sj-5112_1011_2 design control and criteria

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SJ-5112 Perancangan Geometrik Jalan Design Control and Criteria Sony Sulaksono Wibowo, Ph.D

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SJ-5112 Perancangan Geometrik Jalan

Design Control and Criteria Sony Sulaksono Wibowo, Ph.D

Design Control and Criteria

o Vehicle Characteristics

o Driver Characteristics

o Traffic Characteristics, Highway Capacity, and Level of Service

o Design Speed

o Environmental Issues and Energy Concern

o Safety and Cost Consideration

Vehicle Characteristics

Highway Design Control Factors

o Highway function

o The design speed of the facility

o The physical characteristics of the "design vehicle" (i.e., the largest vehicle that is likely to use the facility with considerable frequency)

o The performance of the design vehicle (particularly important in terms of accommodating heavy trucks in mountainous terrain or buses and recreational vehicles in areas subject to high levels of tourist activities)

o The acceptable degree of congestion

Vehicle Characteristics

Geometric Design of Highways based on:

o Static Characteristics

� Weight

� Size ( Length, Width)

o Kinematic Characteristics

� Related to Acceleration and Deceleration Capabilities

o Dynamic Characteristics

� Forces that cause the motion

Static Characteristics

o Weight

� Pavement Depths

� Maximum Grades

o Size

� Lane Width

� Shoulder Width

� Length and Width of Parking

� Lengths of Vertical Curves

� Under-clearance for Vertical Curves

Kinematic Characteristics

o Acceleration and Deceleration Capabilities to determine:

� Intersections

� Freeway Ramps

� Climbing or Passing Lanes

� Turnout Bays for Buses

Dynamic Characteristics

o Air Resistance

o Grade Resistance

o Rolling Resistance

o Curve Resistance

o Friction Resistance

Dynamic Characteristics

o Rolling Resistance

o Frictional effect on moving parts of vehicle

o Frictional Slip between pavement surface and tires

� Depends on speed and pavement type

� Low on bituminous or concrete

� 27 lb/ton, passenger cars, 60 mph

� High on gravel

� 29 lb/ton, passenger cars, 20 mph

Dynamic Characteristics

o Curve Resistance

� When maneuvering around a curve, external forces act on the front wheel producing a retarding effect on forward motion

� Depends on

� Radius of curve (degree of curve)

� Velocity of Vehicle

Dynamic Characteristics

o When traveling on a circular curve, a vehicle will have:

� Centrifugal Force (outward radial force)

� Inward radial force (friction between tires and roadway)

o At high velocities, inward radial force might balance the outward radial force

� Incline road toward center of curve

� Need a Superelevation

Design Vehicles

o Various sizes of vehicles using highway

o Need to select vehicles that representing weight, dimensions, and operating characteristics to be used in establishing highway design and control

Design Vehicles

o AASHTO (2001) established four groups of vehicles:

� Passengers cars

� Cars, Sport/utility vehicles, minivans, vans, pick-up trucks

� Buses

� Intercity motor coaches, city transit, school bus, articulated

� buses

� Trucks

� Single-unit trucks, semi-trailer tractors

� Recreational vehicles (rare in Indonesia)

� Motor homes, cars with camper trailers, boat trailers

� Bicycle considered as needed

Design Vehicles

Passenger Car (P)Single-Unit (SU) Truck

Intercity Bus (Bus-14)Source: AASHTO (2001)

Design Vehicles

Intercity Bus (Bus-12)

City Bus

Source: AASHTO (2001)

Design Vehicles

Articulated Bus (A-BUS)

Source: AASHTO (2001)

Design Vehicles

Interstate Semitrailer (WB-12, WB-15, WB-19, WB-20)Source: AASHTO (2001)

Design Vehicles

Trailer, Double and Triple

WB-20D, WB-33D, WB-30T

Source: AASHTO (2001)

Design Vehicles

Motor Home, MH

Passenger Car and Camper Trailer

Source: AASHTO (2001)

Design Vehicles

Passenger Car with

Boat Trailer

Motor Home with

Boat Trailer

Source: AASHTO (2001)

Design Vehicles

o Design vehicles selected for each class with representative :

� Weight

� Dimensions

� Operating characteristics

o Key Vehicle Dimensions

� Height

� Length

� Width

� Wheelbase

� Turning Radius

Design Vehicles

o Selecting design vehicles:

� The largest vehicle likely to use that facility on a frequent basis

� Those that have special characteristics which may impact design of an intersection or driveways (such as radii at intersections or turning roadways)

Design Vehicles

o Design Vehicle Selection Examples

� Passenger car selected as Design Vehicle for a parking lot

� Single-unit truck may selected as Design Vehicle for intersection design of residential streets

� Large School Bus should be selected as Design Vehicle for local or county roads (under 400 ADT, Annual Daily Traffic) or subdivision streets

� WB-30 truck (a 30-meters wheel base truck) should be selected as the MINIMUM Design Vehicle for freeway ramp/arterial intersections, state highways or industrialized streets

Design Vehicles

Vehicle Dimension and

Minimum Turning radius :

Passenger car

Source: AASHTO (2001)

Design Vehicles

Vehicle Dimension and

Minimum Turning radius : Truck WB-12

Source: AASHTO (2001)

Design Vehicles

Kendaraan Rencana

Standar Bina Marga

o Standar Perancangan Geometrik Jalan Perkotaan, kendaraan rencana:

� Kendaraan penumpang

� Truk/bus tanpa gandengan

� Kombinasi

o Standar Desain Geometrik Jalan Antar Kota, kendaraan rencana:

� Kendaraan kecil (mobil penumpang)

� Kendaraan sedang (truk 3 as tandem atau bus besar 2 as)

� Kendaraan besar (truk semi trailer)

not fix yet !!

Dimensi Kendaraan Rencana (m)

Standar Perencanaan Geometrik untuk Jalan Perkotaan, Departemen PU, Ditjen Bina Marga, 1992

Tata Perencanaan Geometrik Jalan Antar Kota, Departemen PU, Ditjen Bina Marga, 1997

Kendaraan Rencana

200200 280280

12101210

760760210210 240240

200200 260260

120120

21002100

610610 12801280 9090

170170 210210

580580

3403409090 150150

Kendaraan Kecil

(ukuran dalam cm):

Kendaraan Sedang (ukuran dalam cm):

Kendaraan Besar (ukuran dalam cm):

Ma

nu

ve

r K

en

da

raa

n K

ec

il

Sumber: Tata Perencanaan Geometrik Jalan Antar Kota, Departemen PU, Ditjen Bina Marga, 1997

Ma

nu

ve

r K

en

da

raa

n S

ed

an

g

Sumber: Tata Perencanaan Geometrik Jalan Antar Kota, Departemen PU, Ditjen Bina Marga, 1997

Ma

nu

ve

r K

en

da

raa

n B

es

ar

Sumber: Tata Perencanaan Geometrik Jalan Antar Kota, Departemen PU, Ditjen Bina Marga, 1997

Design Vehicles

Driver Characteristics

Driver Characteristics

o Various Skill

o Various Perceptual Abilities

� Hearing ability

� Vision ability

� Evaluation

� Reaction

o Various Circumstances

� Impaired

� Fatigue

� Time of Day

Driver Performance

o The necessary of highway design and operation properly � assist driver performance

o Road users include drivers, passengers, pedestrians and bicyclists

o Important physical characteristics

� Vision

� Hearing

� Other senses

� Strength

� Coordination

Driver Performance

o Visual Components

� Visual Acuity

� Glare Vision and Recovery

� Depth Perception

� Color Vision

Driver Performance

o Visual Acuity

� Ability to discern objects

� Sharpness with which a person can see an object

� Changes with age

� Affected by various factors

� Contrast and brightness of object

� Level of illumination

� Relative motion between the observer and the object

o Optimal time for identification = 0.5 to 1.0 seconds

o Signs and Markings placed within 10 degree cone of clear vision

Human Visual

Driver’s Cone of Vision

Driver’s Cone of Vision

Driver’s Cone of Vision

Driver Performance

o Glare recovery

� Glare impairs ability to see

� Recovery time increases with age

� light to dark conditions → 6 seconds to adjust

� dark to light conditions → 3 seconds to adjust

� Direct Glare

� Bright light in the field of vision

� Specular Glare

� Image reflected by bright light appears in field of vision

� Reduce luminary brightness, Increase mounting height, Increase background brightness

Driver Performance

o Depth perception

� Ability to estimate distance � function of speed

� Important on two-lane highways

� Passing vs. head-on collision

� Human Eye ability is fundamental

� Poor at estimating absolute values of speed, distance, size and acceleration

� Standard traffic control devices

Driver Performance

o Color Vision

� Ability to differentiate one color from another

� Color is a factor in traffic control devices

� Recognition accomplished with shape and placement

� Best combinations

� Black and White

� Black and Yellow

Reaction Time

o Drivers’ reaction times increase as a function of decision complexity and the amount of information to be processed

� Driver take longer to respond when decisions are complex or events are unexpected

o Reaction time for expected events ranges from 0.6 to 2.0 seconds

� Reaction times increase by 35% when events are unexpected (up to 2.7 seconds)

o Highway designs take reaction times into account

Perception-Reaction Time (PIEV)

o Ability to recognize and respond

� Perception: recognition of a stimulus

� Identification: interpretation of stimulus

� Emotion: determination of appropriate response (decision-making)

� Volition: physical execution of a decision

o 95% of drivers � 2” or less for most common situations

o AASHTO (2001) � 2.5” for Stopping Sight Distance

� Slower responders, Complex situations, Unexpected situations

Road User Behavior

o Psychological

� Motivation, Intelligence, Attentiveness

o Attitudinal

� Risk, Regulation, Impatience, Anger

o Maturity and Experience

o Fatigue, Drugs, Alcohol

o Age and Physical Disability

o Weather and Light Conditions

Traffic Characteristics

Traffic Volume and Demand

o Traffic volume

� Number of vehicles passing a point on a roadway during a specific time

� Composition of traffic

� Directional distribution

o Traffic Demand

� Number of vehicles that desire to transverse a particular section of roadway during a specified period of time

� At the present

� In the future

Various Types of Traffic Volumes

o Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT)

� Lintas Harian Rata-rata Tahunan (LHRT)

� Average 24-hour traffic volume at a location over a full 365-day year, which is the total number of vehicles passing the location divided by 365

o Average Daily Traffic (ADT)

� Lintas Harian Rata-rata (LHR)

� Average 24-hour traffic at a location for any period less than a year

Various Types of Traffic Volumes

o Design Hourly Volume (DHV)

� The 30th highest hour volume of the year

� Difficult to apply

� Known in Indonesia as ‘Volume Jam Perencanaan’

� Sometimes called as ‘Volume Jam Sibuk’

� Note: it is NOT the highest volume in an hour within a year

� Unit: Number of vehicle in unit time of an hour

� Number of vehicle � car unit per hour or ‘smp/jam’

� smp stands for ‘satuan mobil penumpang’ that be converted using car equivalent (ekivalensi mobil penumpang)

� LHR or LHR can be represented by smp

Various Traffic Volumes

by a day by a week

by a year

Highway Capasity

o Refering to Indonesia Highway Capacity Manual (Manual Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia) 1997

o Basic capacity for rural road:

Level of Service (LoS)

o Commonly using the ratio of volume and capacity, v/c ratio

o Rule of thumb: congestion � v/c ≥ 0.80

o MKJI (1997) used minimum value of v/c = 0.75

� Congestion level = ‘derajat kejenuhan’

o LoS is represented by the letter of A to F

� A: the best condition; the highest level

� F: the worse condition; the lowest level

PerMenHub no.14/2006

Design Speed

Design Speed

o Design speed is a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of the highway

o It is important to design facilities with all elements in balance, consistent with an appropriate design speed

o Design elements such as sight distance, vertical and horizontal alignment, lane and shoulder widths, roadside clearances, superelevation, etc., are influenced by design speed

The Need of Design Speed

o Topography

o Anticipated Operating Speed

o The adjacent land use

o The functional classification of highways

Speeds

o Design Speed

� a selected speed used to determine various selected design features of the roadway (AASHTO, 2001)

o Operating Speed

� the actual speed of a group of vehicles over a certain section of road. The 85th percentile distribution of observed speeds is the most frequent used measure of the operating speed associated with a particular location or geometric feature

o Posted Speed

� the legal speed limit for which a section of road is signed

Speeds

Running speed

�Speed at which an

individual vehicle

travels over a highway

section

�Equal to the length of

highway section / time

for vehicle to travel

through the section

Design Speed, as in UU and PP

Environmental Issuesand Energy Concern

General Priciples

o Discuss design with environmental specialist

o Visit site before design and after construction

o Ensure environmental assessment documentation has been provided

o Ensure environmental constraints are define on design drawings

Specific Design Issues

o Development and Retention of Views

� Design to enhance views

� Maintains driver interest and reduces fatigue

� High scenic value points include:

� Hinterlands

� Mountain ranges

� Bodies of water

� City skylines

� Landmarks

Specific Design Issues

o Development and Retention of Views

� Design alignment so that driver appreciates progress and speed of travel

� Ensure noise and roadside barriers do not inhibit views

� Roadside vegetation can enhance bare landscapes and reduce headlight glare

Retention of Views

…and aesthetics as well

Specific Design Issues

o Cross Drainage

� Reduce erosion

� Control sediment

� Keep bridge abutments out of watercourses

� Provide dry passage for terrestrial fauna

� Minimize outlet velocity to <2.5m/s for cross drainage

o Longitudinal drainage

� Limit the use of “V” drains instead use flat bottomed drains

� Limit velocities to <2m/s

Specific Design Issues

o Batter Slopes

� Direct overland batter flows to catch drains

� Flatten batters where possible

� Use batter protection treatments – erosion blankets, grouted rock

Specific Design Issues

o Fauna Issues

� Design roads to accommodate fauna passage

� Arch bridges rather than culverts to allow fish passage

� Use larger culverts to allow terrestrial fauna movement

� Concrete barriers restrict fauna crossing – use guard rail or wire rope

� Specific fauna underpasses recommended

Specific Design Issues

Specific Design Issues

o Noise Barriers

� Ensure barriers take into account sight lines

� Provide access to maintenance crews

� Noise barriers setback from safety barriers to allow deflection

� Design barriers to consider drainage

Specific Design Issues

AMDAL (http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisis_Mengenai_Dampak_Lingkungan)

o Kajian mengenai dampak besar dan penting suatuusaha dan atau kegiatan yang direncanakan padalingkungan hidup yang diperlukan bagi prosespengambilan keputusan tentang penyelenggaraanusaha dan atau kegiatan di Indonesia

o Dibuat saat perencanaan suatu proyek yang diperkirakan akan memberikan pengaruh terhadaplingkungan hidup di sekitarnya

AMDAL (http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisis_Mengenai_Dampak_Lingkungan)

o Yang dimaksud lingkungan hidup di sini adalahaspek fisik-kimia, ekologi, sosial-ekonomi, sosial-budaya, dan kesehatan masyarakat.

o Dasar hukum AMDAL adalah Peraturan PemerintahNo. 27 Tahun 1999 tentang "Analisis MengenaiDampak Lingkungan Hidup".

AMDAL (http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisis_Mengenai_Dampak_Lingkungan)

o Dokumen AMDAL terdiri dari :

� Dokumen Kerangka Acuan Analisis Dampak LingkunganHidup (KA-ANDAL)

� Dokumen Analisis Dampak Lingkungan Hidup (ANDAL)

� Dokumen Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (RKL)

� Dokumen Rencana Pemantauan Lingkungan Hidup (RPL)

AMDAL (http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisis_Mengenai_Dampak_Lingkungan)

o AMDAL digunakan untuk:

� Bahan bagi perencanaan pembangunan wilayah

� Membantu proses pengambilan keputusan tentang kelayakanlingkungan hidup dari rencana usaha dan atau kegiatan

� Memberi masukan untuk penyusunan disain rinci teknis darirencana usaha dan atau kegiatan

� Memberi masukan untuk penyusunan rencana pengelolaan danpemantauan lingkungan hidup

� Memberi informasi bagi masyarakat atas dampak yang ditimbulkan dari suatu rencana usaha dan atau kegiatan

AMDAL (http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisis_Mengenai_Dampak_Lingkungan)

o Pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam proses AMDAL adalah:

� Komisi Penilai AMDAL, komisi yang bertugas menilaidokumen AMDAL

� Pemrakarsa, orang atau badan hukum yang bertanggungjawab atas suatu rencana usaha dan ataukegiatan yang akan dilaksanakan, dan

� masyarakat yang berkepentingan, masyarakat yang terpengaruh atas segala bentuk keputusan dalam prosesAMDAL.

AMDAL (http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisis_Mengenai_Dampak_Lingkungan)

o Catatan:

� Daftar kegiatan wajib AMDAL dapat dilihat di PeraturanMenteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 11 Tahun 2006

� Apabila kegiatan tidak tercantum dalam peraturan tersebut, maka wajib menyusun UKL-UPL, sesuai denganKeputusanMenteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 86 Tahun 2002

� Penyusunan AMDAL menggunakan Pedoman PenyusunanAMDAL sesuai dengan Permen LH NO. 08/2006

� Kewenangan Penilaian didasarkan oleh Permen LH no. 05/2008

Energy Concern

o Road task make considerable use of liquid fuels

o Grades > 5% cause greater consumption of fuel by heavy vehicles in uphill than they save in downhill

o Better energy savings from alternative methods of transport e.g. public transport

o Flattening of grades cannot be justified on basis of energy alone

OOT:

'Road Train' Autopilot Driving System

http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/11/road-trains-autopilot-driving-system-cuts-fuel-travel-time.php

'Ro

ad

Tra

in' A

uto

pil

ot

Dr

ivin

g S

ys

tem

Your car would be equipped with a navigation system that would alert you when there was a Road Train ahead

You'd approach the train, and send a message out that you'd like to join

The road train takes control of your car, pulling close and into auto pilot--close enough avoid enough air drag to save up to 20% in fuel consumption.

'Ro

ad

Tra

in' A

uto

pil

ot

Dr

ivin

g S

ys

tem

Now you sit back, kick your feet up on the dash, and wait until your stint on the highway is through--at which point you send out a signal . . .

. . . and the automated controls widen the gap between the cars behind and in front of you, and you take over driving controls.

Safety and Cost Consideration

Safety Issues in Road Design

o Safety is a major goal of road design

o Ensure that drivers can perceive hazards and take appropriate action

o Safety devices and Road furniture

Cost Consideration

o Major limiting factor

o Initial priority is to establish the road network

o Geometric standards modified to improve network efficiency if limited funds available

o With available funds improvements can be made e.g. widening, passing lanes, realignments

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