six weeks training pppp
TRANSCRIPT
Rayat and bahra institute of engg and technology.......................................................................................
TRAINING REPORT
OF
SIX WEEKS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING, UNDERTAKEN
AT
“INTERNATIONAL TRACTOR LIMITED”
IN
“POWER TRAIN DEPARTMENT”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE
OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted By:Sourav Sharma Under the Guidance of:Er munish bansal College Roll No.:4054 Designation: Service EngineerUniversity Roll No.:81307114054 Department: Power train department
CHANDIGARH-PATIALA NATIONAL HIGHWAY,VILL.JHANSLA, TEHSIL, RAJPURA,
DISTT. PATIALA 140401
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1
Any sustained effort by untrained minds in a new work environment requires for
culmination, a guiding hand that shows the way. It gives me immense pleasure to be
able to present this project report in the present form for which I am deeply
indebted to Mr. Harpreet Singh who not only assigned me a responsible role in the
project but also guided and encouraged me at important junctures in the project
lifecycle.
I am also thankful to Er. Munish Bansal for his invaluable advice, suggestions and
encouragement that he gave me throughout my project work. Under their able
leadership and guidance, I was able to meet the goals of the project in time.
I am grateful to International Tractors Limited, for providing me with an
opportunity to work with them and undertake a project of such importance. This
training and experience has not only enriched me with technical knowledge but has
also imparted the maturity of thought and vision, the attributes required to be a
successful mechanical professional. Sincere thanks to all my colleagues at ITL for
their support and assistance throughout the project.
PREFACE
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I have extremely thankful to my experienced colleagues during training and
friends who help me to present my traning report. The silent features about my
report are detailed study and explanation of all parts used in assembly and sub
assembly of tractor . All engine parts are well explaned with the help of the
diagrame.
I am confident that my report shall be well received by my teachers and our training
manager. I owe a deep sense of gratitude to my illustrious supervisor Er. Munish bansal for the
help and co-operation they have rendered in presenting this presentation.
Sourav Sharma
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CONTENTS
1. Company Profile 2. History3. Sonalika group4. What is a tractor?5. Four stroke diesel engine 6. Engine, its assembly & sub assemblies7. Clutch8. Transmission Box or Gear Box9. Differential
10. Flow chart of power transmission in tractors
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1.1 COMPANY PROFILE
Established in 1969, Sonalika group since the inception has tried to understand customer need to be facilitating them with its value for money products. The Company has a state of art manufacturing facilities, spread in acres, located in the free shrubs of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.
Sonalika is the one of the top 3 tractor manufacturing companies in India, other products include of, Multi utility vehicles, engines and various farm equipments. Today the group stands tall with an approximate turnover of 5000 Crore INR. An average growth of 30% makes it one of the fastest growing corporate in India. It is also one of the few debt free companies. Group has strength of about 2000 employee technocrats
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1.1.2 History
Established in 1969, Sonalika group from the very beginning has tried to understand customer need so that they get better value for their money, hard earned. Sonalika has state of manufacturing, spread in acres, located at Hoshiarpur and tax free zone at AMB in Himachal Pradesh. Sonalika is the one of the top 3 tractor manufacturing companies in India, other products include of, Multi utility vehicles, engines and various farm equipments. Today the group stands tall with an approximate turnover of 3200 Core INR. An average growth of 30% makes it one of the fastest growing corporate in India. Its is also one of the few debt free companies. Group has strength of about 2000 employee & technocrats. History reveals that innovation is the key to continued progress and when applied to technology that touches human life, it can unfold a whole new economic phenomenon that has the power to change the world. With unique initiatives like the Thought leadership Forum, Leadership Forum, we have been able to create a unique platform for learning through success stories of industry leaders.
No, doubt that the sonalika products has created a niche for themselves not only in India but also in foreign market. To maintain quality have any defect even at micro level is been taken care of and rectified. The technology for Painting, which we use, is of the high quality a nd we have paint shop with world-class quality standards.
The industry has gradually transformed itself into a world-class player involved in building state-of-the-art products, solutions and technologies. As an industry, we are very conscious of our responsibility to society. Sonalika Foundation intends to become a catalyst, encouraging our members to do more, capturing best practices for quality and harnessing a greater range of resources, from the industry and beyond, to make a major impact on the development. It has been our vision to cater to the needful agriculture and auto industry with quality products through untiring dedication and activities. As we step in to our fifth decade of existence, we continue to lead the development. Tractor and car plants work in 2 to 3 shifts depending upon volume of work for maximum production. We Continue to march ahead on road to success and glory driven by the force of initiative and determination to have a leading position in the tractor industry in the days to come .
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1.1.3 Sonalika Group
Sonalika International Sonalika Motor limited Sonalika International
Tractor limilted Hosiarpur Himachal Pradesh. Corporation
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2.1 WHAT IS A TRACTOR ?
Tractor =Traction + Motor
Traction refers to the friction between a drive memder and the surfaceit moves upon , where friction is used to provide motion.
Motor in the tractor is engine which provide the mechanical power to wheel to move and hauling a trailer or machinery or construction.
All such machines used for traction purpose are known as traction motors. The tractor is such a machine that is used to pull or push agriculture implement in the field.
Design formula
F =AC+W tanΦ
Where, F is traction force A is Area of contact of power wheels C is cohesively of soil W is dynamic reaction of power wheel weight Φ is angle of bond between the soil partials
As the parameter C and Φ are constant which depends upon the soil condition, the traction is proportional to the size of the rear tyres and the weight of same that is why the rear tyres are designed of large size and major weight is distributed on the rear side of the tractor so tractor so that maximum traction can take place.
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2.1.1 Engine:-Definition: engine is device that transforms the chemical energy of fuel into thermal energy and utilizes this thermal energy to perform useful work.
Burning of fuel
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THERMAL ENERGY
MECHANICAL WORK
3.1.2 Four-Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine :-
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3.1 DISEAL ENGINE STROKE
Intake stroke:- The intake stroke begins at top dead center, and as the piston moves down, the intake valve opens. The downward movement of the piston creates a vacuum in the cylinder, causing a fuel and air mixture to be drawn through the intake port into the combustion chamber. As the piston reaches bottom dead center, the intake valve closes.
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Compression stroke:.— The compression stroke begins with the piston at bottom dead center and rising up to compress the fuel and air mixture. Since both the intake and exhaust valves are closed, there is no escape for the fuel and air mixture, and it is compressed to a fraction of its original volume. At this point, the fuel and air mixture is ignited.
Power stroke:— The power stroke begins when the fuel and air mixture is ignited, burns and expands and forces the piston down. The valves remain power stroke ends as the piston reaches bottom dead center.
Exhaust stroke:— The exhaust stroke begins when the piston nears the end of the power stroke and the exhaust valve is opened. As the piston moves upward towards top dead center, it pushes the burnt gases, resulting from the ignition of the fuel and air mixture, out of the combustion chamber and through the exhaust port. As the piston reaches top dead center, ending the exhaust stroke, the exhaust valve closes, and the intake valve opens to begin the intake stroke for the next cycle.
3.1.3 Four-Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine:- The four-stroke diesel engine is similar to the four- stroke gasoline engine. They both follow an operating cycle that consist of intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. They also share similar systems for intake and exhaust valves. The components of a diesel closed so that all the force is exerted on the piston.Four-stroke cycle diesel engine. 1 - 4
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4.1 PARTS OF ENGINE
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4.1.1 Cylinder Block Construction
The cylinder block is cast from gray iron or iron alloyed with other metals such as nickel, chromium, or molybdenum. Some lightweight engine blocks are made from aluminum. Cylinders are machined by grinding or boring to give them the desired true inner surface. During normal engine operation, cylinder walls will wear out-of-round, or they may become cracked and scored if not properly lubricated or cooled. Liners (sleeves) made of metal alloys resistant to wear are used in many gasoline engines and practically all diesel engines to lessen wear. After they have been worn beyond the maximum oversize, the liners can be replaced individually, which permits the use of standard pistons and rings.
4.1.2 Cylinder Head
The cylinder head provides the combustion chambers for the engine cylinders. It is built to conform to the arrangement of the valves: L-head, I-head, or other. In the water-cooled engine, the cylinder head is bolted to the top of the cylinder block to close the upper end of the cylinders. It contains passages,
4.1.3 Intake and exhaust manifolds
matching those of the cylinder block, that allow the cooling water to circulate in the head. The head also helps keep compression in the cylinders. The gasoline engine contains tapped holes in the cylinder head that lead into the combustion chamber. The spark plugs are inserted into these tapped holes. In the diesel engine the cylinder head may be cast in a single unit, or it may be cast for a single cylinder or two or more cylinders. Separated head sections (usually covering one, two, or three cylinders in large engines) are easy to handle and can be removed
4.1.4 Crankcase
The crankcase is that part of the engine block below the cylinders. It supports and encloses the crankshaft and provides a reservoir for the lubricating oil. Often times the crankcase contains a place for mounting the oil pump, oil filter, starting motor, and generator. The lower part of the crankcase is the OIL PAN, which is bolted at the bottom. The oil pan is made of pressed or cast steel and holds from 4 to 9 quarts of oil, depending on the engine design. The crankcase also
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has mounting brackets that support the entire engine on the vehicle frame. These brackets are either an integral part of the crankcase
4.1.5 Exhaust Manifold
The exhaust manifold is a tube that carries waste products of combustion from the cylinders. On L-head engines the exhaust manifold is bolted to the side of the engine block on; overhead-valve engines it is bolted to the side of the engine cylinder head. Exhaust manifolds may be single iron castings or may be cast in sections. They have a smooth interior surface with no abrupt change in size
4.1.6 Intake Manifold
The intake manifold on a gasoline engine carries the fuel-air mixture from the carburetor and distributes it as evenly as possible to the cylinders. On a diesel engine, the manifold carries only air to the cylinders. The intake manifold is attached to the block on L-head engines and to the side of the cylinder head on overhead-valve engines. In gasoline engines, smooth and efficient engine performance depends largely on whether the fuel-air mixtures that enter each cylinder are uniform in strength, quality, and degree of vaporization. The inside walls of the manifold must be smooth to offer little obstruction to the flow of the fuel-air mixture. The manifold is designed to prevent the collecting of fuel at the bends in the manifold. The intake manifold should be as short and straight as possible to reduce the chances of condensation between the carburetor and cylinders. Some intake manifolds are designed so that hot exhaust gases heat their surfaces to help vaporize the fuel.
4.1.7 Gaskets
The principal stationary parts of an engine have just been explained. The gasket that serve as seals between these parts require as much attention during engine assembly as any other part. It is impractical to machine all surfaces so that they fit together to form a perfect seal. The gaskets make a joint that is air, water, or oil tight. Therefore, when properly overhaul gasket kit. installed, they prevent loss of compression, coolant, or lubricant4.1.8 Piston Assembly
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Engine pistons serve several purposes. They transmit the force of combustion to the crankshaft through the connecting rod. They act as a guide for the upper end of the connecting rod.
4.1.9 Piston and connecting rod
A carrier for the piston rings used to seal the compression in the cylinder. The piston must come to a complete stop at the end of each stroke before reversing its course in the cylinder. To withstand this rugged treatment and wear, it must be made of tough material, yet be light in weight. To overcome inertia and momentum at high speed, it must be carefully balanced and weighed. All the pistons used in any one engine must be of similar weight to avoid excessive vibration. Ribs are used on the underside of the piston to reinforce the hand. The ribs also help to conduct heat from the head of the piston to the piston rings and out through the cylinder walls. The structural components of the piston are the head, skirt, ring grooves, and land However, all pistons do not look like the typical one illustrated here. Some havedifferently shaped heads. Diesel engine pistons usually have more ring grooves andrings than gasoline engine pistons. Some of these rings may be installed below as well as above the wrist or piston pin Fitting pistons properly is important. Because metal expands when heated and space must be provided for lubricants between the pistons and the cylinder walls, the pistons are fitted to the engine with a specified clearance. This clearance depends upon the size or diameter of the piston and the material form which it is made. Cast iron does not expand as fast or as much as aluminum. Aluminum pistons require more clearance to prevent binding
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or seizing when the engine gets hot. The skirt of bottom part of the piston runs much cooler than the top; therefore, it does not require as much clearance as the head.
4.1.10 Piston pin types
Expanded by the heat generated during operation, it becomes round because the expansion is proportional to the temperature of the metal. The walls of the skirt are cut away as much as possible to reduce weight and to prevent excessive expansion during engine operation. Many aluminum pistons are made with split skirts so that when the pistons expand, the skirt diameter will not increase. The two types of piston skirts found in most engines are the full trunk and the slipper. The full-trunk-type skirt, more widely used, has a full cylindrical shape with bearing surfaces parallel to those of the cylinder, giving more strength and better control of the oil film. The slipper-type (cutaway) skirt has considerable relief on the sides of the skirt, leaving less area for possible contact with the cylinder walls and thereby reducing friction.
4.1.11 Piston pin
The piston is attached to the connecting rod by the piston pin (wrist pin). The pin passes through the piston pin bosses and through the upper end of the connecting rod, which rides within the piston on the middle of the pin. Piston pins are made of alloy steel with a precision finish and are case hardened and sometimes chromium plated to increase their wearing qualities. Their tubular construction gives them maximum strength with minimum weight. They are lubricated by splash from the crankcase or by pressure through passages bored in the connecting rods. Three methods are commonly used for fastening a piston pin to the piston and the connecting rod: fixed pin, semifloating pin, and full-floating pin .The anchored, or fixed, pin attaches to the piston by a screw running through one of the bosses; the connecting rod oscillates on the pin. The semifloating pin is anchored to the connecting rod and turns in the piston pin bosses. The full-floating pin is free to rotate in the connecting rod and in the bosses, while plugs or snap-ring locks prevent it from working out against the sides of the cylinder.
4.1.12 Connecting Rods
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Connecting rods must be light and yet strong enough to transmit the thrust of the pistons to the crankshaft. Connecting rods are drop forged from a steel alloy capable of withstanding heavy loads without bending or twisting. Holes at the upper and lower ends are machined to permit accurate fitting of bearings.
4.1.13 Piston rings
Piston rings are used on pistons to maintain gastight seals between the pistons and cylinders, to aid in cooling the piston, and to control cylinder-wall lubrication. About one-third of the heat absorbed by the piston passes through the rings to the cylinder wall. Piston rings are often complicated in design, are heat treated in various ways, and are plated with other metals. Piston rings are of two distinct classifications: compression rings and oil control rings. The principal function of a compression ring is to prevent gases from leaking by the piston during the compression and power strokes. All piston rings are split to permit assembly to the piston and to allow for expansion. When the ring is in place, the ends of the split joint do not form a perfect seal; therefore, more than one ring must be used, and the joints must be staggered around the piston. If cylinders are worn, expanders are sometimes used to ensure a perfect seal. The bottom ring, usually located just above the piston pin, is an oil-regulating ring. This ring scrapes the excess oil from the cylinder walls and returns some of it, through slots, to the piston ring grooves. The ring groove under an oil ring has openings through which the oil flows back into the crankcase. In some engines, additional oil rings are used in the piston skirt below the piston pin.
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4.1.14 Crankshaft of a four-cylinder engine
The lower hole in the connecting rod is split to permit it to be clamped around the crankshaft. The bottom part, or cap, is made of the same material as the rod and is attached by two or more bolts. The surface that bears on the crankshaft is generally a bearing material in the form of a separate split shell; in a few cases, it may be spun or die-cast in the inside of the rod and cap during manufacture. The two parts of the separate bearing are positioned in the rod and cap by dowel pins, projections, or short brass screws. Split bearings may be of the precision or semiprecision type.
The precision type bearing is accurately finished to fit the crankpin and does not require further fitting during installation. It is positioned by projections on the shell that match reliefs in the rod and cap. The projections prevent the bearings from moving sideways and prevent rotary motion in the rod and cap. The semiprecision-type bearing is usually fastened to or die-cast with the rod and cap. Before installation, it is machined and fitted to the proper inside diameter with the cap and rod bolted together.
4.1.15 Crankshaft
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As the pistons collectively might be regarded as the heart of the engine, so the crankshaft might be considered the backbone (fig. 12-19). It ties together the reactions of the pistons and the connecting rods, transforming their reciprocating motion into rotary motion. It transmits engine power through the flywheel, clutch, transmission, and differential to drive your vehicle. The crankshaft is forged or cast from an alloy of steel and nickel.
5.1 Timing Gears (Gear Trains)
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Timing gears keep the crankshaft and camshaft turning in proper relation to one another so that the valves open and close at the proper time. Some engines use sprockets and chains. The gears or sprockets, as the case may be, of the camshaft and crankshaft are keyed into position so that they cannot slip. Since they are keyed to their respective shafts, they can be replaced if they become worn or noisy. With directly driven timing gears , one gear usually has a mark on two adjacent teeth and the properly requires that the gears mesh so that the two marked teeth of one gear straddle the single marked tooth of the other.
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6.1 Fuel injection Pump
The disel oil is pumped and metered by an injection pump. The quantity under high pressure is sent to the injector with the help of injector pipes from where it gets injected into combustion chamber.
7.1 Flywheel:-
Flywheel is device which stors the energy and use when requrie. Flywheel is cast iron wheel bolted to the end cranshaft,on its periphery. The net torque imparted to the cranksahft during one complete cycle of the engine fluctuates causing a change in the angular velocity of shaft . in order to achieve a uniform torque and inertial mass in the form of flywheel is attached to the output shaft and this wheel is called flywheel.
8.1 LUBRICATION:-
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Electric motors are fitted with bearings which reduce friction. The types of bearings most often used are sleeve bearings, roller bearings, or ball bearings. For these bearings to remove the heat generated by friction, they must be properly lubricated. The lubricant used is usually either grease or oil. Some motors are equipped with ball bearings permanently lubricated or packed with grease when the motor is assembled at the factory. These bearings are usually covered with a nameplate that reads-Do Not Lubricate. Most electric motor bearings, however, must be lubricated at frequent intervals. In such cases, the lubricant is fed to the bearings through a pressure fitting or grease nipple from a hand-operated grease gun. Or, the lubricant may be metered to the bearings from a grease or oil cup, which must be periodically turned or screwed down by hand to keep the bearings supplied with lubricant Some rotating shafts are fitted with sleeve bearings that usually are soft brass cylinders that fit around the machine-shaft journal like a sleeve. In some installations, the lubricating oil is circulated through the sleeve bearings under pressure. Some sleeve bearings, however, may be lubricated by means of an oil ring, or rings,
The weight of the ring hanging on the journal is enough to cause it to revolve, as the shaft revolves. As the oil ring rotates, it dips into an oil reservoir directly beneath the shaft journal. The oil picked up by the ring is then diffused along the shaft, between the shaft journal and sleeve bearing. Proper lubrication of ring-oiled sleeve bearings depends on maintaining a sufficient oil level in the reservoir.
For this reason, most sleeve bearings have oil filler gauges or overflow fittings installed to aid the operator in maintaining the oil at a proper level. When the electric motor is in operation, the operator is required to make frequent checks and inspections for proper lubrication of bearings and for overheated bearings. Check for heat radiated to your hand or check with a thermometer.
Note that one of the most frequent conditions that cause bearings to overheat is excessive lubrication. This is a verycommon problem in the case of grease-lubricated bearings. Too much grease around the bearings insulates and seriously hinders the conduction of heat away from the bearing.
The specific lubrication requirements and inspection procedures vary according to the type of bearings and the motor installation. You should always consult your local operator maintenance schedules and instructions for guidance. Other than the inspections cited, the operator should check for the leakage of lubricants from the bearings, especially lubricant oozing toward the windings or other electrical conductors. At less frequent intervals, maintenance schedules require additional and more detailed inspections for proper lubrication.
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This requirement often includes dismantling parts of the bearing housing because bearing housings and pressure fittings must be cleaned periodically. To lubricate grease-lubricated bearings properly, you must flush old grease from the bearing with solvent and add fresh grease. Sleeve bearings must be examined at various intervals and the oil reservoir flushed, cleaned, and refilled.
9.1 COOLING SYSTEMS
Radar equipment, particularly the high-power transmitters, generate large amounts of heat. This heat must be dissipated to prevent damage to the equipment and to prevent erratic circuit operation. Most radar equipment rooms have high-capacity air-conditioning systems to control the ambient room temperature however, equipment cabinets must have additional cooling to control the internal temperature. In the case of transmitters (and other high-voltage circuits), individual components may require cooling. Cabinets that generate relatively small amounts of heat may only require a system of fans or blowers to maintain constant air circulation. In some cases the air is circulated through a liquid-cooled heat exchanger located inside the cabinet.
Most low-power amplifier tubes are air cooled; most high-power tubes, such as klystrons, crossed- field amplifiers, and magnetrons, are liquid cooled.
The main source of power and heat in a power amplifier package is the high-voltage power supply. Part of the power produced by the power amplifier is transmitted in the form of rf energy; the remainder of the power eventually converts to heat, and cooling is required to dissipate the heat.
Radars that use blowers for cooling will usually have an airflow sensing switch. If the blower fails, the switch will open and remove power from appropriate power supplies. Radars employing liquid cooling normally distribute the liquid into a large number of separate paths, because the flow requirements are quite dissimilar. Each of the various paths will have a low flow interlock. If one of the liquid cooling paths becomes restricted, the low flow interlock switch will open and remove power from the radar.
Liquid cooling systems also include pressure gauges and switches, temperature gauges, and overtemperature switches. Many systems have pressure or flow regulators. Some systems include audio and/or visual alarms that energize before damage actually occurs. In some cases this allows the problem to be corrected without turning off the equipment.
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9.1.1 TYPE OF COOLING SYSTEM
1.WATER COOLING
2.AIR COOLING
Note; sonalika tractor uses forced circulation water-cooling system;
9.1.2 COMPONENTS OF COOLING SYSTEM
1. Radiator2. Pump3. Thermostat valve
10.1 Radiator;
The purpose of radiator is to provide large amount of cooling area so that water passing downwards through it in thin streams is cooled effciently . To accomplish this there are many possible arrangements .The radiator consists essentially of upper tank and a lower tank .The upper tank in some design may contain a removable filter mash to avoid dust particles going into the radiator or radiating element . The upper tank is connected to the water outlet from the engine jacket by rubber hose and another rubber hose to the water jacket inlet connects the lower tank through the pump.
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11.1 PumpThe pump maintaines a circulation of water throught the system,, the bottom of the radiator is connected to the suction side of the pump. The power is transmitted to the pump spindle from a fully mounted on the end of the crankshaft of or cam shaft. In the case of multicylinder engines an header is usually employed to provide equally distribution of water to all cylinder, tube supplyments the haader and ducts which give high rate of flow around around critical section of engines such as exhaust valve. the rate of circulation is usually 3 to4 litres/min/kw.
12.1 Clutch
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The clutch is fitted between the engine and gearbox. It is coupling used for the connecting or disconnecting engine power to the gearbox.
Main functions of clutch are as follows:
1) To disconnect the engines power from the gearbox as required under the following circumstances:
a) To start the engine, arm it up and it at a high speed to develop enough power to move the tractor from the rest.
b) Disconnect the power from the gearbox for the easy shifting of gears.
c) Disconnecting the drives from the engine to stop the tractor after application of brakes.
2) Allow the engine to take up load regularly without shock.
Working:Take two flywheels with center shaft fixed in it. If we move one wheel the
second will not move as they are kept apart. Now bring the second wheel close to the first wheel and press them together. If we turn the first wheel then the second will start moving. In actual practice two metal wheels are pressed together but a friction disc is called clutch plate is fixed in between them.
Note: there are two types of clutch i.e single clutch and double clutch.
Parts:Single plate (dry type) system:
a. Flywheel: it transmits engine power and works as pressure plate.b. Pressure plate: presses the clutch on the flywheel by spring force.c. Clutch plate lining: transmits power from the flywheel to the gearbox input
shaft.d. Clutch release bearing: presses the clutch finger for declutching.e. Inner bush: it gives sheet to clutch release bearing and to and fro motion.f. Clutch actuator guide: it guides the motion of the inner bush.g. Clutch actuator shaft: actuates the inner bush.
In addition to these parts dual clutch has one more important part i.e THREE FINGER SHAFT for transmitting power to PTO shaft.
In single clutches as clutch peddle is pressed both the gears and PTO stop spontaneously while in dual clutch peddle is pressed half one gear stops PTO remains in motion. Due to this advantage dual clutch is preferred in PTO drawn implements.
13.1 Differential
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It transmits the power from the transmission shaft at the right angle to the axle shaft in order to drive the wheels and distribute the power between powered wheels according to the requirements.
Differential assembly is fitted in the center of the rear axle casing and does the following jobs:
1. it transmits power from the transmission shafts at the right angle to the axle shaft to move the wheel.
2. to differentiate the speed of the two rear wheels when tractor is taking turn. The outer wheel has to travel more distance than the inner wheels or the outer wheel has to run faster than the inner wheel.
As far as transmitting of power at right angle to the propeller shaft is concerned driver pinion is coupled to the transmission shaft with the help of flange. This pinion drives the crown wheel as such the power is now available at right angles to the driver shaft and the tractor can move forward and back as required.
Assembly
1. tail pinion: it transmits power from the output shaft of the gearbox to the crown wheel.
2. crown wheel: it gives housing to the cage assembly where differential action takes place.
3. differential cage: it gives the housing to the spider kit i.e cross, star, sun pinion.
4. cross: it remains fixed in the cage assembly and supports the motion of the star pinion.
5. star pinion: distributes the power between sun pinion according to the load applied by them. Consist four-star gears.
6. sun pinion: transmits power from star pinion to bull pinion shaft. Consist of two sun gears.
7. bull pinion shafts: gives power to the bull gear and bear the action of break.
8. bull gear: transmits the power from the bull pinion shaft to the rear axle.9. rear axle: transmits the power from the bull gear to the rear wheel.10. differential: differential lock is made on the bull pinion shaft as a hollow
shaft and we provide an extra coupler assembly in the differential. When differential is free from lock the coupler are in disengage position and when we apply the differential lock coupler are in engage position.
14.1 Flow chart of power transmission in differential
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15.1 Industry Application
Tail pinion
Crown wheel
Crown cage
Sun star gear
Bull pinion shaft
Bull gear
Rear axle
Rear dick and rim
tyres
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1. Manufacture the tractors of differnt model. Two main model produce by the compony is:-1) RX.2) DI.
2. Manufacture the combine of the tractors.3. Manufacture the car and tractor engine.4. Manufacture the different gears.5. Compony have its on resarch and development centre where they are
serching for in 6. Also compony supply its products to other companies in india and in
international companies.7. Manufacture the sheets of the different metal which used in the tractors
cover body.
16.1 Conclusion I conclude that the sonalika is very big company because they manufacture almost all the parts of the tractor it’s on but also very few components which are taken by the compony from others companies. Sonalika doing a very greate job to prompot our nation to the inter national level. They are producing a such a very greatest tractors which have the level to compete with the international market. There is also a hugge demand of there tractor to the international market. In sonalika, worker’s are also doing a greate job to prompot the compony and they are doing a very hard work. So i am very happy to join the international tractor limited for four weeks and i am hopping that i will be the part of this company in future and giving our best to this company and make it as number one company in intare world.
17.1 References:-
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My report ia based on the parts of the tractor likae engine,Gear box and engine parts. So to make this report i take the references from 1. The intenet. From internet I take some pictures of the engine parts
like piston rings, crankshaft, piston assembly and also taking some data on the working of engine.
2. The following books:- Applied thermodynamic-1 Applied thermudynamic-2
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