscles– TrapeziusTrapezius– RhomboidRhomboid– Levator scapulaeLevator scapulae– Serratus anteriorSerratus anterior– Pectoralis minorPectoralis minor
Anatomy of the Muscular Anatomy of the Muscular SystemSystemMuscles of the ShoulderMuscles of the Shoulder
Figure 7-17(b)
Figure 7-232 of 11
Removes excess body Removes excess body heat; synthesizes heat; synthesizes vitamin Dvitamin D33 for calcium for calcium and phosphate and phosphate absorption; protects absorption; protects underlying musclesunderlying muscles
Skeletal muscles pulling Skeletal muscles pulling on skin of face produce on skin of face produce facial expressionsfacial expressions
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The Integumentary SystemThe Integumentary System
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The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
Maintains normal calcium and Maintains normal calcium and phosphate levels in body phosphate levels in body fluids; supports skeletal fluids; supports skeletal muscles; provides sites of muscles; provides sites of attachmentattachmentProvides movement and Provides movement and support; stresses exerted by support; stresses exerted by tendons maintain bone mass; tendons maintain bone mass; stabilizes bones and jointsstabilizes bones and joints
Figure 7-234 of 11
The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System
Controls skeletal muscle Controls skeletal muscle contractions; adjusts contractions; adjusts activities of activities of respiratory and respiratory and cardiovascular systems cardiovascular systems during periods of during periods of muscular activitymuscular activityMuscle spindles monitor Muscle spindles monitor body position; facial body position; facial muscles express emotion; muscles express emotion; muscles of the larynx, muscles of the larynx, tongue, lips and cheeks tongue, lips and cheeks permit speechpermit speech
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Figure 7-235 of 11
The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System
Hormones adjust muscle Hormones adjust muscle metabolism and growth; metabolism and growth; parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone and calcitonin regulate calcitonin regulate calcium and phosphate calcium and phosphate ion concentrationsion concentrations
Skeletal muscles provide Skeletal muscles provide protection for some protection for some endocrine organsendocrine organs
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Figure 7-236 of 11
The Cardiovascular SystemThe Cardiovascular System
Delivers oxygen and Delivers oxygen and nutrients; removes nutrients; removes carbon dioxide, lactic carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and heatacid, and heatSkeletal muscle Skeletal muscle contractions assist in contractions assist in moving blood through moving blood through veins; protects deep veins; protects deep blood vesselsblood vessels
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Figure 7-237 of 11
The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System
Defends skeletal muscles Defends skeletal muscles against infection and against infection and assists in tissue assists in tissue repairs after injuryrepairs after injury
Protects superficial Protects superficial lymph nodes and the lymph nodes and the lymphatic vessels in the lymphatic vessels in the abdominopelvic cavityabdominopelvic cavity
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Figure 7-238 of 11
The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System
Provides oxygen and Provides oxygen and eliminates carbon eliminates carbon dioxidedioxideMuscles generate carbon Muscles generate carbon dioxide; control dioxide; control entrances to respiratory entrances to respiratory tract, fill and empty tract, fill and empty lungs, control airflow lungs, control airflow through larynx, and through larynx, and produce soundsproduce sounds
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Figure 7-239 of 11
The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System
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Provides nutrients; liver Provides nutrients; liver regulates blood glucose regulates blood glucose and fatty acid levels and and fatty acid levels and removes lactic acid from removes lactic acid from circulationcirculation
Protects and supports Protects and supports soft tissues in abdominal soft tissues in abdominal cavity; controls cavity; controls entrances to and exits entrances to and exits from digestive tractfrom digestive tract
Figure 7-2310 of 11
The Urinary SystemThe Urinary System
Removes waste products Removes waste products of protein metabolism; of protein metabolism; assists in regulation of assists in regulation of calcium and phosphate calcium and phosphate concentrationsconcentrations
External sphincter External sphincter controls urination by controls urination by constricting urethraconstricting urethra
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Figure 7-2311 of 11
The Reproductive SystemThe Reproductive System
Reproductive hormones Reproductive hormones accelerate skeletal accelerate skeletal muscle growthmuscle growth
Contractions of Contractions of skeletal muscles eject skeletal muscles eject semen from male semen from male reproductive tract; reproductive tract; muscle contractions muscle contractions during sex act produce during sex act produce pleasurable sensationspleasurable sensations
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