İskelet sistemi - nihataktac.com.tr
TRANSCRIPT
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İskelet Sistemi
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1. Dış iskelet – Koruma görevli
Epidermal: Pullar
Tüyler
Kıllar
Dermal: Balık pulları
Kaplumbağa kabukları
Timsah zırhları
2. İç iskelet – Desteklemede görevli
Aksial iskelet
Apendikular iskelet
Heterotopik kemiklert
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İç iskelet elemanları
A – Dermal (İntramembranöz kemikleşme)
B – Kondral kemikleşme
1. Perikondral
2. Endokondreal
1. Kıkırdak ( Embrional)
2. Kondral kemikler
3. Dermal kemikler
a. Balık pulları
b. Kafatası kemikleri
c. Omuz kemer, kemikleri
KEMİKLEŞME
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Synarthrosis : Doğrudan bağlantı
Kafa iskeleti
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Pelvik kemerde symphisis
Uzun kemik :
Epifiz – Diafiz eklemi
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Diarthrosis : hareketli bağlantı – Eklemli bağlantı
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İÇ İSKELETİN SINIFLANDIRILMASI
1. Kafa ve Solungaç iskeleti
2. Omurga
3. Kaburgalar
4. Göğüs kemiği
A – Axial iskelet
B – Apendikular iskelet (Ekstremite iskeleti)
1.Ekstremite taşıyıcıları
a. Pektoral kemer
b. Pelvik mkemer
2.Ekstremiteler
a. Yüzgeç tipi (tek ve çift yüzgeçler)
b. Kol ve bacak tipi
C - Heterotopik kemikler
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AXİAL (EKSEN) İSKELET
1. Kafa ve solungaç iskeleti
a. Neurocranium – Beyin ve duygu organlarını çevreleyen
kıkırdak iskelet
b. Splanchnocranium (Viscerocranium) – Çene ve
solungaç iskeleti
c. Dermatocranium – Memran örtü kemikleri
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Neurocranium’un Morfogenezi
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Neurocranim’un kemikleşme merkezleri
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Oksipital bölge ve temporal bölge
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Insanda temporal bölge
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Hamster kafa iskeleti (ventralden)
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Splanchnocranim Morfogenezi
Profil’den görünüm
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Splanchnocranim Morfogenezi
Ventral’den görünüm
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Amfistilik çene bağlantısı
I. yay pterygoquadrat’la doğrudan neurokranium’a bağlanır
II.yay hyomandibula ile neurokranium’a bağlanır
Elasmobranchia
(köpek balığı)
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Hyostilik çene bağlantısı
I. Yayın pterygoquadrad’ı,II. Yayın hyomandibulasına bağlanır
Hyomandibula neurkranium’un otik bölgesine bağlanır
(ModernTeleost’lar)
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Otostilik çene bağlantısı
Pterygoquadrad kafa iskeletiyle kaynaşmış
Alt çene quadrad’a asılı (Hyomandibula çene bağlantısında
rol oynamaz) – Placodermi, Chimera, Akciğerli balıklar
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Çene bağlantıları
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Agnatha – petromyzontia ( Petromyzon marinus )
Chondrocranium + Splanchnocranium (lateral’den)
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Solungaç iskeleti (Alabalık)
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Orta kulak kemikleri
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Tetrapod’larda visseral iskelet
Dil ve
gırtlak iskeleti
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Kurbağa gırtlak iskeleti
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İnsan gırtlak iskeleti (Frontal’den görünüm)
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Dermatocranium
( Primitif model)
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Primer damak
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Primer damak
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Segonder damak - Kedi kafa iskeleti
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Segonder damak gelişimi - İnsan
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Alt çenenin evrimi – Teorik olarak
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Kafa iskeleti – operkular seri - Kemikli balık ( Sazan )
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A – Platibazik tip kafa (Amphibia), - B - Trofobazik tip kafa (Reptilia)
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Reptil kafa iskeletindeki özelleşmeler
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Kinetik damaklar
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Memeli kafa iskeleti (Şematik)
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Canis lupus
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