Six Kingdoms Review

1. Eubacteria

2. Archaebacteria

3. Protista

4. Fungi

5. Plantae

6. Animilia

NOT viruses - not living

Viruses

Virus characteristics

nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat smaller than the smallest bacterium nonliving particles shape determines the cell the virus attacks A virus that infects a bacterium is called a

bacteriophage or phage for short.

This picture shows the three

major virus shapes.

Viral metabolism

Viruses cannot grow, reproduce, or develop without a host cell.

Viruses share parasitic relationships with their hosts.

Viral structureCapsid

Nucleic acid

(DNA or RNA)

Envelope: layer that surrounds the capsid, found mostly in larger viruses (such as those that affect humans)

Lytic cycle: rapid replication and assembly, followed with lysis (bursting)

Lysogenic cycle: Can become dormant for months or years - then activated

LYSOGENIC CYCLE

LYTIC CYCLE The provirus leaves the chromosome.

Viral nucleic acid and proteins are made.

The cell breaks open releasing viruses.

A lysogenic virus injects its nucleic acid into a bacterium.

Bacterial host chromosome

A. Attachment and Entry

B. Provirus Formation

Provirus

The viral nucleic acid is calleda provirus when it becomespart of the host’s chromosome.

C. Cell Division

Althoughthe provirusis inactive,it replicatesalong withthe host cell’schromosome.

Lysogenic viral diseases

herpes simplex I

herpes simplex II that causes genital herpes

hepatitis B virus

Chickenpox virus but may become lytic and cause shingles

Herpes virus

HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes a condition called AIDS.

HIV destroys the T cells that are part of the human immune system.

When the T cell counts drop to a particular level, a person is said to have AIDS.

Retroviruses are viruses that have RNA instead of DNA as the genetic material

Cancer and viruses

Some viruses cause cancers.

These viruses cause the cells to divide abnormally, creating tumors.

Tobacco mosaic virus causes yellow spots on tobacco leaves, making them unmarketable.

Plant virus

The first virus to be identified was a plant virus, called tobacco mosaic virus, that causes disease in tobacco plants.

Plant viruses enter the plant through wounds or insect bites.

Neutral plant viruses

Some mosaic viruses cause striking patterns of color in the flowers of plants.

Rembrandt tulips

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Three main types of Archaebacteria

Methanogens: live on anaerobic environment, produces methane gas in marshes, cows, sewage disposal.

Halophiles: lives only in water with high concentrations of salt

Thermophiles: live in the hot, acidic waters of sulfur springs and near cracks deep in the ocean floor

Eubacteria characteristics(different kingdom) Small Unicellular Single circular DNA chromosome instead of linear

chromosome Lives in more hospitable environments than

archaebacteria Diverse nutritional needs

Heterotroph: consume organic matter Saprobe: digests dead or decaying matter Autotroph: produces own organic matter through

photosynthesis

Cytoplasm

Chromosome

Gelatin-likecapsule

Cell

Wall

Cell Membrane

Flagellum

Eubacteria anatomy (E. coli) Ribosome

Alexander Fleming, discoverer of penicillin in 1928

Penicillin can block cell wall production, which can cause bacteria to be destroyed.

Gram stain

a technique that determines the differences in the composition of bacterial cell walls (thick or thin)

Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria

Bacterial shapes

Bacterial cell walls also give bacteria different shapes

Coccus: spheres Bacillus: rods Spirillum: spirals

How bacteria grow

Diplo: a paired arrangement of cell growth Staphylo: an arrangement of cells that resemble

grapes Strepto: an arrangement of chains of cells

Example: Streptococcus

Bacteria reproduce asexually by a process known as binary fission.

Chains of spheres (circles)

Binary fission

Then, a partition forms between the chromosomes. This partition separates the cell into two similar cells.

Because each new cell has either the original or the copy of the

chromosome, the resulting cells

are genetically identical.

Endospores

Structure that contains a bacterium’s DNA and a small amount of its cytoplasm

Encased by a tough outer covering Resistant to drought and extreme conditions May survive thousands of years Bacillus anthracis, the bacteria that causes

anthrax is able to form spores in harsh conditions and become active under favorable conditions. Spores can spread through inhalation, digestion, or contact.

• Some foods that you eat—mellow Swiss cheese, crispy pickles, tangy yogurt—would not exist without bacteria.

•Bacteria is more HELPFUL than harmful

Food and medicine

Harmful bacteria

Disease-causing bacteria can enter bodies through openings, such as the mouth.

How bacteria harm host bodies Bacterial growth can interfere with the normal

function of body tissue. Bacteria can release a toxin that directly

attacks the host.

Diseases caused by bacteria

Diseases Caused by BacteriaDisease Transmission Symptoms Treatment

Strep throat

(Streptococcus)

Inhale or ingest throughmouth

Fever, sore throat,swollen neck glands

Antibiotic

Tuberculosis Inhale Fatigue, fever, nightsweats, cough, weight loss, chest pain

Antibiotic

Tetanus Puncturewound

Stiff jaw, musclespasms, paralysis

Open and clean wound,antibiotic; give antitoxin

Lyme disease Bite ofinfected tick

Rash at site of bite,chills, body aches,joint swelling

Antibiotic

Dentalcavities (caries)

Bacteriain mouth

Destruction of toothenamel, toothache

Remove and fill thedestroyed area of tooth

Diptheria Inhale orclose contact

Sore throat, fever,heart or breathingfailure

Vaccination to prevent, antibiotics

Protists

Protist characteristics

Eukaryotic: having organelles and nucleus Unicellular or multicellular Heterotrophic, autotrophic, or saprobic Microscopic or large Divided into three major groups:

Protozoans (animal-like) Algae (plant-like) Smile molds (fungus-like protists)

Protozoans: animal-like protists

Heterotroph: consume organic matter Unicellular

Protozoans (animal-like): Movement with pseudopods Pseudopod: “false foot”

Amoeba, shapeless cells

Feeding with pseudopods

The extensions of the cellular body surrounding food particles, which the amoeba then draws into itself for digestion.

Movement with flagella

This disease causing Giardia protozoan has flagella to move around.

Movement with cilia

Note the fine cilia that surround the paramecium, making a “halo glow.”

Algea: Plant-like Protist

Algae: Autotroph - uses light to make sugars through photosynthesisLack roots, stems, and leavesplant-like protists

Algae (plant-like) pigmentation

All have chlorophyll Some have other

pigments: purple, rusty-red, olive-brown, yellow, and golden-brown.

Algae are grouped according to their pigmentation.

Green algae (most diverse) can grow almost anywhere. Even on the fur of sloths

Red tide (caused by plant-like protist)

Concentration of nerve toxins from certain algea blooms that cause water bodies to appear red.

This water and contaminated shellfish can make humans sick.

Fungus-like protists

Decompose dead matter Mobility during some stage of life cycle No chitin in cell walls

Slime molds, water molds, and downy molds (fungus-like) Cool, moist environments Able to move around to feed during most of

the life cycle

Fuzzy white growth on decaying matter

Helpful protists

Algae through photosynthesis produce oxygen, that makes up the ozone layer.

Algae and protozoans can also be part of the plankton that feeds marine animals.

Fungus-like protists decompose matter and return nutrients back to the soil. plankton

Fungus

Fungus characteristics

Found everywhere Variety of colors and appearances Grows best in moist, warm environments Chitin cell walls Hyphae:

long strands that make up the fungus body

Hyphae functions

Produce spores Anchor the fungus Reproduction Absorb a food

source: secretes enzymes that break down food so nutrients are easily absorbed

How fungus absorbs food

Chemicals released by hyphae digestdead materials.

Hyphae absorb the digested food.

Harmful fungus

Spoils food (molds) Cause diseases

and illnesses (athlete’s foot, ringworm)

Destroys crops

Helpful fungus

Decomposes waste matter and returns nutrients back to the soil

How fungi reproduce

Fragmentation: parts break off and grow

Budding: fungi growing from mature body and then breaks off

Spores: structures that are produced, released, and germinated into mature forms

Yeast budding

Spores germinating

Fungi Example: yeasts

Undergo alcohol fermentation so are often used to produce alcoholic drinks

Also used in baking to make bread rise Commonly used in bioengineering to produce

vaccines.

Lichen

Mutualistic relationship between fungus and algae Fungus provides hospitable environment for

the algae. Algae produces sugars for the fungus.