sindh strategy for sustainable development
TRANSCRIPT
Planning & Development DepartmentGovernment of Sindhin collaboration with
The World Conservation Union (IUCN)
SindhStrategy for
Sustainable Development
The designation of geographical entities in the book and thepresentation of the material, do not imply the expression of anyopinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal statusof any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerningthe delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Published by: IUCN Pakistan, Sindh Programme.
Copyright:© 2007 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Pakistan.
Sindh Strategy for Sustainable Development was prepared byPlanning and Development Department, Government of Sindh incollaboration with IUCN-The World Conservation Union, Pakistan. It was supported by the Norwegian Agency for DevelopmentCooperation (NORAD) and Royal Netherlands Embassy (RNE).
Citation is encouraged. Reproduction of this publication foreducational or other non-commercial purpose is authorised withoutprior written permission from IUCN Pakistan, provided the source is fully acknowledged.
Reproduction of this resale or other commercial purposes isprohibited without prior written permission from IUCN Pakistan.
The contents of this document and the opinions expressed do notconstitute an endorsement by the NORAD and RNE.
Citation:Sindh Strategy for Sustainable Development, IUCN, 2007.Sindh Programme Office. xxvii+265 pp.
ISBN:978-969-8141-89-9
Resource persons:Ali Raza Rizvi, Nasir Ali Panhwar, Sana RazaTahir Qureshi, Najia Siddiqui, Shahana Jamil, A.G Pirzada Hasan Akhtar Rizvi, Saima Baig and Zofeen T. Ebrahim
Cover & layout design:Azhar Saeed, IUCN Pakistan Country Office
Cover photograph:Mukhtar Azad
Printed:Hamdard Packages, Karachi.
Available from:Planning and Development DepartmentGovernment of SindhTughlak HouseSindh SecretariatKarachi
IUCN-The World Conservation UnionSindh Programme Office 1-Bath Island Road, Karachi-75530 Tel: ++92-21- 5374072/74/75 Fax: ++92-21-5838106 Website: www.sindh.iucnp.org
Sindh
Strategy for Sustainable Development
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Contents Preface iv
Acknowledgements v
Acronyms and Abbrevitions vii
Local Terms xi
Executive Summary xiii
PART I : Introduction 02
PART II : Breif Description of Sindh 10
PART III : Building Blocks of the SSSD 14
Chapter 1 : Introduction 16
Chapter 2 : Agriculture 24
Chapter 3 : Water 38
Chapter 4 : Coastal and Marine Ecosystems 50
Chapter 5 : Forests 58
Chapter 6 : Wetlands 66
Chapter 7 : Rangelands 72
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Chapter 8 : Biodiversity 78
Chapter 9 : Fisheries 86
Chapter 10 : Livestock 96
Chapter 11 : Industrial Development 102
Chapter 12 : Energy 110
Chapter 13 : Minerals and Mining 116
Chapter 14 : The Urban Environment 120
Chapter 15 : Environmental Health 128
Chapter 16 : Civil Society 134
Chapter 17 : Population and Health 140
Chapter 18 : Poverty 144
Chapter 19 : Gender 150
Chapter 20 : Education 156
Chapter 21 : Communication and ICT 166
Chapter 22 : Cultural Heritage and Tourism 172
PART IV : Implementation Mechanisms 180
Chapter 23 : Implementation Framework 182
Chapter 24 : Monitoring and Evaluation 194
Chapter 25 : Financial Resource Mobilisation 198
Appendices
Appendix 1 : Notification on Advisory Committee 204
Appendix 2 : List of Participants at Sectoral Consultative Workshops 209
Appendix 3 : Sample Project Concept Clearance Proposals 222
Appendix 4 : Potential Tourism Sites and Catagorisation 234
Maps 244
Bibliography 254
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Preface
The Sindh Strategy for SustainableDevelopment (SSSD) proposes a ten yearsustainable development agenda for Sindh. Itspurpose is to highlight the ecological,economic and social issues of the provinceand to provide recommendations and strategicactions to address them. The strategypromotes the sustainable use of naturalresources to achieve the objectives of povertyalleviation and social development through theparticipation of the people of Sindh.
It is now widely acknowledged that economicuplift can only be achieved through adoptingparticipatory processes that link theenvironment, development, and humanelements of a particular area. The SSSD hasbeen developed in response to the increasingdepletion of natural resources and rise inpoverty in the province. It is intended to serveas a framework that integrates the issues ofboth constraints and provides solutions
without compromising associated objectives.It advocates good governance as its maintheme and recommends institutional capacitybuilding and using the participatory processduring decision-making. Implementing theseconcepts in an integrated and holistic mannerwill ensure ownership, efficiency, and thesustainability of future projects.
This publication is intended to be a livingdocument, which should evolve with thechanging scenario. The strategy should bereviewed and revised every three years,incorporating lessons learned duringimplementation. This will help to refine andredirect the implementation process asneeded.
It is hoped that the SSSD will not only providea framework for a prosperous Sindh, but willultimately result in the diffusion of thisprosperity to the whole of Pakistan.
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Acknowledgements
The SSSD has been developed throughmultistakeholder participation andencompasses the expertise of manyindividuals and groups. We acknowledge their support and extend our grateful thanks to all of them. (See Appendix 2— List of Participants: Consultative Workshops).
The process was guided by an AdvisoryCommittee, chaired by Mr Ghulam SarwarKhero, Additional Chief Secretary, P&DD, GoS(Appendix 1 — Notification on AdvisoryCommittee).
The following resource persons providedsupport, guidance, and expertise:
● Mr Abdul Ghaffar Pirzada
● Mr Arif Hasan
● Dr Baz Mohammad Junejo
● Dr Iqbal Chaudhary
● Mr Javed Jabbar
● (Late) Mr Kazi Siraj
● Ms Kausar Saeed Khan
● Mr Mahmood .N. Shah
● Ms Meher Markar Noshirwani
● Dr Mubina Agboatwala
● Ms Mehtab Akbar Rashdi
● Mr Mohamad Hashim Leghari
● Dr M. Suleman Shaikh
● Mr Qazi Asad Abid
● Ms Rehana Ghulam Ali
● Mr Muhammad Saleem Jalbani
● Mr Shamsul Haq Memon
● Mr Zulfiqar Shah
IUCN Pakistan’s Sindh Programme providedthe overall technical expertise andcoordination. The Sindh Programme teammembers who worked diligently during theprocess included
● Mr Ali Raza Rizvi
● Mr Nasir Ali Panhwar
● Mr Tahir Qureshi
● Ms Saima Baig
● Ms Sana Raza
● Ms Najia Siddiqui
● Ms. Charmaine Fernandes
The SSSD has resulted due to the team efforts of IUCN Pakistan, particularly Mr Abdul Latif Rao,
Mr Hasan Akhtar Rizvi, Mr Ahmad Saeed, Ms Safia Shafiq, Mr Najam Khurshid, Ms ZohraRehmat Ali, Mr Bhim Adhikari, Mr NadeemSamnakay, Ms Huma Ikramullah, Ms Tehseena Rafi, Ms Seeme Malik, Mr Hameed Hasan, and Mr Rafi ul Haq. TheSenior Management Group of IUCN Pakistanalso peer-reviewed the document.
Ms Tamreez Khan provided editorial andcontextual support.
The strategy would not have been developedand completed without the financial supportof the Norwegian Embassy to whom we areextremely grateful.
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ADB Asian Development Bank
ADP Annual Development Plan
AEDB Alternative EnergyDevelopment Board
AKRSP Aga Khan Rural SupportProgramme
ARIs Agricultural ResearchInstitutes
BAP Biodiversity Action Plan
BCS Balochistan ConservationStrategy
BOC Burmah Oil Company
BoS Bureau of Statistics
CAI-Asia Clear Air Initiative for AsianCities
CBD Convention on BiologicalDiversity
CBO Community BasedOrganization
CCBs Citizen Community Boards
CCI Chamber of Commerce andIndustries
CEDAW Convention on the Eliminationof All Forms of DiscriminationAgainst Women
CEMB Centre of Excellence in MarineBiology
Acronyms and Abbreviations
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CETP Combined Effluent TreatmentPlants
CDA Coastal DevelopmentAuthority
CIDA Canadian InternationalDevelopment Agency
CNG Compressed Natural Gas
CPP Cleaner Production Program
CSOs Civil Service Organizations
CSR Corporate SocialResponsibility
DCC District CoordinationCommittee
DCO District Coordination Officer
DMIS District ManagementInformation System
DOAM Department of Archaeologyand Museums
DP Digestible Protein
EDO Executive District Officer
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
EIA Environmental ImpactAssessment
EPA Environment ProtectionAgency
EPZA Export Processing ZoneAuthority
ESD Education for SustainableDevelopment
EU European Union
FAO Food and AgricultureOrganization of the UnitedNations
FATA Federally Administered TribalAreas
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FPCCI Federation of PakistanChamber of Commerce &Industry
FPSC Federal Public ServiceCommission
FPSP Flood Protection SectorProject
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEF Global Environment Facility
GIS Geographic InformationSystem
GMOs Genetically ModifiedOrganisms
GNP Gross National Product
GoP Government of Pakistan
GoS Government of Sindh
GPA Global Plan of Action
GRAP Gender Reform Action Plan
ha Hectare
HDI Human Development Index
HESCO Hyderabad Electric SupplyCorporation
ICT Information CommunicationTechnology
ICZM Integrated Coastal ZoneManagement
IDRC International DevelopmentResearch Centre
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IED Institute for EducationalDevelopment
IEE Initial EnvironmentExamination
IIED International Institute forEnvironment andDevelopment
IMO International MaritimeOrganization
IPPs Independent Power Producers
IRC Indus Resource Centre
ISWM Integrated Solid WasteManagement
IUCN The World Conservation Union
KANUPP Karachi Nuclear Power Plant
KESC Karachi Electric SupplyCorporation
KFH Karachi Fish Harbour
KFHA Karachi Fisheries HarbourAuthority
KIA Korangi Industrial Area
KoFHA Korangi Fisheries HarbourAuthority
KPA Marine Protected Areas
KPAC Khirthar Protected AreaComplex
KPT Karachi Port Trust
LBOD Left Bank Outfall Drain
LGO Local Government Ordinance
LITE Landhi Industrial TradingEstate
MAF Million acre feet
MDGs Millennium DevelopmentGoals
MFD Marine Fisheries Department
MGD Million gallons daily
Mha Million hectares
ML Million litres
MSA Maritime Security Agency
MT Metric tonne
NACS Northern Areas ConservationStrategy
NASSD Northern Areas Strategy forSustainable Development
NCS National ConservationStrategy
NDP National Drainage Programme
NEAP National Environmental ActionPlan
NEQS National Environmental QualityStandards
NFC National Finance Commission
NIO National Institute ofOceanography
NOC No-Objection Certificate
NWFP North West Frontier Province
OPP Orangi Pilot Project
P&DD Planning and DevelopmentDepartment
PARC Pakistan Agricultural ResearchCouncil
PCP Pakistan Centre forPhilanthropy
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PCSIR Pakistan Council of Scientificand Industrial Research
PDWP Provincial DevelopmentWorking Party
PEMRA Pakistan Electronic MediaRegulatory Authority
PEPA Pakistan EnvironmentalProtection Act
PFC Provincial FinanceCommission
PITE Provincial Institute for TeacherEducation
PMD Pakistan MeteorologicalDepartment
PMDC Pakistan Mineral DevelopmentCorporation
PQA Port Qasim Authority
PRSP Poverty Reduction StrategyPaper
PSDF Public Sector DevelopmentFunds
PSDP Public Sector DevelopmentProgramme
PTA Parent–Teacher Association
RAMSAR International Agreement onEndangered Habitats
R&D Research and Development
RBOD Right Bank Outfall Drain
RCC Radiant Control Coating
RE Renewable Energy
RNE Royal Netherlands Embassy
RWSS Rural Water Supply andSanitation
SCDA Sindh Coastal DevelopmentAuthority
SDC Swiss DevelopmentCooperation
SEA Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment
SEMIS Sindh Education ManagementInformation System
SFD Sindh Forest Department
SIDA Sindh Irrigation and DrainageAuthority
SITE Sindh Industrial Trading Estate
SoED State of Environment andDevelopment
SMC School ManagementCommittee
SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises
SPCS Sarhad ProvincialConservation Strategy
SRSP Sindh Rural SupportProgramme
SSIC Sindh Small IndustriesCorporation
SSSD Sindh Strategy for SustainableDevelopment
SUPARCO Space and UpperAtmospheric ResearchOrganization
SWD Sindh Wildlife Department
SZABIST Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali BhuttoInstitute of Science andTechnology
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TDN Total Digestible Nutrients
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TED Turtle Excluder Device
ToR Terms of Reference
UNCED United Nations Conference onEnvironment andDevelopment
UNCLOS United Nations Convention onthe Law of the Sea
UNDP United Nations DevelopmentProgramme
UNEP United Nations EnvironmentProgramme
UNFPA United Nations PopulationFund
UNICEF United Nations Children Fund
USAID United States Agency forInternational Development
WAPDA Water and PowerDevelopment Authority
WB World Bank
WEHAB Water-Energy-Health-Agriculture-Biodiversity
WRI World Resources Institute
WSSD World Summit on SustainableDevelopment
WTO World Trade Organization
WUA Water User Association
WWF World Wildlife Fund
ZSD Zoological Survey Department
abadgars farmers
awassi nomadic sheep breed
babul Acacia nilotica (L.) Wild exDal.
barani rain-fed land
begar forced labour
bhoosa straw
chardiwari literally, the four walls of ahouse
chowdikar attendant
chowki check post
deh smallest unit of revenuemanagement (land)
dhand lake
dhora watercourse
Eid-ul-Azha Muslim festival
ghee purified butter
goth village
gowcher common land allocated forgrazing
hakim physician
haris peasants
Local Terms
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hurries private woodlots
kachhi sheep breed
kankrej cattle breed
Karo Kari honour killing
katchi abadis squatter settlements
kharif summer crop/season
kikar Acacia nilotica
koaria well diggers
kooka sheep breed
kutcha unpaved road
maddrassahs religious schools
nain runoff torrents
nalas natural drains
nazim mayor
neem Azadricta indica
panchayat age-old system ofmanagement by local elders
pucca sealed road
rabi winter crop/season
sardar a chief; a leader
shisham Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.
talhi see shisham
taluka subdistrict
tarai water pond
taries natural depressions whererainwater gathers
tehsil subdistrict
thari cattle breed
ulema community-based scholars
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Sustainable development, which emphasizesthe integration between environmental,economic, and social dimensions, is now atop priority at global and national levels. It hasbeen generated by the environmental crisis,which has resulted in the degradation ofnatural resources as well as diminished qualityof life. There is also a growing worldwideconsensus on the need to improve equity andjustice significantly as a basic condition for aviable future for humankind. The first step toaddress these issues was the WorldConservation Strategy, which was developedin 1980. Subsequently at the Rio Summit of1992 it was agreed that environmentalconservation, equity, and gender equalityneed to be aligned to promote sustainabledevelopment.
After the development of the WorldConservation Strategy, each country wasexpected to develop its own NationalConservation Strategy (NCS). Pakistan wasamong the first few countries to start this
process. One of the main recommendations ofthe NCS was for each province to develop aProvincial Conservation Strategy. This wasdone by NWFP and Balochistan, followed bythe Northern Areas.
While Sindh is rich in natural resources, it isalso subject to a host of environmental anddevelopment issues. There is a severe watershortage in the province, especially in the aridand desert areas. Land is also afflicted bydesertification, waterlogging, and salinity.Forests occupy only 2.5 percent of the totalland area and tree coverage has been rapidlydecreasing due to overgrazing and felling.Moreover, there has recently been extensiveintrusion of the sea into the Indus Delta, whichhas destroyed a large portion of agriculturalland and has impacted on the livelihoods ofthe local people adversely. Owing to thesefactors and other issues such as pooreconomic and social development, theprovince has a high incidence of poverty andrural√urban migration. Recurrent droughts
Executive Summary
further compound the problems. Therefore, itis necessary that a sustainable developmentand good governance initiative be undertakenin the province.
In light of the issues in Sindh, IUCN Pakistanprovided technical assistance to the Planningand Development Department (P&DD),Government of Sindh (GoS) to develop theSindh Strategy for Sustainable Development(SSSD). This document serves as a planningframework for sustainable development in theprovince.
GovernanceSindh is the commercial hub and the gatewayof Pakistan. In terms of human developmenthowever, Sindh has a very large rural√urbandivide and a dramatic social gap. It has thehighest per capita incomes, but its humandevelopment indicators in rural areas areamong the worst in Pakistan. Poverty ispervasive and rife, especially in rural Sindh.The province is characterized by poor socialservices, large gender disparity, landlessness,and high dependence on the public sector ƒthese conditions are juxtaposed by the largemanufacturing, finance, and private sectors inKarachi.
Some issues related to governance includefiscal mismanagement, ineffective publicservice delivery, and deteriorating law andorder. The government is taking steps toinstitute governance reforms; however moreneeds to be done to ensure effective policiesand planning, public participation, thedecentralization of decision-making, andinstituting legal reforms.
Agriculture Agriculture is the backbone of Sindh»seconomy. Even the industries that exist in thearea are agro-based and 54 percent of thecountry»s textile units, 45 percent of its sugarmills, and 20 percent of pulp and paper millsare located in the province; all depend on rawmaterials from the agriculture sector. The major field crops sown in Sindh arewheat, cotton, rice, and sugarcane, which
utilize 68 percent of the total cropped area.Sindh also produces horticulture crops ƒmangoes, bananas, dates, and chilliespredominate. Otherwise floriculture andaquaculture are other important activities andneed better promotion to diversify anddevelop alternative income-earningopportunities in rural areas.
Over recent years, however, crop yields in theprovince have been low for many reasonsincluding, inter alia, lack of research, lowavailability of quality crop seeds, waterscarcity, and land degradation (waterloggingand salinity) due to inappropriate farmingpractices. Agricultural productivity is affectedby the inadequate supply of water as well asits timely release. The issue of watergovernance is thus a pressing concern for thestakeholders in this sector.
The effects of the imposition of traderegulations contained in the World TradeOrganization (WTO) agreements in the localagricultural sector are a concern. The qualitystandards advocated by the agreement andthe effect that they have on agricultural priceshave a profound impact on local farmers.Policy-makers in the province and the countrymust lobby for protection of the localagricultural sector, which is vital for foodsecurity, in the face of international pressure.
The SSSD incorporates many proposals toovercome these issues. Government policiesand initiatives should focus on sustainabledevelopment in agriculture with a focus on soilmanagement as well as efficient watermanagement. Furthermore, provisions foradequate agricultural extension must be madeto implement these policies at the grassrootslevel. Some initiatives have been undertakenby the government, but much remains to bedone. The recent revival of the Sindh SeedCorporation, announced in the latest budget, isa positive step to encourage public√privatepartnership. The list of recommendations forthe improvement of this sector iscomprehensive. It includes the increasedprovision of credit to farmers, efficient waterresource management, and a focus onresearch related to the sector. The implicationsof the WTO must also be studied. Substantialpolicy changes to accommodate the changes
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are required to maintain the globalcompetitiveness of the agricultural sector ofPakistan, to which Sindh makes a majorcontribution.
WaterWater is an increasingly contested issue inSindh. The province has been facing severewater shortages in recent years, which haveexacerbated other cross-sectoral issues.Scant rainfall and politicization of waterdistribution to the provinces, are leading toboth economic and social hardship.
Sindh is located in the arid zone andexperiences limited rainfall of 100 to 200 mmper year, and high rates of evaporation. Thelack of rainwater is not supplemented bygroundwater supplies, which have beenrecorded as less than 5 MAF. Therefore, Sindhrelies almost entirely on the water of the RiverIndus. Being situated at the tail-end of theIndus; the province receives even more limitedsupplies of water flowing in from the rest of thecountry. Sindh»s share in the Water Accord hasbeen set at 49 MAF but the availability of wateris normally less than this amount. Therefore,there have been serious disputes on waterdistribution.
The availability of river water and rainfallmeets the agricultural and industrialrequirements of the province. However, watersupply for domestic use is an issue asdrinking water is heavily dependent onfreshwater supplies. Successive droughts andcontamination (e.g. excessive use of chemicalfertilizers and industrial waste and effluents)are putting both the availability and quality ofdrinking water at risk.
The agricultural economy and agro-basedindustrial sector are suffering as a result ofthese water shortages. Farmers in Sindh arefacing acute economic shortfalls, especiallyin seasons of low rainfall. Without anadequate water supply, many farmers arebeing forced to turn to either alterativemodes of income or move to the cities insearch of work. Such economic pressure hasalso begun to put a strain on traditionalhousehold dynamics.
Issues in the distribution of Indus water, lackof groundwater, inefficient cropping patterns,use of outdated irrigation technology, and lackof investment for the re-modelling of theirrigation system are major obstacles inconserving and efficiently managing waterresources in Sindh.
As water issues in Sindh are so controversial,steps need to be taken to mitigate them. Acomprehensive water policy must be devised.The formulation of such a policy must beinitiated with a thorough situational analysis ineach province. There is a need to increase theparticipation of water users in the design,development, operation/maintenance, andfinancing of water supply systems. There is aneed for increased cooperation among differentinstitutions within other cross-cutting sectorsincluding agriculture, fisheries, wetlands,forests, and the urban environment to ensurecollaboration and joint solutions to problems.
Coastal and MarineEcosystems
Pakistan»s coastal zone is divided between theprovinces of Sindh and Balochistan. Sindh»scoastline hosts a productive marine fisheriessector and provides livelihoods for manycoastal inhabitants. There are inter-relationships between the long-term stabilityof the coastal and marine ecosystems andnumerous other sectors including thebiodiversity sector (comprising plant, wildlife,and fish species) as well as the industrial,forestry, and water sectors.
Land-based activities including industrial,urban, and agricultural pollution have resultedin the degradation of the marine ecosystem.The industrial estates of Karachi, namely SindhIndustrial Trading Estate (SITE), LandhiIndustrial Trading Estate (LITE), KorangiIndustrial Area (KIA), and West Wharf IndustrialArea, among others, discharge effluents mainlyinto the Lyari and Malir rivers, which drain intothe Arabian Sea. Oil pollution is also a majorthreat to coastal marine areas. TheGovernment of Pakistan (GoP) has recentlyprepared an Offshore Drilling Policy, andconcession rights have been issued in the
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Indus Delta which may increase oil pollutionconsiderably. Furthermore, inadequatesanitation facilities in coastal and urban areascause high levels of pollution through therelease of untreated solid waste into coastalwaters.
Coastal development activities also contributeto the degradation of the coastal environment.On the Karachi coast, land is being reclaimedin the harbour area for port management-related activities and in the urban cantonmentsfor housing, commercial, and recreationalprojects. These developments have altered thecoastal ecology of the area, which could haveserious repercussions in the future, especiallydue to the vulnerability of this area to tidalwaves, storms, cyclones, and monsoon rains.Another serious concern is the degradation ofmangrove forests, which are a vital ecologicalfeature for stabilizing the coastline of Sindh.
A lax regulatory environment and the weakimplementation of laws have plagued this sectorover time. There is currently no legislation toprotect coastal and marine resources fromdegradation through overexploitation ofresources, pollution, and the release ofinadequate water supply by upstream users. Theregulation and implementation of laws related tothe marine and coastal areas is essential.
Strong agencies with clear responsibilities forthe development and regulation of marine andcoastal areas are required. Institutionalstrengthening of relevant agencies is essential.These agencies must also be in close contactwith each other for complementary andmutually supportive action related to this sector.
The establishment of Marine Protected Areas(MPAs) must be considered. Intensive studiesare required to promote the rehabilitation ofkey areas affected by degradation. Theseareas could serve as breeding and nursinggrounds for fish and shrimp resources andcontribute to the productivity of the fishingindustry in the coastal areas.
ForestsForests cover approximately 2.5 percent ofthe total area of Sindh and 1.126 Mha (2.782
million acres) or eight percent of the area fallsunder the jurisdiction of the Sindh ForestDepartment. Forests are particularly importantin Sindh for soil stabilization in its vast aridzone and for the protection of neighbouringagricultural lands. Furthermore, forestssupport a rich diversity of flora and fauna, andfulfil the fuelwood and fodder needs of localcommunities.
The importance of the forests of Sindh hasbeen realized by the government and othersectors. The GoS is undertaking a number ofdevelopment projects in the Indus DeltaRegion with local and World Bank funding.Other initiatives in the pipeline include thepreparation and implementation of a CoastalZone Management Plan; a feasibility study forthe management of the riverine areas ofSindh; and the National Environmental ActionPlan»s (NEAP»s) initiative for the developmentof mangroves in the Indus Delta. The SindhForest Department (SFD) has executed aforestry project with the assistance of theAsian Development Bank (ADB) through whichover 21 000 ha of Reserve Forests have beenrehabilitated. ADB also funded the SFD todevelop management plans for all riverineforests and irrigated plantations. Furthermore,the GoS has approved an agroforestry leasepolicy in which 133 000 acres have beenscheduled for leasing.
The sustainability of the forest sector in Sindhis threatened by mismanagement, insufficientplanning, and inertia in the implementation ofconservation strategies. There is no uniformpolicy for forest resources. Due to the paucityof research in the forest sector, there is noreliable information on tree species andbiodiversity assessments have not beencarried out. It is crucial to have acomprehensive and sustainable national forestpolicy in order to support effective forestmanagement. The implementation of theForest Sector Master Plan developed by thegovernment must be considered as a firststep in this direction.
Large areas of forests are harvested withouteffective management plans to ensure thatharvested areas are adequately rehabilitated.Where management plans have beendeveloped, implementation has been
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insufficient and the capacity of forestry staff toadopt sustainable practices is limited. Thecapacity of institutions responsible for thissector needs to be enhanced to ensure thatviable conservation and sustainabledevelopment policies are pursued.
There is limited community involvement andlack of coordination, resulting in a gap betweenforest experts and local people. Social forestrymust be adopted as it has a great potential toorganize local communities to work in the fieldof conservation. Moreover, social forestry haspositive implications vis à vis poverty reductionand environmental management.
WetlandsNine out of 19 protected wetlands under theRAMSAR Convention are located in Sindh.These wetlands are sanctuaries forbiodiversity. Coastal and estuarine wetlandsserve as critical breeding, rearing, staging,and wintering grounds for various importantfish and shellfish species as well as migratoryand local birds. Sindh»s wetlands providesustenance to an ever-increasing humanpopulation and a substantial population ofwetland species, both plant and animal.
The coastal wetlands are affected adversely byinadequate freshwater supply, which istranslating into losses in the fisheries sector inSindh. Hunting, unplanned growth of humansettlements, illegal occupation, disturbance byrecreational activities, and reclamation by urbanand industrial development are some of theother problems that the wetlands face. Thereare no common property laws relating towetlands; this makes conservation andmanagement of these areas very difficult. Thereis no adequate legislation or enforcement oflaws relating to fishing rights for localcommunities ƒ this leads to exploitation ofresources and encroachment by other actors.
Wetlands have decreased in area due to theoverexploitation of their resources. There arefew alternative income-generating sources forlocal communities in these areas; as a resultthey depend on natural resources as their solemeans of livelihood. Only recently, afterecological and environmental surveys, has
some awareness regarding the importance ofwetlands been generated. The P&DD should allocate funds specificallyfor wetland management and conservation intheir Annual Development Plan (ADP) with anadditional focus on research and feasibilitystudies. The provincial government along withthe district governments need to work incoordination with each other. Furthermore,conservation strategies and policies need tobe implemented through organizationsworking for wildlife, wetland, and waterconservation. There is also a need forincreased coordination between governingagencies as well as NGOs working in the fieldof wetland management.
Research is necessary for wetlandmanagement and conservation activities. It isessential to map all current wetlands usingGIS. Accessibility of information and reliabletools would make the monitoring processmore accurate and useful. Awareness-raisingactivities among the community, policy-makers, and relevant stakeholders on theimportance of conserving the biodiversity ofwetlands can be based on this information.
There is a need for regulatory mechanisms,such as legislation, to ensure comprehensiveEnvironmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) forall development projects near wetland sitesand their potential affect on biodiversity.Action must be taken on recommendations ofthe Biodiversity Action Plan and NCS throughthe development of stricter enforcement andmonitoring mechanisms starting with theRAMSAR-protected sites in Sindh.
RangelandsThe arid zones of Sindh can be classified assubtropical deserts and they constitute morethan 60 percent of the province. Rangelandsare a critical component of these areas. Theyprovide grazing grounds for livestock andsupport a rich diversity of flora and fauna. Therangelands in Sindh are mostly state propertyand their integrated management is essential toensure these resources are used sustainably.
The majority of the population in arid areasand their rangelands live below the poverty
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line. The literacy rates are extremely low andemployment opportunities are limited.Monsoon rainfall, which is cyclic, irregular, anderratic in nature, is low. The low rainfall forcesthe local inhabitants to migrate with theirlivestock. Both desertification and waterscarcity plague these areas. In spite of theseecological constraints, livestock productionand dryland agriculture are vital to theeconomy here.
There have been no livestock improvementand development projects in either the publicor private sectors. Traditional natural breedingsystems are still used and farmers are unawareof innovations that they could adopt. Diseasesamong livestock are common. Furthermorethere is a dearth of appropriate policies at bothnational and provincial level regarding thedevelopment of livestock and feed resourcesduring periods of fodder scarcity.
The social and economic uplift of therangeland communities must be prioritized.Basic amenities such as fuel, water, sewers,and schools for the local population must beprovided. Moreover, creating an effective roadinfrastructure is critical for the arid areas ofSindh.
Exploring water-spreading techniques1 is alsoa possibility as they help to control soil erosionand movement of sediment, and conservewater for increased forage production.
BiodiversitySindh is rich in biodiversity owing to its diverserange of landscapes and ecosystems. Plantspecies are a source of food for the ruralpopulation and are also an important source ofraw material for the industrial sector. They arealso used in healthcare products, traditionalmedications, dyeing, as culinary spices, and innatural cosmetics and perfumes.
Sindh is located on the flyway of Central Asia,and therefore hosts a multitude of migratoryspecies of birds. Sindh»s wildlife includes thehoubara bustard, the Sindh urial, the Sindhibex, the Indus blind dolphin, the marsh
crocodile, the Indian cobra and python, andthe Oliver Ridley turtles. According to theBiodiversity Action Plan, Sindh has a total of54 protected areas, with 14 game reserves, 35wildlife sanctuaries, and one national park.The remaining four remain unclassified.
From its important array of medicinal plants, itsunique species of wildlife in its importantwetland sites, nine of which are protectedunder the RAMSAR Convention, the focus inSindh has always been on exploitingbiodiversity for short-term gains. The results ofthis short sightedness among policy-makersand communities alike are becoming painfullyclear as important species of wildlife andplants, forests, and wetlands are struggling fortheir survival in a situation where their valuemight only be realized after it is too late.
The predominant factors that have adverselyimpacted on Sindh»s previously richbiodiversity are the destruction of importantflora and fauna habitats by unplannedindustrialization, the decreasing supplies offreshwater from the Indus River, and the lackof effective policies to protect and enhancebiodiversity.
Industrial pollution and sewage dischargehave increased substantially in Sindh. Manycreeks and coastal waters suffer fromeutrophication due to high levels of fertilizerresidues and sewage discharge. Owing to itslack of drainage facilities, the irrigation systemhas further compounded degradation of soiland land conditions ƒ rendering them unfit tosupport traditional plant varieties.
Conservation of biodiversity, especially in thecase of flora, is currently a low priority, whichtranslates into a lack of management planningfor the effective implementation of policyrelated to this sector. The governmentdepartments responsible for conservation areunable to function effectively due tomismanagement of agencies, insufficientfunding, political inertia, and a dearth oftrained and committed staff. The SindhWildlife Department, for example, should beprovided with effective training of staff,adequate funds, and updated technical
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1 Human-induced irrigation systems and water management practices.
equipment to ensure effective datacompilation.
Furthermore, the Pakistan Biodiversity ActionPlan proposes specific actions that need to beadopted and integrated into sectoral plans andprogrammes. Policies to regulate the accessand use of genetic resources are alsomandatory. They must be integrated intoprovincial and district level development plans.
Innovative conservation programmes andprojects need to be undertaken by governmentdepartments with the active involvement oflocal communities. The precursor to thisshould be the capacity building of all sectorsand far reaching advocacy work for theprotection of biodiversity.
FisheriesFisheries make a significant contribution tothe national economy through exportearnings. In 2000, 84 693 MT, valued at Rs.7.9billion2 of fish and fish products wereexported out of a total estimated at 665 000MT. Approximately 48 percent of this amountwas produced in Sindh. Consequently, marineand inland fisheries are a major feature of theSindh economy. The total number of peopleengaged in the fisheries sector during 2000and 2001 was estimated at 360 000. Of thistotal, 135 000 people (37.5 percent) wereengaged in marine fisheries and 225 000people (62.5 percent) in inland fisheries.
Overfishing, degradation of aquaticecosystems, and unsustainable exploitation ofmarine and inland resources are some of themajor issues in this sector along with analarming rise in pollution levels in fishingwaters. The reduced flow of Indus waterdownstream of Kotri Barrage, silting, andpollution are leading to ecological changes,which are having an adverse impact onbivalves, particularly oysters.
Fishing settlements along the coastline havedeveloped in such a haphazard fashion thatthe scope of their activities is limited as thefacilities to support the sustainable growth of
this industry do not exist. Due to the lack offacilities related to loading, unloading,packaging, and storage of fish catches, localfisherfolk»s make-shift arrangements pollutethe surrounding environment. Mismanagementis the main cause of most of the problemsand constraints facing the fishing industry. Forexample, equipment procured during theexecution of development projects has notbeen properly utilized and more often than nothas been damaged or destroyed due tomisuse.
There is a need for greater support of thecurrent fishing industry with increased accessto credit, improvement and development oflanding facilities, and the establishment ofpostharvest facilities at appropriate sites. Theprivate sector should be encouraged to investin the development of fish harbourinfrastructure facilities.
The lack of research and developmentactivities in the field of fisheries makesinformed and effective policy-making difficult.Current and reliable statistics on fish stocksare necessary for the analysis of loss ofbiodiversity in coastal and inland waters aswell as environmental degradation in thesurrounding areas.
There is a lack of enforcement of currentlegislation related to the fisheries sector. Fishmarkets, which are crucial for theestablishment of a viable fish farming industry,are poorly developed. In this regard, thegovernment and local NGOs need to providethe related infrastructure to support fishmarkets, including roads linking fishingvillages to markets and important urbancentres, transport facilities, water supplies,credit facilities, and postharvest facilities forfishing communities.
LivestockMore than 75 percent of the rural populationpractices livestock farming. Both public andprivately-owned livestock farms can be foundin Sindh. Four farming systems predominate,namely: subsistence farming, market-oriented
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2 US$1.00 = 59.64 Pakistan rupees (August 2005).
farming, peri-urban agriculture, and urbanfarming. Although Sindh»s livestock populationis of high quality, improvements in theperformance of breeds and exploitation oftheir genetic potential have been minimal andthis has affected productivity.
The availability of feed resources is decliningrather than increasing owing to the constantpressure of increasing livestock populations,frequent droughts, and greater pressure oncultivable land for the production of crops forhuman consumption.
Improved extension services offered to thelivestock sector, which include access tomodern inputs, technology, and livestockhealth services, are required. There is anetwork of veterinary hospitals anddispensaries at district, tehsil, and unioncouncil levels, which provide diagnosticservices, treatment of sick animals, andpreventive vaccination. However, there is roomfor improvement in these services. Dairyvillages should be established on governmentlands for rearing of dairy buffaloes, withsufficient access to markets through linkedroads, as well as provision of adequateservices for production and maintenance inareas that have no dairy production facilities.The government must also support the privatesector and NGOs in this regard to set upprojects to improve existing and develop newextension services on a priority basis.
Basic and applied research needs to beconducted at all levels of the livestock andpoultry farming sector. More public funding forR&D from the operational budget is required.The application of technologicaladvancements is necessary and innovativetechnology, especially that imported fromabroad, must be studied. While newtechniques should be encouraged, thevariability between farm resources and animalpractices in Sindh compared to other areasmust be considered.
Industrial DevelopmentSindh»s process of industrialization began withthe creation of planned industrial estates andthe development of an engineering base. In an
effort to promote industrial growth, 24 largeand small industrial complexes wereestablished in different parts of the province.
Sindh»s industries encompass agricultural,horticultural, and livestock production andprocessing of products; textiles; tanning;pharmaceuticals; minerals; cement; salt;sugar; cotton; coal; china clay; oil and gasproduction as well as the steel andautomobile industries. The informal sector isled by small-scale manufacturing units basedon indigenous or indigenized technologiesthat produce consumer products; theseaccount for 50 percent of the industrialproduction in Sindh.
Industrial production in the province peaked inthe mid-1990s, but over the years, it has lostmomentum. Many factors account for thedeceleration of manufacturing activities.Primarily this is attributable to the failure of theindustrialization policy, which waspromulgated as infrastructural facilities inindustrial established complexes wereinsufficient, substandard, and could not caterto the demands of the industry. The entry ofsmuggled goods from other provinces, theproduction of low quality products by anincreasingly aggressive informal sector, andthe growth of the underground economy havefurther compounded the problems of theformal industrial sector.
The government needs to review the highcargo handling charges at Karachi port asthey increase the industrial cost of productionand discourage exports. The governmentmust support industrialization by removingsuch barriers and by providing incentives.There is also a need for greater enforceablelegislation to ensure industry compliance,particularly with environmental regulations.
Seventy percent of Pakistan»s industry islocated in Sindh. There has been a gradualshift of industries to Punjab whereindustrialists are provided with betterincentives and political stability. Hence peoplein Sindh are opting for trading, real estatebusinesses, and a capital market instead ofestablishing industries. Incentives must beprovided to the business community tosustain this sector.
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Energy
Forty-two percent of energy consumed inSindh is used in the domestic sector and 35percent is consumed by the industrial sector.Fifty-two percent of the energy requirementsis met by fuelwood, 17 percent is generatedby electricity, eight percent is served by gas,and six percent is fuelled by kerosene.
Eighty-four percent of exploration activities inthe oil and gas sector occur in Sindh. It has95 percent of the total coal depositsnationwide. Additionally innovative renewableenergy technologies have been experimentedwith (e.g. windmills for water pumping, windturbines along Karachi»s coast for generatingelectricity). However, none of the programmeshas made a substantial addition to energyresources, and the pressure on non-renewablesources has persisted.
The power sector is dominated by public utilityproviders, which suffer from overstaffing,declining technical skills, lack of properinfrastructure, financial and technicalinefficiencies, poor governance, lack ofcompetition, and inaccessible services forconsumers. There is also weak coordinationbetween government agencies and otherstakeholders. The two main energy providers inSindh ƒ HESCO and KESC ƒ are unprofitable,running on 32 percent and 37 percent lossesrespectively. Effective management of currentresources is essential. Secondary transmissionand grid systems should be upgraded to ensurefull capacity utilization and uninterrupted supplyof energy to tail-end users.
It is therefore necessary to increase thecurrent supply of energy in a cost-effectivemanner, particularly in the field of renewableenergy, which is at present an untappedresource. Private sector companies must beencouraged to enter the renewable energysector, for example in the field of CNGtechnology. The government is proposing tomake this technology tax free for five to tenyears as well as offering subsidies, fiscalincentives, and loans for its greater use.
Increased capacity building of organizationslike the Private Power Infrastructure Board is
required to provide greater support topublic√private partnerships in this field. Theinstitutional development of energy providerssuch as KESC and WAPDA, including trainingof staff and instilling a policy of conservationand transparency, should be attempted withthe help of both public and private sectororganizations.
Minerals and MiningThe mineral and mining sector, which ranksthird in Pakistan after the industrial andagricultural sectors, respectively, earns morethan 101 million rupees annually. Out ofPakistan»s daily production, more than 56percent and 37 percent of oil and gas outputsrespectively are derived from Sindh. Shell OilCompany, Pakistan Petroleum Limited, HuntOil Company, and the Oil and GasDevelopment Corporation have successfullydiscovered oil and gas in different parts of theprovince. Besides oil and gas, 26 mineralscontribute to the national economy.
Unfortunately, the mining and explorationprocesses, particularly those used in coalmining, are obsolete or slow. Environmentalconcerns and health hazards are low priorityareas. Underground mining of coal can lead tosoil subsidence (causing damage to homes,roads, and agricultural land). Coal miningproduces air pollutants, which include dust,carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, oxides ofnitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, and trace metals.
There is a lack of information regardingmining locations, issues, geographicdistribution, total land degraded by miningactivities, terrestrial mines under activeexploration, the total area of mining leases ƒwhich are active and dormant ƒ and thelocation of mining fields. The periodicmonitoring of mineral outputs, geographicdistribution, economic size of mining units,techniques, and the balance betweendemand and supply is necessary.
A separate cell for the exploration of mineralsin the Department of Mines and MineralDevelopment needs to be set up.Furthermore, environmental issues, includingdisturbance of land during mining, generation
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of waste, percolation, and transportation mustbe addressed on a priority basis. According toPEPA »97 rules and regulations, EIAs shouldbe mandatory for all mining projects. A MineDevelopment Plan must be drafted, whichshould address issues like soil management,overburden and spoil disposal, barriers toarrest noise pollution, air pollution,reclamation of back-filled areas, reclamationof nalas and fields, and improving the qualityof life in human settlements surroundingmines; practical mitigation measures need tobe suggested. Enhanced capacity is requiredfor the implementation of relevant legislationand the implementation of plans. A separateSindh Mining Training Board should beestablished to plan and implement humanresource development and utilizationprogrammes apropos coal mining technology.
Urban EnvironmentSindh has the highest urban population inPakistan ƒ 14.84 million ƒ which constitutes48.9 percent of the total population of theprovince. Physical conditions in urban Sindhdo not compare well with the Pakistanaverage, except for Karachi.
Most urban centres in Sindh areoverpopulated. There is an exodus of migrantsfrom the rural areas to cities that do not havethe infrastructural capacity to accommodatethem. Due to the lack of proper housingfacilities, those who come from rural areasoften settle in kachi abadis or squattersettlements around the city. These are illegalencroachments without any proper civicfacilities. Other major urban issues includesewage disposal, water scarcity andcontamination, air and noise pollution.
Municipal and industrial effluent in Sindh isdischarged into the nearest drainage canals,depressions, water channels, rivers, or the seaowing to inadequate disposal and treatmentfacilities. This contributes to another prevalentproblem in both cities and towns ƒ waterpollution. Poor water quality has led to recentoutbreaks of infectious diseases, some ofwhich have resulted in mortality. Potablegroundwater is available in only 28 percent ofthe urban land mass.
In terms of water quality and supply, there is aneed for immediate rehabilitation of thecurrent supply system to ensure that waterlosses are curtailed. Also, there is a need foran effective water quality monitoring system,particularly as polluted water has caused thedeaths of many residents in rural Sindh.
Air pollution problems are a high priorityissues throughout Pakistan and they are noless important in Sindh. Currently,coordination between the variousstakeholders (i.e. provincial government, citygovernments, private sector organizations,and NGOs) is weak. An increase in vehicularpopulation has led to congestion andincreases in air and noise pollution levels.
Proper urban planning for infrastructuredevelopment projects is required. Plans mustidentify and be based on the needs of urbanresidents. Such planning should includestrategies to minimize issues such as trafficand pollution hazards as well as ensuring thelong-term environmental feasibility of suchprojects. Environmental impact assessmentsof new projects need to be undertaken.
Environmental HealthAccording to UNICEF»s Multiple IndicatorsCluster Survey (1995) for Sindh, 81 percent(the highest amongst the four provinces) ofchildren below five years of age havedeveloped acute respiratory infections. Sincethis study was conducted a decade ago, thisnumber must have increased considerably bynow but statistics have not been documented.Severe water pollution has resulted in variousenteric diseases, primarily gastroenteritis,typhoid (especially in the summer), andhepatitis amongst the populace.
Excessive population growth has increasedenvironmental pressures on rural and urbanareas, degraded resources, and increasedpollution. High levels of air and water pollutionhave led to various respiratory and water-borne diseases. Approximately 70 percent ofthe populace do not have access to clean andsafe drinking water and around 80 percenthave no access to drainage and sanitationfacilities. Such deplorable living conditions
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result in increased health problems within therural and urban population. The effect ofpollution generated by industry has not beenconsidered either. Industrial heavy metals,along with other pollutants, are dischargedinto the environment through industrial waste,automotive exhaust, heavy-duty powergenerators, and through refuse burning. Lead,one of the most toxic of heavy metals, isreleased into the atmosphere through exhaustfumes from automobiles, lead-based paints,and battery-smelting factories.
There is a need to conduct studies on thedegree of pollution (such as air and waterquality), noise levels, the poverty√environmentnexus, population pressure, resource gaps,and law enforcement mechanisms andestablish a reliable database of statistics,especially in urban areas. Based on thisinformation, appropriate action must be taken.There is also a need for increased capacity,awareness, and regulation of the informalmedical sector on issues pertaining toenvironmental health.
A treatment system must be established toensure that effluent is treated before beingdischarged into freshwater sources.Alternatives need to be provided to substitutehigh emission fuels with low emission fuels instationary and non-stationary sources tocheck air pollution, accompanied by thesubstitution of unleaded fuel for leaded fuel.The preparation of a transport policy toaddress air and noise pollution and otherissues related to environmental health in urbancentres of Sindh must be given priority. Inaddition, the capacity of the EPA should beenhanced for effective monitoring of pollution,especially in the case of industries.
Civil SocietyPakistan has a burgeoning civil society, withNGOs playing a lead role in guidingdevelopment processes in various socio-economic sectors. There are significantdifferences in the mandates and activities ofNGOs operating in urban and rural Sindh.While rural NGOs are primarily involved inservice provision and developing models ofservice delivery through community
participation, the priorities of urban NGOs aredirected towards initiating policy changesthrough advocacy.
A major constraint in the country and Sindh isthe fact that NGOs are often viewed withsuspicion and hostility by traditional religiousinstitutions, charity organizations, and thegovernment. This mistrust exists within NGOsas well but is directed towards thegovernment, hence deterring an enablingenvironment for collaborative initiatives.Therefore, there is a lack of coordination indevelopment schemes.
Like other NGOs in Pakistan, a majorconstraint faced by their Sindh counterparts isfunding, which is dependent on donors,usually from outside Pakistan. Donor-drivenfunding is based on the priorities of the donorand often may not be based on the needs ofthe locals.
To escape from this dilemma, a Sindh NGOfund that streamlines funding from thegovernment and other sources fordevelopment and environmental activitiesmust be established. The GoS should ensuresocial investment from various sources withthe DCC (District Coordination Committee) sothat all funds collected are distributedaccordingly to development projects. Civilsociety partnerships with the public sector fordevelopment areas will be useful as they canensure greater participation and grassrootssupport for government programmes.
The civil society sector must make efforts toincrease its credibility with other sectors.Many organizational constraints such as thelack of effective monitoring mechanisms areevident. Frequently, NGOs work in isolationwhich limits the scope of their activities andthe multiplier effect. Effective communicationchannels must be developed for the publicand private sectors to ensure greatercoordination and support for relevantprogrammes.
Population and HealthAlmost half of Sindh»s population of 30 millionlives in urban areas. The urban population is
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growing at a faster pace (3.5 percent per year)than the rural population (2.2 percent per year)due to in-migration and insufficient economicopportunities and facilities in the rural areas.The rural√urban divide is particularlypronounced in Sindh where socio-economicdevelopment indicators are much higher inurban areas.
Recent demographics illustrate that because ofthe high level of fertility over the last fewdecades, the adolescent population is exertingenormous pressure on socio-economic facilitiesand employment opportunities. Therefore themain concerns should be provision ofschooling, healthcare centres, and vocationaltraining institutes to cater to the demand of thispopulation and to ensure that they can becomeproductive members of society.
There is a need for more common healthfacilities and birth control programmes, familycounselling services (with monitoring/evaluation), and rural health centres at thetaluka and district levels in Sindh.
PovertyPoverty has become a major issue in Sindh,where 50 percent of the population livesbelow the poverty line. Rural poverty in Sindhis higher than the national average ƒ thepoorest districts of Pakistan are located inSindh. The deprived half of the province»spopulation is plagued by unemployment,inadequate access to education, poorsanitation, insufficient health facilities, andunhygienic living conditions.
The poor are affected by the increaseddegradation of natural resources as they relyon natural resources for their livelihoods ƒwater, forests, and arable land.Concomitantly, waterlogging, salinity, and thepollution of waterbodies have a negativeimpact. Poverty is further exacerbated by theunequal distribution of private and publicassets. The problem of lack of access towater resources is particularly pronouncedamong lower income groups. Inadequatewater supplies limit income-earningopportunities and lead to poor health whenpolluted water is used.
A strategy for rural poverty alleviation isrequired from policy-makers. The identificationof the poor in various agroclimatic zones isessential in government strategy as this has astrong correlation with the incidence ofpoverty. Also the creation of jobs outside therural agriculture sector is imperative. Becauseof skewed land distribution, there is a need tofocus on income sources, independent oflandownership. The development of Small andMedium Enterprises (SMEs) and home-basedcottage industries, for example, could be aviable option.
It is also important to strengthen the localgovernance systems and develop policystructures to ensure that the poor haveaccess to resources, income, health, andeducation. At the policy level, there is a needfor increased emphasis on the development ofpro-poor macro-economic policies inconsultation with stakeholders to supportthese initiatives in all sectors. There should beincreased collaborative efforts in the publicand private sectors, particularly in ruralsettings, to ensure adequate credit invulnerable areas on a priority basis. Increasedaccess to credit will help to increase accessto land capital for the poor, which will helppoverty alleviation.
GenderGender has been infused holistically into allchapters of the SSSD. In Sindh, as in the restof the country, there is considerable diversityamongst women according to classstructure, rural/urban locality, ethnicbackground, educational level, and incomegroups ƒ this determines their social,economic, and political development. Womenin urban areas of Sindh are far better off thantheir rural counterparts with regard to accessto basic services like water, electricity,education, employment, and health facilities.In terms of government policy, women arestill restricted to their productive roles ascaregivers and not in terms of their valuablecontributions to household economies; thislimits investment in gender-based socialdevelopment. Women in Sindh lag behindmen because of social, cultural, andtraditional norms.
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There is a need to mainstream gender equalityperspectives across all public policies, laws,programmes, and projects by variousstakeholders in the field, most prominently thegovernment, to ensure that women»s interestsand needs are adequately represented inpublic policy formulation and relatedprogrammes.
The roles women can play in populationpolicy, environmental initiatives, and thepolitical process as well as in povertyalleviation projects have been underestimatedin the past. However, these societalperceptions are gradually beingreconstructed. Women can be mobilized asagents of change for issues like conservationof water and sustainable farming practices.Owing to their close ties to natural resourcemanagement, policy-makers need to involvewomen to further the goals for sustainabledevelopment.
EducationOver the past ten years literacy rates in theprovince for both men and women haveincreased dramatically. The figures forKarachi stand at 71.7 percent for men and71.4 percent for women. However, theprovincial average is 65.2 percent. Statisticaldata must not, however, be the onlybenchmark for education. There may be anincreased availability of infrastructuralfacilities, but the mode and quality ofinstruction is often neglected. For example,income group disparities mean that studentscan be enrolled in public, private, andmadrassah schools with disparities betweenlanguages of instruction. Even within Englishmedium schools, there are two types ofsystems ƒ matriculation with the local boardof education and the Cambridge examinationsystem.
Due to rising poverty levels there is a highdropout rate in the middle schools. Children,both boys and girls, are often engaged ineconomic activity. The education sector inSindh is hampered by the lack of organizationand planning. There are numerous publicsector facilities available such as technicaland vocational centres, primary school
buildings, teacher-training centres, andprogrammes. However they are not utilized totheir full potential and they are inadequatelyfunded. Instead, a parallel system ofeducation, fed by the private sector anddonor-led projects, has been functioning,creating income disparity and varying degreesof quality. The introduction of donor funding toeducation has begun to impact ongovernment funds, which seem to bedecreasing.
≈Ghost∆ schools have been identified by theauthorities throughout the province. This termrefers to institutions that only exist on paper.These ghost schools in many cases areaccompanied by ≈ghost∆ teachers whoreceive salaries from the public sector. Thisproblem is chronic in Sindh and there is a direneed for a policy or a mechanism to deal withthe situation.
The mediocre examination system in Sindhhas caused the standard of education to fall.The pass percentage keeps decreasing withthe use of outdated textbooks and teachingmethodologies at primary, secondary, andeven tertiary levels. Teacher-trainingmechanisms are not effectively planned or failto remain in a continuous learning loop for theteachers who undergo training. There is noeffective system for monitoring orimplementation after the training sessions.There is a dire need for effective training ofteachers and updating of curricula in alleducational institutions at primary, secondary,and tertiary levels.
Communications and ICT
For a long time, Karachi has been the hub ofmost print and electronic media production inPakistan. The major English and Urdupublications with the highest circulations, aswell as many multi-city newspapers, arebased in Karachi. Many major televisionchannel operators run from Karachi as well.
In recent years, there has been a significantincrease in television audiences as a result ofthe greater availability of television sets andthe abundance of new television channels viasatellite and cable. Pakistan Television, a
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state-controlled channel has dominated theairwaves since the emergence of television inPakistan. However, with the advent of newlocally-owned television channels with lessstringent censorship, this monopoly has beencurtailed. Satellite dishes and formal andinformal cable networks allow access to bothregional and local channels, which areaccessible even in the remote areas of theprovince.
The potential of radio as a medium forcommunication has been strengthened by theinflux of new radio stations on FMfrequencies. State-owned Radio Pakistanowns and operates four radio stations inKarachi, Hyderabad, Khairpur, and Larkana,which transmit programmes on AM, SW, andFM frequencies. There are also two private FMchannels operating in Karachi. This number isbound to increase. Fourteen licences wereissued by the Pakistan Electronic MediaRegulatory Authority (PEMRA) in 2004.
With the introduction of the broadbandservice, Internet quality has improvedsignificantly along with its accessibility all overthe province. Internet is now available in 138towns and cities in Sindh because of thegovernment»s efforts to make dial-upnetworking available through Point ofPresence telecommunications.
There is a rural√urban disparity when it comesto accessing information owing to low literacyrates, poor infrastructure facilities,geographical remoteness, and the high priceof publications in rural areas. People areunable to highlight their difficulties as theycannot pay for publications to run their storiesin rural areas. There is a ≈digital divide∆relating to information technology ƒ the gapbetween those who have access and skills touse computers and those who do not. Thisgap is particularly pronounced between urbanand rural populations in Sindh, but also existsin urban areas between different age andsocio-economic groups. Furthermore, thequality of Internet access provided throughPoint of Presence telecommunications(whereby callers from smaller towns canconnect to Internet Service Providers in thenearest city at the cost of a local call) is aserious issue.
Cultural Heritage andEcotourismSindh is a province rich in cultural heritage.From religious sites in Sukkur, Thatta, andSehwan districts to the remains of ancientcivilizations like Mohenjodaro and theRannikot Fort, it is characterized by itsdiversity and close ties to the great IndusValley Civilization of the Third Millennium B.C.
Eighty-four sites in Sindh are protected underthe Department of Archaeology, GoP, butthese sites are still not given adequateattention in terms of security, conservation,and the development of their tourist potential.There is no proper inventory system ordetailed listing of heritage property andconservation zones. As a result, there is nodatabase on the existing antiquities in theprovince.
Traditional vernacular architecture is beingreplaced by badly designed modern buildings,primarily due to the lack of culturally sensitiveregulations and building control authorities,which could facilitate the preservation ofarchitectural heritage and cultural values.Appropriate planning guidelines andregulations that ensure continuity of heritagevalues need to be developed and firmlyadopted.
Current funding for institutions is insufficientto effectively monitor the listed culturalheritage declared protected under the SindhCultural Heritage Preservation Act of 1994.Many of these sites have disappeared.Owners of cultural heritage sites have few incentives to maintain or safeguard these assets.
Building control authorities do not have theappropriate capacity, principles or bylaws toconserve cultural heritage sites. There are noregulations that declare historic areas asconservation zones where only restricteddevelopments could take place within theconfines of conservation bylaws. TheDepartment of Culture»s archaeologicalactivities in Sindh need professionalexploration, documentation, and excavation.This needs to be followed by appropriate
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conservation activities for artefacts, sites, andmonuments.
Restoration projects for dilapidated andculturally significant sites need to be linkedwith tourism development opportunities. Thisshould be a cumulative process as sitesbecome restored.
The field of domestic tourism, which couldeasily be promoted in the country toencourage local funds to stay within thecountry, is also wholly unexplored territory.Some constraints to growth includeinadequate funding, lack of legal framework,high taxes on hotels and resorts, and poorcoordination between government agenciesand the private sector. Some of theseproblems are attributable to the tourism sectornot being recognized as a legitimate industry.
To promote tourism in Sindh, it is important toconstruct approach roads to various touristsites, provide public and private transport fortourists, publish guide books, and conductorganized tours from city centres.
Implementation Mechanisms
The overall coordination of the SSSD is themandate of the P&DD GoS. An AdvisoryCommittee on preparation of the SSSD wasconstituted under the chairmanship of theAdditional Chief Secretary (Development). Thisadvisory committee has the representation of
all stakeholders including the government,NGOs, the academe, industries, journalists,farmers (abadgars), chambers of commerceand industry, and IUCN.
An Executive Council has been proposed,comprising the Chief Minister as chairman andall the Cabinet Ministers, Chief Secretary, andAdditional Chief Secretary (Development) asmembers; the Chief Economist, P&DD, wouldserve as member/Secretary. An ExecutiveCommittee should be established under thechairmanship of the Chief Secretary. Thisshould be assisted by a Provincial SteeringCommittee to guide, monitor, and implementthe SSSD. The private sector and civil societymust also be encouraged to play a role inimplementation.
The implementation of a strategy forsustainable development would be a futileexercise without a proper and effectivemonitoring and evaluation (M&E) system.The framework for M&E would not onlyinclude mechanisms to monitor and assessprojects and programmes taken up throughthe SSSD, but also the stakeholders,including the government agencies, NGOs,private sector and communities associatedand involved with the SSSD at variouslevels.
Financial resources are necessary toeffectively implement the recommendations ofthe strategy. The Five Year Plan, annualdevelopment plans, public sectordevelopment funds, donors, and the privatesector could be tapped for funding.
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P A R T I
IntroductionCONTEXT
he world is passing through an unprecedented
environmental crisis that has resulted in the degradation
of natural resources and diminished quality of life. As a
consequence, the conservation of the environment has
received considerable recognition at global and national
levels. Sustainable development issues that emphasize
integration between environmental, economic, and social dimensions
have been highlighted and analysed in such documents as:
● Global Environment Outlook 3 (UNEP);
● World Resources 2000-1 and Earth Trends reporting services (WRI);
● The Wellbeing of Nations (IDRC in cooperation with IUCN, IIED, FAO, Map Maker Ltd., andUNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre);
● World Development Indicators 2002 and World Development Reports (World Bank);
● 2002 Red List on Endangered Species (IUCN);
● State of the World series and Vital Signs (World Watch Institute);
● Human Development Report (UNDP);
● State of the World»s Population (UNFPA);
● Freedom in the World 2001 (Freedom House);
● Living Planet Index Report 2002 (WWF);
● Water-Energy-Health-Agriculture-Biodiversity (WEHAB) framework (UN)
T
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All of the above documents highlight theenvironmental crisis that the world is facingtoday. The key trends include the following:
● Biodiversity loss threatens the integrity ofall ecosystems and benefits to humanwellbeing;
● The current extinction rate is rising;
● Soil degradation is endemic, but not wellmeasured in most ecosystems, threateningboth ecosystems and agriculture;
● Deforestation is high in developingcountries, threatening biodiversity,interrupting ecosystem services, andreleasing carbon into the atmosphere;
● Freshwater scarcity, partially a function ofnatural water distribution and overuse,mainly for agricultural and industrial uses,will affect about half of the world»spopulation in the next 20 years;
● Coastal and marine habitat degradationthreatens biodiversity and food supply; thehabitats themselves are under pressurefrom coastal development and pollution;
● Declining fish stocks threaten the primarysource of protein for a significantproportion of the world»s poor, and areimpacting both marine and freshwaterecosystems.
However, there are also some encouragingtrends. There is increasingly accurateinformation about the nature and distributionof ecosystems, their status and the threats toboth ecosystems and their componentspecies and processes. This informationprovides the basis for ecosystem restorationand species conservation and provides asound basis for the future management ofbiodiversity.
There is also a growing worldwide consensuson the need to improve equity and justicesignificantly as a basic condition for a viablefuture for humankind. The first step to addressthese issues was the World ConservationStrategy, which was developed in 1980.Subsequently at the Rio Summit of 1992 itwas agreed that environmental conservation,equity, and gender equality need to be alignedto promote sustainable development.
The level of public and government support toaddress the loss of biodiversity is oftenovershadowed by other issues, particularlyeconomic and geopolitical concerns. Thisresulted in the adoption of the UN MillenniumDeclaration, which re-inforced theinternational community»s commitment tosustainable development. The action plan forthe Millennium Declaration was in the form ofthe UN Millennium Development Goals(MDGs). Subsequently the World Summit onSustainable Development (WSSD) marked asignificant change in perspective away from
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development
Source: www.undp.org/mdg/
The Millennium Development Goals
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greater focus on economic and socialdimensions. The endorsement of the MDGs atthe WSSD placed them firmly at the centre ofinternational attention for political support,donor financing, and bureaucraticorganization, much the way the Rio meetingdid for Agenda 21 ten years earlier. The WSSDalso provided an important opportunity toarticulate the relevance of the environmentand to demonstrate significant links betweenthe three pillars of sustainability: ecological,economic, and social development.
After the development of the WorldConservation Strategy, each country wasexpected to formulate its own NationalConservation Strategy (NCS). Pakistan wasamong the first few countries to start thisprocess, culminating in March 1992, whenthe Cabinet of the Government of Pakistanadopted the Pakistan National ConservationStrategy, which addressed the issues ofconservation and sustainable use of naturalresources for economic development. TheNCS served as the de facto environmentalpolicy for Pakistan and recommended
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Source: IUCN Pakistan
Brundtland Report1987
World Conservation Strategy1980
Pakistan National Conservation Strategy1992
Rio Summit and (Local) Agenda 211992
Balochistan Conservation Strategy2002
Northern Areas Strategy forSustainable Development
2003Sindh Strategy for Sustainable
Development2005
Sarhad Provincial ConservationStrategy
1996
actions to be taken in 14 core areas toaddress the issues of environmentaldegradation and to facilitate the sustainableuse of natural resources. The strategy wasfollowed by the National Environment ActionPlan, which was approved in 2001. Finally, in2005 the National Environmental Policy wasapproved to provide an overarchingframework for achieving the goals ofsustainable development.
These initiatives were particularly importantbecause Pakistan is signatory to manyinternational conventions such as theConvention on Biodiversity, Convention on theLaw of the Sea, Ramsar Convention, andConvention on Combating Desertification, allof which call for strategies and action plans tomitigate the problems associated with eachmandate. The Convention on Biodiversity inparticular suggests "the development ofnational strategies, plans or programmes" forthe conservation of biodiversity. To meet theplanning requirement of the convention, theBiodiversity Action Plan was developed, whichcorresponds to specific articles of theconvention.
One of the main recommendations of the NCSwas for each province to develop a ProvincialConservation Strategy. The government ofNWFP took the lead and initiated thedevelopment of the Sarhad ProvincialConservation Strategy (SPCS). The work onthe formulation of the SPCS started in 1992and the strategy was approved by theProvincial Cabinet in June 1996. BalochistanProvince followed suit and developed theBalochistan Conservation Strategy (BCS),which was approved in 2002. The NorthernAreas Administration initiated the NorthernAreas Conservation Strategy (NACS) Project in1999. During the process, it was realized thatinstead of an exclusive focus on environmentalprotection, conservation with an increasedfocus on poverty alleviation and sustainabledevelopment would better address issues ofsocial, economic, and ecological wellbeing.Therefore, the nomenclature was changedfrom the Northern Areas Conservation Strategy(NACS) to the Northern Areas Strategy forSustainable Development (NASSD). It wasenvisaged that the remaining provinces wouldalso undertake this task.
BACKGROUND
Sindh is located in the southeast of Pakistan.Its total area is 140 914 km2 and it is borderedby Balochistan to the west and north, Punjabto the northeast, the Indian states of Rajhastanand Gujarat to the east, and the Arabian Seato the south. It can be divided into four distincttopographical regions: the Kirthar Range to thewest, a central alluvial plain in the middle,through which the Indus River flows, a desertbelt to the east, and the Indus Delta to thesouth.
While Sindh is rich in natural resources, it isalso subject to a host of environmental anddevelopment issues. There is a severe watershortage in the province, especially in the aridand desert areas. Land is also afflicted bydesertification, waterlogging, and salinity.Forests occupy only 2.5 percent of the totalland area and tree coverage has been rapidlydecreasing due to overgrazing and felling.Moreover, there has recently been extensiveintrusion of the sea into the Indus Delta, whichhas destroyed a large area of agricultural landand has impacted on the livelihoods of thelocal people adversely. For these reasons andother issues such as poor economic andsocial development, the province has a highincidence of poverty and rural√urbanmigration. Recurrent droughts have furtherexacerbated the problems. Therefore, it isnecessary that a sustainable development andgood governance initiative be undertaken inthe province.
IUCN has been working to assist societiesthroughout the world to conserve the integrityand diversity of nature and to ensure that anyuse of natural resources is equitable andecologically sustainable. In Pakistan, IUCNseeks to fulfil this mission by empoweringcommunities to participate in theimplementation of the NCS. IUCN Pakistansupported the federal government in thedevelopment of the NCS. Similar support wasprovided to the governments of NWFP,Balochistan, and the Northern Areas for thedevelopment of relevant provincial levelstrategies. In both NWFP and Balochistan, theP&DD was the focal department for thedevelopment of the strategy.
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IUCN»s Sindh Programme was established in2002 to consolidate IUCN»s ongoing activitiesin Sindh and to undertake new initiatives inthe province. The Sindh Programmecommenced its operations by initiating thedevelopment of a report on the State ofEnvironment and Development (SoED) ofSindh in partnership with the P&DD, GoS.This report was launched in June 2005 and isenvisaged to serve as a baseline for policy-makers, planners, and developmentpractitioners. While similar documents havebeen produced for other provinces, this isthe first document of its kind in Sindh. Itattempts to highlight the status and causesof the environmental and development issuesinherent to the province. The development ofthis report entailed commissioning of 22sector papers by experts in relevant sectors,which were identified after a review ofexisting literature. The papers were based ona review of published and unpublisheddocuments, and the knowledge of theauthors. The first draft of each sector paperwas presented to key stakeholders and otherexperts at consultative workshops to ensurewider participation and ownership.Comments and suggestions generated from
these consultative workshops wereincorporated into the SoED. Through theseworkshops, linkages were also formed with awide range of stakeholders including thepublic and private sectors, the academe, civil society, member organizations, and the media.
The next logical step for the SoED was theformulation of a sustainable developmentstrategy specific to Sindh. In this light, theSSSD was developed, which aims to serveas a holistic framework and a guiding tool fordevelopment planning and work in Sindh.The P&DD Sindh is the focal department forthe development of this strategy, to whichIUCN Pakistan»s Sindh Programme hasprovided technical support. It isrecommended that the strategy and itsimplementation should be reviewed everythree years to refine its objectives andincorporate the lessons learned.
FORMULATION PROCESSThe strategy»s formulation started with the firstmeeting of IUCN and the P&DD held on 6
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Consultative workshop in Hyderabad
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June 2003 at which the following decisionswere reached:
A multi-pronged strategy would beadopted in Sindh. At the provincial level, asustainable development strategy wouldbe developed. Simultaneously, theproposed strategy would also take theform of a project to obtain funding for itsimplementation, and in a selected district,a sustainable development frameworkwould be developed.
The following modalities were put in placeaccordingly:
(1) An Advisory Committee was approvedby the P&DD for the formation of theSSSD;
(2) The Advisory Committee was headedby the Additional Chief Secretary(Development).
The SSSD has been developed step-wise. Itcontains suggestions proposed by keystakeholders and experts in each field duringthe consultative workshops of the SoED.These suggestions were then shared with
experts in relevant sectors through focusgroup discussions. The derived inputs wereincorporated into the strategy.
An Advisory Committee was formed to guideand support the development of the strategyunder the chairmanship of the Additional ChiefSecretary of P&DD, GoS (See Appendix 1 forAdvisory Committee Notification). Thecommittee comprised the secretaries of relevantline departments and representatives of civilsociety and the private sector. The AdvisoryCommittee was notified in November 2004.
A series of stakeholder workshops was thenorganized by the IUCNP Sindh Programmeon the various sectors covered in thestrategy. These workshops were wellattended by stakeholders from the public andprivate sectors as well as civil society anddevelopment organizations from acrossSindh. The outputs generated by theseworkshops were further integrated into theformulation of the strategy to encouragegreater ownership as well as authenticity ofthe information and recommendations in thedocument. Broad-based participation wasensured to secure the commitment ofstakeholders for the preparation and
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The formulation of the Sindh Strategy for Sustainable Development was guided by an advisory committee
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implementation of the SSSD. For thispurpose consultative workshops were alsoorganized in Sukkur and Hyderabad to givethe strategy a wider geographic reach. Theprocess aimed to achieve diversity in viewsand ideas as well as a wider ownership.
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
Goal ƒ good governance forsustainable development in Sindh
By achieving this goal, the SSSD will ensurethat social, economic, equitable, and viable
development is undertaken for povertyreduction, while maintaining the sustainableuse of natural resources.
Objectives
● To develop a sustainable developmentpolicy framework for the province;
● To develop a system for the broad-basedparticipation of a wide range ofstakeholders;
● To develop and strengthen institutionalcapacity and human resources for theimplementation of the SSSD.
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P A R T I I
Brief Description of SindhHISTORY
indh is a land steeped in history with its first historical
reference being found in the Rig Veda, the oldest written
record of the subcontinent. References are also found in
the Mahabharata, the ancient Hindu epic, and the
Ramayan refers to Sindh as the land of "one hundred
mountainous peaks". Traces of the cultural influence of
the Indus Valley Civilization of the Third Millennium B.C. are still to be
found among the Sindhi people.
Sindh»s history dates back to the early Stone Age and fossils of various epochs have beendiscovered in its mountainous areas. Stone Age axes from upper Sindh found in Rohri, Sukkur,and Kotdiji areas; Site 101 in Thatta District; as well as several other sites are an indication thatthis land has been settled since the earliest times of recorded history. However, the sites that canbe considered its crowning glory are the Indus Valley Civilization at Mohenjodaro (located on theright bank of the Indus) in Larkana District, and Makli, the world»s largest necropolis (36 km2) inThatta District, both of which are classified as World Heritage Sites. Mohenjodaro dates back fivethousand years when it was settled by a race from Central Asia. Since then Sindh has been agateway for people entering the subcontinent from Asia, Africa, and even Europe.
Islam arrived with the advent of Mohammad Bin Qasim who entered Sindh through Debal, todaythought to be the historical site of Bhambore outside Karachi.
Environmental and Development IssuesAs Pakistan»s second largest province, Sindh plays an important role in the national economic anddevelopment agenda. The country»s largest city, Karachi, which also houses two ports, is locatedhere. The province comprises 17.7 percent of Pakistan»s land area and contains 23 percent of thecountry»s population. At 48.9 percent, it has the highest concentration of urban population asopposed to the overall average of 32.5 percent, making it the most urbanized province in thecountry. Sindh is also a cultural melting pot, where migrants from other provinces have settled insearch of opportunities, and have brought along their own traditions and languages.
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Although the province contains only 23percent of Pakistan»s population, itscontribution to the economy is comparativelyhigher than the other larger provinces. Sindhcollects 70 percent of Pakistan»s income taxand 62 percent of sales tax. Almost 70percent of the national revenues forming thedivisible pool are collected from Sindh, but itsshare in revenue transfer is only 23.28percent. Around 60 percent of the country»soil fields and 44 percent of the gas fields arelocated here. In addition, out of Pakistan»sdaily production, 56 and 37 percent of oil andgas outputs respectively are generated bySindh. However, these industries alsocontribute to the exacerbation ofenvironmental problems inherent in the province.
Sindh»s coastline of approximately 350 km isalso a very productive resource as 48 percentof fish exports from Pakistan come from theprovince. Moreover, 71 percent of marine fishresources, 65 percent of freshwater fishresources, and almost 100 percent of brackishwater fish resources are located here. Theprovince also contains the only substantiallarge-scale mangrove forests in the country.However, these major resources are alsothreatened severely as pollution from thehinterland, shortage of freshwater, andoverfishing are resulting in excessive depletionand degradation of coastal resources. Six ofthe major wetlands in the country are locatedin Sindh. Another three important wetlandshave also been added recently, all of whichare RAMSAR sites. Wetlands, which are the
SSiinnddhh aatt aa GGllaannccee
Source: Sindh at a Glance, Bureau of Statistics (GoS, 2004)
AARREEAA && PPOOPPUULLAATTIIOONN 11998811 11999988
GGEEOOGGRRAAPPHHIICCAALL AARREEAA ((iinn kkmm22)) 114400 991144
PPOOPPUULLAATTIIOONNPakistan (total) 84 253 132 352Percentage share of Sindh 22.59 23.00
PPOOPPUULLAATTIIOONN SSIINNDDHH ((TTOOTTAALL)) 1199 002299 3300 444400Male 9 998 16 098Female 9 031 14 342
UURRBBAANN 88 224422 1144 884400Male 4 432 7 905Female 3 810 6 935
RRUURRAALL 1100 778877 1155 660000Male 5 566 8 193Female 5 221 7 407
PPEERRCCEENNTTAAGGEE SSHHAARREE OOFF RRUURRAALL 5566..6688 5511..2255GGRROOWWTTHH RRAATTEE ((PPEERRCCEENNTTAAGGEE)) 33..5544 22..8800KKAARRAACCHHII ((LLAARRGGEESSTT CCIITTYY)) 55 443377 99 885566
LLIITTEERRAACCYY RRAATTIIOO 11998811 11999988
TTOOTTAALL 3311..4455 4455..2299Male 39.74 54.50Female 21.64 34.78Urban 50.77 63.72Rural 15.56 25.73
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habitats of many migrating birds and providelivelihoods for many indigenous people, aresuffering as a consequence of severepollution, overfishing in some cases, and theimpacts of expanding populations.
Water is the most important resource forSindh ƒ it depends on its northern hinterlandfor supplies ƒ and the Indus is its onlyperennial water source. The low availability of
Indus River water has had an adverse effecton every aspect of development andconservation in the province. This includes thedegradation of the Indus Delta region, stresson wetlands and forests, diminishedagricultural production, potable water supplyfor rural and urban areas, and the endangeringof rich flora and fauna. Therefore one of themajor issues in Sindh is the water crisis that isgradually intensifying.
KKeeyy EEccoonnoommiicc aanndd SSoocciiaall IInnddiiccaattoorrss
Source: Sindh at a Glance, Bureau of Statistics (GoS, 2004)
DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN YYEEAARRSS EEAARRLLIIEERR LLAATTEERRYYEEAARR YYEEAARR
DDEENNSSIITTYY ((ppeerrssoonnss//kkmm22)) 11998811//11999988 113355 221166
LLIITTEERRAACCYY RRAATTIIOO ((ppeerrcceennttaaggee)) 11998811//11999988 3311..4455 4455..2299
LLAANNDD UUSSEE 11997711--7722//22000011--0022Per capita cropped ha 0.23 0.10Per capita cultivated ha 0.37 0.18
MMAAJJOORR CCRROOPPSS **
AArreeaa ((''000000 hhaa)) 11997722//22000022--0033Wheat 796.80 963.5Rice 687.90 576.8Cotton 452.90 575.5
* PPrroodduuccttiioonn ((__000000 MMTT)) 11997722//22000022--0033Wheat 1 137.40 1 212.6Rice 1 159.30 1 638.9Cotton lint (in '000 bales) 1 039.80 2 301.5
EEDDUUCCAATTIIOONNEEnnrrooll PPaarrttiicc.. RRaattee ((pprriimmaarryy)) 11997711--7722//22000011--0022 3399..0044 4444..4433
**HHEEAALLTTHH ((ppeerr 1100 000000 ppeerrssoonnss)) 11998877//22000022Doctors (MBBS) 1.59 2.40Nurses 0.67 0.47Paramedical staff 3.50 2.59Beds 7.02 5.09
RROOAADDSS 11997711--7722//22000000--0011Pucca road per 100 km2 of geographical area 2.78 15.46Kutcha road per 100 km2 of geographical area 1.01 2.69
CCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONN 11997700--7711//22000011--0022T.V. sets/'000 households 28.89 203.00
EELLEECCTTRRIICCIITTYY ((iinn KKWWHH)) 11997755--7766//22000011--0022Per capita electricity generation 211.59 642.19
GGAASS ((iinn ''000000 fftt33)) 11997755--7766//22000011--0022Per capita gas consumption 0.79 6.60
* Average of five years **As on 01-01-2002
P A R T I I I
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C H A P T E R 1
n the 1990s, Pakistan»s development was marked by
generally poor economic performance and weak human
development. The per capita growth rate fell from 3
percent in the 1980s to around 1.2 percent, and the
poverty level and human development remained
stagnant or even deteriorated in some cases. Thus, even
though Pakistan has grown much faster than most other low-income
countries, it has failed to achieve social progress commensurate with
its growth. In addition to inadequate and unstable financing, poor
financial management, rampant corruption, lack of accountability and
transparency in the performance of the civil service and service
delivery departments have contributed to disappointing outcomes
and the persistence of the social gap.
Addressing this social gap requires a focus on the improvement of economic management,governance in subnational governments that actually provide social services and keycomponents of the infrastructure, i.e. Pakistan»s provincial governments and the newly formeddistrict governments. Since October 1999, governance reforms have focused on increasing theeffectiveness of key institutions in the country. The principle has been to enhance the autonomyand authorities of these bodies to protect them from politically motivated interference, weedingout corruption while increasing the transparency and accountability of their performance.
There is now a major opportunity for the provinces to turn around the performance of their publicsectors within the context of the multi-tier reforms taking place currently. The federal governmentis implementing comprehensive reforms to accelerate growth and reduce poverty. The provincialgovernments have also initiated a number of promising reforms to improve their governance,public finances, and public service delivery systems. Finally, Pakistan»s devolution plan presentsunprecedented prospects to reverse decades of overcentralization of public sector managementby creating more accountable elected local governments that would be responsible for theprovision of local public services.
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BACKGROUND
Sindh is the commercial hub and the gatewayof Pakistan. It is also the second largest andmost urbanized province (with 49 percent ofthe population living in urban areas), the homeof 30 million people (23 percent of Pakistan»spopulation), and the producer of around 29percent of the GDP, with manufacturingaccounting for 16 percent, followed byagriculture (23 percent of the economy),commerce (17 percent), and transport andcommunications (12 percent). Accordingly,reforms in Sindh will have positive spill-overeffects for all of Pakistan.
In terms of human development, Sindh, witha very large rural√urban gap and a dramaticsocial gap, is an anomaly within the country.It has the highest per capita incomes, but itshuman development indicators in rural areasare among the worst nationwide. Poverty ispervasive and rife, especially in rural Sindh.The province is characterized by poor socialservices, large gender disparity,landlessness, and high dependence on thepublic sector ƒ these conditions arejuxtaposed by the large manufacturing,finance, and private sectors in Karachi.
Rural Sindh is highly dependent on publicservices. Whereas the private sector is a majorplayer in urban Sindh (providing 40 percent ofprimary recruitment and half of the medicalbeds), it plays a small role in rural Sindh interms of primary education (private sectorenrolment is only 5 percent) or preventive healthcare. Thus reforms to improve public servicedelivery and stimulate rural growth will befundamental for reducing poverty in rural Sindh.
ISSUES
Fiscal MismanagementThe present government inherited a legacy ofpoor governance, characterized by fiscalstress, a constricted and punctured tax base,rapidly diminishing fiscal space to initiatepoverty reduction efforts in a concertedmanner, financial indiscipline, rising provincialdebt, a huge inventory of unpaid liabilities,
and a division between the government»sexpenditure priorities and the investmentportfolio. Fiscal and financial mismanagementresulted in decreasing fiscal space for highpriority expenditures. Between fiscal years1990 and 2000, the share of operations andmaintenance, and development expendituresfell from 32 percent of all expenditures to 15percent. Higher expenditures on politicallymotivated increases in the civil service anddevelopment projects in the early 1990s led tolarge arrears.
Public Service DeliveryThe deterioration in governance in Sindh hasbeen severe, with debilitating results. Povertyhas increased while key human indicatorssuch as net primary school enrolment andaccess to drinking water declined in thesecond half of the 1990s. The quality of publicservices has also been extremely poor. In theeducation sector, for example, one-third ofSindh»s elementary schools are shelterlessand more than a half lack water supply ortoilet facilities.
Civil Service Reform
Pakistan boasts a large civil service cadre, butit lacks the expertise to handle the challengesof ensuring accountability of service providersand recipients. The institutional and structuralarrangements necessary to uphold goodgovernance practices are poor. A centralizedsystem of decision-making in the publicsector coupled with strict hierarchy in themanagement structure leave little room forcreative development, strategic planning, andaccountability. The efficiency and efficacy ofthe civil service have been constrained bypoorly structured mechanisms for ensuringaccountability of service providers to servicerecipients, institutional and structuralarrangements that fail to foster and upholdgood governance practices, appointmentsystems and procedures driven by non-meritbased criteria, and lack of transparency in theapplication of rules and regulations.
Law and OrderThe police are widely perceived as ineffectiveand corrupt, thus contributing to the
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deterioration of law and order in Sindh. One ofthe main reasons cited for this situation is thatfinancial remuneration for this department isinsufficient. The judiciary is also seen asineffective due to persistent delays inprocedure as well as inaccessibility by thecommon people. The current judicialadministration suffers from limited staffmaking legal processes very lengthy.
Future Commitments
The various initiatives that have been taken toimprove the systems of governance includedecentralization of administrative and financialpowers, and the re-orientation of the regulatorystructures, processes, and procedures thatinfluence the operation of the private sectorfunctioning within the provincial boundary. Thesustainable achievement of the reform agendawill require progress in areas pertaining to civilservice reform and furthering marketderegulation and liberalization. Moreover theGoS recognizes that the participation of civilsociety is critical to poverty reduction efforts,so it is increasing the social capital bypromoting the activities of NGOs and self-helpgroups in the provision of social services
(either directly or in partnership with the GoS),or in the monitoring and supervision of thedelivery of social services by the public sector.
The provincial government is determined tocontinue implementing this programme, whichwill be the basis for a more fully developedpoverty reduction strategy with the followingmain themes:
a. Improving governance throughrestructuring in administration andmanagement structures;
b. Fiscal restructuring for provision of moreresources for poverty reduction;
c. Improving public service delivery throughcivil service reforms, decentralization, andreforms in health, education, drinkingwater, environmental, and urban servicesto help accelerate human developmentand achieve the MDGs; and
d. Regulatory reforms, privatization, andinfrastructure improvements to stimulateprivate sector activity and economicrevival to help increase incomes andemployment.
Neocolonial façade of the Sindh High Court
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Improving the Governance of Civil Service
The strategy aims at:
a. Promoting merit and professionalism;
b. Strengthening the accountability of civilservants to the local government;
c. Improving human resource management;and
d. Rationalizing the civil service. In addition,the GoS has also embarked uponimplementation of judicial and policereforms.
Improving Public ServiceDelivery
a) Education
Decades of poor governance have left theeducation sector in a state of crisis. The
factors responsible include lack of access toeducational facilities (some 3 500 schoolshave been closed due to the unavailability ofteachers or funds); utter poverty thatprevents families from bearing the costs ofeducation; unsatisfactory quality ofeducation arising from absent or poorlytrained teachers; dearth of school suppliesand inadequate infrastructure (shelterlessschools, 1-2 room schools, schools withoutdrinking water and sanitation facilities); lackof accountability of school management tocommunities and service users; weakmonitoring and evaluation of performance;and the virtual absence of private sectorinvolvement in rural areas (only 5 percent ofprimary students are enrolled in privateschools).
b) Health
The health indicators of Sindh lag behind thoseof many low-income countries. An analysisdone in the late 1990s, applicable to Sindhalso, suggested that priority should be given tobasic preventable and readily treatablediseases, which mainly affect women of
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A strong institutional base is vital for good governance
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reproductive age and young children. Severalissues constrain good health, including:
a Poor governance that encouragesabsenteeism of medical staff, excessivetransfers, and corruption in procurementof equipment and medical supplies.
b Inadequate use of the private sector andNGO participation.
Recently the GoS has taken the lead inpreparing and announcing a comprehensiveHealth Policy covering both short- and long-term targets and addressing all theimpediments hampering progress in thesector. The GoS is committed to continue allefforts including the following:
● Implementation of the Health Policy;
● Re-invigorating the immunization andtuberculosis programmes;
● Improving Health Sector governance;
● Enhancing monitoring and evaluation;
● Promoting public√private partnerships byinviting NGOs and CBOs to take overnon-functional health facilities.
c) Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation
In Sindh, there is a need to increase access ofthe rural population to drinking water andsanitation on a sustainable basis. The GoS isimplementing its reform agenda that includesemphasizing the policy of communityparticipation; improving governance bydevolving the administration of Rural WaterSupply and Sanitation (RWSS) schemes to alower subdistrict tier (taluka), which is in closercontact with the beneficiaries; provision offunds to taluka governments for operation andmaintenance of RWSS community schemes;and provision of ample funds in the provincialPSDP for RWSS schemes.
d) Urban Services
Sindh is the most urbanized of all the fourprovinces of Pakistan, with almost half of the
population living in the urban areas and around50 percent of its urban population living in katchiabadi and slums. Hence, improving urbanconditions is an important priority for theprovincial government. Several issues haveconstrained the improvement of urban servicessuch as weak local government institutions thathave overlapping responsibilities with theprovincial departments and city developmentauthorities; poor financial management, resultingin inadequate investment in provision andmaintenance of urban services; absence ofstrategic planning, resulting in piecemeal actionand waste of public resources; and lack of anenabling environment for private sectorparticipation. The goal of the GoS is to improveurban life, especially slum conditions.Instruments to achieve these goals will include:assisting in setting up accountable andresponsive city/town governments, improvingfinancial management, inviting greater privatesector participation in the provision of services,and strengthening the rights of the slum dwellers.
Promoting Private SectorDevelopment and EconomicRevivalPoor law and order has been one of the majorconstraints to private sector development inSindh. The ethnic conflict that overshadowedKarachi through most of the 1990s madeSindh»s investment climate hostile to theprivate sector. In addition, micro-economicinstability, a large debt status, an inefficientpublic enterprise sector, infrastructureproblems, and a discretionary taxation policyall worked to raise business costs, discourageprivate sector activity, and lower economicgrowth in the 1990s. Many of the key policiesto address growth issues are primarily theconcern of the federal government and arebeing addressed comprehensively at thefederal level. Even so, the improvement of theinvestment environment requirescomplementary measures at the provinciallevel. In particular, there is a need to simplifythe numerous and antiquated factoryinspections and labour laws and rules thathave become a tool for harassing the privatesector. Importantly, many of the policiesaffecting agricultural performance and ruraldevelopment are also responsible for
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rehabilitating the poor infrastructure in roadsand irrigation that impede economic growthand the functioning of markets.
Reforms to improve law and order, critical forimproving the investment environment, havebeen a key priority for the GoS. In addition,the economic revival of the GoS has threecomponents:
(a) Regulatory reforms to lower business costs.
(b) Privatization to promote efficiency, privatesector activity, and investors» confidence.
(c) Rehabilitating key infrastructure such asroads and irrigation that have significantimpact in promoting agriculture, ruraldevelopment, manufacturing, and trade.
There has been an attempt to privatize WAPDAand KESC, and this initiative can be furtherdisseminated to other organizations dependingon suitability and opportunity for growth.However, it is important to consider consumerrights and protection in such an initiative. Thedevelopment of a Consumer InterestDepartment is crucial in the delivery of publicservice in a private setting. Public servicedelivery should be decentralized and specificto geographical area in order to make theseorganizations both user friendly and efficient.
Proposed InterventionsIn addition to the above initiatives beingundertaken by the GoS, the SSSDrecommends the following activities to ensuregood governance for sustainable development.
POLICY AND PLANNING
The federal, provincial, and local governmentsshould work in a mutually supportive andconducive relationship to undertake any policymatter. The GoP should only be responsiblefor coordination, whereas allocation of fundsfor projects should be left to the provinces.Provinces should be given full autonomy tooversee these projects and any funds savedshould be allotted back to them.
Public Participation andAwareness
People»s participation is crucial to theprocess of policy and legislative reformsthrough roundtable discussions withgovernment functionaries and civil society togenerate useful feedback. There is a need forincreased dissemination in the local languageof laws and the impacts of amendments inany law. The information department mustundertake extensive awareness raising in thisregard, including activities directed at civilsociety, the public, and the bureaucracy. Allsegments of society should play a moreintegral role in mobilizing political interest andsupport for accountability through increasedcapacity building and increased governmentinvolvement. These forums do exist, forexample the Sindhi language newspapersand TV channels are resources that can beused by the government to assess therequirements of the public. The governmentneeds to be sensitive to existing publicopinion and, in order to create morecrediblity, sharing of the information from thegovernment sectors is essential.
Devolution Programme
There is a need for more decentralizedprocesses of decision-making at thegrassroots level. Social development will onlybe achieved if effective participatoryprocesses are internalized to ensure adequateinput from communities in the area. Rules andprocedures in the Sindh Local GovernmentOrdinance (LGO) should be people friendlyand must be implemented properly. Tools arepresent in the local government law but theyare not being implemented. For instance,Village Councils are supposed to report theirneeds to the Union Council and then to theDistrict Government. This procedure ispresent in the law but it is not practised.
In tandem, there is a need to study theprocesses of devolution to help make thisprocess more effective. This is necessarybecause many initiatives have been suggestedin the LGO but have not been acted upon. For
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example, the Citizen Community Boards(CCBs) either have not been set up yet ormerely exist on paper in many districts. TheCCBs need to take a proactive role in localgovernance in their areas. It is time thatenvironmental tribunals in Sindh be activatedand given concrete shape.
Legal Reforms
Police Department reforms should focus oncapacity building of the staff as well as on arecruitment process that is transparent andbased on merit. This must be combined withaccountability procedures and implementationmechanisms. In addition, better incentivespackages including logistics and workenvironment must be provided to police staff.There should be a greater focus on crimeprevention programmes and on improving theexisting capacity of provincial law and orderagencies. The Police Order 2002 should alsobe enforced to the maximum extent.
Judicial reforms are crucial to ensure smoothfunctioning of this vital tier of government. Itis important that the judiciary remainsindependent and depoliticized in order tomaintain transparency in proceedings.Therefore, appointment of judges needs to bestrictly based on merit rather than on politicalaffiliations. There is a need to simplifydecision-making procedures as well as outcomes.
Increased Information Base
There must be greater focus on support forresearch on socio-economic andenvironmental issues through increasedresources for research institutes, privatizingresearch organizations, improving the processof allocating funds, and increased linkageswith government departments andstakeholders to ensure that the research is inline with the needs of the sector. In the wakeof the October 8, 2005 temblor measuring 7.6on the Richter Scale, that hit the Azad Jammu& Kashmir and parts of the NWFP, it has
become vital to enjoin disaster managementand emergency preparedness in all futuredevelopment planning. Attention must bepaid to improve technical expertise and theknowledge base on issues related tosustainable development. This should bedone through updating of curricula in traininginstitutes to incorporate environmental andgender concerns, disaster mitigation,increased funding for material development,training of trainers, development of trainingcourses for relevant public sectororganizations in Initial EnvironmentalExamination (IEE), Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA), Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment (SEA), and enforcement ofNational Environmental Quality Standards(NEQS). Systematic collection of data by theBureau of Statistics (BoS), improvedcoordination among agencies as well as theavailability of information in the public domainmust lead to an effective system ofknowledge management.
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Citizen Community Boards play an important role in local development
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AgricultureC H A P T E R 2
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he backbone of the economy of Sindh, agriculture, is a
multifaceted sector with far-reaching implications on
issues ranging from rural poverty, food security, water
resource management, infrastructure development,
employment opportunities, and export earnings. The
policies of this sector thus have a great influence on those
of other related sectors in Sindh. Agriculture is one sectors where the
necessity of developing strong intersectoral linkages is very clear in
order to encourage complementary growth in areas like
livestock/poultry, water resources, and forestry.
BACKGROUNDIt is estimated that the agricultural sector in Pakistan contributes 24 percent to the overall GDP,employs 42 percent of the labour force of the country, and is the main means of livelihood for 68percent of the rural population. Many prominent industries like the textile and sugar industriesdepend on raw materials from the agricultural sector. Based on these figures, the funds allocatedto this sector are not proportionate, making it difficult for it to reach its potential. As they aremajor players in alleviating rural poverty in the province, policy-makers need to rationalizefunding and policies to stimulate growth opportunities while simultaneously ensuring that thisgrowth does affect long-term environmental sustainability in the agro-zone.
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A major concern towards mitigating poverty isto allocate and distribute state land amongpoor landless farmers. According to theagriculture census 2000, only 26% of ruralhouseholds in Sindh owned land. There is 2.7million acres of state land that can be given tothe farmers.
The major field crops sown consist of wheat,cotton, rice, and sugarcane, which utilize 68percent of the total cropped area (12, 20, 35,and 28 percent of national productionrespectively). Sindh also produces a vastvariety of horticultural crops of whichmangoes, bananas, and chillies predominate
(34, 73, and 88 percent of national productionrespectively). Other important componentswithin the agricultural sector are floricultureand aquaculture, which should receive betterpromotion to diversify and develop alternativeincome-earning opportunities in rural areas.
The World Bank has approved a US$61 millionproject to provide interest-free long-term creditfor the On-Farm Water Management Project inSindh. This will include improving themanagement of water resources and irrigationchannels through the lining of 4,000watercourses to reduce water wastage.Furthermore, China has agreed to provide
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Agricultural Statistics for Sindh
CCrrooppss AArreeaa PPrroodduuccttiioonn«‘000000 hhaa «‘000000 MMTT
MMAAJJOORR CCRROOPPSS 22000011--0022 22000022--0033 22000011--0022 22000022--0033
WHEAT 875.2 863.7 2 101.0 2 109.2RICE 461.1 488.3 1 159.1 1 299.7SUGARCANE 240.7 258.6 11 416.3 13 797.6COTTON («000 bales) 547.4 542.6 2 443.2 2 411.8JOWAR 89.2 75.1 57.4 47.6BAJRA 100.3 10.3 54.4 5.3MAIZE 5.5 6.7 3.2 3.6RAPE SEED & MUSTARD 64.5 62.9 48.6 49.8GRAM 38.5 37.9 30.7 32.5
TTRRAACCTTOORRSS AANNDD TTUUBBEEWWEELLLLSS ((iinn uunniittss)) 11997755 11998844 11999944
TRACTORS 3 908 16 542 23 182TUBEWELLS 7 995 9 481 16 236
LLAANNDD UUTTIILLIIZZAATTIIOONN ((«‘000000 hhaa)) 11999999--0000 22000000--0011 22000011--0022
REPORTED AREA 14 051 14 091 14 091TOTAL CULTIVATED AREA 5 699 5 879 5 865TOTAL CROPPED AREA 3 885 3 102 3 162
IINNDDEEXX OOFF AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURRAALL PPRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN ((BBaassee:: 11998855--8866==110000))
CCRROOPPSS 11999999--0000 22000000--0011 22000011--0022
ALL CROPS 155.81 127.27 123.04FOOD CROPS 144.37 109.90 93.73NON-FOOD CROPS 170.41 149.32 160.42
WWAATTEERR WWIITTHHDDRRAAWWAALLSS ((iinn MMAAFF)) 4455..44 3355..99 3311..77
FFEERRTTIILLIIZZEERR OOFFFFTTAAKKEE ((iinn «‘000000 MM.. TToonnss)) 552288..8811 556611..6666 556611..6666
Source: Sindh at a Glance, Bureau of Statistics (GoS, 2004)
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technical assistance to improve crop yields anddevelop high-yielding hybrid crop varieties.
Some new developments in terms oflegislation in the agricultural sector includeplans for the enactment of a new law toreplace the existing 1971 AgriculturePesticides Ordinance to control the increase insupply of adulterated and low qualitypesticides in this sector. Currently, the draft ofthe law is being finalized by the Ministry ofFood, Agriculture and Livestock afterconsultations with the main stakeholders,including policy-makers and farmers. Mostpowers to check quality and formulationstandards would be delegated to theprovincial or district governments withincreased fines and punishments todiscourage adulteration of products. Thegovernment has also pledged to increase thenumber of agricultural laboratories to conductpesticide testing throughout Sindh. In line withthis policy, it was recently announced that aFood Technology Laboratory will beestablished at a cost of Rs.51.7 million inKarachi. Part of this amount will also be usedto develop infrastructure at the SindhHorticulture Research Institute in Mirpurkhas.Currently, the government is also considering
amendments to laws related to the agriculturalsector including the Fertilizer Law, PlantBreeders Rights Act, and the Land Act toincorporate current trends and issues in thesefields. Work is also being done on draftinglegislation for the protection of IntellectualProperty Rights, due to be sent to theNational Assembly for approval shortly.
The government has recently announced in thelatest budget that the Sindh Seed Corporationis being revived to work in public/privatepartnership. In addition, it has notified thebiosafety rules to check the movement ofharmful Genetically Modified Organisms(GMOs). These rules will apply to all GMOs andwill allow their import only after risk assessmentaccording to global standards. According to anofficial notification, the government willestablish a national biosafety committee, atechnical advisory committee, and institutionalbiosafety committees. Institutions andorganizations engaged in biotechnology orgenetic manipulation will appoint or designatebiosafety officers. These officers will assist andcoordinate with the biosafety committees toreview, on a regular basis, the operatingprocedures and biosafety records, and toassess the integrity of containment facilities
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Irrigated Unirrigated Irrigated Unirrigated I rrigated Unirrigated Irrigated Unirrigated
Soils with surface /
patchy salinit y and sodit y
Gysiferous saline/ saline
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Porous saline- sodic
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Dense saline- sodic soils
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Soils affected by various types of sallinity and sodicity in Sindh and other province («000 ha)
and safety equipment/utilities. These rules willenhance food security, improve existing crops,and protect them from attacks by pests anddiseases.
ISSUESDespite the impressive figures quoted above,crop yields in the province are low for manyreasons including, inter alia, lack of research,low availability of quality crop seeds, waterscarcity, and land degradation due toinefficient farming practices.
Environmental Issues
Waterlogging and Salinity
The gradual increase in soil salinity in Sindh isa major constraint affecting the productivity ofagriculture. According to soil surveysthroughout the province, there has been agradual redistribution of salts in the soil, whichhas led to this anomaly. Soil salinity has alsobeen compounded by the lack of effectivedrainage in the canal irrigation system. Inaddition, Sindh is also plagued by
waterlogging. This phenomenon reduces thequality of the soil and thus has a negativeeffect on crop productivity. Sea intrusion is amajor problem in the coastal districts of Badinand Thatta and has significantly reduced theavailable agricultural land in these areas.
Water Availability
One of the most pressing concerns in agricultureis an adequate supply of water as well as itstimely release. The issue of water governance isthus an urgent concern for the stakeholders inthis sector. Inappropriate water allocation andmanagement is seen as a constraint to thegrowth of this industry, but limited attention ispaid to demand-based water managementpolicies, which advocate more efficient water-use practices to limit the consumption of water.These practices include the promotion of water-efficient crops, water conservation technology,recycling, and adoption of water and improvedirrigation practices.
Chemical Use
The use of nitrogen- and phosphorus-basedfertilizers has increased significantly in Sindh
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Crop yields in Sindh have yet to increase
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over the past decade and is also the highest inall provinces of Pakistan. The increase infertilizer use is directly related to the increase inland productivity in agriculture. Unfortunately,the related impact on soil has been negative asthese fertilizers decrease soil quality viachanges in the structure of organic matter. Theuse of fertilizers has significant environmentalrepercussions, which are not being addresseddue to insufficient research on appropriatevarieties ƒ for example, effects on land insurrounding areas, effects on agriculturalworkers, and the effects of intensified fertilizeruse on ecological components, includinginsects and other animals.
Pesticide use is also widely practised in Sindh.Intended to assist farmers in eradicating pests,extended and indiscriminate use of pesticideshas resulted in pest outbreaks as well asdeleterious effects on people applying them infields and the surrounding environment. Theyhave also disturbed the agro-ecosystem anddestroyed non-target biocontrol agents andenvironmentally friendly organisms, includingbirds. Such disturbance to the agro-ecosystemhas induced pest resurgence and increasedresistance in resident pest populations. Naturalenemies of persistent common pests havebeen decreasing because of widespread and
unchecked pesticide use. Other side effects ofincreased pesticide use have included thecontamination of soil and water and pervasionof chemical residues in the food chain.
Technical Issues
Desert Farming
Desert farming is another sector that has notreceived adequate attention by policy-makersin the agricultural sector. There is a lack ofresearch into the introduction and promotionof appropriate crops with high water retentionqualities and practices that concentrate onirrigation of the root zone. Other arid countrieshave had great success in this field but anysteps for the development of the arid zoneshould be carried out only after intensiveimpact studies on the potential negativeeffects of greening of desert areas as well asappropriate land-use planning and landsuitability considerations.
Field Research
Academic agricultural research is currently beingconducted in universities and field research isbeing conducted in Agricultural Research
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Sindh produces a variety of vegetables
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The imposition of the WTO regime, which calls for the removal of trade barriers and subsidies as wellas the application of international quality standards, threatens the agricultural sector, particularly aslittle preparation has been undertaken by the government to deal with these real challenges. Althoughthere are significant growth opportunities through the removal of quotas of other importing countries inthe domain of agriculture, particularly in the horticulture sector, there is a need to provide theinfrastructure that is necessary to allow the sector to abide by the standards that will be imposed on it.A major problem facing agriculture apropos the WTO will be the imposition of strict quality standardsfor export products. Due to the lack of postharvest facilities in the rural sector as well as the dearth ofquality testing laboratories, stringent quality rules will be nearly impossible to uphold, particularly forsmall- and medium-sized farmers with limited capital to invest in this endeavour. Many people feel thatthe quality standards will simply allow exporting countries to reject Pakistani products and markets willthus be controlled by the richer nations, which possess adequate facilities in this regard.
Another issue is the lowering of agricultural prices due to the influx of cheaper, formerly exportedproducts. In many other countries, the agricultural sector is awarded heavy subsidies, which allowthem to lower their cost of production, employ economies of scale, and abide by quality standards.This lowers the world price of any related commodity in agriculture. As Pakistani farmers do not havethe same growing conditions or a favourable policy environment with heavy subsidies, it will be nearlyimpossible for them to compete at these prices. Although it is said that the WTO will not interfere withgovernment policies related to agricultural subsidies, there will be a monitoring mechanism for supportprices. Considering that support prices are the only form of support to local farmers, this is a verygrave development.
The problems associated with the lack of market access to farmers from rural Sindh will beexacerbated by the increased level of competition by imported products. As the government will berequired to facilitate access to markets for international commodities, there is a need for similarmeasures for our domestic goods which currently have no such facilities. It is necessary for theMinistry of Commerce to improve market access facilities including infrastructure related to linkedroads, increased access to transport facilities equipped with cold storage, and increased access tocredit on favourable terms for small- and medium-sized farmers.
Under the WTO agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Measures, owing to theincrease in trade and travel from exporting countries, there is a greater risk of the spread of invasivespecies, pests, and diseases. This could cause colossal losses to the agricultural sector, particularly totraditional field, horticulture, and floriculture crops. Currently, there are no adequate support facilities tomonitor potential invasive species and diseases. This has led to crises in the past including theoccurrence of Bunchy Top Virus Disease, which ruined a vast amount of the banana crop in lowerSindh in 1989. It is therefore necessary to revise the Pakistan Plant Quarantine Rules (1976) to dealwith the current challenges in light of the imposition of the WTO regime in that no member countryshould be barred from enforcing measures to protect human, animal, and plant health and life.Thereare significant opportunities for progress and growth in the agricultural sector by taking advantage ofgreater trade opportunities in the future. It is just as necessary to have adequate preparation andprovide support to the sector to ensure that it is able to maximize benefits and not be penalized by theregulations imposed.To achieve this, it is necessary for the government to instigate projects related tothe development of infrastructure, postharvest facilities as well as quality monitoring facilities. Thiscould be accomplished through the development of agro-export zones equipped with all facilities inthis regard throughout Sindh. The only concern in this endeavour is the fact that these stringent ruleswill bar the entry of small- and medium-sized farmers (e.g. rice growers will not get the right price,thereby increasing poverty) and allow greater private sector involvement as well as the creation of amonopoly by large landowners who will be able to afford the necessary measures. The Ministry ofCommerce has formed a WTO monitoring cell, which should take an active role in supporting farmersin projects that will prepare them to deal with the challenges that lie ahead. Also, the formation of anAgriculture Export Promotion Board is a positive development in this regard and should serve as asupport to farmers to abide by the rules of the WTO and increase the amount they are able to export.
Implications of the WTO on Agriculture in Sindh
Source: IUCN Pakistan
Institutes (ARIs) around Sindh. However, thereare weak linkages between these researchcentres and the agricultural community at thegrassroots level. A case in point is thedevelopment of several new crop varieties byARIs, which were released by the ProvincialSeed Council but most of these varieties werenot accepted by the farming community. Inpractice, growers only use a couple of thevarieties of each crop. There is a need forincreased follow up and coordination betweenresearchers and farmers to ensure acceptanceof new trends as well as the incorporation ofindigenous knowledge into research projects. Itis necessary to strengthen seed distributionsystems in terms of research and developmentas well as quality testing of seed varieties.
Crop Variations
The reliance of the agricultural community inSindh on a few crop varieties has vastimplications on the issue of agrobiodiversitywhich increases the sustainability and stabilityof the system in the face of climatic stressand potential crop failure. Many indigenouscrop varieties are disappearing because of theprominence of a few crops, which areinvariably determined by export potential andmarket demand. At the policy level and at thefarmer level, there is a lack of understandingof the negative effects of using limited cropvarieties on land. Also there are few incentivesto pursue the cultivation of alternative crops,which is having a negative effect on thebiodiversity of this sector.
Crop Quality
Little attention has been paid to crop quality,especially in terms of nutritional values. In termsof micronutrient structure in crops, zinc forexample, is deficient in rice and banana. Mostof the micronutrient research is limited to fieldcrops and no work has been done on fruit trees.There are few testing facilities and researchinstitutes in Sindh to conduct trials on cropquality based on exposure to fertilizers andpesticides as well as on micronutrient structure.There is one laboratory located in KarachiUniversity, but it is not accessible to the farmingcommunity and agricultural policy-makers.
Emerging Issues
WTO Regulations
The imposition of trade regulations containedin the WTO agreements in order to achievetrade liberalization policies will have anegative effect on the local agricultural sector.This sector is not currently equipped with thecapacity to abide by the quality standardsimposed through these agreements due to thelack of laboratories throughout the province aswell as the limited capacity to enforce ormonitor quality standards across the board.Also, the effect that this will have onagricultural prices will have a profound impacton local farmers who will find it hard tocompete with cheaper exports from countrieswith large subsidies given to their agriculturalsectors. It is therefore necessary for policy-makers to be politically strong in lobbying forthe protection of our local agricultural sector,vital for food security, in the face ofinternational pressure. This does not meancompletely opposing WTO regulations butrather to find ways and means to strengthenthe sector to be able to use them to itsadvantage. Developed countries have agreedto withdraw subsidies by 2030. A mechanismneeds to be developed whereby thesesubsidies are diverted towards the agriculturesector in Sindh. This would help farmerscompete with the world market forcesincrease exports and thus raise theirlivelihood.
PROPOSEDINTERVENTIONS
Intersectoral Linkages and Policies
In terms of policy, it is necessary for theAgriculture Department of Sindh to have veryclose intersectoral linkages with other relevantsectors including those related to rural povertyalleviation, water resource management,industries, and the environment. Governmentsupport is required to stimulate growth throughadequate protection of small- and medium-
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sized farmers and increasing their access toagricultural credit, markets, and technologicalinputs. The agricultural sector should beawarded similar benefits as those given to themanufacturing and industrial sector. As Sindh»scrops are sown before crops in other provinces,support prices are announced too late and thusfail to provide any assistance to farmers here.The focus on policy must remain on sustainabledevelopment in agriculture with an increasedfocus on sustainable land and soil managementas well as an efficient water management policy.This should be supported by efficient andeffective agricultural extension to implementthese policies at the grassroots level.
Supporting Actions
● Preparing trade liberalization policiesassociated with the WTO with adequatesupport to local industry in the form ofprice support policies, subsidies oninputs, and increased access to marketsto increase their ability to compete.
● Establishing an Agriculture ExportPromotion Bureau to facilitate marketaccess and enforcement of quality
measures, which adhere to internationalstandards to minimize postharvest lossesand create a direct link between exportersand farmers to ensure fair prices in theindustry.
● Increased focus on strengthening linksbetween other sectors like water,livestock/poultry, and forests, particularlyin the development of policies.
● Using remote sensing technology(specifically by the Board of Revenue) tocompile updated land records andcomputerizing them for use in taxdetermination, agricultural credit, land-useplanning, water resource management,and pest control.
● Reviewing on a yearly basis, the supportprice policy to provide assistance tofarmers in the face of market fluctuationsand climatic stress. These prices need tobe announced well in advance of thesowing season in Sindh which is aboutfour to six weeks before other provincesto allow farmers to effectively plan cropallocation and inputs for wheat, rice,cotton, and sugarcane.
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Post-harvest facilitates remain limited in rural areas
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● Establishing Foundation Seed Cells ineach commodity research institute toproduce sufficient quantity and quality ofpre-basic seed to meet the requirement ofpublic/private seed companies.
● Setting up seed banks at the provincialand district level to ensure good qualitysupply of seeds to farmers with properincentives for use. The Federal SeedCertification and Registration Departmentneeds to facilitate and strengthen the localseed producers in this activity.
Access to Credit Facilities
Farmers in Sindh (particularly small- andmedium-sized farmers) should be providedwith increased access to agricultural credit,available on soft terms to encourage greaterinvestment in the industry. There is a need formonitoring and supervision of these facilitiesto discourage corrupt practices that haveplagued the development of this service in thepast. In addition to the current lenders, ZaraiTaraqiati Bank Limited, provincial cooperativebanks, major commercial and private banksshould also be encouraged to provide creditto rural areas. Special facilities also need to
be established to provide loans to the ruralnon-farm sector including landless tenants,artisans, and women for alternative income-generating opportunities in the rural areas.
Supporting Action
● Private sector involvement in theagricultural sector should be encouragedbut with specific safeguards to protectsmall- and medium-sized farmers. Forexample, the leasing out of large tracts ofgovernment-owned land that had beenpreviously uncultivated to the privatesector for possible agricultural ordevelopment initiatives after sufficientimpact studies.
Alternative Income Generation
In order to alleviate rural poverty, it isnecessary to pursue alternative income-generating opportunities for farmers. There iscurrently a dearth of postharvest facilities inrural locations, which contributes to greatlosses. The development of programmes tofacilitate the establishment of facilitiesranging from processing units, packagingplants, preservation techniques, and storage
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Sindh has great potential for fruit farming
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units, will create employment in the ruralsector as well as boost agriculturalproductivity by providing necessary support services to farmers.
Another field that is relatively unexplored isthe field of organic business, which is abooming industry throughout the world. Theproduction of local organic fertilizers andoutputs from organic farms could provide therural community with alternative income-earning opportunities. In addition, thestrengthening of horticulture would creategreater growth opportunities for theexpansion of the agricultural sector. Thisshould be facilitated by the PakistanHorticultural Development and Export Boardto increase productivity and add value to thefruit and vegetable crops of this sector.
Supporting Actions
● Providing farmers with incentives in theform of subsidies, increased access tocredit, and increased access toequipment to facilitate the developmentof postharvest facilities in rural Sindh.This initiative could be pursued through a public/private partnership with the collaboration of farmers»associations.
● Providing farmers as well as the privatesector with incentives in the form ofsubsidies, increased access to credit,technical training and equipment for thedevelopment of an organic farmingindustry (including farm produce andorganic fertilizer development and use).
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Advances in science have made it possible to use saline water to irrigate fertile soil.
Unfortunately, far from becoming a common practice, this methodology is not even known to mostfarmers in Pakistan. Contrary to popular belief, using saline water for irrigation is a fairlystraightforward method:
1. Gauge the level of salt in the water by using a salinity meter (a low cost and easy-to-use device). Ifthe salt content is less than 0.5 percent, it is deemed fit for irrigation. However, it is important toremember that only salt-tolerant crops can grow in saline water. These include vegetables such aseggplant, okra, tomato, and spinach, and fruits like chickoo, falsa, guava and karonda.
2.. Analyse the soil where the saline water will be used. This includes studying the texture (size ofparticles) and the drainage capability (the ease with which water can seep through) of the soil. Salinewater must never ≈stand∆ on the soil; i.e. it must not lie stagnant on the surface of the soil, as this islethal for plants. Soil with sandy particles is ideal for saline water, as the water easily seeps through tothe roots and beyond.
3. Instead of planting seeds, use seedlings because they have a higher chance of growing in salinewater, as they have already built a defence system.
4.. Monitor the soil regularly (every two months) once the crops have been planted and irrigation hasbegun, to ensure that the salt is seeping through and not settling near the roots. If a rise in the saltlevel is detected, it can be flushed out by using saltwater mixed with freshwater.
5. Other methods to decrease salinity include mixing small amounts of sulphuric acid in the water,adding gypsum to irrigation canals, and spreading organic matter (dead leaves and twigs) on the soil(effective for absorbing the salt). In addition, salt-tolerant grass (Sprobolus) and bushes (Atriplex) canbe grown. They not only reduce saline levels but also produce pasture for livestock.
Saline agriculture is practised in Australia, Egypt, Israel, and the USA, with sound economic returns. Itremains a mystery why this methodology (which is so beneficial and economical for farmers), is not acommon practice in Pakistan.
Saline Solutions
● Disseminating organic farming principleson a wide scale, to decrease reliance onexternal inputs like chemical fertilizers andpesticides and to improve soil quality andits ability to retain water.
Water Resource Management
Water management practices need to bemade more efficient, through lining of waterchannels, where appropriate, and upgradingof the irrigation system to minimize wastageof water. This should be supplemented withthe construction of small reservoirs andcheck dams to provide adequate supplies ofwater to rural areas. Appropriate water-pricing policies are also mandatory toencourage water conservation. This alsorequires that the water subsidy system bereviewed and revised as water subsidies arealso one of the major causes of inefficientwater use.
Supporting Actions● Promoting water-efficient crops and
efficient cropping patterns, which
maximize water retention and water use.● Providing incentives like subsidies and
access to credit for water conservationtechnology like drip and trickle irrigationsystems, precision land levelling,sprinklers, rainwater harvesting, recycling,and wind breaks.
● Promoting the use of Integrated SoilManagement; making use of organicfertilizers and natural inputs to increasethe quality and porosity of the soil,enabling it to retain more water.
● Promoting the use of saline water toirrigate fertile soil.
Research and DevelopmentStudies on the relevant issues related to thedevelopment of the agricultural sector withincreased collaboration with policy-makingand grassroots organizations need to beconducted to ensure backward and forwardlinkages in research. Some topics that shouldbe studied include the long-term effects of
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The use of fertilizers has significant environmental repercussions
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high-yielding crop varieties on biodiversity andland-use patterns. There is also a need toresearch and develop new crop varieties thatare better suited to our local climaticconditions, considering water efficiency andland quality. In addition, extensive researchand development on land resourcemanagement, alternative energy sources,efficiency of irrigation water, fertilizer use,mechanization, horticulture, organic fertilizer,and postharvest technology and qualityshould also be conducted. Research institutesshould be facilitated and involved in theconservation of local indigenous varieties,which are being threatened by agriculturalreliance on a limited number of crops.Analysis of agricultural land records in relationto production, distribution of land, land-usepatterns (with a specific focus on theconstraints related to small farmers) areprerequisite to any new activities. Suchanalyses are an essential requirement andtherefore methods must be developed torecord these data.
Supporting Actions● Giving the Sindh Agriculture Research
Coordination Board the responsibility to
facilitate and coordinate relevant researchbetween universities, research institutes,agricultural extension and governmentdepartments.
● Establishing plant biogenetic resourceconservation centres.
● Supporting systems such as the DistrictSoil and Water Testing Laboratories,Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratories atHyderabad and Rohri, and theestablishment of new laboratories atMirpurkhas and Larkana.
● Researching methods to controlwaterlogging and salinity throughpreventive and curative measures,including promotion of gypsum foramelioration of sodic soils.
● Researching methods to promote desertagriculture, including options for thedevelopment of biosaline agriculture.
● Undertaking research and studying theimpact of climate change on agricultureand land use.
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Local strains of vegetables need to be conserved
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Farmer Collaboration
Strengthening of local village organizations isnecessary to encourage participation as well ascoordination with research facilities andgovernment policy-makers. This requires theprovision of capacity building services to villageswhere there are farmers» organizations and thedevelopment of new associations where they donot already exist. The focus of theseprogrammes should be on the widespread useof sustainable farming techniques, particularly totackle problems related to pest control, weedcontrol, and water efficiency.
As almost 20 to 25 percent of crop output islost to pest and insect attacks, it is necessaryto provide technical training to farmers toadopt Integrated Pest Management (IPM)techniques, focusing on the use of bio-agentsand natural predators to minimize the use ofchemical pesticides.
Supporting Actions
● Training farmers on an integrated andbalanced plant nutrition managementapproach, which includes the use of
organic, biosources with mineral-basedfertilizers to improve food quality andproductivity, while preserving the integrityof the environment.
● Providing technical advice on crop choiceand related fertilizer to be used tomaximize productivity. Increased accessto soil-testing laboratories at the villagelevel will be necessary to facilitate thisprocess.
AltersiesPlanting oilseed crops needs to beencouraged to reduce dependence onimported oils. Currently, Badin District hasbeen successful in the planting of sunflowersand similar projects can be explored all overSindh. The development of this sector can beundertaken by the Pakistan OilseedDevelopment Board with the establishment ofprovincial level branches to oversee activitiesin the province. In addition, the private sectorshould be encouraged to invest in the oilseedindustry with regulation by the government andintercropping of canola with wheat, sugarcane,maize, and cotton through agriculturalextension programmes should be advocated.
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38
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WaterC H A P T E R 3
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D De ev v
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he River Indus is the lifeline of Sindh. The River flows
through the province on its way down from Punjab,
feeding numerous reservoirs and irrigation channels on
the way. But the lifeline is gradually waning. Sindh has
been prone to some of the harshest droughts and lowest
supplies of freshwater over the past two decades. Scant
rainfall and politicization of water distribution to the provinces is
leading to both economic and social hardship.
BACKGROUNDDemand for freshwater for drinking and water supply for irrigation, agriculture, and industry israpidly increasing. Due to limited rainfall, none of these needs are being met to their fullcapacity, making Sindh one of the most water-scarce provinces in the country. Currently, Sindhrelies almost entirely on the water of the River Indus owing to limited groundwater supplies (lessthan 5 MAF). Due to its location in the arid zone, Sindh also experiences limited rainfall (100 to200 mm per year) and high rates of evaporation. Sindh»s share in the Water Accord has beenset at approximately 49 MAF but the availability of water from the Indus is normally less thanthis amount with conditions worsening during periods of drought. Due to its vast agriculturalsector, the requirement for water is quite high with almost 95 percent of the farmland in Sindhreceiving water supplies via the irrigation system while the remaining area is tilled with waterfrom tubewells.
G oegraphical area in Mha Command of Sindh barrages in Mha I rrigated land in Mha
Area
AAvveerraaggee IIrrrriiggaatteedd aarreeaa iinn SSiinnddhh ((11997700--9977)) iinn PPeerrcceennttaaggee
T
The water needs of the province are threefoldƒ for domestic, agricultural, and industrialuse. One of the greatest problems facingSindh, because of its location at the tail-endof the Indus River, is the low availability offreshwater supplies. Successive drought-likeconditions and contamination by pollution,chemical fertilizers, and seepage fromindustrial waste and effluents, is putting boththe availability and quality of these supplies atrisk. This is a major issue facing the provincewith its current population growth rate of 2.8to 3.0 percent and a burgeoning urban sector.Sindh is also the eventual dumping site ofupstream waste, making the inhabitants of theprovince even more sceptical about any newwater management schemes.
Owing to diminishing natural resources andland degradation, farmers in Sindh are facingacute economic shortfalls, especially inseasons of low rainfall. Without an adequatewater supply, many farmers are being forcedto turn to either alternative modes of incomeor move to the cities in search of work. Sucheconomic pressure has also begun to put astrain on traditional household dynamics.Already, many farmers are planting cashcrops in order to supplement their income,thus undermining a stable agriculturaleconomy.
Some new developments in the water sectorare taking place. These include plans for anAmerican firm to invest in the establishment oftwo desalination plants in Karachi with aproduction capacity of 25 million gallons eachper day; they are expected to be operationalby 2007. The two plants are beingconstructed at Korangi Creek and Port Qasimat an estimated cost of US$360 million ƒbuilt, owned, and operated by the US firm. AWater Sector Improvement Project hasrecently been approved by the GoS and willcost an estimated US$170 million. This projectis funded with World Bank assistance and willinclude repair work for the Kotri, Sukkur, andGuddu Barrages as well as the left-bankcanals, namely Nara and Ghotki. This projectwill also include reform of the training given tofarmers on optimum use of irrigation water topromote conservation principles in theagricultural sector. In order to instil greateraccountability in the procurement process, theDepartment of Irrigation and Power, GoS hasrecently signed a memorandum ofunderstanding with TransparencyInternational, Pakistan. One measure taken isthe standardization of tender documentsaccording to international standards, whichwill help to improve the quality of constructionof irrigation infrastructure, and a moretransparent tendering process.
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Total
areaGovt.
Canals in
%
Canals &
tube
wells %
P rivate
canals %Tube
wells %Canal
wells %Wells %
O thers %
S indh
Punjab
NWFP
Balochistan
National
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Per
ceta
ge
Di fferet i rrigation catagor ies
Pro
vinc
es
IIrrrriiggaattiioonn ssoouurrcceess iinn ddiiffffeerreenntt pprroovviinncceess ffoorr 11999999--22000000
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ISSUES
Issues in the distribution of Indus water,pollution, inefficient cropping patterns, use ofoutdated irrigation technology, and lack ofinvestment for the remodelling of the irrigationsystem are major obstacles in conserving andefficiently managing water resources in Sindh.
Water Distribution
Sindh has been at the bitter end of a ragingcontroversy on water distribution. Under theWater Accord of 1991, Sindh has beenallocated 48.76 MAF for both the kharif andrabi seasons. However, statistics show thatthe province has received much less than thisallocation over the years. This has not onlycreated an agricultural and social crisis inSindh, but has also politicized the issue to agreat extent. A number of political groupshave protested, claiming that other provincesare stealing their rightful share. This alsoincludes opposition towards the building oflarge and small dams/reservoirs upstream tocontrol the flow of water. Sindh, being at thetail-end of the Indus, anticipates that thesedisputes will lead to even more limitedsupplies of water. There is an atmosphere of
resentment among people of the provincewho are trying to avert an environmentalcatastrophe due to the ever-diminishing shareof natural resources.
Water Resource Management
There is very little R&D in the water sectorand for this reason there is no reliabledatabase on statistics relating to water-usepatterns, irrigation supplies, and the needs ofdifferent sectors, water-efficient technology,and water-harvesting techniques. This iscombined with a lack of coordinationbetween the cross-cutting sectors related towater resource management (such asagriculture, forestry, fisheries, andbiodiversity) making the process ofdistribution politically, socially, andeconomically strained. Also, the privatesector, which offers the opportunity forgreater investment as well as improvedmanagement and coordination of servicesand resources, is not involved at any level.
Groundwater Availability
The availability of groundwater has not beensurveyed in Sindh. Estimates suggest that thevolume of groundwater is between 3 to 4 MAF
Groundwater is harvested without sustainable aquifer recharge
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scattered in 28 percent of the geographicalarea of the province, mainly along the Induswater channels and in a few naturalunderground streams. Also, there is anexcessive amount of groundwater beingpumped without sufficient recharge ofreserves. Furthermore, rainwater harvesting,which can contribute to increased availablewater supply, has also not been sufficientlyutilized in this area.
Waterlogging and Salinity
Waterlogging and salinity are the mostpronounced problems in Sindh, and affect amajor portion of the area. This has stemmedfrom defective irrigation practices and lack ofdrainage facilities. Waterlogging has affected37.6 percent of the gross command area ofSindh, while salinity, according to estimates,has reduced the production of major crops by40 to 60 percent.
Sea Intrusion
The Indus Delta is also shrinking owing to ascarcity of water downstream of Kotri. Due tothe low flow of freshwater, seawater hasintruded into the river itself and according tothe Irrigation Department of Sindh, has affected0.485 Mha in Thatta and Badin districts. Theincidence of sea intrusion and the limitedsupplies of freshwater have had a resultant
impact on reducing mangrove forest cover, anessential backstop for the fisheries industry anda form of coastal protection. To protect theIndus Delta, it was therefore imperative tocontinue flow of water downstream Kotri toprotect the livelihood of poor people.
Pollution
The lack of freshwater flow and pollution arealso causing much ecological damage tocoastal areas, wetlands, riverine forests, andrangelands. There is excessive pollution in thewaters of the Indus, mainly caused bymunicipal discharges, industrial waterdischarges, and agricultural toxins throughdrainage structures, particularly the LBOD andthe RBOD. Other provinces also dump theiruntreated effluent in the Indus, polluting watersupplies downstream and contributing toexcess salt in the soil. Recently the disposalof saline water in Manchar Lake from theRBOD has resulted in declining fish resourcesand degradation of adjoining land. The poorquality of water has caused recent outbreaksof infection leading to a number of deathsthroughout Sindh.
Agricultural Practices
Agriculture receives the largest share of waterwith close to 97 percent of available watersupplies being sanctioned to this sector.
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19981999
2000
20012002
K harif
Rabi
Total
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
MA
F w
ithdr
awl
Years
Sea
sons
TThhee iirrrriiggaatteedd wwaatteerr wwiitthhddrraawwll dduurriinngg 11999988--22000022 ((MMAAFF))
Unfortunately, efficient water use is notpractised and therefore a major portion is lostbecause of the obsolete irrigationinfrastructure, use of outdated technology,and inefficient cropping patterns. Waterconservation methods are not practised bymost farmers in Sindh and thus there is littleuse of drip irrigation, rain harvesting, recyclingof water supplies or the building of watercatchment areas on farms to utilize rainwater.As water supplies are misused, farmers areconstantly facing a shortage of water, whichexacerbates rural poverty. These farmers areforced to migrate to cities either becausethere is not enough water for their crops, orthe intrusion of seawater has rendered theirland uncultivable.. They need to be advisedabout changing the cropping pattern andreplace the crop with those that require lesswater.
PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS
Water Resource Management
To provide for a growing population and thecorresponding industrial sector requirement,
there is a need to analyse current waterreserves. Although Sindh has generally opposedthe construction of any new large storagefacility, it has now become necessary topropose alternatives to such schemes perhapsin the form of the construction of numeroussmall dams. Also, there is a need to analyseeach project individually for its trade-offs. Theproblem in the past with large dams has beenthe lack of sufficient study on the social andenvironmental costs as well as the lack ofeffective silt drainage/removal facilities, whichhas led to the shortening of dam life. Therefore,a more calculated strategy, including intensiveplanning in the initial stages to account for theshortfalls of the past, is required.
Other smaller level interventions can also bemade to increase water supplies. There is aneed to install a system to assess the level ofgroundwater to ensure that excessive waterextraction does not take place. A system ofeffective monitoring of water outlets shouldalso be put in place to minimize lossesthrough theft. This should supplement theimprovement of watercourses to minimizewater loss with intense monitoring as well asprecision levelling of agricultural land toenhance its ability to retain water.Construction of water storage tanks with
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Rainwater harvesting can help address the problem of water scarcity in arid zones
Nas
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The current National Water Policy is a comprehensive document for planning, development, andmanagement of water resources with a view to equity, efficiency, participatory decision-making,sustainability, and accountability. The problem with the water policy is that it has not been translatedinto action on the ground.
For the irrigation subsector, the policy calls for dealing with the scarcity of water through augmentationand conservation methods including consensus on large storage facilities among the provinces. There isalso a focus on improving irrigation methods with increased research on high yield crops with lower waterconsumption ratios and through the use of water-saving techniques. Although the policy calls for theprotection of groundwater reserves from pollution and unsustainable abstraction, there are no specificprovisions on how this will be implemented besides the development of action plans in this regard.
In terms of drainage, the National Water Policy guidelines include the implementation of a nationaldrainage strategy to reduce effluent generation at source and disposal of effluent to the sea in anenvironmentally safe manner. Construction on RBOD II will be completed to act as a carrier drain forthe drainage effluent as well as pilot projects to use RBOD water at the local level after propertreatment. The federal government will be responsible for the operation and maintenance ofinterprovincial drains while the provinces are responsible for all other drainage infrastructure in thearea. There is also a plan to harvest rainwater on farms within drainage catchments to improve soilquality and avoid recharge of drains.
In terms of flood control, the policy states that losses from floods will be reduced in an economicallysound manner, flood awareness and adaptability in riverine areas will be encouraged, flood flows will beharnessed to minimize damage, and flood forecasting capability will be enhanced through weather radars.
Despite the positive initiatives outlined in all water sectors, there has been little effort tooperationalize these recommendations and also to address the fundamental political problemsassociated with the resolution of these issues. It is also believed that proper stakeholder participationhas not been undertaken and hence the concerns of the provinces are not adequately addressed.According to the latest draft of the National Water Policy that has been sent to the Cabinet forapproval, the government has decided to develop a Groundwater Regulatory Framework for theprovinces to improve groundwater irrigation and avoid excessive pumping. In this regard,Groundwater Management Acts will regulate the pumping of water and help improve the poor qualityof groundwater in some areas. The four federating units will also be encouraged to prepare agroundwater Atlas for each Canal Command and sub-basin. Plans are also underway to encouragewater zoning and to frame policies according to specific area-wise needs. A water-metering system isalso planned to encourage efficient use of water through eliminating price distortions in the watermarket. The government will form a National Water Council to tackle water-related issues and it willbe composed of relevant ministers or secretaries of the federal government, provincialrepresentatives, and stakeholders» representatives as members. Provincial Water Councils will handlewater-related provincial matters including irrigation, domestic water (both urban and rural) andsanitation, industrial water, and wastewater disposal to prevent contamination of waterbodies.Provincial Water Councils will be permanent but composed of part-time members from relevantgovernment ministries, organizations, experts, and former representatives.
IImmpplliiccaattiioonnss ooff tthhee WWTTOO oonn AAggrriiccuullttuurree iinn SSiinnddhh
Source: National Water Policy (Government of Pakistan, 2004)
sufficient drainage facilities and installingwater-lifting devices on streams in areassurrounding farms to provide irrigation waterto barani agricultural land could also beexplored. Furthermore, constructingunderground dams in mountainous regionslike Dadu, for rainwater harvesting, could alsobe another option.
Supporting Actions
● Ensuring better conservation and efficientmanagement of water resources throughthe construction of carry-over reservoirsand the lining of water channels tominimize water losses.
● Rehabilitating the LBOD by removingsedimentation and repairing the gradientas well as reconstruction of breaches andother points of water loss.
● Overcoming water shortages in the aridzones of Sindh through the constructionof small dams in Kohistan and NagarParkar as well as at other feasible sites.This would also include the excavation ofthe Rainee Canal for better distribution ofsummer surplus water to desert areas.
Encouraging the use of renewable energy forgroundwater extraction to increase wateravailability.
Promoting the use of recycling technology toincrease water supplies. There is a need toestablish wastewater treatment and filtrationplants at feasible sites to facilitate recyclingactivities and decrease pollution.
Comprehensive Water Policy
In order to curb the growing level of conflictamong provinces on issues of waterdistribution, and to counter the scarcity andmisuse of water resources, the government
needs to formulate a comprehensive waterpolicy that can support conservation as wellas current demands. This policy needs toencompass all aspects of the water sectorand address issues in distribution, irrigation,water conservation projects, food security,new infrastructure requirements, needs ofdifferent water users (including different socio-economic groups), and women»s roles. Aspecific section in this policy should highlightthe needs of the Indus Delta with specialreference to such pertinent issues as seawaterintrusion and the degradation of coastalresources. Environmental audits of the LBODand RBOD projects need to be conducted toassess their impact on the environment,particularly coastal resources. The formulationof such a policy must be initiated with athorough situational analysis of the demandand supply of water in each province. Thismust be coupled with investment in capacitybuilding of relevant institutions such as theSindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority (SIDA),to suggest and implement province-specificpolicy options.
The federal government has recentlyformulated a National Water Policy. Thisshould be shared with a wide audience of
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Water treatment is essential for drinking water
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stakeholders and should address theconcerns of all the provinces. Only withacceptance and participation from all quarterswill such a policy be implemented effectively.
Interprovincial Coordination
To combat the politicization of the waterdistribution issue, there needs to be greatercoordination between the provinces. Theproblem over the years has been that Sindhhas been receiving less than its fixedallotment for the year, which has led to theintensification of feelings of political bias fromother provinces. Being located in the aridzone, Sindh is more prone to drought anddesert-like conditions. Despite these harshclimatic conditions, it is a major agriculturaland industrial producer in the country. Bearingthese factors in mind, the Indus River SystemAuthority (IRSA) must be sensitive to theseissues when assigning water availability ratiosto the provinces.
National Drainage Programme
A review of the National Drainage Programme(NDP) is required to analyse the effectiveness
of the present drainage structure, identifyproblem areas, and implement correctiveaction. There is a need for increased capacitybuilding of the NDP to undertake theseactivities. It is necessary to implement theNational Drainage Strategy to reduce effluentgeneration at source and dispose of it in anenvironmentally sound manner. Increasedinvolvement of the private sector in drainageprogrammes, including involvement inreclaiming agricultural land and investing infacilities should also be taken intoconsideration.
Flood Prevention Mechanisms
In order to prevent disastrous losses causedby floods and other natural disasters, whichSindh is particularly prone to because of itsproximity to the sea, there is a need to pursuethe Flood Protection Sector Project (FPSP), ofwhich Phase I has already been completed.This programme will include harnessing hilltorrents, improvements in flood forecastingand warning systems as well as theconstruction of embankments, spurs, and hilltorrent structures for the protection ofinfrastructure in the event of a natural disaster.
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Effluent disposal in a drinking water body
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Institutional Strengthening
For any policy to be implemented, it isimperative that there are institutions andorganizations to carry the work forward. Thereis a need for increased cooperation amongdifferent institutions in agricultural, fishery,wetland, forestry, and urban areas, to ensurecollaboration and joint solutions to problems.The onus of this coordination should fall onthe staff of the Water Departments at thedistrict level. Most importantly, the capacityof the Water Departments must be enhancedto ensure that they are equipped to effectivelydevelop, monitor, and enforce policies andlegislation. In addition, the possibility ofseparating water and sanitation departmentsand making them individual entities should beexplored.
Research and Development
Investment in research in the water sector iscrucial to the development andimplementation of a coherent water policy.This research will help provide policy-makerswith a reliable database on water use,distribution, water losses, efficient pricing
policies, the feasibility of introducing watertaxation policies, defining users and theirneeds, viable conservation models, landtenure systems, water rights, sector-wisewater requirements, and efficient croppingpatterns. In order to have effective and reliableresearch, it is necessary to increase thecapacity of relevant institutions to conductaction-based research that can translate intoprogrammes and projects in the water sector.
Supporting Actions
● Conducting feasibility studies on farmer-financed irrigation packages and effectivewater-pricing policies.
● Highlighting the effects of sea intrusionand the necessity of adequate waterrelease below Kotri Barrage to ensure theprotection of land, ecology, andbiodiversity of the area.
● Introducing a system for recording thedaily quantum and analysis of Indus waterat Guddu Barrage.
● Studying the impact of release of pollutedwater from cities and towns to rivers and
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View of Lainsdown Bridge in Sukkur
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canals in Sindh and outlining possiblesolutions.
● Undertaking research and studying theimpact of climate change on waterresources.
User Group Participation
There is a need to increase the participationof water users in the design, development,operation/maintenance, and financing ofwater supply systems. A comprehensivesystem of On-Farm Water Managementneeds to be introduced to reduce conveyanceand field losses through the improvement of
watercourses, precision land-levelling,organizing water user associations, andestablishment of demonstration plots. Thiswould require the development of strongwater user associations across all districts inSindh to engage people at every level. Theseuser groups would provide an effectiveplatform for information dissemination,training workshops, and the widespreadpromotion of technical equipment related towater conservation.
Media Awareness
It is important to disseminate a culture ofconservation within the entire community via
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In 2004, the federal government agreed to provide Rs.4.9 billion to help undertake the Sindh On FarmWater Management Project to improve the efficiency, reliability, and equity of irrigation waterdistribution in the province. Inter alia, the project includes the establishment of about 100 farmerbodies and sustainable watercourse associations. Partially funded by the World Bank, this project willbe implemented in all of the province»s 16 districts, benefiting a population of about one million.
The formation of Water Users Associations (WUAs) by beneficiary farmers is a condition ofwatercourse renovation. The relevant provisions are set out in WUA Ordinances (1981) promulgatedseparately by each of the provinces. WUAs have in theory, a number of functions. As stipulated in theWUA Ordinances, the three primary purposes of the WUA are:
1. The improvement of on-farm water management.
2. The improvement of water supply from surface or groundwater.
3. The operation, maintenance, improvement and rehabilitation of watercourses.
To realize better on-farm water management, WUAs can also consider pursuing other activities suchas joint input supply, marketing, and obtaining access to credit and training services. Another areawhere WUAs can contribute is in the management of the irrigation system. The managerial capacity ofWUAs has to be strengthened for this and their role expanded to facilitate the transfer of managementfrom the government to farmers. WUAs can also serve as early warning bodies for the detection of linedefects, water pollution or illegal use of water resources.
WUAs have earlier been introduced in several water management projects around the country, such asunder the National Drainage Programme, the Farmer Managed Irrigated Agriculture Project in Sindh,and successive on-farm water management projects. Although all of these initiatives saw the creationof such associations, in most cases, they were either not provided with adequate training andtechnical support, or they were not granted any autonomy by the government. The key lessons learntunder these experiences included:
1: Proper social mobilization and participation of the beneficiaries at all levels is imperative.
2: Decision-making authority should ultimately be handed over to the association and its members.
WWaatteerr UUsseerr AAssssoocciiaattiioonnss —– TThhee NNeeww Ò“CCiivviill SSoocciieettyyÓ” ooff tthhee WWaatteerr SSeeccttoorr
Source: National Water Policy, Government of Pakistan (2004)
mass awareness campaigns conductedthrough the media, educational institutions,the private and public sectors as well asthrough organizations working at thegrassroots level in Sindh. Radio in particularis an extremely powerful tool for such anissue, considering its vast network andpopularity in the rural areas. Specialprogrammes that focus on issues of watermanagement can be produced in regionallanguages for the benefit of farmers and therural populace.
Supporting Policies andLegislationThe development of an Agricultural Policy forSindh with special reference to waterdistribution issues as well as efficient use is
also a necessity. This policy should promotean integrated crop management system,integrated soil management as well as a cropzoning system and analysis of optimal croppatterns. Such a policy should establishcommunity seed banks with linkages to localfarmer cooperatives and promote water-efficient crop varieties. In addition, there is aneed to implement legislation to address theissue of water quality.
Supporting Actions
● Developing a Clean Water Act andensuring that it is enforced in Sindh.
● Updating and enforcing the NationalEnvironmental Quality Standards (NEQS)which address issues related to waterquality control.
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Access to safe drinking water is severely limited in rural areas
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Coastal and Marine Ecosystems
C H A P T E R 4
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oastal and marine ecosystems are complex webs of life
which support a vibrant marine plant and animal
biodiversity. However, both natural and human
interventions pose a threat to the sustainability and
development of the marine environment, a problem all
the more apparent in Sindh, which is at the centre
of the industrial and development process.
BACKGROUNDSindh»s coastline is one of its most valuable resources playing host to a productive marinefisheries sector as well as providing livelihoods to a multitude of coastal inhabitants. It is 350 kmlong and climatically is visited by the tail-end of the southwest monsoon. The coast can befurther divided into two parts, namely the Indus deltaic coast and the Karachi coast, which isapproximately 70 km long and is relatively well developed, compared to the rest of the Pakistanicoast. Sindh has one of the largest arid land mangrove forests in Southeast Asia running alongits coastline; these areas play a crucial role in the stability of the inland areas, particularly in theface of natural disasters like cyclones. Regrettably, these coastal areas have been degraded bythe effects of industrialization, increased damming of the Indus River (resulting in decreasedfreshwater discharge to the coastal areas), and a burgeoning urban sprawl which has causedhigh levels of pollution and overexploitation of resources. Policy-makers in this sector have notdevised policies to rejuvenate and replenish these areas to ensure their long-term sustainabilityand productive value. Rather, inertia in the regulatory arena coupled with a murky focus onproviding for the long-term needs of this sector, has increased its vulnerability. The stability ofthe coastal and marine ecosystem is crucial to the stability of other sectors dependent on theseresources, namely the biodiversity sector as well as the industrial, forestry, and water sectors.
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ISSUES
Industrial Pollution
The industrial estates of Karachi, namely SindhIndustrial Trading Estate (SITE), LandhiIndustrial Trading Estate (LITE), KorangiIndustrial Area (KIA), and West Wharf IndustrialArea among others, discharge effluents mainlyinto the Lyari and Malir rivers, which drain intothe Arabian Sea. The rivers carry calcium, alum,sulphates, magnesium, sodium, potassium,arsenic, halides, and bicarbonates. SITE isresponsible for about half of the total industrialdischarges of Karachi. Moreover, the LITE andthe KIA also discharge their effluents into themangrove mud flats of Korangi Creek. Inaddition, there are three power plants along theKarachi coast that use large quantities ofseawater for cooling, and discharge heatedeffluent and other pollutants into the ocean.This discharge contains chlorine used for thecontrol of biofouling organisms in the plants.The impact of these land-based activitiesincluding industrial, domestic, and agriculturalpollution has resulted in the degradation of themarine ecosystem. One of the impacts of thispollution has been the alteration andsometimes even the destruction of coastal and
marine habitats, which play a critical role invarious stages of the life cycles of severalspecies of marine fauna. Therefore a directresult has been a consistent reduction of themaximum sustainable yield from marineresources over time, which has had an adverseeffect at the macro level (the loss of exportearnings for the province) and at the micro level(plaguing the livelihoods of local fisherfolk).
Oil Pollution
One of the major problems of the coastal areasis oil pollution. There is large-scale shippingtraffic at Port Qasim. The sources of oilpollution in Manora channel are bilges,outpours from engine rooms of vessels,discharges and leaks from bunkering points,and leaks and small spills during loading andunloading at oil piers. Some oil is also broughtto the channel through the Lyari Riverdischarge. Among the creeks of the IndusDelta, Gizri Creek and Korangi Creek are mostaffected by oil pollution from the oil dischargesof refineries, industries, and municipal activitiesof sources located in the Korangi area. TheGoP has recently prepared an Offshore DrillingPolicy, and concession rights have beenissued in the Indus Delta. These developmentsmay increase oil pollution considerably.
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Untreated industrial effluent is a major source of marine pollution
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Wastewater Pollution
The lack of adequate sanitation facilities incoastal and urban areas causes high levels ofpollution through the release of untreatedsewage into coastal waters. This problem isgrowing in magnitude and could increase ifthe coastal areas are developed withoutprovision for funding and planning for theeffective management and disposal of suchwaste. This waste is polluting coastal areasand is having a negative impact on the socio-economic conditions of coastal communities.Another major source of pollution is theagricultural runoff brought downstream viarivers and discharged into the coastal belt.Agricultural pollutants such as pesticides,herbicides, and fertilizers carried by thisdischarge have adverse impacts on thecoastal ecology. The individual components ofthe LBOD Stage 1 Project are subsurface andsurface drainage systems in Nawabshah,Sanghar and Mirpurkhas, the Nara Canal, theRanto Canal, part of the lower Nara Canal, theChotiari Reservoir, the Spinal Drain, and theTidal Link. These systems dischargegroundwater pumped from the water tableand also any water surplus requirements to
the Arabian Sea at Shah Samando Creek.Similarly, the RBOD collects drain water froma few districts of Lower Punjab, NasirabadDivision of Balochistan, and four districts ofupper Sindh and, through Main Nara ValleyDrain, discharges it into Manchar Lake.
Biodiversity Loss
Owing to environmental changes resultingfrom pollution and degradation of resources,there has been a change in marine speciescomposition, health, and diversity. Alterationsin the environment lead to the geneticselection of the most resilient species, whichare commonly those of lower market value.The introduction of some exotic species foraquaculture purposes has led to seriousenvironmental consequences. Biodiversity ofthe natural waterbodies and coastal areas hasbeen seriously affected by overfishing,pollution, and environmental degradation. Therepercussions of these changes include anincrease in ecosystem instability. This hasreduced seafood quality and safety leading toproblems associated with loss of revenue tofisherfolk, foregone export earnings, andhazardous health risks to local consumers.
Sea intrusion has altered the ecology of the Indus Delta
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Unplanned Land Development
Coastal development activities also contributeto the degradation of the coastal environment,primarily because while a coastaldevelopment plan does exist for Karachi, ithas not been implemented. This developmentcomprises both formal and informal housingand recreation projects, the creation ofunauthorized fishing villages as well ascommercial entities. Also there are plans forthe large-scale growth of oil palm plantationsto produce edible oil in the coastal areas ofSindh. This could have serious repercussionsfor the environment of the area and thusneeds to be pursued only after understandingand taking into consideration the impacts ofthese projects. This threatens the balance ofcoastal hydrodynamics and causes seriousdamage to coastal amenities.
Coastline Degradation
Sea intrusion, caused by insufficientfreshwater downstream of Kotri Barrage, hasbeen the source of land degradation in thecoastal districts of Badin and Thatta. This hashad a negative effect on farmers in the coastal
areas whose lands have been plagued bywaterlogging and increased salinity, renderingthem unfit for cultivation. These areas are alsonot able to reach their potential because ofthe lack of infrastructural facilities to supportthe fishing industry. Further downstream inThatta District at Sajawal Bridge, fisherfolk aresuffering because of inadequate drinkingwater facilities as well as the lack of water andice necessary for preserving the catch onfishing vessels. On the Karachi coast, land isbeing reclaimed in the harbour area for port-management related activities and in theurban cantonments for housing, commercial,and recreational projects. These activitiescould cause severe erosion along thecoastline because of the changed hydrologyand turbulent wave action. They have alsoaltered the coastal ecology of the area, whichcould have serious ramifications in the futureespecially when vulnerability to tidal waves,storms, cyclones, and monsoon rains isconsidered.
Mangrove Depletion
Mangrove forests are a vital ecological featurefor stabilizing the coastline of Sindh.Unfortunately, these forests are beingdegraded by the decreasing freshwaterdischarges attributable to the increase in thenumber of dams along the Indus River. Thesemangroves, besides providing protection toinland areas from the effects of climatic stress,are also important breeding and spawninggrounds for marine fisheries, where severalvaluable species spend part of their lifecyclefeeding off the dense plant populations andbenefit from the rich mineral compositions ofthese areas. Many coastal communities alsodepend on mangroves as an important sourceof fuelwood and fodder for their livestock andcamels ƒ which is also another factorcontributing to their degradation.
Lacklustre Tourism Development
Currently there is no activity for developingthe tourism industry, which could be animportant source of revenue for localinhabitants. There is great potential in thisarea when one considers the presence of
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Marine species are under severe threat due to environmental degradation
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rocky and sandy beaches, which could bedeveloped as wind surfing and diving sites.Also, the Indus Deltaic coast has numerousislands as well as historical sites that could bedeveloped for visitors. Other features thatcould be developed for tourism include turtlebeaches and sites of archaeological/ religiousinterest. For example, there is a Hindu Templeat Hanglaj in the Hingol River valleysurrounded by mud volcanoes and a lakededicated to a Hindu goddess is also foundthere. Similarly, Astola Island is considered byHindus to be an abode of their goddess KaliDevi. Thousands of Hindu pilgrims from Sindhand Balochistan visit these sites annually.
PROPOSEDINTERVENTIONSInteragency Coordination
The existence of strong agencies with clearresponsibilities for the development andregulation of coastal areas is a prerequisite toany positive development in this sector. It istherefore necessary to pursue capacity buildingactivities for the relevant agencies related tothe coastal and marine sector including theCoastal Development Authority, the Ministry of
Environment, the Karachi Port Trust, PortQasim Authority, the Coast Guard, and theKarachi and Korangi Fish Harbour Authorities.It is also necessary for these agencies tomaintain close contact with each other forcomplementary and mutually supportive action.
Supporting Actions
● Increased funding for capacity buildingefforts in the Sindh Coastal DevelopmentAuthority (SCDA), Ministry of Environmentand Urban Affairs, KPT, PQA, Coast Guardand the Karachi and Korangi FishHarbours with increased focus on fosteringcollaborative efforts to sustainably managecoastal and marine areas.
● Strengthening the SCDA to cope withconflict resolution among various agenciesas well as to effectively plan and implementprojects related to the coastal zone inSindh with particular reference to thespecial requirements of the port and urbanand industrial centres along the coast.
● Establishing Marine Protected Areas(MPAs), after intensive study, to promotethe rehabilitation of key areas that havebeen affected by degradation. These
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Mangrove forests stablize the coastline of Sindh
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Pakistan is a signatory to a host of conventions and agreements related to the protection of the seasincluding:
● United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS);
● Convention on Biological Diversity and the accompanying Jakarta Mandate on Marine andCoastal Biological Diversity;
● The Global Program of Action (GPA) for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities;
● MARPOL 73/78 and the more recent International Maritime Organization (IMO) guidelines;
● The World Heritage Convention.
EEnnffoorrcceemmeenntt ooff IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall AAggrreeeemmeennttss
Source: Briefing Note on Legal Framework for Managing Land-based Activities that Impact the Coastal and Marine Environment in Pakistan,
IUCN Report for GPA-UNEP (2005)
areas will then serve as breeding andnursing grounds to support and increasethe productivity of the fishing industry.
● Re-evaluating the maximum sustainableyield figures to discourage overfishing.
Research and Development
There is a need for increased research andanalysis on the problems related to the coastaland marine ecosystems sector. There areseveral organizations working in this fieldincluding the National Institute ofOceanography (NIO), SUPARCO, MaritimeSecurity Agency (MSA), and academicinstitutions like the Centre of Excellence inMarine Biology (CEMB), University of Karachi,and NED University that could be encouragedto pursue current and reliable research onrelevant issues. Research institutions andgovernment departments should alsocollaborate to gather relevant data on marineresources, fish stocks, biodiversity, the impactof pollution, the impact of developmentactivities, and the importance of mangroves.The potential adverse impacts of newinitiatives such as the proposed oil palmplantations must also be studied to ensure thatprojects do not lead to further deterioration.
Supporting Actions
● Undertaking research on the potential ofcoastal agriculture using salt-tolerant
crops as well as impact studies for newinitiatives like plantation of oil palm incoastal areas of Thatta.
● Preparing an updated data bank on thephysical, climatic, hydrological, andecological features and processes of theSindh coast.
● Undertaking research and studying theimpacts of climate change on the coastalareas.
Legislation and Policy
Many of the problems related to the coastaland marine ecosystems are caused by poorregulation and implementation of laws in this sector. There is currently no legislation to protect coastal and marine resources from degradation through overexploitation of resources, pollution, and release ofinadequate water from upstream users. Some areas like coastal wetlands are covered under the RAMSAR Convention andthe Pakistan NCS recommendations include provisions for the coastal ecosystem. Over 260 000 ha of mangroveforests were declared protected forests in1958 and the wildlife of the Indus Delta isprotected under the Sindh Wildlife Ordinance, 1972. However, these regulations are rarely enforced leading tooverexploitation, which is not monitored or controlled.
Supporting Actions
● Implementing the Pollution Control Actand the NEQS to minimize pollution in thecoastal and marine areas and to ensureimplementation of the Water Accord thatrequires sufficient freshwater release tocoastal areas.
● Developing legislation to curb thedischarge of untreated solid and industrialwaste as well as agricultural effluentswithout treatment into coastal waters.
● Encouraging public/private partnerships toclean up harbours and enforce lawsrelating to coastal development.
Infrastructure Development
In order to support coastal developmentactivities related to fishing and effective portoperations, it is necessary to invest insustainable infrastructure developmentprojects in priority areas along the coastline. It
is also very important to explore opportunitiesfor the development of ecotourism in coastalareas in the light of conservation andsustainable development principles withincreased involvement of the private sector.
Supporting Actions
● Repairing the faulty features of the RBODand the LBOD, including no outfallstructure in the RBOD.
● Constructing wastewater treatment plantsand strengthening the capacity of EPA toeffectively enforce the existingenvironmental laws and NEQS.
● Establishing adequate infrastructurefacilities for remote coastal fishing villagesin Badin and Thatta districts includingroad development, fish harbour facilities,and provision of water supplies.
● Rehabilitating Karachi harbour to deal withsiltation problems.
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Shrimp export is a major foreign exchange earner for Pakistan
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ForestsC H A P T E R 5
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pproximately 2.29 percent of the total area of Sindh is
covered with forests. The Sindh Forest Department has
control over 1.126 million ha (2.782 million acres) or 8
percent of the area. Riverine forests and irrigated
plantations cover a mere 2.29 percent of this area, while
the remainder consists of mangrove forests and
rangelands. Despite their vast importance to the ecological,
economic, and social development of the province, the forest sector
needs are being sidelined in favour of other pressing concerns.
BACKGROUNDThe forests of Sindh are important for soil stabilization, particularly in the vast arid zone of theprovince as well as for the protection and productivity of neighbouring agricultural lands.Forests are important sites that support a rich diversity of flora and fauna and supply thefuelwood and fodder needs of local communities. Forests are also important as grazinggrounds for livestock and provide important non-timber products such as medicinal plants,spices, and honey. These areas have great potential in the development of ecotourism, whichcan generate income for the Forest Department to help with maintenance. Agroforestry isanother sector which has the potential to improve the agriculture and forest sectors throughintercropping between timber plantations.
Many important forest species are disappearing owing to water deficiency, waterlogging, andsalinity, all of which induce severe land degradation. This will have far-reaching implications forother sectors including agriculture, wildlife, and wetlands, to name only a few. Water is thelifeline of the forest sector and this is a rapidly diminishing resource. Coupled with naturaldisasters related to climate change, and drought, the sustainability of the forests of Sindh isbeing threatened.
A
A number of development projects in the IndusDelta Region are being pursued by the GoS,with local and World Bank funding. Theseinclude replanting/regeneration of the IndusDelta with the mangrove species Rhizophora inthis area. Other initiatives in the pipeline includethe preparation and implementation of aCoastal Zone Management Plan; a feasibilitystudy of riverine areas of Sindh for managementand study; and the National EnvironmentalAction Plan»s (NEAP»s) initiative for thedevelopment of mangroves in the Indus Delta.The European Union (EU) and the UnitedNations Development Programme (UNDP) havealso launched several projects in collaborationwith local NGOs and CBOs under the SmallGrants Programme. These are for the Promotionof Tropical Forests Programme that was startedin 2003 to conserve forest resources andpromote community and social forestry in themangrove and riverine forests of Sindh. TheWorld Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Pakistan isalso working on a project to declare the ≈IndusDelta Eco-Region∆ to enhance the protectionand conservation of resources in this area.
The Sindh Forest Department (SFD) executed aforestry project with the assistance of ADB inwhich over 21 000 ha of reserve forests wererehabilitated. ADB also funded the SFD to
develop management plans for all riverineforests and irrigated plantations. The CoastalDevelopment Authority has ongoing projectsfor coconut and oil palm plantations, which aimat replanting the empty and harvested areas ofThatta and Hyderabad districts. IUCN has alsoworked for the development of mangroveplantations through replanting schemes andawareness-raising campaigns, includingresearch and training for local communities.
The GoS has approved an agroforestry leasepolicy in which 133 000 acres have beenscheduled for leasing. About 25 percent ofthis area will be brought under tree cover and75 percent will be utilized for agriculturalcrops by the lease holders. The leases will beawarded for a period of five years withprovision for extension of the lease for anadditional five years.
ISSUESThe sustainability of the forest sector in Sindhis threatened by mismanagement, insufficientplanning, and lack of implementation ofconservation strategies and is also threatenedby droughts and climate change as well. Theinteraction of several agencies in the forestry
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A nursery set up by the Sindh Forest Department
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sector means that there is little coordination,no uniform policy, and minimal responsibilityfor the sustainable development of forests.
Forest Cover Degradation
The revenue generated by the forest sector isnot re-invested in forest production, whichmeans that there is a constant loss ofresources. There is an extensive amount ofillicit and indiscriminate felling of trees either bythe landless local communities or by thelandowners themselves for commercial gains.While on the one hand, the government has tofend off a very strong timber mafia that isengaged in excessive and illegal cutting offorests of commercial value, on the other, treesin the state-owned riverine forests are dyingdue to incessant drought. These are then cutillegally by the local people to meet their fuelneeds. The government obtains high politicalreturns from the distribution of forestlands toharis but there are no regulations applied tothese lands to ensure a certain percentage oftree cover. There has also been a series ofillegal allotments. According to the SFD, around90 088 acres of forest area are currently underoccupation and resolution of this matter hasbeen forwarded to the National Accountability
Bureau (NAB). In order to counter the problemof denudation, the Forest Department has beencarrying out annual planting campaigns inspring and during the monsoon season butthese projects have not produced the desiredresults. Millions of saplings are distributed togovernment agencies, the armed forces, andlocal communities but there is little follow up onthis initiative with the consequence that veryfew plants survive. The money spent by theSFD in producing these saplings in nurserieshas, as a result, been a source of revenue lossfor the department.
Open access areas that are regulated by theRevenue Department suffer from degradationbecause there are multiple users and there isno effective system of property rights toensure that forest areas are being sufficientlyrestocked. Degradation of forest leads to adecrease in industrial raw material, anincrease in the siltation of water channels andreservoirs, disturbance of breeding groundsfor marine life, and reduction of wood supplyfor fodder, fuel, livestock, and human needs.Soils in some forest areas are suffering fromincreased waterlogging and salinity.Insufficient forest cover leads to landdegradation caused by wind and water
IIlegal logging is denuding forest cover
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erosion. Roadside and canal side plantationsare being degraded for short-term economicgains due to poor supervision and controlover these areas by the overseeing bodiesresponsible for them.
Lack of Research
There is insufficient research in the forest sector,which means there is no reliable information ontree species or biodiversity assessments. This isparticularly problematic because these statisticsare vital for the development of the NationalForest Policy currently in the process of beingfinalized. It is crucial to have a comprehensiveand sustainable national forest policy in order tosupport effective forest management, which isthe key to the development of this sector. Atpresent, there is no reliable GIS database forforestry statistics. Although the ForestDepartment does have a GIS unit, it is notfunctional due to weak staff capacity and thelack of technical and financial support. Thornforests are very important to maintain treegrowth in rangelands in arid areas and currently there is little research being pursuedon this topic.
Water Resource Management
Appropriate water resource management isvital for the survival of forest resources but thishas been poorly organized. Water structureslike canals, barrages, and dams have had anegative impact on forests by depriving themof the necessary supply of freshwater. After itsdistribution for agricultural purposes, there ishardly any water left with the IrrigationDepartment. Another logistical problem is thatthe Forest Department does not have theresources to pay the Irrigation Department thenecessary water charges to ensure a sufficientsupply of water. There is insufficient rechargeof groundwater reserves due to the decreasedsupply of water in these areas. Pollution ofwater resources has also had a negative effecton both riverine and mangrove forests. Owingto the dwindling supplies of water after theconstruction of embankments along the IndusRiver, forest areas along the coast suffer fromseawater intrusion. There is limited investmentin this sector for the maintenance of irrigationinfrastructure such as desilting of irrigationchannels to facilitate water supplies.
The irrigated plantations in Sindh have beensuffering from the scarcity of freshwater, whichhas incurred the loss of cultivated forestspecies such as babul, shisham, poplar, andeucalyptus. These species have beenreplaced by unchecked and useless shrubgrowth, which is prone to fire hazards.Watercourses that supply water to these areashave not been maintained. Another problemfaced by irrigated plantations is the constantthreat of encroachment by neighbouringagricultural landowners who utilize their ownresources as well as the already limited watersupplies to these areas.
Mangrove forests are indiscriminately beingexploited for fuelwood, fodder, and timber bylocal poor communities and are threatened bythe diminishing freshwater flow from the IndusRiver induced by the construction of barrages,canals, and dams. Overexploitation by selectivecutting of useful species has added to theecological pressures facing mangroves. Oildischarged by ships in Karachi harbour as wellas other types of industrial and urban pollutionpose additional threats. Mangrove forests areimportant breeding grounds for the fisheriessector as shrimps and other fish species spendpart of their lifecycle in these areas. Theeconomic loss, without taking into account theloss to the ecology of the area, is phenomenalif one simply looks at the decreasing fishcatches and resulting loss of foreign exchangeattributable to mangrove degradation.
Environmental Concerns
Climate change, drought, and increasedtranspiration have also had a negative impacton the forests in Sindh with little importancegiven to soil conservation. Due to aninadequate supply the rich biodiversity, of theriverine forests is threatened.There is a dearthof technical equipment to predict theoccurrence of meteorological disasters likecyclones, hurricanes, and floods. Furthermore,human and livestock population pressure hasbeen increasing around forest blocks.Increased demand for fuel is puttingenormous pressure on forest resources andthe ever-increasing price of fuel is expeditingdeforestation activities by the rural poor, foreststaff, and law and order agencies that areillegally encroaching on forest areas.
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Administrative and Legislative Concerns
Large areas of forests are harvested withouteffective management plans to ensure thatharvested areas are restocked. Wheremanagement plans have been developed,there is insufficient implementation of themand limited capacity of forestry staff to adoptsustainable forest management practices. Lowsalaries compound the problem of lowmotivation and sometimes even forces peopleinto corruption, encroachment, and denudingof forest resources for personal gain. Logisticsis another problem as forest staff are spreadover large areas but they do not have thenecessary technical equipment for effectivemonitoring. Many forest sector posts arevacant because of the limited supply ofexperienced and trained staff. There is weakimplementation of existing laws andregulations and no revision of outdated laws,which currently focus more on the harvestingof forest areas rather than on conservationprinciples or sustainable use.
Community Involvement
Owing to the limited involvement of thecommunity and lack of coordination in the workrelated to the forest sector, a gap has beencreated between forest experts and localpeople in forest areas. Social forestry has hugepotential to organize local communities to workin the field of conservation. Under SLGO 2001,community forestry initiatives have now beendevolved to the district government, which haslittle capacity to pursue these projects. This hascreated a gap between the Forest Departmentexperts and farming communities.
PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS
Institutional Strengthening and Intersectoral Linkages
The capacity of institutions responsible for theforest sector needs to be enhanced to ensure
that viable conservation and sustainabledevelopment policies are pursued. This wouldrequire the development of strong linkagesbetween institutions as well as mutuallysupportive policies and learning between thedifferent departments and agencies involvedin the forestry sector including the ForestDepartment, Revenue Department, NationalHighway Authority, and other provincial levelinstitutions. Institutional strengthening of thesebodies is imperative in order for them topursue strategic policies, which are in line withconservation and sustainable developmentprinciples. There is a need for overall reform ofthe Forest Department to ensure that capacityis enhanced and that incentives areintroduced, which instil greater motivation topursue policies. Currently, salaries are verylow, which forces junior staff to ignore theirresponsibilities and sometimes even todegrade forest resources to supplement theirmeagre income.
Research and Development
As no quality research is being undertaken inthis field, there is considerable data deficiencyin the forestry sector. It is important that forestpolicies create the incentives for greaterinvestment in research to assess forest assetsincluding tree species, biodiversity value,economic value, and other areas of researchpriority. Action-based research should also beencouraged at the policy level to ensure that theresults of research will be translated on theground. In order to ensure a sustainableapproach in the use of forest resources, it isnecessary to pursue economic valuation of theentire ecosystem encompassing forestresources including species, biodiversity, andtimber value. This will ensure that the economicpolicies pursued will not curtail developmentefforts.
Supporting Actions
● Ensuring that current forestry data areassessed, placed in a GIS system, andmade easily available.
● Establishing a Forest Research andTraining Institute in Sindh to focus onconservation, sustainable use, andeffective management of forest areas.
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● Digitizing of all deh maps and puttingthem on the national grid. This would helpto end land disputes among local peopleand the Forest Department; it would alsobuild a database for, inter alia, forestry,agriculture, irrigation structures, regularcrop surveys and social surveys.
● Conducting research on desert farmingand arid zone forest resources. Manyother arid zone countries have pursuedsuccessful development projects in thisfield and there is much to learn and adoptfrom their experiences.
● Undertaking research and studying theimpacts of climate change on forestry.
Supporting Legislation
One of the most pressing concerns related tothe conservation of forest resources is theexistence of a contractor system and a timbermafia, which often functions under theprotection of local authorities to facilitateillegal poaching. There is therefore a need torevise the existing laws. With improvements intransport infrastructure, this problem has beencompounded over the years as largeshipments of forest products can besmuggled out of these areas in a relativelyshort time. In addition, a number of forestedareas are also being disputed by variousparties. The appointment of a ForestMagistrate would expedite such pendingcases. Legislation also needs to ensure thatproperty rights, as they relate to forestryresources, are clear, non-discriminatory, andenforceable.
Supporting Actions
● Implementing the Forest Sector MasterPlan developed by the government. Thisis a comprehensive document thatsuggests policies and strategies andneeds to be implemented and reviewedwith particular reference to the chapter onSindh.
● Reviewing current forestry legislation ƒleading to revision and amendments incurrent laws on the basis of sustainableuse of forest resources.
● Introduction of any species should only beundertaken after careful examination oftheir impact on local biodiversity. Thisconcern should be effectively addressedin the existing legislation and should alsobe considered in any new legislation thatis drafted.
● Increasing the current forest cover from2.5 percent to 5 percent by the end of the10th Five Year Plan (2010).
● Reviving the Working Plan on coastalforests, which will lapse in 2005.
Social Forestry and Community Participation
It is important to pursue policies thatencourage local participation and promotecollaboration amongst government agenciesand the private sector for the conservationand development of forest resources. It iscrucial to encourage the use of an integratedand participatory model of forestmanagement. This model can be employedparticularly for those areas under the RevenueDepartment where there is open access toresources by multiple users in an unregulatedand uncontrolled environment.
Although not the primary source ofdegradation of forest resources,overexploitation by local communities toprovide for their fuelwood and fodder needs isanother strain that has been heightened bythe increase in rural and urban population.Policies aimed at poverty alleviation are thusessential to provide people with alternativestrategies for income generation and topractise forest conservation and regeneration.
Social forestry practices to promote localparticipation and introduce farmer-friendlypolicies such as elimination of water rates inhurries, increased access to affordable credit,government incentives to encourage farmers toraise tree crops on their lands, and involvementof local NGOs to mobilize and help to organizelocal communities are crucial. They shouldinclude the development of alternative sourcesof income such as the setting up of localwood-processing plants, development of non-
timber product industries, replanting initiatives,and agroforestry initiatives.
Supporting Actions
● Raising awareness on conservation offorests through the media, educationcurriculum, NGOs, and villageorganizations.
● Educating the local communities onsustainable development principlesincluding effective soil management, cropchoice according to location, water-efficient technology, use of brackish waterwith salt-tolerant species, rotationalplantings, and the benefits of agroforestry.
● Increasing community access to fuel-efficient technology like fuel-efficientstoves and gas.
Sectoral Collaboration
Forest areas have a very direct link to othersectors especially in competition for limitedresources. It is for this reason that theplanning process should be made moreholistic in its approach to understand theselinkages and devise an appropriate strategyaccordingly. For instance, energy requirementsare constantly growing and putting increasedpressure on limited forest resources.Therefore, it is very important to assess cross-sectoral integration of the forest sector withother relevant sectors like agriculture,fisheries, industries, water resources,biodiversity, livestock, and rangelands.Projects that incorporate joint collaborationwith other sectors will ensure that the policiesare complementary to the sectors» needs.
Land-use Planning
Urban development as well as industrialdevelopment should not come at the cost of
valuable forest resources. Policies should beenforced that attempt to minimize this loss asit relates to forests in urban areas, industrialareas, mangrove forests along the coastline,and riverine forests.
Supporting Actions
● Implementing programmes to encouragetree conservation and planting;establishing green wind-breaks on aridlands to check erosion and desertification;establishing green areas in all cities with apopulation of 50 000 or more; reserving atleast 25 percent of the area in newtownships and industrial estates for use asparks, recreation areas, and green belts.
● Formulating, enacting, and enforcingpollution standards for emissions anddischarges that impact on the wildlife ofprotected areas; strengthening thecapacities of relevant institutions toimplement anti-pollution measures; andpromoting forestry through urbandevelopment policies.
● Replanting mangroves while providingalternate sources for fuelwood and fodderto help reduce the dependence of thelocal people on these forests. Alsomangrove forests should be declared asreserve forests.
● It should be mandatory for trees to beplanted along the sides of canals, roads,railway lines (and in stations), on floodprotection bunds, and in the grounds ofeducational institutions, industrialcomplexes, and government buildings.
● Ensuring that EIAs, which include socialimpact studies, are carried out for newprojects related to infrastructuredevelopment and water resources in theforestry sector. 65
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WetlandsC H A P T E R 6
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etlands are amongst the most productive
ecosystems in the world with extensive and rich
food webs and biodiversity. Due to their location on
the flyway to Central Asia and South Asia,
Pakistan»s wetlands serve as the breeding and
wintering grounds for migrating birds from
Central and Northern Asia.
BACKGROUND
Wetlands are important sites of biodiversity in Sindh; nine protected wetlands under theRAMSAR Convention are located here ƒ the Indus Dolphin Reserve, Kalri Lake, Drigh Lake,Haleji Lake, Jubho Lagoon, Nurruri Lagoon, Deh Akro, Rann of Kutch, and the Indus Delta.Sindh»s coastal and estuarine wetlands serve as critical breeding, rearing, staging, and winteringgrounds for migrating birds and house a number of globally important fish and shellfish species.During the migration season, thousands of water fowl belonging to 108 species use this habitat.Freshwater wetlands too host a vast array of flora and fauna endemic to Sindh.
Wetlands have significant economic importance for local communities, who harvest severalwetland species of fauna and flora for food and for economic gain. Sindh»s wetlands feed anever-increasing human population and a substantial dependent population of wetland species,both plant and animal. If wetlands are degraded the people dependent on them are alsoadversely affected, along with the interconnected ecosystem.
Today Sindh»s wetlands are being adversely impacted because of the decreasing discharge ofwater and sediment downstream of Kotri Barrage. This is especially true of the coastal andestuarine wetlands, which need a certain amount of freshwater to be sustainable. As nosediment nourishment takes place, the rate of erosion increases, coupled with seawater intrusiondue to low environmental flows.
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ISSUES
Water Scarcity and Pollution
Biodiversity loss in wetland habitats is beinghastened by the diminishing supplies of waterdownstream of Kotri Barrage. The water thatdoes reach the natural inland wetlands isdrained from agricultural land and carries silt,fertilizer, and pesticide residue, causingadditional problems of silting andeutrophication. A case in point is an importantartificial wetland of Sindh, the Haleji Lake,which is facing eutrophication. The lake is richin nutrients and supports a dense plantpopulation. However, aquatic animal life in thisarea is threatened by the lack of dissolvedoxygen. Seepage from agricultural lands andthe canal irrigation networks has formed manyartificial wetlands that have become importantfor migratory birds such as cranes and ducks.But waterlogging and salinity affect many ofthese to the extent that they can no longersupport animal life. The adverse effects of theLBOD and the RBOD are also evident. Coastalwetlands are suffering from the lack offreshwater, which is translating into losses inthe fisheries sector in Sindh. Wetland habitatsare also being threatened by catchmentdegradation, soil erosion, and siltation, makingit increasingly difficult to support the speciesthat depend on these areas for their survival.
Human Settlements and MigrationHunting, unplanned growth of humansettlements, illegal occupation, disturbancefrom recreational activities, and reclamationfor urban and industrial development aresome of the other problems being faced bywetlands. For example the coastal wetlandsof Mai Kolachi, which are habitats forshrimps and various species of fish andbirds, have been reclaimed for cityexpansion, adversely affecting the fisherfolkof Baba Bhit Island. Similarly Manchar Lakehas suffered the same fate. Thousands ofpeople inhabiting this lake area were forcedto migrate to other parts of Sindh due to thedevastation caused by agricultural pollutants.Another important wetland, the Kalri Lake isalso being degraded due to inadequate
management and maintenance. NurruriLagoon that provides livelihoods to about 4000 people in surrounding villages, chieflythrough fisheries, is a similar case. Invasiveplant species, such as typha andoccasionally tamarix, are perceived to behindering the growth and diversity of nativeflora. Population pressures, includingaccelerating agricultural and industrialpollution, offer further challenges.
Inadequate Legislation
There are no common property laws relatingto wetlands; this makes conservation andmanagement of these areas very difficult.There is no adequate legislation orenforcement of laws relating to fishing rightsof local communities, which leads toexploitation of resources and encroachmentby other actors.
Overexploitation
Wetland areas have decreased due to theoverexploitation of their resources. There arefew alternative income-generating sources forlocal communities; this means they rely onnatural resources for their livelihoods. Onlyrecently, after ecological and environmentalsurveys, has some awareness regarding theimportance of wetlands been created.
PROPOSEDINTERVENTIONSInstitutional Strengthening
Effective management plans that integrateindigenous knowledge with the principles ofwetland conservation are essential for theprotection of these important sites. For thispurpose, capacity building of theorganizations responsible for wetlandsthroughout Sindh is necessary. There is also aneed for increased coordination amonggoverning agencies as well as NGOs such asWWF working in the field of wetlandmanagement. Furthermore, collaboration isnecessary with the agricultural sector tominimize the use of harmful chemicals andfertilizers that harm wetland fauna and flora.Organizations active in the field of wetland
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conservation like WWF Pakistan and IUCNPakistan should be encouraged to imparttraining to relevant government bodies toincrease knowledge and technical expertiseon the effective management of wetland sites.
For the implementation of management plansin any agency, it is important to ensure that aneffective monitoring mechanism with afeedback system is in place. The P&DDshould allocate funds specifically for wetlandmanagement and conservation in its ADP. Theprovincial and district governments need towork in coordination with each other on theissues of wetland management. The P&DDshould play the role of facilitator in theimplementation of integrated managementplans as well as on cross-cutting issuesproposed by various line departments.
Supporting Action
● Re-activating the National WetlandManagement Committee, established bythe Ministry of Environment in 1995, tooversee and integrate issues on a cross-sectoral basis.
Research and Development
There is a need to undertake qualitative andquantitative research to collect baselineinformation on the current status of wetlandsand the threats they face. Subsequently,conservation strategies and policies need tobe implemented through organizationsworking in wildlife, wetland, and waterconservation. It is necessary to map allcurrent wetlands using GIS. Accessibility ofinformation and reliable tools would make themonitoring process more accurate and useful.There are many areas related to wetlands thatneed further study, including the importanceand use of desert wetlands. Research is alsoneeded on the economic valuation of wetlandservices. This is very important as it wouldhelp in the formulation of adequate policies forwetland conservation.
Supporting Actions
● Studying the damage caused by thedisposal of untreated effluent on wetlands,pollution of the Indus River and its effect
Many species of water fowl visit wetlands in Sindh
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on wetlands dependent on freshwaterflows from the river, and the effects ofclimate change on wetlands.
● Conducting comprehensive EIAs beforeinitiating any land reclamation projects oncoastal wetlands. Research in this fieldshould be action-based and conducted byrelevant institutions with sufficient backwardand forward linkages to ensure that theirwork is being translated on the ground.
● Ensuring that the P&DD has a blockallocation in its ADP for outsourcing ofresearch/feasibility studies on importantissues related to wetland conservation.
● Increasing research on the effects ofinvasive/exotic species in wetland habitatsas they have had a negative effect on thebiodiversity of wetland species in the past.
● Conducting baseline studies on theimportance of wetland biodiversity,including agrobiodiversity, insects, micro-organisms and their role in supportingother life within wetland ecosystems.
● Conducting investigative studies on moresites that could be eligible for listing underthe RAMSAR Convention.
Legislation and Policy
It is vital that all previous legislation andpolicies like the NCS (1992), the Wildlife Acts,NEQS, wetland and hunting laws are mademore effective through monitoring andenforcement mechanisms to ensure that theyare being upheld. In order for implementationof legislation there is a need for goodgovernance. Positive results can be achievedif the responsibilities for implementation areclearly defined, along with supportive policies,rules, legislation, and institutional reformconcerning common property resources.
Currently the NEQS are being implemented ona self-monitoring basis which has proved tobe ineffective. The most recent conservationpolicies of the GoP regarding themanagement of natural resources are:
● Conserving biological diversity andmaintaining ecological balance;
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Traditional boat houses still exist in many inland water bodies
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● Containing environmental degradation inthe watersheds;
● Promoting income generation and self-employment in rural areas;
● Promoting NGOs and private voluntaryorganizations to create public awareness;
● Integrated and participatory managementof natural resources.
Supporting Actions
● Establishing a provincial level WetlandManagement Committee to oversee allactivities related to wetlands in Sindh.
● Implementing the recommendations of theBiodiversity Action Plan and NCS throughthe development of stricter enforcementand monitoring mechanisms starting withthe RAMSAR-protected sites in Sindh.
● Enforcing laws and standards (such asNEQS) on pollution-generating industriesthat release untreated effluent into waterchannels; they should be fined for non-compliance.
● Reviewing and updating wetland andhunting legislation and ensuring itsimplementation in wetland sites.
● Enforcing legislation to ensurecomprehensive EIAs for all developmentprojects near wetland sites and theirpotential affect on biodiversity.
● Incorporating indigenous knowledge intopolicies to make them more suited to thelocal environment.
Conservation and PublicAwareness Raising
There is a need for increased awareness-raising activities among the community,policy-makers, and other sectoralstakeholders like the agricultural and industrialsectors on the importance of conserving thebiodiversity of wetlands. The use of mediaand NGOs to spread awareness on thevarious species dependent on wetlandsshould be encouraged and the necessity forwidespread and integrated wetlandconservation activities at the grassroots levelshould be promoted. Another aspect shouldbe to promote awareness and institutionalizeconservation-friendly wetland managementpractices while seeking to enhanceconservation incentives for poor householdswho depend on wetland resources.
Tourism and Development
There is a need to develop alternativeincome-generating opportunities for localpeople in key communities surroundingwetland sites. The development of a viableecotourism industry after conducting properEIAs would help in generating incomes andjobs for the local community. This wouldrequire the support of the government as wellas the encouragement of the private sector toinvest in the development of infrastructureand facilities to support this industry. Thisarea would require an important overlap withthe Department of Culture and Tourism, which would be able to provide theinfrastructure and coordination facilitiesrequired to make wetlands an accessible andpopular tourist attraction.
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RangelandsC H A P T E R 7
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angelands provide two-thirds of the forage for livestock
feed in the arid zone. Rangeland management is a
necessary supplement to livestock development,
especially in the arid region. The rangelands in Sindh
are mostly state property and it is necessary that they
are managed in an integrated manner to ensure
productivity in a sustainable manner. The arid regions of the province
possess a large population of livestock and rangeland resources that
hold great potential for development.
BACKGROUND
The arid zones of Sindh can be classified as subtropical deserts and constitute 62 percent of theprovince. The central irrigated zone commanded by canal irrigation is flankedgeomorphologically by two different arid zones; on the northeastern side by Tharparkar and Naradeserts and on the southwestern side by the submountainous region of Mahal√Kohistan.
AArriidd ZZoonneess iinn SSiinnddhh
AARRIIDD ZZOONNEESS AARREEAA ((iinn kkmm22))
NARA ARID ZONE 23,000
THAR ARID ZONE 22,000
KOHISTAN ARID ZONE 43,000
TOTAL ARID AREA (in km2) 88,000
TOTAL GEOGRAPHICAL AREA OF SINDH 140,914
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The inhabitants of the arid regions and assuch of rangelands have few of the basicamenities. Per capita income of these regions,though not documented, appears to besignificantly below provincial as well asnational averages. People are generally verypoor and the majority of the population isliving below the poverty line. The literacy rateis also very low and employment opportunitiesin these areas are limited. There is a poorphysical and marketing infrastructureespecially for livestock and agriculturalproduce, which are the main economic meansof livelihood. Both depend on the amount ofmonsoon rainfall which is cyclic, irregular, anderratic in nature. The areas receive rainfall onaverage once a year or every two years. In theyears that no rainfall occurs, environmentalstress causes the local inhabitants to migratewith their livestock. In spite of theseecological limitations, livestock productionand dryland agriculture play an important rolein the regional economy.
ISSUES
Water Scarcity
Water is a major issue. Water resources arelimited and periodic droughts worsen thesituation. Traditionally, rainwater waschannelled to excavated ponds in the desert,known as tarai. These were desilted annuallythrough begar or forced labour, which wasorganized by the feudal authority. Wells wereregularly developed and maintained by thekoaria, or well diggers, who wereprofessionals in the field. However, with thedecline in the effectiveness of feudal authority,collective action on a non-commercial basisfor the maintenance and operation of watersources has declined and in most cases is nolonger practised.
Rainfall is a critical factor in arid agriculturaldevelopment and livestock improvement. Theentire province of Sindh is dry and receives anaverage of 200 mm of rainfall per annum.Agriculture is sustained through the availabilityof water from canal irrigation in the barragearea. However, in the arid regions, which falloutside the canal irrigation system, water
scarcity is a serious constraint as theevaporation rate of water exceeds the rate ofprecipitation by many times. Some years therainfall is adequate with a sufficient number ofrainy days within the course of a few weeks.But if there are only a few days with heavyrains and then a long dry spell, forage covercannot be supported. Moreover, the growthcycle of plants remains incomplete limiting thesufficiency of biomass and causing the plantsto die more rapidly. Consequently, there is arapid shortage of livestock feed available onthe ranges. If there are three or four spells ofheavy rain following each other at weeklyintervals, forage availability can sustaingrazing for a longer period. In years of waterstress, grazing continues for eight to ninemonths and the feed shortage prevails forthree to four months compelling the herders tomigrate to the barrage area. Thus the rangeshave limited carrying capacity due to theerratic nature of rainfall in the province.
Livestock Breeding
The breeding of livestock is still beingundertaken through the traditional naturalsystem and the farmers are unaware ofartificial insemination or other moderntechniques that they could use. Diseases inlivestock are common. While there are a fewveterinary dispensaries and hospitals, thesecannot meet demand as medicines andvaccines are invariably in short supply. Thisresults in less than 25 percent of the animalsbeing vaccinated.
The arid zones of Sindh have fine cattle,sheep, goat, and camel breeds. However,there are no livestock improvement anddevelopment projects in either the public orprivate sectors in the arid areas. There is ageneral lack of awareness about the meritsand demerits of the breeds and the economicbenefits of improving the rangelands. Thevaluable genetic potential is being wasted dueto indiscriminate breeding of livestock under asystem of underfeeding and malnutrition.
Lack of Appropriate Policies
Government policies are formulated andimplemented by government institutions likedepartments of forestry, agriculture, and
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livestock. The SFD has the mandate tomanage and improve rangelands through theformulation and implementation of appropriatepolicies. However, agriculture and livestockdepartments have not been able to framepolicies on dryland agriculture and livestockimprovement. There are no policies regardingpreservation and conservation strategies forlocal/indigenous breeds, some of which arebeing maintained at government livestockfarms. The work being done on thecrossbreeding of kachhi sheep with awassihas not proved to be very successful thus far.Similarly, experimental work carried on Thariand red Sindhi cattle breeds has not madeany impact in the private sector as packagesfor transfer of technologies have not beendeveloped. No appropriate policies at bothnational and provincial levels have beenframed regarding the development of livestockand feed resources during the periods offodder scarcity.
Desertification
Another major problem facing the arid regionsis the desertification of the land. This isoccurring for a number of reasons, but mostlybecause of the change from a barter,
subsistence economy to a cash economy. Forthis reason, communities are increasing thenumbers of their livestock, which results inovergrazing. Due to overgrazing, the land»ssoil stabilization system suffers and harshdesert winds carry away the topsoil, makingregeneration of the rangeland difficult. Also,changes in the eating habits of the people aswell as an increase in population haveresulted in the increased use of timber as fueland for house construction, furthercontributing to the degradation of the land.
PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS
Socio-economic Interventions
Creating an effective road infrastructure iscritical for the arid areas of Sindh. This willenable the communities to sell their livestockat a better price in urban markets, transportfodder for animals in periods of drought,reduce the cost of everyday items, andestablish a more equitable relationshipbetween the communities, the transporters,and middlemen. Clear evidence of this can be
Rangelands are a vital source of fodder for livestock
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found in parts of Thar where both extensivesocial and economic benefits are beingreaped after the construction of roads.
Supporting Action
● Providing basic amenities to the localcommunities such as fuel, water, sewers,and educational facilities.
Research and Development
There is a dire need to undertake R&D toimprove the range areas and resourcesneeded to be established for this purpose.This should be aimed at improving livestockhandling and management practices throughintegrated management of rangelands. It isalso important to disseminate relevantinformation regarding range improvement andmanagement technology among grazingcommunities, through extension workers.Another important issue is to form livestockcooperatives that can develop range livestockdevelopment technology packages for localinhabitants. This would facilitate marketing,supplementary feeding, credit, health cover,and disease prevention for animals. Researchand development should also be undertaken
for new plant varieties that can be planted andwhich are suitable to the climate and carryingcapacity of a particular rangeland. This meansselecting multipurpose trees and shrubs thatare suitable to the rangeland climate and canbe used to provide both fodder and fuelwood.
Water Resource Management
Equitable water resource management is aneffective tool to ensure the proper distributionof grazing animals in different parts of therange area that at the moment remainunutilized due to lack of drinking water. Carefuland judicious development of water points isessential as in overgrazed areas they can leadto further deterioration of the range. Thesevere water scarcity therefore requires thatwater management must fit into the overallrange development plan. However, emphasisneeds to be placed on appropriate stockingrates and recovery periods for fodder species.
The most common and traditional type ofwater collection in arid regions of Sindh is anexcavated pond commonly called a tarai.Tarais depend on rainwater for water supplyand are filled from the water drained from alevel watershed or collecting area. Surveys
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Integrated management of rangelands is crucial for raising livestock
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should be conducted in villages to assess thenumber of tarais that are now defunct. Thesecan then be repaired and rehabilitated withthe collaboration of the local community.Small dams, channels, and streams collectand store more water than tarais. A numberof such dams have been constructed in hillyand mountainous areas and these could bevery useful in other similar regions. Thereserve of water in these small dams canserve both the animals and human beings inthe area. However, before constructing suchdams, feasibility studies should beundertaken by qualified personnel. In theKohistan region, particularly where manyrunoff torrents (nain) flow heavily during andafter rainfall for some time, delayed actiondams can be constructed to store the waterfor cultivation and livestock purposes.
In most rangelands, the dependable andcommon source of water for livestock is wells.The number of wells may be increased inappropriate areas after a detailed survey andexamination of the quantity and quality ofwater. Water from wells is currently raisedmanually or by animal power, which could bereplaced by machines.
Supporting Action
● Assessing traditional methods of watercollection in rangelands and integratingthese with appropriate new technology,which should then be disseminated to thecommunities.
Institutional Collaboration
The SFD and Arid Zone Research Institute,Umerkot, are responsible for rangelandrehabilitation and development. The SFD hasdone some work at Dhabeji in connection withrangeland rehabilitation. The Arid ZoneResearch Institute at Umerkot, which is thebranch of the Arid Zone Research InstituteQuetta, Balochistan, financed by the PakistanAgriculture Research Council, Islamabad, hasdone some limited work on the rehabilitationof rangelands near Umerkot. These institutesneed to be brought together on a singleplatform in order to increase collaborationamong them and to address the issues at
hand. More importantly, the work onrangelands needs to be brought under thepurview of districts and as such districtgovernments need to be strengthened to carryit forward. Rangeland management is equallya part of forestry conservation and livestockdevelopment. Therefore, it is critical that theserespective agencies work in tandem with eachother and policies are framed that reflect theiroverlapping interests.
Technical Innovations
There are a number of new techniques andmethods that can be adopted by theconcerned authorities, as well as by farmersthemselves, to make maximum use ofavailable resources in the arid zones of Sindh.Transfer of technology regarding livestockbreeding and exploring the genetic potentialneeds to take place. Furthermore, installationof windmills may be explored in the rangearea to lift water from open surface wells.
Supporting Actions
● Reseeding of grass, particularly in thoseranges where the desirable species ofgrass are lost either due to overgrazing orsoil erosion.
● Undertaking research and sharingtechnology with local communitiesregarding proper techniques to cure wooland developing extension programmes topromote better curing practices.
● Using modern technology and non-conventional feed resources, especiallyduring periods of scarcity of feed. Forexample, briquettes can be prepared byusing wheat straw and cane molasses.Such supplements are not only easy tostore for long periods but can be carriedover longer distances without difficulty.
● Exploring water-spreading techniques asthey help to control soil erosion andmovement of sediment, and also conservewater for increased forage production.
● Possibly include shrubs, trees and othereconomic value plants.
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BiodiversityC H A P T E R 8
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ccording to the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD),
biodiversity refers to the variety of life on earth and is the
variability among living organisms from all sources. This
includes diversity within species, between species, and
of ecosystems. Biodiversity provides goods and services
such as clear air, clean water, soil formation and
protection, food, fuel, and ingredients for drugs. All of these are crucial
to the wellbeing of any society. Therefore the loss of biodiversity
affects these ecosystem services and its conservation is necessary for
the long-term sustainability and wellbeing of any country.
BACKGROUND
Sindh is unique in its biodiversity due to its diverse range of landscapes and ecosystems and itslocation on the flyway of Central Asia, giving it the opportunity to host a multitude of migratoryspecies. The variety of ecosystems is evident as Sindh is home to riverine, scrub, and mangroveforests, deserts, coastal areas, wetlands, and agri-ecosystems. The province is also rich indiverse species of flora and fauna. Plant species play an integral role in the biodiversity of theprovince, are a source of fodder, and an important source of raw material. Sindh also has avariety of medicinal plants, which are used in healthcare products, traditional medications,dyeing, as culinary spices, and in natural cosmetics and perfumes.
Wildlife species diversity is also apparent throughout Sindh. Migrating birds from the South Asiansubcontinent, East Africa, Europe, and much of Asia use the wetlands as wintering grounds.Some fly in to stay for the winter and breed here, while the rest fly through. Therefore, besidesSindh»s endemic species, these migrating birds also depend on these important wildlife habitatsover the course of a year. Some significant wildlife species, which have come under threat due toloss of habitat, expansion of human settlements, lack of water supplies, and unregulatedhunting, include the Houbara bustard, the Sindh urial, the Sindh ibex, the Indus blind dolphin, themarsh crocodile, the Indian cobra and python, and the Oliver Ridley turtles (Lepydochelysolivacea), to name just a few. According to the Biodiversity Action Plan, Sindh has a total of 54protected areas, with 14 game reserves, 35 wildlife sanctuaries, and one national park. Theremaining four remain unclassified.
A
Unfortunately, Sindh»s biodiversity has beennegatively affected by a multitude of factorsincluding the effects of unplannedindustrialization (leading to the destruction ofimportant wildlife and flora habitats), thedecreasing supplies of freshwater from theIndus River, and the lack of effective policies toprotect and enhance biodiversity in theprovince. The government departmentsresponsible for the conservation of biodiversityare unable to function effectively owing tomismanagement of agencies, insufficientfunding, lack of political will, and a dearth oftrained and committed staff. From itsimportant array of medicinal plants, its uniquespecies of wildlife to its important wetlandsites, nine of which are protected under theRAMSAR Convention, the focus in Sindh hasalways been on exploiting biodiversity forshort-term gains. The results of this shortsightedness among policy-makers andcommunities alike are becoming painfully clearas many species of plants and animals as wellas forests and wetlands are struggling forsurvival in an environment where their valuemight only be realized after it is too late.
In 1990, the Wildlife Department wasregrouped with the Agriculture Department andseveral new schemes for wildlife managementalong scientific lines were launched. Theseincluded captive breeding of endemicwaterfowl species, captive breeding of theNara hog deer, biological studies of ungulatesat Khirthar National Park, establishment of agame reserve in Kundah Reserve Forest,breeding of the marsh crocodile and its re-introduction to its original habitat, andmultiplication trials of the Black Buck forintroduction to wild habitats in Khairpur andNawabshah districts. Positive results wereachieved in the first phase of these schemesbut due to financial constraints, the secondphase has not been implemented. Of note isthe development of a revised managementplan for the Khirthar Protected Area Complex(KPAC). The KPAC comprises Khirthar NationalPark, Mahal Kohistan, Hub Dam WildlifeSanctuary and the Surjan, Sumbak, Eri, andHothiano game reserves.
Two botanical gardens are presently underconstruction at Karachi University for teachingpurposes and for conducting research
pertinent to flora species. Hamdard Universityalso has a botanical garden for use by itsstudents and for research purposes.
ISSUESHabitat loss
One of the major causes of depletion ofwildlife is the destruction of habitat. Thepressures of an increasing human populationhave meant that the natural habitats of manywildlife species both floral and faunal havebeen used for the construction of housing orhave been converted into use as agriculturalland and industrial areas. As a result, wildlifehabitats have either shrunk in area or havedisappeared altogether. Droughts andincreasing desertification are also leading tohabitat destruction and species loss. In 1994,an extended wet period in lower Sindh wasfollowed by abnormally high temperaturesduring the summer in Ghotki, Khairpur, andSanghar districts. Such natural catastrophesand factors such as overgrazing havesignificantly reduced the number of habitats.
Activities like oil and gas exploration inprotected areas are another problem. Sindh isfaced with increasing pressure to meetdemands related to the industry and energysectors and therefore the needs of the wildlifesector are often sidelined for what policy-makers consider more pressing concerns.This results in more habitats being lost tounplanned development projects.
Hunting and Poaching
Another cause of diminishing wildlife ishunting and poaching. Extensive huntinglicenses are approved resulting in theoverexploitation of various faunal species.Hunting permits are issued by the governmentin order to control hunting activity, butinvariably these permits are misused.Poaching mostly targets birds, especially theaquatic migratory birds, peacocks etc. Theillegal export of reptiles, particularly lizardsand turtles, is also being conducted on a widescale. Unconfirmed reports suggest that tonsof freshwater turtle meat are being exportedregularly to far eastern countries.
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Pollution
Pollution impacts ecosystems in that it reducesor eliminates species. The discharge of sewageand industrial pollution is growing in thecountry as well as in Sindh. Karachi isspecifically impacted as it has many industrialareas, all of which discharge their effluent andother waste into water channels and the sea.The use of pesticides and fertilizers has alsobeen a cause of species loss and pollution ofhabitats such as wetlands and other watersources. Many creeks and coastal waters sufferfrom eutrophication due to high levels offertilizer residue. Coastal areas are also afflictedby oil pollution from ships and other vessels.
Depletion of Water Resources
Poor seasonal flooding and inundation, low tobelow average rainfall, shrinking of inlandwaters, drying up of dhand and dhora,pollution, and conversion of wetlands intoagricultural lands in the coastal belt have allcontributed to shrinking habitats. For example,in wetland habitats, the quality of water hasbecome unhygienic due to inadequaterecharge from natural resources and
contamination from effluent and dumping ofsaline subsoil water from the tubewells. This isespecially true in the case of Hamal, Manchar,and Nurruri lakes. The LBOD has destroyedthe wetlands in Nawabshah, Badin, and Thattadistricts, which have either dried up or been sodegraded that waterfowl that used to inhabit orfrequently visit these areas are either recordedin low numbers or not seen at all. One speciesthat has been particularly hard hit by depletionof water resources is the Indus blind dolphin,which has been affected by ever-decreasingsupplies of freshwater and had its movementshindered by the construction of barrages alongthe Indus River.
Decreasing supplies of water in Sindh havealso adversely affected flora species. Waterresource management policies have generatedthe construction of an increasing number ofbarrages, leading to changed hydrological andecological conditions and further depletion offlora resources in Sindh. The construction ofthe Sukkur Barrage in 1932 converted thescrub forest of the area into paddy land andincreased waterlogging to such an extent thatmuch of the indigenous flora in the commandarea was destroyed. The irrigation system, dueto its lack of drainage facilities, has also led to
The Indus dolphin, locally known as bhulan, is one of the world»s rarest mammals
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the further degradation of soil and landconditions making them unfit to supporttraditional plant varieties.
Lack of Research
Although there are data related to species inseveral institutions like the NationalHerbarium, the Pakistan Museum of NaturalHistory, the Karachi University Herbarium, theprovincial Forest Department, WildlifeDepartment, and CEMB etc., there is nocompilation of all data on floral and faunalspecies making it difficult to assess theiractual nature and status. There are weaklinkages between the institutions working inthis field with the consequence that researchbeing conducted is not shared or coordinatedamongst the relevant stakeholders. Researchand data analysis have not focused oninformation regarding the variety of speciesand the rate at which they might be depleting.For example, although many plants are usedby indigenous communities as medicinalplants, there is no research to develop newtechnologies and innovations, which wouldenable Pakistan to export value-addedproducts rather than raw material. Similarlyalmost 800 species of marine fish have been
recorded, however no analysis of theirpopulation status and distribution has beenundertaken. Information on soil biodiversity isalso limited and reliable data are only availablefor soil-borne fungi.
Lack of Conservation and Planning
Conservation of biodiversity, especially in thecase of flora, is currently a low priority, whichtranslates into a lack of management planningfor the effective implementation of policy.Although efforts are made to conserve wildlife,plants are almost always excluded. The sameis true for faunal species and for ecosystemsas a whole. Interaction between thestakeholders and interest groups, especiallybetween researchers and NGOs has beenweak. This has resulted in uncoordinated andineffectual campaigns that have not been ableto muster support or generate enthusiasmfrom the communities and groups who couldhave benefited from them. There areinsufficient trained professionals coupled withpoor understanding of the immense economicvalue of this sector and the potential forgrowth in opportunities for communities.
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Sindh Ibex at the Kirthar National Park
IUC
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Institutional Weaknesses
Although wildlife protection legislation exists,it is not being implemented effectively by therelevant departments. The Sindh WildlifeDepartment (SWD), and other relatedagencies, have little political influence andcapacity, and therefore have been unable totackle the wide-ranging issues that have ledto the depletion of wildlife resources in theprovince. Owing to lack of capacity, there is adearth of current and reliable data related tothe major species of Sindh, and especiallythose that are threatened. Research is beingconducted by universities in the field ofwildlife but there is little correspondence orcoordination with government agenciesworking in the field.
PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS
Institutional Strengthening
Wildlife, forestry, fisheries, and agriculturaldepartments, working in various areas relatedto biodiversity need to be strengthenedthrough capacity building and training of staffin order to expand and improve theinformation base through close collaborationwith each other. In addition, there is a need todevelop and institutionalize systems tomonitor the components of biodiversity andimplementation of conservation activities. It isalso important that these institutions have astrong link to policy-making organizations.The SWD for example should be providedwith effective training of staff, adequatefunds, and updated technical equipment toensure effective data compilation. There is aneed to build the capacity of the departmentto ensure the implementation of managementplans, particularly for Protected Areas. TheSWD needs to address increased advocacyon issues related to wildlife degradationincluding the indiscriminate felling of trees inurban development projects in Sindh as wellas exploratory activities in wildlifesanctuaries.
Supporting Actions
● Advocating and lobbying with governmentagencies to ensure environmentallysustaining flow of water in rivers.
● Documenting lessons learned and thesuccess stories of government and NGOinterventions. Subsequently, stronglobbying should be undertaken toapproach the federal and provincialgovernments and donor agencies to fundsimilar activities.
● Integrating conservation and sustainableuse of biodiversity in provincial anddistrict level development plans.
Research and Development
This area perhaps needs the most attention inthe form of undertaking surveys and publishingliterature on the current status of biodiversity inthe province to ensure effective conservationpolicies. This should be initiated by carryingout a census of game birds and animals afterthe breeding season. Based on such a census,the number of birds/animals to be hunted oneach permit and the span of the huntingseason can be determined. This should befollowed by collecting information on flora andfauna species and conducting a populationcensus and studies on the current threatsfacing them. There is also a need to conductresearch on threats being faced by variousecosystems, the benefits of biodiversity, andhow this relates directly to species variation inthe wildlife sector. Widespread disseminationof such data is necessary among thecommunity and wildlife professionals, as wellas policy-makers to ensure commitment to thesustainable use of biodiversity.
Supporting Actions
● Designating relevant institutions to collect,organize, maintain, and disseminate dataregarding biodiversity.
● Conducting surveys and undertakingresearch to assess the variety of speciesand genera.
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● Preparing authentic and reliableinventories of endangered and threatenedspecies so that effective steps may betaken for their preservation.
● Studying the effects of climate change,the use of agriculturalpesticides/insecticides on the surroundingenvironment, and the impact of invasivespecies.
● Developing new technologies andinnovations with regard to naturalresources currently being used by localcommunities (such as medicinal plants) toallow them to export value-addedproducts rather than simply raw materialsfrom this sector.
Policy and Legislation
There is inertia in implementing legislation likethe Forest Act and the Wildlife Protection Actthat safeguard biodiversity resources. Much ofthe legislation related to biodiversity is morefocused on wildlife preservation rather than onflora conservation and thus it has to beamended to incorporate the needs of thissector. Furthermore, appropriate policies andplans related to biodiversity conservation needto be developed, adopted, and integrated intosectoral plans and programmes.
Supporting Actions
● Ensuring compliance to the CBD bydeveloping an effective framework for itsimplementation and building the capacityof agencies to comply with it.
● Designating protected areas on the basisof diversity, value of resources, and levelof habitat destruction.
● Ensuring compliance withrecommendations outlined in the BAP andre-activating the BAP Committee tooversee its implementation.
● Amending NEQS to cover specific areaswhere biodiversity resources andecosystems are under threat, i.e. inagricultural lands where pesticides andherbicides are regularly used.
● Institutionalizing and strengthening impactassessment (EIA and SEA) procedures forprojects, programmes, and policies.
● Developing policies to regulate access toand use of genetic resources.
Conservation Efforts
Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation effortsneed to be undertaken as outlined in the CBDand emphasized in the BAP. In-situconservation is recognized as the primaryapproach to biodiversity conservation and isparticularly concerned with protected areasand the environment surrounding them. It isessential that the protected area system isstrengthened, protected area management ismade more effective, and local communitiesare involved in it. This can be done byundertaking a review to identify gaps,implementing legislation, and providing forcollaborative management systems involvinggovernment, NGOs, and local communities.The protected area system also needs to beexpanded to ensure that all terrestrial,freshwater, coastal, and marine zones arerepresented. Critically threatened ecosystemsshould be immediately surveyed and identifiedand plans made for their conservation. Ofcritical importance is the revision/developmentof effective protected area management plansfor various sites.
Ex-situ conservation is also necessary tosupport in-situ conservation. This can be veryuseful in conserving threatened anddomesticated species, medicinal plants, otherplant and tree species, and micro-organismsthrough seed banks, gene banks, in vitrostorage, and captive breeding. Captivebreeding is especially useful to restoreendangered species back into the wild. Thistype of conservation also provides researcherswith opportunities to study all kinds ofbiodiversity in controlled conditions.
Supporting Actions
● Updating the system of protected areacategories and redefining boundaries ifnecessary; based on species-area andspecies-perimeter considerations.
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● Encouraging the establishment of privateand community-protected areas.
● Building the capacity of protected areaauthorities through the provision offunding, equipment, staff, and training.
● Compiling a compendium of current ex-situ activities such as herbaria, livestockbreeding farms, seed banks, genomebanks, plant breeding centres, and captivebreeding farms.
● Assessing the capacity and effectivenessof existing ex-situ programmes forconserving biodiversity and implementingnew programmes for priority species.
● Strengthening the capacity of current ex-situ programmes by providing funds,equipment, and training.
Community Awareness andInvolvementInnovative conservation programmes andprojects need to be undertaken bygovernment departments with the activeinvolvement of local communities. This wouldalso provide jobs and result in economic upliftof the surrounding areas ƒ in addition toconservation. Salaries for communitymembers directly involved in conservationprojects can be raised from the proceeds ofpermitted hunting and from financialassistance received by wildlife trusts. Theestablishment of private game farms shouldalso be encouraged to decrease pressure ongovernment reserves. Such activities haveyielded positive results in other parts of thecountry. The SWD has recently introducedtrophy hunting of the Sindh Ibex, through theformation of a CBO for this purpose, whichhas been very successful in the conservationeffort and has helped to raise funds that areused for community uplift projects. Suchefforts should be replicated in other areas that host important species of wildlife of the province.
Many NGOs and CBOs, operating at the locallevel, are involved in natural resource
management. It is important to involve suchorganizations and to strengthen them toundertake projects related to conservation ofbiodiversity with increased communityinvolvement. This can also be done bydeveloping educational and awareness-raisingmaterial for different target groups on wildlifeissues through popular media and includebiodiversity-related information in schoolsyllabuses. This should be supplemented withcourses at the university level on wildlifemanagement to start a support group oftrained personnel.
Supporting Actions
● Providing incentives to farmers to cultivatesmall wood lots or grove plantations forroosting species and persuading landdevelopers to leave scattered brush andscrub jungle where birds can breed easilyand escape from predators.
● Setting up game farms in the privatesector with incentives in the form ofsubsidized soft loans; these farms wouldhave facilities for raising game animalswith the increased involvement of expertsand the community to aid in thedevelopment of this industry.
● Establishing crocodile, freshwater turtle,frog, toad, reptile, and amphibianhatcheries with increased communityinvolvement and public/privatepartnerships in this field.
● Encouraging trophy hunting with proceedsbeing shared between local people andwildlife protection staff.
● Encouraging public/private partnerships inthe establishment of recreational spots forecotourism for the benefit of the localcommunity like the Crocodile Park nearGharo in Thatta District.
● Building the capacity of village level CBOsand NGOs to undertake projects related tothe conservation of flora resources andreforestation activities with increasedcommunity involvement.
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FisheriesC H A P T E R 9
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arine fisheries make a significant contribution to the
national economy through export earnings and play an
even more important role in the livelihood of coastal
fisherfolk who rely on this activity as their sole
source of income.
BACKGROUND: MARINE FISHERIESIn Sindh, fishing is an important source of livelihood as the entire southern end of the province islined by 350 km of coastline. In 2000, 84 693 MT, valued at Rs.7.9 billion, of fish and fishproducts were exported accounting for 48 percent of the total export of the country (out of atotal estimated at 665 000 MT). This makes marine fisheries a key livelihood source for thepeople of Sindh. The total number of people engaged in the fisheries sector during 2000 and2001 was estimated at 360 000. Out of this figure, 135 000 people (37.5 percent) were engagedin marine and 225 000 (62.5 percent) in inland fisheries. In terms of marine productivity, Sindh isconsidered to be the most productive area. This area is marked by a broader continental shelf,extending 110 km from the coast, which is indented by a number of creeks in the Indus Delta.This particular area has been subject to overexploitation of its resources by unchecked anduncontrolled fishing practices.
UNCED Agenda 2; 1992 ƒ the protection and preservation of highly diverse marine ecosystems andthe problems that degraded ecosystems pose to marine fishing activities.
The 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement ƒ the need to maintain the integrity of ecosystems and toconsider problems posed by fishing and degrading ecosystems.
The 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries ƒ an ecosystem-based approach tofisheries management. Artisanal and small-scale fisheries are accorded special recognition and it is theonly fisheries subsector specifically mentioned in the Code.
IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall AAggrreeeemmeennttss aanndd PPrroo ttooccoo llss iinn FFiisshheerriieess
Source: Briefing Note on Legal Framework for Managing Land-based Activities that Impact the Coastal and Marine Environment in Pakistan,
IUCN Report for GPA-UNEP (2005)
T
Individually, small-scale fishing units are lessthreatening to the marine ecosystem than large-scale units. This is because they participate inmulti-species fishing with low quantities of gearthat are often passive and selective, and accordwith the fisheries resources that are seasonallyaccessible to their gear. With the widespreadadoption of motorization, small-scale fisherieshave grown significantly over the past twodecades. The rapid expansion of artisanalfishing capacity under open access regimes hasbegun to exert pressures on coastal fisheriesresources. There are increasing conflictsbetween different groups as a result ofincreased mobility of fishing vessels, capacityexpansion, and overfishing pressures.
ISSUES
Overfishing, degradation of the ecosystem,and unsustainable exploitation of marineresources are some of the major issues in thissector along with an alarming rise in pollutionlevels in fishing waters. Along with that is theemission of toxic material by sugar mills andother industries through drains to Zero Pointcreating massive poluution issues for fisheriesin that area as well as in Badin and Thatta thatneed to be addressed.
Lack of Infrastructure
Mismanagement in the fisheries sector is themain cause of most of the problems andconstraints facing the fishing industry. KarachiFish Harbour (KFH) is the only harbourequipped for the adequate landing andprocessing of catches for export. Balochistan,with a longer coastline, also transports itsharvest to Karachi for processing and export,as the facilities in Balochistan are inadequate.The KFH is heavily congested, with over 2 500fishing trawlers causing acute environmentalproblems and degradation of the marine
ecosystem. The Korangi Fish Harbour,constructed for berthing vessels and setting upindustries for deep-sea catches, remainsinoperative since its completion in 1995.Furthermore, fish production and fish qualityhave suffered considerably because of lack oflanding facilities along the coastline. Themajority of fishing craft unload their harvests onthe beaches where considerable spoilage offish occurs and contributes to the pollution ofthe physical environment of the coastal regions.Equipment, procured during the execution ofdevelopment projects has not been properlyutilized and, more often than not, has beendamaged or destroyed due to misuse.
While there is a proposal for establishment of hatcheries for marine fisheries and shrimpsin the coastal area, so far no outlets for mariculture and shrimp farming have beenearmarked.
Overexploitation
The authorities have so far been unsuccessful inchecking or preventing the overexploitation ofbiomass or the stopping of trans-shipments ofcatches on the high seas. In the ExclusiveEconomic Zone (EEZ) located 35 to 200 nauticalmiles off the coast, foreign fishing vessels alsooperate under a licence provided by the GoP. Itis alleged that these vessels are overexploitingthe marine resources and also intrude into thecoastal waters. There are also accusations thatmany of these vessels remove the catcheswithout bringing them to port or being madepart of the export process. The authoritiesshould look into these issues and takenecessary action, if required, as these practicescould not only adversely impact the marineresources of the country but also local fisherfolkwho could be deprived of their livelihoods.
Also due to the absence of a seasonal ban onfishing by deep sea trawlers, there is concrete
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Source: Sindh at a Glance, Bureau of Statistics (2005)
FFiisshheerriieess//FF iisshh CCaattcchheess ((iinn Ô‘000000 MMTT))
22000000 22000011 22000022
MARINE 244.1 278.5 286.8
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evidence of marine life being depleted. Thereis a consensus among experts that shrimpresources are being overexploited. Thecatches have already surpassed the maximumsustainable yield of an estimated 600 000 to650 000 MT per year in Sindh and Balochistandue to the unregulated shrimp-catching fleetand environmental degradation. A similar fateawaits squid and cuttlefish, the harvesting ofwhich has increased owing to increasedexport demand. Moreover, reduced flow ofIndus water downstream of Kotri Barrage,silting, and pollution are leading to ecologicalchanges which are having an adverse impacton bivalves, particularly of oysters.
Human Settlements
Fishing settlements along the coastline havedeveloped in such a haphazard fashion thatthis limits the scope of their activities as thefacilities to support the sustainable growth ofthis industry do not exist. Due to the lack offacilities related to loading, unloading,packaging, and storage of fish catches, thelocal fisherfolk»s make-shift arrangementscause undue pollution to the surroundingenvironment. These activities generateconsiderable solid waste of inorganic naturebut as there is no sorting and removal of
garbage, the beaches remain littered withplastic bags, crates, containers, nylon nets, andrubber tyres. Also, fishing settlements along thecoast of Sindh are plagued by limited transportfacilities as well as insufficient linked roads,technical equipment, and socio-economicinfrastructure, including adequate supplies ofdrinking water, schools, and health centres.
Population pressures compounded byinterprovincial migration of people from theagricultural and livestock sectors in otherparts of the country are adding to theproblems. This has decreased employmentopportunities for traditional fisherfolk of thearea and increased the pressure on marineresources. While fishing settlements haveexpanded, the infrastructure they require fortheir sustainability has yet to be developed.
PROPOSED INTERVENTIONSPolicy and AdministrativeManagement
Many different authorities including theKarachi Fish Harbour Authority (KFHA), the
Sindhi fisherfolk are faced with shirinking employment opportunities
Coastal Development Authority (CDA), and theMaritime Security Agency (MSA) areresponsible for activities related to marinefisheries and coastal management. Increasedcoordination and collaboration is necessaryamong these different players to ensuremutually supportive policies related to thegrowth of this sector. There is an urgent needto improve management structures andoperations of the marine fisheries sector forgreater equity and sustainability throughconsultative mechanisms. However, with thefisherman being the main stakeholder here,greater recognition should be given to small-scale rather than large-scale fisheries. Toaccomplish this, policy focus has to moveaway from targets that increase fishproduction to the development of amanagement structure that encouragesconservation of the ecosystem andsustainable fishing goals.
Supporting Actions
● Giving authority to one agency over themangrove ecosystem along the coastlineas these areas, which host valuablespecies, provide necessary support forthe marine fishing industry.
● Evaluating the impact of diminishingfreshwater on the conditions of the Sindhcoastal mangrove forests and the socio-economic implications for coastal anddeep sea fisheries. This is necessary toestablish the minimum amount of waterflow required for the Indus Delta.
● Establishing a separate Coastal ZoneAuthority for Karachi given its economicimportance, ecological status as well as thecomplexity of issues at play in this area.
● Enforcing integrated coastal zonemanagement approaches, strategies, andactions for all development in coastalareas. This would also require improvedand effective coordination between allgovernment agencies with authority overcoastal areas.There is an immediate needto provide the small fishermen withmodern gear and facilities for properstorage of their harvest as well as trainingthem on the usage.
● In the coastal area of Badin and Thatta,land for shrimp farming and mari culturebe earmarked separately each for thebigger, the medium and the small farmers.
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Fishing is an important source of livelihood in Sindh
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With the assistance of commercial banksand financial institutions provisions fordevelopment loans for inputs forincreasing the production of small farmersbe arranged. At the same time thereshould be provision of small developmentloans with low interest rates to fishermenand fish farmers.
Infrastructure Development
There is a need for increased support of thecurrent marine fishing industry with increasedaccess to credit, improvement anddevelopment of landing facilities, and theestablishment of postharvest facilities atappropriate sites along the coast. The privatesector should be encouraged to invest in thedevelopment of fish harbour infrastructurefacilities in the Karachi and Korangi FishHarbours. It should also be encouraged tobecome involved in the development of thedeep sea fishing industry.
Supporting Actions
● Investing in the domestic development offishing technology and encouraging betterfishing techniques among fisherfolk. Trainingfor fisherfolk should be conducted and theyshould be provided with subsidies andcredit facilities to obtain better equipment.
● Developing shrimp and finfish aquaculturefacilities through the re-activation ofshrimp and finfish hatcheries of the MarineFisheries Department (MFD) and theNational Institute of Oceanography (NIO).
● Establishing landing centres at varioussites along the Sindh coastline includingKeti Bundar, Shah Bundar, GothMubbarak, and Sonara. This requiresmeeting infrastructure needs such as anetwork of jetties and cold storagefacilities at important landing sites witheffective links to market centres.
● Encouraging investment by the privatesector in the development of postharvestfacilities including landing, processing,packaging, and preservation facilities inselected fishing villages, and upgradingthese facilities at Karachi Fish Harbour.
● Exploring the untapped resource potentialof such industries as light fishing, jiggingfor squid, trap fishing for crabs and finfish,and utilization of mesopelagic resources.
Research and Development
The lack of R&D in the field of marine fisheriesmakes informed and effective policy-makingdifficult. It also makes it hard to lobby fornecessary provisions for the development ofthis sector including adequate freshwaterreleases. Current and reliable statistics on fishbiomass are necessary for the analysis of lossof biodiversity in coastal waters as well asenvironmental degradation in the surroundingarea. There are several institutes that have therequired facilities to undertake these R&Dactivities including the NIO, the Centre ofExcellence in Marine Biology, and theDepartment of Zoology at the University ofKarachi. These institutes should haveincreased coordination and collaboration withlocal indigenous groups and with policy-making organizations to make the researchmore effective at grassroots and policy levels.Economic valuation of marine resourcesshould also be undertaken and fishing quotasmust be assessed to ensure sustainability.
There is a dire need for research to be carriedout on brackish water and drains fisheries,that can provide invalubale information on thebeeding bed for shrimps and other valuablespecies.
Supporting Actions
● Improving human resource and skills»development through the re-activation ofthe training programme at the FisheriesTraining Centre in Karachi.
● Raising awareness through widespreadinformation dissemination on sustainable and efficient fishingpractices, the disadvantages of usingharmful nets, and the importance ofusing certain devices like the TurtleExcluder Device (TED).
● Providing health, education, sanitation,and water facilities for fishing villagesalong the coast of Sindh.
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● Supporting local indigenous fisherfolkgroups like the Fishermen»s CooperativeSociety and the Fisherfolk Forum, andestablishment of similar organizations infishing villages along the coast.
● Undertaking research and preparingupdated data banks of the physical,climatic, hydrologic, and ecologicalfeatures and processes of the Sindh coast.
● Conducting resource surveys andresearch on fish stock, migratory patterns,and biological studies of demersal,pelagic, and mesopelagic fish to developstrategies for sustainable fishing.
Laws and Legislation
A lax regulatory environment owing to weakimplementation of laws has hindered thegrowth of the marine fisheries sector. It istherefore recommended that a comprehensiveanalysis should be conducted on all existinglegislation, with necessary amendments andincreased focus on implementationmechanisms with the imposition of fines and bans.
Supporting Actions
● Enforcing the Exclusive Fishery Zone(Regulation of Fishing) Rules (1990) and theTerritorial Waters and Maritime Zones Act(1976), to prevent pollution in the deep sea.
● Enforcing the Sindh Fisheries Ordinance(1980) after necessary amendments tocover agricultural effluents.
● Re-activating the Marine Pollution ControlBoard with responsibility for pollutionmitigation, especially during emergenciessuch as oil spill disasters.
● Drafting legislation to require gradation offishing boats/trawlers and reduction in thenumber of boats operating within a 12nautical mile zone.
● Enforcing laws relating to overfishing interritorial waters. This should include theimposition of severe penalties on foreignfishing vessels as well as enforcing the
seasonal ban on fishing, which must beapplied to all commercial fishing craftwithout any concessions or exceptions.
● Exploring possibilities of IndividualTradable Quotas, which would entitle theholder to a catch of specified weight andtype of fish.
● Establishing MPAs with authority andsupervision of these areas delegated to arelevant and capable government agency.MPAs in other countries have been verybeneficial in rehabilitating overexploitedareas as well as increasing theproductivity of adjoining areas byproviding necessary and safe breedingand rearing grounds for fisheries.
INLAND FISHERIESInland fisheries play an important role in thenational economy and are considered animportant source of livelihood. Sindh, beingsituated on the Arabian Sea coast, has muchto offer in this sector.
BACKGROUNDIn 2000, it was estimated that approximately225 000 people were involved in inlandfisheries. The growth potential of this industryis vast if the main constraints to itsdevelopment are removed. These constraintsinclude poor infrastructure, decreasingsupplies of freshwater, fisherfolk»sinaccessibility to necessary services like creditand postharvest facilities, and weak regulationand control over fishing in inland waterbodiesƒ thus leading to exploitation of resources.There is also no check on the quality of fishcatches which incurs problems in the exportof these products.
In 1992 fish farmers» training and extensioncentres have been established at Mandodero,Sukkur, and in 1998 Chilya, Thatta District forthe promotion of fish farming, extensionservices, and provision of fish fry andtechnical assistance to farmers of the upperand lower Sindh. Hatcheries and fish frysupply centres were established in Badin(1998), Bubak (Jamshoro District - 1998), andLarkana from 1995 to 2000.
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ISSUESThe inland fisheries sector has been sufferingfrom degradation of the ecosystem andunsustainable exploitation of freshwaterresources, accompanied by an alarming rise inpollution levels. Other constraints are poorhygienic conditions at landing sites and atfish-processing units.
Lack of Planning and Management
There is a lack of management planning in theSindh Fisheries Department relating to policieson fishing rights, reclamation of land, pollutioncontrol measures, and developing viable fishmarkets and conservation practices. Thewetlands located in forest areas are alsomanaged by the Sindh Fisheries Department.There has been very low participation of localfisherfolk groups in projects related to thedevelopment of the inland fisheries sector.
There is weak enforcement of currentlegislation related to the fisheries sector. Thisincludes the NEQS, the Pakistan FishInspection and Quality Control Bill (1997), andthe Sindh Fisheries Ordinance (1980).
Infrastructure
Fish markets, which are crucial for theestablishment of a viable fish farming industry,are poorly developed. While fishingsettlements have expanded, the infrastructurethey require for their sustainable developmenthas yet to be developed. Inland fisherfolksuffer from inadequate transport facilities,which limit the range of marketing for theircatches. There are no credit facilities availableto the fish farming industry. This, compoundedby the shortage of water, low supply of qualityfish fry, and minimal technical expertise,
further aggravates the situation. Postharvestlosses in the fisheries sector account for avast amount of the catches being discardedor destroyed and such neglect causes furtherdepletion of resources. Postharvest loss is anarea which has been given little attention bythe Sindh Fisheries Department and facilitiesfor transport, storing, packaging, andprocessing of fish catches are not available.
Also, hydrological structures (e.g. barrages) inthe past have been equipped with fish laddersto facilitate the upstream migration of fish.Unfortunately, these ladders have not beendesigned by fisheries experts but rather byengineering experts, so travel by vital fishspecies like palla has been impeded.
Fishing Rights
Fishing rights on about 1202 public waters orfishing waters in Sindh are awarded throughyearly leases via an open auction and licensingsystem. Fishing in these resources is governedby the Sindh Fisheries Ordinance (1980)promulgated for the protection andconservation of inland fish resources. Poorfisherfolk, however, do not have the politicalpower or sufficient funds to compete for alicence to fish in these areas. A system hasevolved in which a contractor leases out yearlyfishing rights and employs fisherfolk to fish inthese areas. But this has proved to be anexploitative system in which the fisherfolk donot reap any economic benefits from theircatches and are rather employed at nominalrates by the contractor. This system hascaused low production and damage to thealready fragile ecosystem in the wetlands.Neither the contractor nor the Sindh FisheriesDepartment keeps any record or statistics onfish production and the fish stocks of thesewaters. Therefore there is no check on rampantoverfishing, which is having a negative effecton the biomass of these waters.
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Source: Sindh at a Glance, Bureau of Statistics (2005)
FFiisshheerriieess//FFiisshh CCaattcchheess ((iinn Ô‘000000 MMTT))
22000000 22000011 22000022
INLAND 97.9 76.8 80.7
Inadequate Research andInformationThere is inadequate research for thesustainable development of this industry.There is a dearth of information regardingcurrent fish stocks, effective channels ofcommercial promotion of the fish industry,destruction of fish habitats, and the long-termimpact on fisherfolk as well as biodiversityand postharvest losses. Due to the absence ofstatistics on current fish stocks it isimpossible to gauge the level of overfishing infishing areas. There is also no information onindicators of sustainable use in inlandfisheries.
PROPOSEDINTERVENTIONSManagement and MarketingThere is a need to develop and implementcomprehensive management plans for theSindh Fisheries Department to effectively dealwith the multifaceted issues facing thedevelopment of the inland fisheries sector.Planning of relevant projects with increasedfocus on sustainable fishing and conservationof resources would be possible with theallocation of sufficient funds for this process inits ADP.
The development of viable fish markets iscrucial to the productivity of this industry. Inthis regard, it is necessary to provide therelated infrastructure to support this activityincluding roads linking fishing villages tomarkets and important urban centres,transport facilities, provision of watersupplies, credit facilities, and postharvestfacilities to fishing communities by thegovernment and existing local NGOs. There isalso a need to support private sectorinvolvement as well as options forpublic/private partnerships. An effectivemonitoring system should also be establishedto check the quality of the catches to ensurethat fish quality meets international exportrequirements.
Supporting Actions
● Encouraging the development ofpostharvest facilities, particularly with theprivate sector, and local communityinvolvement as well as women»sinvolvement. Activities could includepreservation services, packaging,processing, and marketing of catches.
● Establishing hatcheries to supply betterquality fish, specially for export value fishlike the catfish species, to local fishfarmers as well as the strengthening andupgrading of existing hatcheries.
● Establishing model farms to demonstrateand promote fish farming. Valueaddition/processing plant at bigger lakeslike Manchhar, Keenjhar, Chotiarian andSukkur and Jacobabad may be developed.
● Improving aquaculture techniques like penculture and cage culture throughdemonstration projects.
● Improving the structure of local fishingboats and the use of appropriate gear toensure sustainable catches.
● Developing and implementingconservation programmes to safeguardparticularly vulnerable species.
● Training of manpower through humanresource development schemes.
Laws and Legislation
It is necessary to enact proper legislation toregulate the inland fisheries sector. Currently,laws are not enforced effectively leading toissues related to user rights, overfishing, non-regulation of fish size/quality, and degradationof fish habitats. First and foremost, the SindhFisheries Act should be reviewed and updatedbased on sustainable development andconservation principles. The Pakistan FishInspection and Quality Control Bill (1997) mustalso be enforced to maintain hygienicconditions, quality control, and certification for export.
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Supporting Actions
● Promulgating laws to declare certainfresh/brackish water fish-breeding areasas protected areas to safeguard fishhabitats.
● Enacting legislation to require gradation offishing boats.
Community Participation
Participation of local communities in theconservation and sustainable use of inlandfishing resources is crucial to theadvancement of this sector. For their effectiveinvolvement there is a need to develop newfishing cooperative societies and support theexisting ones in fishing villages all over Sindh.Capacity building of the community is alsonecessary in terms of raising awareness onsustainable fishing practices, establishment ofcredit facilities, the use of proper fishing gear,technical training on skills» enhancement, andaccess to advanced technology for fish farms.
Supporting Action
● Exploring the handing over of abandonedinfrastructures like sick units andunproductive hatchery units to localfisherfolk to run on a cooperative basis.This will not only ensure that such unitsare looked after and made effective, but itwill also provide local communities withadditional income, management skills, anda sense of ownership.
Research and Development
Due to insufficient data in the fisheries sector,there is a need to encourage institutes anduniversities to pursue research. This must beon relevant topics such as sustainable fishing,fishing on scientific lines, current fish stocks,conservation practices, impact studies on theintroduction of new or invasive species onbiodiversity, and minimizing postharvestlosses. The development of a database of fish
stocks will help formulate effective policy onsustainable practices. Research should alsofocus on disease-control techniques, fishnutrition, feed formulation, genetics, andpollution control and should be undertaken bythe Sindh Fisheries Department incollaboration with relevant university andresearch departments. There is also a need tostudy the feasibility of establishing penhatcheries in areas around Sindh formarketing and promotion of the inlandfisheries sector.
Supporting Actions
● Strengthening linkages betweenresearchers and local fisherfolk»scooperative societies with the help of localNGOs and the Sindh Fisheries Department.
● Research on the development ofaquaculture, focusing on increasingproductivity.
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Sindh»s fisherfolk community have virtually no access tocivic amenities
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LivestockC H A P T E R 1 0
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indh has a robust breed of livestock and much of the
population is directly or indirectly engaged in livestock
farming. More than 75 percent of the rural population
practises livestock farming and there are farms in both
the private and public sectors.
BACKGROUND
There are four livestock farming systems in Sindh, namely: subsistence farming, market-orientedfarming, peri-urban farming, and urban farming. These systems have not been categorized andthe majority of the farmers use subsistence farming methods. However the market-orientedfarming system ƒ where it exists ƒ is performing better than the rest of the sectors.
Sindh has a large livestock population constrained by low productivity per animal (milk, meat,wool, skin and hides) due to low genetic potential, shortage of good quality feed, contagious andparasitic diseases, ineffective management systems, weak livestock improvement anddevelopment, ineffectual policy-making organizations, and lack of R&D policies in this field.
Buf faloesCatt le
GoatSheep
A ssesCamels
M ulesHorses
P oult ry
S1
S 2
S3
Series2S eries2
S eries2
Series2
S eries2
S eries2
S eries2
S eries2
Series2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
# of Livestocks
Di fferent species of Livestocks
# in mi ll ions
LLiivveessttoocckk aanndd ppoouu llttrryy ppooppuu llaattiioonn iinn SSiinnddhh ((MMiilllliioonnss))
S
ISSUES
Feeding Inputs
Owing to shortage of inputs like fodder, water,and space, about 75 percent of dairy buffaloesat urban farms are being slaughtered. Morethan 80 percent of the calves are also beingslaughtered at the age of four to five days. Thecalculated availability of Total DigestibleNutrients (TDN) is short by 5.69 MT. Also theavailable Digestible Protein (DP) is short by1.47 million MT. This indicates that livestockremain undernourished and the production ofmeat and milk is affected adversely.
The availability of feed resources is decliningdue to the constant pressure of increasinglivestock population, frequent droughts, andincreasing pressure on cultivable land for theproduction of crops for human consumption.Furthermore, extension services offered to thelivestock sector that should include access tomodern inputs, technology, and livestockhealth services are weak.
Infectious Diseases
Livestock are plagued by many infectiousdiseases, mainly due to insufficient knowledgeabout the benefits of timely vaccination andother measures of disease control. There is a
network of veterinary hospitals and dispensariesat district, tehsil, and union council levels, whichprovide diagnostic services, treatment of sickanimals, and preventive vaccination. However,their numbers and the facilities they provide donot meet the growing demands of this sector.The areas of disease diagnosis and monitoringare still weak as is the epidemiology ofdiseases. Vaccines are often in short supply andtheir quality is poor. This results in less than 25percent of the animals being vaccinated. Thereis very little information regarding the incidenceof diseases, animal mortality, geographicaldistribution of disease agents, and theenvironment. Anthrax, black quarters, foot-and-mouth disease, enterotoximia, contagiouscaprine, and ovine pleuro pneumonia arecommon.
Breeding and Production
Although Sindh has a good livestockpopulation, improvements in the performanceof breeds and exploitation of their geneticpotential have been minimal. As such milk andmeat production per animal has not witnessedany breakthrough changes. In fact, per capitaavailability of milk in Sindh has been reduced to14 ounces from 22 ounces. There is also ashortage of purebred stock, which according toestimates is only 10 to 15 percent of the totallivestock population. This is attributable to lackof knowledge, the high cost of managing and
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MolassesBagasse
B anana plantTotal
Dry mat ter
Crude protein
Total digestable nut rient
Availabilit y
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Mill
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Types of feed stuff
Pre
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type
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AAvvaaiillaabb iilliittyy ooff ffeeeedd ffrroomm nnoonn ccoonnvveennttiioonnaall rreessoouurrcceess
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feeding breeding bulls, non-availability of goodbreeding bulls, and a weak artificialinsemination programme. Most breeding iscarried out in rural areas without innovationsand modern technology. Herds are managedwithout due consideration to hygiene, housing,and proper feed. The breeding of livestock isstill being undertaken through the traditionalnatural system and farmers are unaware ofartificial insemination or other moderntechniques that they could be use for theimprovement of the breeds.
In Karachi, there is greater concentration onthe development of commercial farming formilk production and therefore there is greaterstress on wheat bhoosa and cotton seedcake, as all dairy animals are kept on this diet.High maintenance costs of livestock and noproper pasture grounds for animals in Karachiare adding to the problems in the city.
PROPOSEDINTERVENTIONSLivestock ManagementLivestock Management Centres need to beestablished for better coordination amongfarmers as well as to provide them with supportstructures. Appropriate government support in
the development of such facilities is crucial.The government also needs to initiate theestablishment and implementation of food lawsto increase the production of hygienic andprocessed milk as well as consumer awarenesscampaigns launched through the media.Development of breeding farms and privatesector meat-farming schemes should beencouraged through increased access to creditand other facilities for the rearing of malebuffalo calves, feedlots/fattening units for thari/kankrej calves, fattening units for older andweaker animals at breeding farms, andinsemination of large-sized beef breeds. Tosave the high yielding buffaloes and calves(aged 3-4 days) from being slaughtereddeveloping dairy villages and export processingzones for meat animals on unutilizedgovernment land in specific areas can belooked into.
Supporting Actions
● Improving livestock markets in rural areasthrough the installation of weighingbridges and changing the system of saleto a weight-based system, which willeliminate the role of the middleman who iscurrently taking 20 percent of the cost.
● Establishing more and better equippedanimal hospitals and mobile veterinary
Awareness-raising programmes on livestock management are imperative
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health units for effective treatment ofanimal disease with a capcity to producevaccines for viral diseases.
● Strengthening of extension services to thelivestock sector; the government mustsupport the private sector and NGOs inthis regard to set up projects to improveexisting and develop new extensionservices on a priority basis in Sindh.
● In the arid areas integrated meatproduction schemes be started anddevelopment of rangeland and fodder andforage development work be carried out.
● Involving rural women for development oflivestock and conversion of milk into by-products be carried out.
● To increase production, developmentloans with low interest rate through theassistance of mircrfinance institutionsneeds to be encouraged.
Research and Development
Basic and applied research needs to beconducted on potential at all levels of the
livestock and poultry farming sector. Thisrequires that more public funding be madeavailable to R&D from the operational budget.The farming system needs to be upgradedfrom this budget to encourage greater adoptionof market-oriented farming in addition tosubsistence farming. Furthermore, scientificinformation should be provided to farmers toensure that they are able to compete in themarket. This should be complemented byanalysing factors affecting decision-makingprocesses associated with investment inlivestock, in different socio-economicconditions and within the context of a totalfarming system.
Supporting Actions
● Identifying the characteristics of differentlivestock systems and understanding thecharacteristics of different subsystems oflivestock production such as dairyproduction, meat production, and draught animals.
● Undertaking research on poultry andlivestock diseases, prevention and cure aswell as technology transfer to farmers.
● Undertaking research and exploring thepotential of artificial insemination.
● Transferring research results to the farmersvia appropriate technology transfermethods and an effective extension system.
Technological Innovations
While technological advancements arenecessary, they must be introduced afterensuring that new technology, especially thatimported from abroad, accounts for thevariability between farm resources and animalpractices in Sindh. The technical packagesimported from other countries previouslylacked an understanding of the everydaylivestock techniques practised by local farmersand the basic rationale behind these practices.
Technological support should include theintroduction of high pedigree/fertile bulls andartificial breeding programmes at the villagelevel; improvement in feeding practices throughpropagation of multicutting fodder, straw
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Livestock farming in Shindhs» rural areas still based onage-old methods
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enrichment techniques and mini feed mills atthe district level; and increasing the coverageof artificial insemination through provision ofequipment, training of inseminators, andimproving the supply of semen. The privatesector should be encouraged to establishartificial insemination centres via increasedaccess to credit, income tax exemptions, andduty free imports of equipment.
Supporting Action
● Employing non-conventional feed such assugar by-products. Livestock iscustomarily maintained on conventionalfeed coming from natural rangelandvegetation, fodder crops, cereals, andmilling of by-products in the irrigatedareas of the province. The use of cropresidue like wheat and rice straw, andcotton crop residue after their on-farmphysical or chemical treatment could helpto mitigate the lack of feed resources.
Dairy Farming
Dairy villages should be established ongovernment lands with sufficient access tomarkets through linked roads; adequateservices for production and maintenance shouldbe provided in areas which have no dairyproduction facilities. In addition a milk collectionsystem on a community/cooperative basisneeds to be developed through cold storagechains in rural areas. The private sector shouldbe encouraged to set up dairy farms and milkpowder plants to stabilize seasonal milkfluctuations.
Supporting Action
● Since there is surplus milk in the far flungrural areas, a milk collection systemthrough trained people be developed andlink with milk markets having the requiredcold chain facilities in Hyderabad andKarachi.
● Modern biogas plants can be installed incommercial dairy colonies which willproduce gas for home consumption andthe residue can be used as fertilizer. Thiswill check pollution as well as increase theincome of the farmers.
Wool Production
Wool production is another area that can bedeveloped by improving large-sized and fertilekachhi and kooka rams. An R&D institute hasbeen formed by the private sector and thisshould be supplemented with an improvementin the marketing of wool products,introduction of modern techniques forimproving the quantity and quality of wool,and the establishment of wool processing,dyeing, and carpet manufacturing units. Toimprove the quality of skins and hides, there isa need for increased training of farmers andbutchers and a need to establish markets forskins and hide-related products.
Poultry Development
While a bigger as well as important sector, it isnot included in the developmental plan.Through creating poulty development centresat district level hatcheries for rural Egyptianpoultry birds, disease diagnosis lab and minifeed mills can be established.
Furthermore backyard poultry farming for ruralwomen where 50 to 100 birds can be kept forincreasing the income level as well as productionof meat and eggs can be encouraged.
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Promotion of dairy farming is key to poverty reduction in rural areas
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IndustrialDevelopment
C H A P T E R 1 1
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ndustrial development is not just limited to the
manufacturing and service sectors. Agriculture, fisheries,
and natural and mineral resources are also key
components of industry in any developing economy.
Pakistan»s main industry relies on the production of
agricultural outputs such as wheat, rice, and cotton.
This is complemented by a number of textile, pharmaceutical, and
consumer goods industries that make use of Pakistan»s multifarious
resource base.
BACKGROUNDSindh»s process of industrialization began with the creation of planned industrial estates and thedevelopment of an engineering base. The Sindh Industrial Trading Estate (SITE) was the firstindustrial estate to be established in Karachi in 1947 and it was meant to serve as the industrialhub of the country. Today it contains about 3 000 industries and provides employment to over 550000 people. Agricultural and mineral resources form the backbone of the formal industrial sectorin Sindh with agro-industries and industries in the oil and gas sector. The informal sector is led bysmall-scale manufacturing units based on indigenous or indigenized technologies, which produceconsumer products; these account for 50 percent of the industrial production in Sindh.
Sindh»s industries encompass agricultural, horticultural, and livestock production and processingof products; textiles; tanning; pharmaceuticals; minerals; cement; salt; sugar; cotton; coal; chinaclay; oil and gas production as well as the steel and automobile industries. However, inadequateinfrastructures have stifled the growth of the industrial sector in Sindh over the past fewdecades. Industrial production in the province peaked in the mid-1990s, but has since declinedindicating a reduction in industrial activity.
I
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Source: Sindh at a Glance, Bureau of Statistics, GoS
MMaannuuffaaccttuurriinngg:: IInndduussttrriiaall PPrroodduuccttiioonn aanndd EEmmppllooyymmeenntt
SSEELLEECCTTEEDD UUNNIITT FFAACCTTOORRIIEESS PPRROODDUUCCTT IIOONN EEMMPPLLOOYYMMEENNTTIINNDDUUSSTTRR IIEESS CCOOVVEERREEDD ((iinn nnooss..))
22000011--0022
VEGETABLE GHEE «‘000000 MMTT 24 176 1 586SUGAR --ddoo-- 30 922 15 351CEMENT --ddoo-- 9 1 903 1 875FERTILIZER (UREA) --ddoo-- 3 1 624 1 588PETROLEUMPRODUCTS MMLL 2 4 727 1 271COTTON YARN «‘000000 MMTT 82 265 36 683COTTON CLOTH mm22((mmiilllliioonn)) 117CIGARETTES NNooss.. ((mmiilllliioonn)) 2 12 789 769
22000022--0033
VEGETABLE GHEE «‘000000 MMTT 28 168 1 553SUGAR --ddoo-- 30 1 170 14 979CEMENT --ddoo-- 9 1 742 1 702FERTILIZER (UREA) --ddoo-- 3 2 009 1 692PETROLEUMPRODUCTS MMLL 2 5 281 1 261COTTON YARN «‘000000 MMTT 82 274 36 236COTTON CLOTH mm22 ((mmiilllliioonn)) 100CIGARETTES NNooss.. ((mmiilllliioonn)) 2 11 934 742
IINNDDEEXX OOFF IINNDDUUSSTTRRIIAALL PPRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN 22000000--0011 22000011--0022 22000022--0033((BBaassee:: 11998800--8811 == 110000)) 174.83 178.12 194.28
VVAALLUUEE OOFF AAVVEERRAAGGEE DDAAIILLYYIINNDDUUSSTTRR IIEESS NNOOSS.. PPRROODDUUCCTT IIOONN EEMMPPLLOOYYMMEENNTT
IINN BBIILLLLIIOONN RRSS..((iinn «‘000000))
TTOOTTAALL 11 776688 553311..6666 225599..2277
TEXTILE 417 102.91 92.22CEMENT 7 7.02 3.35FERTILIZER 3 7.07 1.35GHEE 15 8.51 1.00REFINED SUGAR 28 24.20 17.25TOBACCO (cigarettes) 2 6.10 1.18AUTOMOBILES 39 38.84 7.96PETROLEUM REFINING 2 61.15 1.96INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS 37 32.90 4.38OTHER CHEMICAL PRODUCTS 55 10.08 4.20PHARMACEUTICALS 66 33.65 13.18OTHERS 1 097 199.23 111.24
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The GoS is currently considering an exemptionon property taxes for newly developedindustries in order to boost the industrializationprocess. Also, it has announced a grant ofRs.500 million for development work in the SITEarea, which will be spent on construction, repairof roads, improvement of sewers and other civicfacilities. In order to respond to rising inflation,the government recently decided to allow theindustrial sector to produce its own power,which should reduce the cost of inputs as wellas ease pressure on power utilities. To deal withthe problem of bureaucracy, the Department ofIndustries, GoS has notified only six agencies tobe responsible for inspection instead of theprevious 22 agencies.
The Government has adopted a very liberalpolicy for industrialization in the province andno NOC/Permission is required for setting upan industrial unit except for the following:-
Federal/Provincial● Arms and Ammunition
● Security Printing, Currency and Mint
● High Explosives
● Radio Active Substances and
● Alcoholic Beverages
An extensive industrial infrastructure has beenset-up through-out the province. There areseven large size and 18 small industrialestates in nearly each District of the province.Four small industrial estates namely Small andCottage Industrial estate super highway bypass Karachi, small and cottage industrialestate Hawksbay, Karachi, small and cottageindustrial estate Bin Qasim, Karachi and SIEfor power looms, Hyderabad
During the current financial year 2005-2006,an amount of Rs.572 million has beenallocated for the development schemesrelated to the industries sector:-
Investment Climate
Investment facilitation boards at provincial andfederal government levels have been set-up tomonitor, facilitate and assist foreign investorsfor their investment initiatives. For overseasPakistanis and international investors,schemes are being chalked out to help andfacilitate investment from abroad to set-upnew industrial ventures and preference will begiven to foreign investors for allotment of landin and outside the industrial estates.
PCOI has been established with the mainpurpose of accelerating the processesattracting over-seas investment from abroad
Sindh hosts 70 percent of Pakistan»s industry
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by identifying feasible projects in potentialsectors and these steps have shows markedimprovement in the over-all flow of investmentthat has come into the province of Sindh.
On account of problems of multiplicity oftaxes and unorganized inspections by variousgovernment departments/agencies, thefollowing steps have been taken for theestablishment of:
One Window Facility
Three taxes, property tax, professional tax andcotton fee are being collected by the Exciseand Taxation Department from theindustrialists. Betterment tax, surcharge andadditional surcharge, however, were abolishedin 1.7.2001. This facility is to be introduced in
North Karachi, Federal B Area and Korangiwith the support of respective tradeassociations.
ISSUESIndustrialization has had to face manychallenges, including the entry of smuggledgoods from other provinces, the production oflow quality products by an increasinglyaggressive informal sector, and the growth ofthe underground economy. In an effort topromote development in Sindh, 24 large andsmall industrial complexes were established indifferent parts of the province. However, thispolicy failed as the infrastructure facilities inthese areas were insufficient and substandard,and could not cater to the demands of the industry.
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SSRR..NNOO..// NNAAMMEE OOFF TTHHEE SSCCHHEEMMEE AALLLLOOCCAATTIIOONNAA..DD..PP ((RRSS.. IInn MMIILLLLIIOONN))
OONN--GGOOIINNGG SSCCHHEEMMEESS OOFF IINNDDUUSSTTRRIIEESS SSEECCTTOORR
1/84 Small Industrial Estate, Karachi 25.222
2/85 Extension of S.I.E., Hyderabad 7.000
3/86 Extension of S.I.E., Sukkur 3.000
4/87 Small Industrial Estate, Ghotki 2.000
5/88 Small Industrial Estate, Mithi 3.000
6/89 Small Handicrafts Display Centre, Islamabad 24.778
NNEEWW SSCCHHEEMMEESS
7/90 Small Industrial Estate, Naushero Feroz 2.000
8/91 Up-gradation of 9 S.I.Es., (Thatta, Sanghar 5.000
Dadu, Hala, Badin, Nawabshah, Rohri and
I.P. Sehwan, Mirpurkhas)
TToottaall:: 7722..000000
SS..II..TT..EE.. LLiimmiitteedd
NNEEWW SSCCHHEEMMEE
9/92 Improvement of infrastructure facilities 500.000
In 5 estates SITE Limited (Karachi,
Nooriabad, kotri, Hyderabad and Sukkur)
TToottaall SSIITTEE LLttdd.. :: 550000..000000
TToottaall IInndduussttrriieess SSeeccttoorr:: 557722..000000
Inadequate Infrastructure
The federal government has failed to provideadequate infrastructure such as theestablishment of an internationally competitiveengineering industry to develop technologylocally to build plants and equipment. Thiswould help to decrease establishment costsas well as costs related to operation andmaintenance. As the province had no capacityto build capital and intermediary goods, it hashad to import them to keep industrial unitsfunctional. For industries to adopttechnological innovations, they require largefinancial inputs, which have been obtainedthrough foreign loans in the past. This practicehas increased the debt burden as well andhas led to the unsustainable nature ofindustrialization. The road density in Sindh isalso inadequate to support the transportationof farm produce to industrial units or tofacilitate the transportation of minerals fromtheir sites to the processing destinations.
High Costs of Production
High import duties, high cargo handlingcharges at the ports, increased red tape,
lengthy delays in shipment release, andincreasing costs of imported items arediscouraging industrial development. KarachiPort, for example, has one of the highestshipping and handling charges in the region.Similarly, excessive charges are also levied onthe import of raw materials and machinery incertain industries like packaging, foodproduction, and plastics manufacturing. Thisultimately leads to high consumer and marketprices, contributes to rapid inflation andoverpricing of products, and affects thequality of life of low-income groups.
Surveys of the quality of industrial wastewater,gaseous emissions, and solid waste dischargedinto the environment, have indicated that thereis a dire need to implement pollution-controltechnologies in the industrial sector. This issuehas been sidelined because industrialists arguethat this would raise the cost of production,affecting output, which is alreadyuncompetitive. This is a particularly pressingissue for industries like the textile, tanning, andchemical processing units in SITE, becausethey discharge liquid effluents that exceedallowable limits, leading to environmentaldegradation of land and water resources.
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Principals of industrial ecology need to be promoted
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Political and EconomicInstability
The political instability within the country andthe ensuing inconsistency of governmentpolicies are fundamental factors thatdiscourage industrialization. This is a majorproblem in Sindh as it currently plays host toalmost 70 percent of Pakistan»s industry. Oflate however, industrialists have moved fromSindh to Punjab because better incentives areprovided in terms of lower land prices, taxes,and tariffs. The cost of registering companiesis also higher in Sindh so industrialists preferto set up new industries in Punjab. There isalso less interference from the bureaucracy inPunjab. Hence people in Sindh are opting fortrading, real estate businesses, and the capitalmarket as opposed to establishing industries.
PROPOSEDINTERVENTIONSInfrastructural DevelopmentThe government needs to review its supportto industries through increased support for thedevelopment of an engineering base, greaterincentives in the establishment of industriesas well as a review of the high cargo handlingcharges at Karachi port as they increase theindustrial cost of production and discourageexports. There must be more effort to addvalue to local products by making technologyavailable and accessible. Devolving the powerof governing the affairs of industrial estates toeither an autonomous industrial estateauthority or an industrial estate associationmust also be explored. This associationshould then be responsible for providing allforms of industrial infrastructure, includingthose related to pollution control.
Supporting Actions
● Reinvesting the revenue collected inupgrading the infrastructure of theindustrial estate concerned.
● Developing an engineering base so thatequipment can be manufactured in
Pakistan rather than imported fromabroad.
● Ensuring that the cost of power remainsfeasible, such as the cement industry,which is deteriorating due to theexcessively high price of furnace oil andincreased power costs.
● Establishing separate industrial estates for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs).
● Establishing industrial estates and newbusinesses outside urban areas to quellthe influx of people to urban areas.
Environmental Protection
There is a need to focus on environmentalissues such as pollution, hazardous waste,and health and safety of workers. Morestudies in this field could help contribute togreater enforceable legislation to ensureindustry compliance, particularly withenvironmental regulations. Principles ofindustrial ecology must be understood andapplied in new industries, and should bepromoted within existing industries. Thesiting of hazardous industries should not beallowed in residential areas and the existingones should be relocated from these areas.≈High tech∆ industries as well as those whichproduce less pollution and are moreenvironmentally friendly should be promoted.Undertaking analysis of energy productionprocesses and application of stricterenvironmental codes of conduct are alsonecessary requirements in addition todeveloping hazardous waste managementand disposal systems. Combined EffluentTreatment Plants (CETP) must be installed inall industrial estates in Sindh. Industrialassociations (e.g. SITE) and the variousChambers of Commerce and Industry shouldbe engaged in the initiative.
Supporting Actions
● Promoting greater interaction ofindustrialists with the Sindh SmallIndustries Corporation (SSIC). Finance,pollution control, and infrastructure
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development should also be incorporatedwithin the SSIC»s mandate.
● Developing incentive mechanisms topromote less polluting industries.
● Promoting industrial units that are relatedto the local ecology, such as consumeritems and agro-based industries in rural areas.
● Educating industrialists on environmentaland social compliances for audits that arenow required by most foreign companies.Annual environmental and social reportingshould be made mandatory. Social andenvironmental compliance should bemade mandatory with the granting oflicenses and permission for new industry.
● Providing greater support to the CleanerProduction Program (CPP) in Sindh. TheCPP focuses on ways to apply cleanerproduction technologies to the industrialsector in a cost-effective manner.
● Including pollution charges in the cost ofproducts.
● Environmental baseline surveys of allmajor industrial sites should essentially becarried out on a priority basis to obtainauthentic information on various pollutionlevels, waste disposal practices, airemissions, generation of hazardous wasteetc. This would assist in the preparation ofenvironmental management plans for theimplementation of NEQS.
● A No-Objection Certificate (NOC) from therelevant EPA, approving the EIA of theproject, should be a mandatoryrequirement for all new projects. Provisionof utilities or the approval of constructionplans of new industries should be subjectto this NOC.
Business Incentives
Political will and stability are imperative forsustainable industrial development. Provincial
infrastructure should be developed andincentives should be provided. The sales taxgenerated from this sector should be given tothe respective provincial governments for re-investment. Industries should also befacilitated to focus on cheapest productionand export ƒ and enhancing the economiesof scale. In this regard a Facilitation Centre forexport-based industries may be established.The one-window operation should not onlyapply to establishing an industry, but shouldbe a continuous process that facilitates theoperation of the industry. Since the quotaregime has ended, international business canbe lost if operations are not made moreefficient.
Supporting Actions
● Upgrading the informal sector; relocate itsproductive units into planned estates andfinance their advancement through SMEdevelopment schemes.
● Ensuring quality assurance by making ISOcertification mandatory for all units,including those in the informal sector.
● Ensuring quality assurance by providingfinancial incentives (e.g. tax relief) toindustry for getting their businesses ISO14000 certified.
External Alliances
In order to capitalize on the growing interest inforeign investment, the industrial sector in theprovince must create linkages withinternational private sector firms. Theselinkages do not only have to be in the areas ofproduction and manufacturing but should alsofocus on the provision of infrastructure, theimport of machinery, and the acquisition oftechnology i.e. education and training forhigher productivity levels.
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EnergyC H A P T E R 1 2
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akistan»s per capita energy consumption is low, standing
at about 16 percent of the world average. In Sindh, 42
percent of energy is consumed in the domestic sector
and 35 percent by the industrial sector. This points
to the underdevelopment of the province especially as
it has the largest industrial sector in the country and
the two major ports.
BACKGROUND
The existing power distribution in Sindh does not relate to the population distribution in theprovince, and hence, is incapable of meeting the energy needs of people living in remotelocations. The installed capacity for electricity generation has risen continuously to meetdemands, but its growth became stagnant from 1998 to 2001. Gas is not accessible to people inrural Sindh; many rural towns are not on the national grid and therefore do not have access toelectricity. People in these towns turn to alternative sources of energy to fulfil their needs includingthe felling of trees for use in wood-burning stoves. Fifty-two percent of energy used in Sindh isbased on fuelwood, 17 percent on electricity, 8 percent on gas, and 6 percent on kerosene.
Eighty-four percent of exploration activity in the oil and gas sector is taking place in Sindh. Sincethe late 1990s, Sindh has replaced Balochistan as the major producer of gas in Pakistan. Sindh»snatural gas reserves amount to almost 16 trillion cubic feet out of Pakistan»s total reserves of 24trillion cubic feet; the province contains 95 percent of the coal deposits in the country.
Natural Gas Production in Pakistan
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P
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Despite the fact that Sindh has 95 percent ofthe coal reserves of Pakistan, coal productionin the province has been decreasing in the lastfew years. Mines owned by the private sector,comprising 80 percent of the total mines inSindh, lack capital resources and technicalexpertise to make them efficient inmanagement and production processes.Production has been affected by many factorsincluding the location of coal mines in isolatedareas where adequate power is not availableand the quality of coal is poor.
Renewable energy technologies have beenexperimented with in Sindh (e.g. windmills forwater pumping, wind turbines along Karachi»scoast for generating electricity). But none ofthe programmes has made a substantialaddition to Sindh»s energy resources.
Some projects currently in the pipeline includehydroelectric projects being pursued byWAPDA including two run-of-river projects(Bunji 4 710 MW and Dhasu 3 712 MW);installation of a coal-fired power plant in Tharwith an estimated capacity of 600 MW at acost of US$128 million; rehabilitation of theLakhra Coal Power Project; gas-fired powerplants being imported from the United ArabEmirates (UAE) to be installed in Karachi andLahore; and 11 new Independent PowerProducers (IPPs), which will report to thePrivate Power Infrastructure Board.Furthermore, the Ministry of Science &Technology has installed solar waterdesalination plants of 250 gallon/day capacityat Tharparkar, through the Pakistan Council ofScientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR).
ISSUES
Institutional Capacity
The power sector is dominated by publicsector utilities, which suffer from overstaffing,declining technical skills, lack of properinfrastructure, financial and technicalinefficiencies, poor governance, dependenceon public sector financing, indifferentcompetition, and poor consumer accessiblity.Institutions like Karachi Electric SupplyCorporation (KESC) and WAPDA have beenunable to cater to the excess energy demands
of an ever-increasing population and havebeen plagued by mismanagement, aninefficient billing procedure, and an inability tocontrol illegal electricity connections. There isalso weak coordination between governmentagencies and other stakeholders in the powersector.
WAPDA generates more energy than is beingconsumed. Low-income groups do not haveenough purchasing power to utilize thisresource. WAPDA generates excess power(hydroelectric) during summer months, butthere is a deficiency during other months. InSindh, the Hyderabad Electric SupplyCorporation, HESCO (with 32 percent losses)and KESC (with 37 percent losses) providepower. HESCO has more domestic consumersthan industrial and commercial consumers.This is a disadvantage as industrial andcommercial consumers pay higher tariff rates.Rural electrification is taking place rapidly butwill increase losses because consumers inrural areas do not have the capacity to pay,which may lead to theft of electricity. Thispractice is already common in many low-income urban settlements in Karachi and inother large urban centres.
Commercial Environment
The imposition of a tariff structure thatsubsidizes some consumers at the expense ofothers is negatively impacting thedevelopment of a competitive power industry.In an environment where commercial andindustrial users are subsidized overagricultural and domestic users, there is anincrease in the misuse of electricity. There islimited participation of local electricalengineering industries in the development ofthe power sector, even though this industryhas the potential to provide most itemsrequired for transmission and distribution tomeet international standards and atcompetitive prices as well. There is a largeloss of potential revenue caused by hightransmission, distribution, and auxiliary lossesand pilferage. The distribution network ishampered by overloaded conductors, feeders,and transformers. Lack of computerizedinformation on loading positions coupled withinsufficient funds encourages corruptionamong workers.
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Resource DepletionOf Pakistan»s five oil refineries, the two olderand larger refineries are located in Sindh. Theiroutput is declining by 3 percent every year,mostly because their technologies havebecome outdated and the equipment hasdepreciated. Oil and gas reserves are beingdepleted rapidly. With the current rate ofproduction, it is estimated that all indigenousoil reserves will gradually disappear in the firstdecade of this century, whilst the gas supplywill hold out until the second decade.Indigenous energy sources likehydroelectricity, coal, oil, gas, and renewableenergy are slow to develop due to the politicaldeadlock over the issue of large dams as wellas the limited capacity of public sectoragencies such as the Pakistan MineralDevelopment Corporation (PMDC).
Wind Energy
Wind energy is the fastest growing technologyin the sector. Wind data collection at 42different locations along the coastal areas ofSindh and Balochistan was initiated by thePakistan Meteorological Department (PMD)during 2001. This first phase of data collectionhas been carried out at a height of 100 ft. withan investment of only Rs.18 million. Theprocess of wind data collection requires much
more investment and should be given a highpriority. The total number of wind turbinesplanned for installation until 2010 will have acapacity of 700 MW, and will involve aninvestment of some Rs.50 to 60 billion. Anadditional investment of at least 1 percent ofthis amount is to be allocated to acquire moreaccurate wind data collection, which will helpin planning relevant project design.
PROPOSEDINTERVENTIONS
Institutional Strengthening
The emission of sulphur oxides andparticulates during the coal-burning processsignificantly adds to environmental and healthproblems necessitating the establishment ofan Environmental Management Cell withappropriate training facilities in each thermalpower plant. Environmental ImpactAssessments should be conducted for eachindividual project and private sectorinvolvement should also be encouraged ingovernment-run institutions. This will ensureprofessionalism, competitiveness, andfinancial viability. Capacity building oforganizations like the Private PowerInfrastructure Board should also beundertaken to provide greater support to
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AR
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1992-93
CCrruuddee OOiill PPrroodduuccttiioonn iinn PPaakkiissttaann
16
14
12
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8
6
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2
01990-
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public√private partnerships in this field. The institutional development and capacitybuilding of KESC and WAPDA, includingtraining of staff and instilling a policy ofconservation and transparency, should beattempted with the help of both public andprivate sector organizations. Creating aseparate ministry of energy at the provinciallevel to consolidate government work in thisfield must also be explored. Currently thedevelopment of energy resources falls underthe jurisdiction of many different ministrieswhich makes the decision-making processcumbersome and slow.
Supporting Action
● Recruiting qualified technical staffincluding environmental, socio-economicspecialists, financial advisers, managersand engineers in organizations like KESCand WAPDA to enhance capacity tohandle issues ranging from revenuecollection, billing procedures, andadherence to operational andmaintenance budgets.
Distribution System
Transmission lines should be installed on apriority need basis. The secondarytransmission and grid system needs to beupgraded to ensure full capacity utilizationand uninterrupted supply of energy to tail-endusers. There should be increased efforts tostagger load profiles and reduce consumptionat peak hours and increase load factors.
Supporting Action
● Increasing private sector involvement inthe upgrading of the distribution system.
Renewable Energy Sources
Currently the deficit in KESC»s supply andconsumer demand is being met bypurchasing power from other companies athigher rates. It is therefore necessary toincrease the current supply of energy in acost-effective manner, particularly in the fieldof renewable energy which is at present anuntapped resource. One option is to activelypursue projects related to the generation of
hydroelectricity. Currently only one-third ofthe potential of hydroenergy is being utilizedwhereas two-thirds is left unexploited; thisissue should be given greater attention. Otheroptions include facilitating the import ofequipment, minimum installation charges aswell as offering tax incentives on thepurchase of renewable energy technology.These measures are being proposed in newlegislation being drafted on this subject.Incentives should be given to the privatesector to encourage entry into the renewableenergy sector, for example in the field of CNGtechnology. The government is proposing tomake this technology tax free for five to tenyears as well as offering subsidies, fiscalincentives, and loans for its greater use. Inaddition, recently, solar energy has beenprovided to Narian√Khorian, twin villages just50 km from Islamabad with a population ofabout 600 and virtually no civic amenities.They are the first villages in the country to beprovided with power via solar energyutilization through the installation of smallsolar energy plants on rooftops as part of ademonstration project of the AlternativeEnergy Development Board (AEDB). Aftercompleting the first ever Rs.3.9 million solarenergy project, the AEDB, working under thePrime Minister»s Secretariat, plans to launchsimilar electrification projects in otherbackward areas of the country.
Supporting Actions
● Increasing the use of wind energy in Sindhbecause of its favourable coastal belt.Wind energy should be subsidized by thegovernment to encourage greater use.Academic and research institutions needto be strengthened to conduct moreresearch on this subject.
● Establishing model plants for solar energy.Greater awareness regarding the benefitsof solar power is necessary for thetechnology to be transferred. Cookinghabits and culture need to be changed.Also, costs of such technologies shouldbe kept low to encourage greater use.Solar panels can be installed on the roofsof high rise buildings. These can also beinstalled on government buildings to serveas models for replication.
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● Subsidizing the cost of solar and windenergy installation and providingcompanies with technical expertise toundertake maintenance of suchtechnology. Battery Charging Units shouldbe provided with solar and wind energytechnologies particularly in rural areas sopeople do not have to travel a longdistance to have their batteries charged.
● Researching the potential of wave energyin Sindh. Tidal energy generation throughthe use of ocean currents can also beutilized. Difference of temperaturesbetween ocean surface and greaterdepths can also be used for electricitygeneration.
● Discouraging indiscriminate felling oftrees, and promoting smoke-free, fuel-efficient stoves, particularly in areas wheregas and electricity are not available.Waste oil can be used as a domestic fuelbut a special burner for this will need tobe developed.
● Enacting an Ordinance to promoteRenewable Energy (RE) Technologies withthe following goals:
1. Develop passive solar home designsto suit our environment and culture.
2. Utilize RE for a number of 10 000-gallon-per-day water desalinationsystems.
3, Ensure 2 percent of RE grid powergeneration in the province each year.
4. Micro finance 5 000 solar cookers, 1 000 solar geysers, and 1 000 solarlights. This will result in cash savingsand provide local low-tech jobs forpoor communities.
5. Introduce RE technology courses infive schools, two colleges, and onepolytechnic institute in each district,and all universities.
6. Train 50 engineers and technologistsin the field of RE at the postgraduatelevel.
Alternative Energy Sources
In order to encourage energy efficiency insectors like agriculture, there is a vastpotential to utilize biomass as a source ofenergy, particularly in rural areas. This willlower production costs and be a source ofrelief to small- and medium-sized farmers, aswell as to large farmers. It is thereforenecessary to encourage greater research inthis field.
It is necessary to increase the share of coal inthe total energy mix, particularly in Sindh, bydeveloping indigenous coal reserves. Thiswould involve the establishment of integratedcoal mining plants for power generation,petrochemical plants, and increased use ofcoal gasification technology via governmentincentives. However these must be done afterproper EIAs and must incorporateenvironmental and sustainable developmentprinciples.
Supporting Actions
● Establishing biogas plants in rural areas.
● Increasing access to gas in rural areas.
● Training of engineers and technicians incoal technology, with a view toenvironmental and sustainability issues, atthe postgraduate level, to encourage thedevelopment of this Indus.
Legislation
There is a need to establish and implementlegislation to encourage fuel efficiencypractices in prime sectors such astransportation. Conversion from petrol toCNG, particularly in the public transportsector, must also be encouraged andenforcement of a strict time limit for itsimplementation must be set.
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Minerals andMining
C H A P T E R 1 3
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he mineral and mining sector, which ranks third in
Pakistan after the industrial and agricultural sectors,
earns more than 101 million rupees annually. Mining has
emerged as the largest recipient of Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI) in the country.
BACKGROUND
Out of Pakistan»s daily production, more than 56 percent and 37 percent of oil and gas outputsrespectively are derived from Sindh. Besides oil and gas, 26 minerals from Sindh, contribute tothe national economy. In addition, Sindh contains 95 percent of the coal reserves of the country.About 60 oil and 44 gas fields have been discovered with average daily production of oil of up to34 794 barrels per day and 422 432 million cubic feet of gas per year. Shell Oil Company,Pakistan Petroleum Limited, Esso, Hunt Oil Company, and the Oil and Gas DevelopmentCorporation have successfully discovered oil and gas in different parts of Sindh.
1998-99
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Thatta
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TThhee rreevveennuuee ggeenneerraattiioonn ffrroomm ccooaall iinn SSiinnddhh
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Since 1947, limestone, celestite, fuller»s earth,coals, glass sand, gypsum, flintstone, andalum shale have been discovered in Sindh.Cement industries are being set up in theprovince utilizing limestone and gypsum, andclay is used in ceramic tile manufacturingfactories.
ISSUES
Mining Practices
Unfortunately, the mining and explorationprocesses, particularly those used in coalmining, are obsolete and slow. Undergroundmining of coal can lead to soil subsidence(causing damage to homes, roads, andagricultural land). Excessive pumping of waterfrom the mine areas often results in thecollapse of ground surface. This problemoccurs frequently in the Lakhra coal mineswhere rocks are naturally weak and have notbeen properly supported. Coal-miningactivities near the main water channels (e.g.the Sonda coal field area) can be particularlyhazardous if proper remedial measures arenot employed to avoid acid mine drainage.Substandard physical and social conditions
ƒ such as long work hours, insufficientoxygen, lack of proper ventilation, inhalationof coal dust, and noise pollution ƒ pose aserious health hazard for the miners. Dustfrom mines is capable of causing asubstantial negative impact in the immediateareas of release. Coal mining produces air pollutants, which include dust, carbonmonoxide, sulphur dioxide, oxides ofnitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, and trace metals.
Lack of Information
There is a lack of information regardingmining location, issues, geographicdistribution, total land degraded throughmining activities, terrestrial mines underactive exploration, the total area of miningleases that are active and dormant, and thelocation of mining fields in terms of theirsensitivities. The periodic monitoring ofmineral issues, geographic distribution,economic size of mining units, techniques,and balance between demand and supply isalso non-existent.
PROPOSEDINTERVENTIONSInfrastructure DevelopmentA separate cell for the exploration of mineralsin the Department of Mines and MineralDevelopment needs to be set up. Such a cellcan provide infrastructural facilities to areassuch as Lakhra, Sonda, Meting√Jhimpur, andTharparkar, which are integral to the miningindustry yet remain underdeveloped. There isa need to develop roads, and provide waterand electricity to these areas with thecooperation of mine lease holders, minelabour organizations, and foreign investorsand donors. This cell can also employ miningengineers, drillers, and other technical staffand fix a five-year target for the explorationand development of minerals. There is a needto focus on other minerals for mining such asgranite and limestone and set up appropriatemining and support industries to developthese products.
Sindh contributes significantly to the country»s oil and gasproduction
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Environmental Protection
There needs to be greater emphasis onenvironmental issues related to miningincluding disturbance of land during mining(especially in areas where strip or surfacemining is carried out), generation of waste,percolation, and transportation. According toPEPA »97 rules and regulations, EIAs shouldbe mandatory for all mining projects. A MineDevelopment Plan should also include anEnvironmental Management Plan (alsoproduced as part of an EIA), which shouldaddress issues like soil management,overburden and spoil disposal, barriers toarrest noise pollution, air pollution,reclamation of back-filled areas, reclamationof nalas and fields, and improving the qualityof life in human settlements surroundingmines and suggesting practical mitigationmeasures.
Supporting Actions
● Promoting mechanized mining methods tominimize wastage and optimize output.Spoil/ tailing should be properly disposedof following disposal methods asprescribed by mining industry guidelines.
● Amending and implementing the mininglegislation such as the Mines Act of 1923to promote mechanized mining.
● Developing environmental guidelines forthe mining sector to make the miningsector in Sindh environmentally friendly.Mitigation measures should be adopted tominimize environmental impacts generatedby coal and other forms of mining.
● Educating and training mine sardars orquarry managers and labourers. Rescuecentres need to be established and shouldoffer a minimum of two weeks of training,including raising awareness on the Mines Act.
● Adopting mechanized mining methods toimprove extraction efficiency and thevalue of the minerals.
● Establishing an EnvironmentalManagement Cell with appropriate trainingfacilities in each thermal power plant andconducting EIAs for each individualproject.
● Enforcing as well as making the MiningConcession Rules 2002, that provides forenvironmental protection, morecomprehensive.
● Strengthening and equipping the lawenforcing agencies and the inspectoratesof mines.
Training and Orientation
Training institutions should be established,especially in coal-mining areas to train localpeople, for example, coal mining in Thar. Atraining institute has been built in Khanot, andthere are now plans to build one in Lakhra.Training schools should be established closeto mines, in coal-producing areas.Monotraining institutes also need to beestablished. Within the curricula of existingpolytechnic institutes, mining should beincluded to produce trained personnel in thisfield. The training centre at Jamshoro ThermalPower Station, established by WAPDA, shouldbe revived for training workers in coal-firedpower stations. Future skilled and unskilledpeople may be trained there for the TharCoalfield Power Stations. A separate SindhMining Training Board should be establishedto plan and implement human resourcedevelopment and utilization programmes incoal-mining technology.
Supporting Actions
● Ensuring that mining safety laws arefollowed so that the occupational healthand safety conditions in coal mines canbe improved.
● Establishing medical facilities in eachmining area and ensuring that miners areproperly treated.
● Setting up of rescue centres at the variousmining fields.
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UrbanEnvironment
C H A P T E R 1 4
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he dichotomy of the urbanization process is never more
apparent than it is in Sindh where rapid urban
development is proving to be both a driving force and a
bane on development. As cities and towns are growing
in terms of population and modernization, there is a lack
of synergy between the level of infrastructure and
facilities required to support this growth. Undoubtedly, the growth
itself is also increasing at a phenomenal rate making the challenge
even greater.
BACKGROUND
Sindh has an urban population of 14.84 million which constitutes 48.9 percent of the totalpopulation of the province and is much higher than the percentages for Pakistan as a whole(32.5 percent), Punjab (31.3 percent), Balochistan (23.3 percent), and NWFP (16.9 percent). Ofthe three major cities in Sindh (Karachi, Sukkur, and Hyderabad), Karachi is by far the largest anddetermines the nature of urbanization. It has a population of 9.27 million ƒ unofficial estimatesraise this figure to 13 million, or 10 percent of the population of the country. Due to its somewhatbetter infrastructural facilities and employment market, many people continue to migrate herefrom various parts of the country.
Physical conditions in urban Sindh do not compare well with the Pakistan average, except forKarachi. On average there are three persons per room, piped water is available to only 68.2percent of the population, there are independent latrines for only 50 percent of the dwellings,and only 50 percent of the houses have an RCC roof (1998 figures). There is a need for parksand open spaces for recreation. There is a deficit in housing units and half of the population ofKarachi and Hyderabad live in katchi abadis. According to experts, Karachi needs at least 60000 plots every year to provide residential facilities to the increasing population, but due to thelack of planning and resources, planners have failed to provide such accommodations.
The Space and Upper Atmospheric Research Commission (SUPARCO) has recently beenassigned the task of conducting a feasibility study on the development of a transportationcontrol plan for Karachi. The main objective of the study is to develop a strategy to deal withenvironmental issues related to fuel and vehicular emissions to minimize negative effects on theenvironment and on human health. The organization is using its mobile laboratory to collectrelevant data on this subject. Other major tasks include measurement of the performance ofvehicle engines; electronic tuning of minibuses, cars, rickshaws; health impact survey ofresidents at 26 observation points; assessing the impact of petrol, diesel, LPG, and CNG onvehicles; and analysis of the effect of increased pollution on cultural practices and socio-economic conditions in the city. Under public/private partnership ≈green buses∆ have beenintroduced that use CNG as a source of fuel.
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The World Bank together with ADB is workingwith various development organizations to setup a Clear Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia). This initiative is also being undertaken inPakistan and Karachi has been chosen as acomponent. CAI-Asia intends to promote anddemonstrate innovative ways to improve theair quality of Asian cities through partnershipsand sharing of experiences. This will be doneby bringing together relevant stakeholdersfrom the government, the private sector, andcivil society. In addition, internationaldevelopment agencies, internationallyorganized NGOs, and private sector entitieswill also be included in the initiative. IUCNPakistan and CAI-Asia have entered into apartnership agreement to establish a localCAI-Asia network in Pakistan, and to jointlyprovide assistance for this initiative. The goalof this network is to ≈promote better air qualitymanagement in selected cities in Pakistan∆.
ISSUES
Sewage and Solid Waste
Sewage collection and disposal are availableto approximately three million of the urbanpopulation (28 percent) only. In the absenceof proper disposal and treatment facilities,municipal and industrial effluent in Sindh isdischarged into the nearest drainage canals,depressions, water channels, rivers, or thesea. Small towns of Sindh have an evengreater problem in terms of lack of sewers.Sanitation facilities are not available in manylow-income and slum areas in urban Sindh.The management of municipal solid waste inall the urban centres of Sindh comprisesneighbourhood garbage usually beingdumped at a kachra kundi. From here it istaken by trucks and dumpers and hauled todistant landfill sites; however this is also notdone on a regular basis. In the small towns,only 30 to 40 percent of solid waste is pickedup, and not all of it is transported to adumping site. Karachi generates a very largevolume of solid waste and as a result ofmismanagement many informal dumping siteshave appeared recently, creatingenvironmental hazards. So far the solid wasterecycling industry has not been incorporatedinto the formal solid waste management
system. As a result, the system does notwork efficiently.
Air Pollution
Air pollution problems are a high priority issuein cities and towns all over Pakistan and theyare no less important in Sindh. According to aUNICEF study, 81 percent of children underthe age of five in Sindh develop acuterespiratory infections, which is the highestfigure amongst the four provinces. Theinfections are mostly attributable to thesubstantial quantity of lead and carbonmonoxide emitted by vehicles. In addition,pollution emitted by the industrial sector isalso compounding the problem. In Karachi, thehigh level of pollution has resulted in anincrease in respiratory tract infections, whichaccount for the hospitalization of 23 percent ofpatients at the Civil Hospital. A comprehensiveapproach is required to decrease the levels ofair pollution. At present, coordination betweenthe various stakeholders (i.e. provincialgovernment, city governments, private sectororganizations, and NGOs) is weak.
Water Scarcity and Pollution
Water pollution is another major problem inmost cities and towns. Poor quality of waterhas led to recent outbreaks of infectiousdiseases some of which have resulted inmortality. Freshwater is invariablycontaminated with salts drained from thedrainage basin, sewage, industrial effluent,and fertilizer or pesticide residues. Theirrigation drainage channels such as LBODand RBOD carry these toxins from the fields.Municipal and industrial effluent cause moreproblems as there is no system for its disposaland treatment. Most of this effluent isdischarged into the nearest water channel,river or the sea. For example untreated waterfrom Sukkur, Hyderbad, and Kotri isdischarged into the Indus, the Phuleli Canal,and the Kalri Baghar Canal respectively. InKarachi, sewage and industrial waste isdumped into the Lyari and Malir rivers, fromwhere it ultimately flows into the sea.
Supplies of water are also not adequate andwater is not available to cities that are distantfrom the irrigation network. In Karachi for
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example, the net availability of water is 350MGD, while the requirement is 600 MGD.Potable groundwater is available in only 28percent of the urban land mass of Sindh.
Transportation
Transport is an essential part of urban life, andas such vehicular traffic in Karachi hasincreased by a factor of 32 in 40 years. Onaverage, 700 vehicles are being added toKarachi daily. The consequence of the increasein vehicular population in Sindh is congestionand an increase in the level of air and noisepollution. In addition, the infrastructure tosupport a good bus system is not in place.Bus terminals, depots, workshops, andintercity bus terminals either do not exist or areinsufficient. The public transportation system isinefficient and ineffective and estimatessuggest that there are 40 persons competingfor one bus seat in Karachi compared with 12in Mumbai. Efforts to build a mass transitsystem in Karachi have, so far, not beenfeasible. In bigger cities, due to the inefficientpublic transportation system, the elite sector ofsociety relies on many personal vehicles,further adding to congestion problems.
Urban and Land-use Planning Land-use planning needs to be determined bysocial and environmental considerations andnot simply on the basis of land value. There iscurrently a contradiction between the processof urbanization and what the government ispromoting. Laws for land use either do notexist or are not implemented effectively. Land-use planning does not concentrate uponappropriate siting of industries and creatingbuffer zones between them which wouldencourage appropriate spatial development.One of the biggest challenges of urbanizationis the issue of the land mafia, which is illegallyoccupying land in Sindh. Furthermore apowerful nexus betweenbureaucrats/politicians and developers islegalizing the occupation of land and themisuse of amenity plots.
Intercity Migration
Karachi has always been a haven for migrantsfrom the interior of Sindh, as well as fromother parts of the country. Most of thesemigrants come in search of employment. Dueto inadequate proper housing facilities, those
Picturesque view of Bagh Ibne Qasim at Clifton, Karachi
Sha
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who come from rural areas often settle inkachi abadi or squatter settlements aroundthe city. These are illegal encroachmentswithout any proper civic facilities. Karachi forexample, loses 1 000 acres of land toencroachers every year. As a result, there is adearth of appropriate hygiene within thesesettlements, as well as outside them, assquatters add to growing waste and effluentdischarge. Population pressures also lead tomass congestion in many residentialneighbourhoods, which now have to competefor land space between squatter settlements,urban housing schemes, and privatebungalows of the upper classes.
PROPOSEDINTERVENTIONSUrban Planning
Proper urban planning for infrastructuredevelopment projects must take into accountthe needs of urban residents. Such planningshould include, on the one hand, strategies tominimize issues such as traffic and pollutionhazards, and on the other, ensure long-termenvironmental feasibility as well as seismicaspects and earthquake resistant structuredesigning. An independent mapping unit isessential to provide a comprehensivedatabase of city maps. One institution needs
to be made responsible for knowledgemanagement of local conservation, a key toholistic urban planning. These maps could bemade available through a digital mapping andGIS system. In addition, a resource-useprofile for all urban centres must bedeveloped that includes supply and demandfor water, treatment and recycling of waste,energy consumption, solid waste generation,re-use, recycling and disposal, and air pollution.
Supporting Actions
● Introducing planning and urbandesign/management in the graduate andpostgraduate curricula at the relevantuniversities of Sindh and ensuring thatarchitecture schools and engineeringdepartments make their curricula relevant to the problems of the urbanareas of Sindh.
● Collaborating with civil societyorganizations such as NGOs which areinvolved in urban development. Theseorganizations can be valuable in collectingand disseminating vital information thatcan be used for designing user-friendlyprojects. They can also be instrumental increating public awareness regardingforthcoming mega projects and in therehabilitation of displaced persons.
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To
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Sindh
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Total0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
In th
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MMiiggrraannttss ssttaattuuss ooff PPooppuullaattiioonn iinn tthhee UUrrbbaann aarreeaass ooff SSiinnddhh aanndd PPuunnjjaabb 11999911--11999988 ((iinn tthhoouussaanndd))
Rehabilitation of UnplannedSettlements
There is a need to study the katchi abadi, anddevelop an appropriate strategy to eliminateinformal settlements. A two-pronged approachcould be adopted that supports thedevelopment of a viable alternative arrangementfor current residents and regularizes those thatcan be brought into the formal setting. There isa need to upgrade and regularize existing katchiabadi and ensure that new settlements of thistype are not formed. This can only be done ifappropriate and affordable social housingprogrammes on a sufficiently large scale aredeveloped for the lower income groups. SindhUrban Disposal Ordinance is now beingchanged to regularize katchi abadi. This shouldbe supplemented with developing a HumanSettlement Policy for Sindh.
Supporting Action
● Providing community mortgage financingto make money available for landpurchase and to create an affordable landmarket for the poor.
Management of theTransportation System
This is a very important sector for the citiesand towns in Sindh. Such management isnow the mandate of district and citygovernments that need strengthening andcapacity building to manage transportationsystems. A mass transit system needs to bedeveloped for big cities such as Karachi witha concomitant increase in transportationinfrastructure. To accomplish this, stronginstitutions, human resources, and fundingare required.
Supporting Actions
● Developing an urban transportation plan.
● Setting up effective mass transit systemsin collaboration with the private sector inmajor cities.
● Building the capacity of the traffic policefor effective monitoring and managementof the transportation system.
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Municipal and industrial effluent continues to be discharged into water bodies
Consultation and StakeholderInvolvement
There is a need to develop a culture ofconsultation with the involvement of allstakeholders on urban environmental issues.EIAs of new projects need to be undertaken.Environmental tribunals exist but they need to be re-activated to support these initiatives.
Supporting Actions
● Undertaking needs» assessment surveysor public consultations before the start ofany urban development project.
● Making steering committees and interestgroups, comprising public and privatestakeholders, a part of all projects inorder to maintain public accountabilityand ensuring that the needs of localresidents are being met. Accounts ofthese projects should be made publicperiodically and individuals need to be held personally accountable for the outcome.
Water Quality and Conservation
In terms of water quality and supply, there is aneed for immediate rehabilitation of the currentsystem to ensure that water losses arecurtailed. Also, there is a need for theestablishment of an effective water qualitymonitoring system, particularly as tainted waterhas caused the deaths of many residents.Urban wastewater treatment plants for re-useand recycling of water need to be established.Sewage and industrial effluent should bedisposed properly by setting up a drainagesystem for wastewater. Studies on cities thatare remote from irrigation channels need to beconducted and appropriate channels devisedfor efficient water supply to these areas.Currently water and sanitation are under onegovernment department and it is necessarythat these two facilities are separated to ensureeffective management of both.
Supporting Actions
● Developing a water supply master plan formajor towns and cities such as the one forKarachi.
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A consultation culture involving all stakeholders needs to be promoted for sustainable development
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● Monitoring industries and municipalities toensure that they are not directlydischarging wastewater into waterchannels.
● Providing incentives to industries toestablish effluent treatment plants.
Converting nalas into box culverts and installingwater treatment plants at the junction point ofthese channels and the waterbodies into whichthey discharge to improve water quality.
Combating Air Pollution
The problem of air pollution in urban areasneeds immediate attention. This requiresconcentrating on the transportation system toensure that vehicles are properly tuned and ingood condition to reduce the levels of leadand carbon in the air through an appropriatetransportation policy. Non-compliant vehicleowners must be fined by the traffic policedepartment. This can be supplemented bypromoting the use of alternative fuels such asCNG and unleaded petrol. The industrialsectors also need to be targeted to ensurethat emissions are properly treated. In thisregard, NEQS need to be implemented.Furthermore, EPAs must be strengthenedthrough the provision of funds, equipment,staff, and training in order to performeffectively. It is important that air qualitymonitoring cells are set up in urban centreswith high levels of pollution. The CityGovernment, Karachi should become amember of CAI-Asia and hasten the formationof a Clean Air Committee in this regard.
Supporting Actions
● Ensuring the implementation of lawsregarding air pollution and implementingfines for non-compliance.
● Assessing and studying the possibility ofthe imposition of pollution tax on relevantindustries.
● Preventing the burning of refuse withincity limits.
● Providing fuel-efficient stoves in low-income areas.
● Promoting the use of alternative energysources such as wind energy.
Sewage and Solid WasteManagementIn order to improve the solid waste system,landfill sites need to be developed andmaintained. For example in Karachi there isonly one site and even this is an informal one.Solid waste collection and disposal need tobe handled in an integrated manner. It is notenough to collect the waste; where it isdumped at the end of the day is also animportant consideration. This requiresdeveloping an effective management systemthat integrates informal practices intomunicipal programmes and devising a realisticplan for sewage disposal and treatment. Thiscould be done by initially developing a solidwaste management master plan. Involving theprivate sector in solid waste management iscrucial and one of the most important stepswould be to privatize the solid wastemanagement system.
Supporting Actions
● Conducting infrastructure mapping oftowns and cities for future planning.
● Promoting the integration of the recyclingindustry and informal practices into theformal sector.
● Studying the work being done by variouscivil society organizations such as GulBahao and applying it in urban areas.
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EnvironmentalHealth
C H A P T E R 1 5
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nvironmental health deals with those aspects of the
surroundings, substances, and conditions of people that
have an impact on community health and livelihoods.
An environmentally healthy community is free from
illness or injury that is the result of toxic agents or
environmental conditions.
BACKGROUNDAccording to UNICEF»s Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey, 1995 for Sindh Province, 81 percent(the highest amongst the four provinces) of children below five years of age, have developedacute respiratory infections. Severe water pollution has resulted in various enteric diseases,primarily gastroenteritis, typhoid (especially in the summer), and hepatitis A. In a study conductedin Karachi in 2000, stored drinking water samples were found to be contaminated in 75 percent ofthe households tested, and had a geometric mean of 10 990 cfu/100 ML of thermo-tolerantcoliforms. The concentration of E. coli varied from 14 to 130 cfu/100 ML. According to the WorldHealth Organisation, E. coli should not be detected in clean drinking water.
ISSUESThe health situation in Sindh has deteriorated as a result of polluted air, contaminated water,overcrowded unplanned settlements, dumping of toxic waste, contaminated food, inadequatediet, and stress.
PollutionIncreased population has put environmental pressures on rural and urban areas and hasdegraded facilities and increased pollution. High levels of air, water, and noise pollution have ledto various respiratory and water-borne diseases. Lead, one of the most toxic heavy metals, isreleased into the atmosphere through exhaust fumes from automobiles, lead-based paints, andbattery-smelting factories. In 1989, a study reported a mean blood lead level of 38ug/dl amongrelatively healthy school children in one of the highly congested areas of Karachi. High leadlevels were found in blood samples of traffic constables serving in the main city areas. Around70 percent of people in Sindh do not have access to clean and safe drinking water and around80 percent have no access to sanitation facilities or proper drainage; this has caused manyhealth problems. Environmental health problems are inherent in rural areas as well wheresanitation facilities are minimal. Wood-burning stoves cause respiratory problems among ruralwomen and children.
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The numbers of billboards have been steadilyincreasing over the past few years in urbanareas. There are no regulations on size,distance from street, and safety issues. Theseare not only eyesores but divert the drivers»attention. No regulations are in placeregarding footpath size, telephone signals,and water quality. Those laws that are inplace, such as the NEQS, are not beingimplemented.
There are no regulations on issues rangingfrom animal cruelty to monitoring of animaldisease in the province. These create anunhealthy environment in urban and ruralareas as animal disease can spread to peopleand infect other breeds. Currently, animaldiseases are not covered in any legislation.
Industrial Activity
Heavy metals, along with other pollutants, aredischarged into the environment throughindustrial waste, heavy-duty powergenerators, and via refuse burning. More than6 000 industrial units are located along thecoastal belt and the Indus Delta in Karachi.With the exception of a few units, almost all ofthe industrial units discharge their untreatedeffluent containing heavy metals and theircompounds, detergents, lubricating oils,chlorine and various organic and inorganictoxic compounds directly into the Lyari andMalir rivers and other waterbodies, which inturn discharge into the Arabian Sea. Theseeffluents have direct and indirect effects onhealth. For instance, increased levels ofcadmium and chromium are carcinogenic andlead produces anaemia by restrictinghaemoglobin synthesis.
However, heavy metal contamination of wateris not confined to urban coastal areas. In therural areas of Badin, Thatta, and Tharparkardistricts, water samples from canals, handpumps, and wells also indicate heavy metalcontamination, high levels of total dissolvedsolids (TDS), and some iron contamination.
Employee safety and health are also givenlow priority in the industrial sector and assuch proper precautions are not taken,especially for those working in hazardousconditions. Coal miners for example are not
provided with proper information andequipment and as a result suffer fromrespiratory diseases.
PROPOSED FUTUREINTERVENTIONSResearch and Development
There is a need to conduct studies on thelevel of pollution, such as air and waterquality, noise pollution, thepoverty√environment nexus, with specialemphasis on the economic losses due toadverse impact on the health, populationpressure, resource gaps, and law enforcementmechanisms and establish a reliable databaseof statistics especially in urban areas. Thisshould be followed by research on currentpractices being employed worldwide toaddress issues related to air, water, noise, andother forms of pollution. These practices canbe modified to fit the local setting. Theyshould be commissioned by the Departmentof Health, P&DD and the EPA and conductedby technical experts in the related fields.Studies should also be conducted onindustrial areas adjacent to the coast andwater channels to determine the level ofeffluent being discharged into the sea as wellas the effect on the surrounding environmentincluding land, air, and noise pollution. Relatedto this is the need for a system to monitor thelevel of pollution and increased research toquantify health risks to the human population.
Waste Management
A strategy should be devised for the safedisposal of hospital waste in Sindh.Incinerators with huge capacities should bebuilt and shared by several hospitals inKarachi. They should be used with dueprovision for segregating the type of waste,and finally burying the incinerated matter inseparate landfills, and not in commonmunicipal landfills, as there is always a chanceof waste poisoning the underground waterresources. The Sindh EPA and the localgovernment have adopted a set of guidelinesin this regard but they need to focus oneffective implementation mechanisms on thesaid regulations. The establishment of a
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system of Integrated Solid WasteManagement (ISWM) including hospital wastemanagement that uses a selection ofappropriate techniques, technologies, andmanagement programmes is also necessary.
Supporting Actions
● Increased capacity, awareness, andregulation of the informal medical sector onissues pertaining to environmental health.
● Awareness raising among healthprofessionals on the link betweenenvironmental hazards and healthproblems to create greater awarenessamong people in this regard.
● The Provincial Local Government andRural Development Department and theDepartment of Health should develop andimplement an effective waste managementsystem in all health care facilities.
Water Treatment
There is a need to establish a treatmentsystem to ensure that effluent is treated
before being discharged into freshwatersources. Also needed is the establishment ofadequate testing facilities in key locationswhere the problem is more pronounced.Water and sanitation departments shouldtherefore be separated and each given itsown mandate.
Establishment of new industries should besubject to the provision of pretreatment plantson their sites and their licenses should belinked to safety and environmentalrequirements. Established industries shouldbe given a time-frame to install suchpretreatment plants and should be subject topenalties for non-compliance.
Supporting Actions
● Conducting water audits at local levels toensure maintenance of sewer and watersupply lines to prevent leakage andmixing; this would include housingauthorities and cantonment boards.Information should be disseminated at thehousehold level with a particular focus ongender roles as women can conservewater in many ways at the household level.
Waste generation continues to grow throughout Sindh
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● Establishing urban wastewater treatmentplants for re-use and recycling.
● Notifying National Water Quality Standardsand updating the NEQS. Currently,UNICEF is working on water and sanitationstandards and is in the process of hiring aconsultant in this regard.
Toxic Emissions
Alternatives need to be provided to substitutehigh emission fuels with low emission fuels instationary and non-stationary sources to checkair pollution. In addition, the use of unleadedfuel should be promoted, through a policy ofbanning lead paint, lead pipes, lead batteries,and lead pencils. The preparation of a transportpolicy to address air and noise pollution andother issues related to environmental health inurban centres of Sindh ƒ including rules forambulances and fire brigades ƒ needs to beput in place. In addition, the capacity of theEPA should be enhanced for effectivemonitoring of pollution, especially in the case ofindustries. This can be done by providing it
with funding and training to set up air qualitymonitoring cells in various urban areas. Lawsmust be implemented to ensure that vehiclesare properly tuned and conform with standards;violators must be fined. In this regard thecapacity of the traffic police needs to beenhanced.
Hygienic Practices forAnimal Husbandry
It is imperative to revise current legislation anddevise new legislation regarding animal healthand welfare standards. This includes provisionsfor the establishment of increased numbers ofanimal hospitals and sanctuaries in all districts.Increased attention must be paid to vaccinationof stray animals as well as regulationsregarding livestock and pet vaccination.
Supporting Actions
● Regulating slaughterhouse practices toinclude safe disposal of waste andrecycling options.
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Air pollution is a major environmental hazard
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● Monitoring the transport of meat andensuring refrigeration in vehicles.
Public Awareness Raising
This needs much attention as at present thelinks between environmental degradation andhuman health are not understood properly.Education and awareness raising amongwomen on environmental health concerns andthe positive roles they can play in thecommunity and at the household level are amust in this regard. This should besupplemented with increased attention tomaternal and mother/child health quality. Themedia is a very good conduit for providing
environmental health information to the publicat large and they must be used for this work.
Supporting Actions
● Incorporating environmental health issuesand programmes through the Departmentof Education into primary and secondaryschool curricula.
● Increasing greening campaigns in urbanand rural areas including tree plantation inindustrial areas, residential areas, and innew government development projectswith involvement at the community levelfor such initiatives.
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Civil SocietyC H A P T E R 1 6
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akistan has a growing civil society that plays a lead role
in helping to define social and economic opportunities as
well as guiding development processes in various social
sectors. NGOs have been the most effective as they
have succeeded in opening up channels of
communication and cooperation between governments,
funding agencies, and international institutions. They have also
highlighted important development issues that were previously
ignored due to government failure and have offered to work hand-in-
hand to become part of the solution to these problems. Their
emergence has given people the opportunity to participate in the
development process at the grassroots level, particularly in light of
the failures and instability of the political process. In addition, the
media have played a prominent role in forming and changing public
opinion on various important issues.
BackgroundTraditionally, NGOs and CBOs in Sindh were registered under the Voluntary Social WelfareAgencies Registration Ordinance, 1961. Today, many of them prefer to register under the TrustAct, 1882, as it is easier and less time consuming. Registration under the Societies Act, 1860, byNGOs working in rural Sindh was difficult because registration authorities were based in cities.
There are significant differences in the mandates and activities of NGOs operating in urban andrural Sindh. While rural NGOs are primarily involved in service provision and developing modelsof service delivery through community participation, urban NGOs are working towards initiatingpolicy changes through advocacy. Another important aspect of the sector in Sindh is theincreasing interest in environmental issues which have been tackled by NGOs and CBOs and aclose liaison has developed between them and the media as a result.
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The media are also another sector that haspicked up momentum in the last decade. Withthe advent of numerous independent TVchannels, newspapers, and magazines andrelaxation in censorship rules, information isnow reaching a wide audience. Consequently,people are better informed about the changingglobal and national scenarios. The media havealso played an active role in highlighting manyissues that previously were not prioritized,leading to changes in attitudes and opinionsand eventually policy revision.
It can be asserted that the present interactionbetween NGOs, the provincial government,and the media on all major developmentissues in Sindh is the result of the work of anactive and collaborative civil society.
ISSUES
Lack of Trust
The development of NGOs is still viewed withsuspicion and hostility by traditional religiousinstitutions, charity organizations, and thegovernment. On the other hand, NGOs
mistrust government officials and thus there isa lack of coordination in developmentschemes.
Financial Capacity
Funding, a major constraint, is dependent ondonors, usually from outside Pakistan.Funding is based on donors» priorities andoften may not be in line with the mandates ofthe NGOs or CBOs. There is a similar problemwith government funding as this also entailslack of autonomy. Moreover, funds foradministrative purposes or capital expensesare rare ƒ without funds, the NGO/CBO is notsustainable. Organizations have receivedfunds but there is no proper and result-basedutilization of them. Furthermore, most smallvillage-based CBOs lack the capacity tomanage funds; this has led to cases ofimproper or inadequate accounting, ultimatelyimpacting both on their sustainability and theirprofessional reputations.
The same problem is faced by the academeand other non-state civil society organizations,which results in understaffing with noincentive packages to work effectively.
Civil society is guiding the development process in various sectors
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Organizational Constraints
There are no effective monitoring mechanismsin most Civil Society Organizations (CSOs).Artificial mechanisms like the Pakistan Centrefor Philanthropy (PCP) certification exist, butrequire more legitimacy. Technical skills suchas community mobilization, politicalawareness, technical expertise,documentation, accounting, and monitoring foroperating programmes are not readilyavailable. Even when they are available, theyare unaffordable for most small levelorganizations. Accountability and transparency,especially in account keeping, are also a weakarea. Organizations that have been focusing onsuch activities as monitoring, evaluation, andperformance indicators, have turned intoNGOs themselves and taken on projectsleading to either duplication or monopolizationin these areas.
Many times NGOs work in isolation, whichlimits the scope of their activities, theirmultiplier effect, and results in duplication.Lack of effective communication channelswith the public and private sectors to ensure
greater coordination and support for relevantprogrammes is also a constraint.
The academia also forms a part of civilsociety. Many organizations such as the SindhEducation Foundation, Teachers» ResourceCentre, and Institute for EducationalDevelopment (IED) have worked diligently topromote education in all areas. However, theacademia, including higher educationinstitutions, has not played a very active rolein mobilizing public opinion and changingattitudes owing to limited capacity and lack ofincentives.
PROPOSEDINTERVENTIONSEffective Management CapacityFrequently, despite pursuing worthy goals, anorganization is unable to fulfil its obligationsdue to weak management capacity. Thisproblem is inherent in most CSOs and shouldbe improved through more courses on NGOmanagement in MBA programmes,development studies, and other university
Civil society has the potential to mobilize public opinion
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level degrees related to the social services»sector. Also, there should greater focus onimproving the existing management capacityof local NGO professionals throughinvolvement in training courses in these fields that could span topics such as financialaccountability, human resource management, and flexible, adaptivemanagement styles.
Supporting Action
● Establishing rural-based training institutes,particularly in areas where there are manyNGOs and CBOs.
Image Building
There should be greater focus on awarenessraising in terms of the work being done byCSOs and the themes that they are pursuing.There is a need for image building,considering the misconceptions of thegovernment and religious segments of society.This can be done through effectivecommunications channels like radio,television, the Internet, and the print media aswell as through networking.
Research and Documentation
There is a need for greater research on civilsociety as a development concept, whichneeds to be analysed in detail. In broad termscivil society does not just encompass NGOs,but also includes voluntary associations, tradeunions, the academe, and other non-stateplayers. Specifically it is important todocument the work of NGOs and CBOs inrural and urban areas including the impact oftheir work, capacity mapping and assessmentas well as the linkages to grassroots andpolicy levels. Organizations should be formedthat focus on effectively streamliningknowledge management systems within CSOsto ensure that their experiences are effectivelycollected, documented, and stored. Also,CSOs should be facilitated to develop andupdate their websites for effective informationdissemination.
Developing Linkages for FundingBoth the public sector and NGOs shouldexplore linkages with the private sector for
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Civil society organisations use a range of mediums, including theater, for awareness raising
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funding, particularly with Corporate SocialResponsibility (CSR) gaining momentum inmultinationals accustomed to such practices inforeign countries. This concept stems from theidea that the private sector needs to take anactive role in socio-economic development,mainly through investment in the areas thatthey are working in. It would thus be effectivefor the government to encourage this bymaking examples of certain organizations andhighlighting their achievements to encouragesimilar behaviour in the market. The concept ofCSR must be pursued with all public andprivate sector organizations and it must beincorporated in organizational mechanisms.
The GoS should ensure social investmentfrom various sources with the DCC (District
Coordination Committee) so that it collectsall funds and distributes them todevelopment projects accordingly. There is aneed for greater support by the governmentand an increase in partnerships for keydevelopment areas to ensure greaterparticipation and grassroots support forgovernment programmes. Theserelationships can be based on models|similar to those of public/privatepartnerships.
Supporting Action
● Establishing the Sindh NGO fund tostreamline funding from the governmentand other sources for development andenvironmental activities.
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Building on the strengths of stakeholders through public-private partnership
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Population andHealth
C H A P T E R 1 7
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overty and environment are intrinsically linked to
population. Over one-third of Pakistanis are living below
poverty line. Pakistan»s total population is estimated at
148.72 million with a decreased annual growth rate of
1.9 percent per annum. The total fertility rate began to
decline during the 1996 to 2000 period from 6.8 children
per woman in the early 1960s to 4.8 children per woman by 2000.
This is due to the aggressive population control policies adopted by
the government and civil society, which made contraceptives
available to a wider populace. This was coupled with awareness-
raising campaigns and increased health facilities around the country.
Despite the progress, there is still a long way to go considering that
awareness about family planning is about 97. The overall vision of
the Population policy is to achieve population stabilization by 2020.
In Sindh the target is to reduce the population growth rate (PGR)
from 2.31% in 2002-03 to 1.76% by the end of 2007-08. This can
also be met by ensuring continuous use of contraception increasing
the existing contraceptive prevalance rate (CPR) of 34 percent in
2002-03 to 44.78 percent.
ISSUES
Rapid Urbanization
Almost half of Sindh»s population of 30 million lives in the urban areas of the province. The urbanpopulation is increasing at a faster pace (3.5 percent per year) than the rural population (2.2percent per year) due to migration and few economic opportunities and facilities in the ruralareas. The rural√urban divide is particularly pronounced and socio-economic developmentindicators are much higher in the urban areas as opposed to the rural areas. The urbaninfrastructure, however, is still unable to handle the current population pressure with insufficienthousing, transport, education, and health facilities. The rising population is also adding toenvironmental pressures in the form of pollution and solid and liquid waste, creating dangerousliving conditions for humans and wildlife.
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Demographic Profile
Another problem facing Pakistan in generaland Sindh in particular is related todemographics. The adolescent population,due to the high level of fertility over the lastfew decades, is very high putting pressure onsocio-economic facilities as well as onemployment opportunities. There are noprovisions for schooling, healthcare centres,and vocational training institutes to cater tothe demands of this population.
PROPOSEDINTERVENTIONSPolicy Policies need to address adolescent needs, as43 percent are in this category. In order todeal with the burgeoning adolescentpopulation, the government»s main concernsshould be schooling, health care, andvocational training institutes to ensure thatthey can become productive members ofsociety. This needs to be coupled with thecapacity building of managers and service
providers (medical staff, administrators,traditional and non-traditional hakims,) to dealwith the problems associated with lowcontraceptive use ƒ including social stigma,family pressure, and ignorance. The federalgovernment recently held an ulemaconference on population planning in order tofurther the population policy agenda throughreligious channels in the country. This is apositive step as it will serve to addresscultural and religious misperceptions relatedto family planning and large families.
Additionally, there is a need to attain abalance between resources and poulationwithin the broad parameters of the ICPDparadigm. At the same time the variousdimensions of the population issue like theadverse consequences of rapid populationgrowth; promotion of family planning basedon informed and voluntary choice; promotingbirth spacing and delaying the first birth;harnessing support, cooperation andinvolvement of men in family planning;provision of access to quality contraceptiveproducts and servcies etc, need to beaddressed within the national laws anddevelopment priorities to increase ownershipof these issues by the various stakeholders.
Efforts should also be made to decentralizeprogramme management and service deliveryto provincial and district levels so thatavailability of the four prioritized areas of thereporductive health package which include:family planning, safe motherhood, infanthealth and RTI/STDs through nationwidedelivery outlets in both the public and privatesectors can be ensured..
The same messages can be spread andgreater impact achieved on generationsentering the reporductive age through family lifeeducation programme in schools and colleges.
Increase in Health Facilities
There is a need for common health facilitiesand population programmes that are morepeople-centered than traget-oriented, alongwith proper monitoring/evaluation in the ruralhealth centres at the taluka and district level inSindh. There is also a need to establish familywelfare centres and greater use of womenThere is a dire need to upgrade health facilities
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health visitors in rural areas. These rural healthcentres also should collect data related tocurrent programmes, people»s needs, causesof common health ailments, medicinal side-effects,, misconceptions, and myths. Lack offemale medical staff is a great constraint toimproving the state of reproductive health ofwomen in these areas. There is a need forincreased public√private partnerships in thisfield to make effective use of existing servicesand to provide additional services. Mosthealth sectors are focused in the urban areasso the priority of the government should beshifted to improving the state of the ruralhealth sector. This would require providingstaff with extra incentives to work in ruralareas. Increasing the level of services and
improving the quality of existing servicedelivery facilities in rural areas with regard toreproductive health are mandatory.
There is also a need to build strongpartnerships with concerned provincial linedepartment, particularly the health, non-governmental organizations and the privatesector including the industrial sector tomaintian standards in family planning byproviding assistance/guidance and othermeans of particiaption and quality assurance.
Better results can be achieved by expandingthe role of the private sector through makingcontraceptives accessible and affordable bytheir local manufacture and social marketing.
*Physicians, surgeons, gynaecologists, paediatricians.Source: Sindh at a Glance, Bureau of Statistics, GoS
HHeeaalltthh FFaacciilliittiieess
TTYYPPEE OOFF IINNSSTTIITTUUTTIIOONNSS AAss oonn 11 JJaann 0022 AAss oonn 11 JJaann 0033
NNOOSS.. BBEEDDSS NNOOSS.. BBEEDDSS
HHOOSSPPIITTAALLSS 112233 1133 884411 112233 1133 884411
TEACHING, CIVIL, SPECIALIZEDMAJOR AND TALUKA 91 10.972 91 (R) 10 972 (R)
DEPARTMENTAL AND LOCAL BODIES 32 2 869 32 2 869
DDIISSPPEENNSSAARRIIEESS 11 118811 9944 11 119955 9944
GOVERNMENT 281 4 286 6
DEPARTMENTAL AND 900 90 909 88LOCAL BODIES
RRUURRAALL HHEEAALLTTHH CCEENNTTRREESS 9988 11 550000 9988 11 447744
BBAASSIICC HHEEAALLTTHH UUNNIITTSS 771199 11 448844 773388 11 552200
MMOOTTHHEERR && CCHHIILLDD 3377 1122 3377 1100
HHEEAALLTTHH CCEENNTTRREESS ((MMCCHH))
TT..BB.. CCLLIINNIICCSS 117744 .... 117744 ....
LLEEPPRROOSSYY CCLLIINNIICCSS 1166 .... 1166 ....
UUNNAANNII SSHHIIFFAAKKHHAANNAA 4411 .... 4411 ....
MMEEDDIICCAALL && PPAARRAAMMEEDDIICCAALL NNOOSS.. NNOOSS..SSTTAAFFFF
*SPECIALISTS 159 172GENERAL MEDICAL OFFICERS 7 588 7 588(R)DENTISTS 202 215NURSES 1 552 1 552(R)LHV 351 356MIDWIVES 536 868
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PovertyC H A P T E R 1 8
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ccording to the UN Human Development Report,
Pakistan is ranked 127 out of 162 countries in
the Human Development Index (HDI). Poverty in
Pakistan cannot be viewed in isolation. It is a problem
that cuts across all political, economic, and
social sectors.
BACKGROUNDPoverty has become a major issue in Sindh, where 50 percent of the population lives below thepoverty line and suffers from low calorie intake; low per capita income; unemployment;inadequate access to education, sanitation, and health facilities; unhygienic environments andinsecure access to natural resources. More importantly these people are the most vulnerable totrauma and natural disasters. Although economic vulnerability has not been comprehensivelymeasured for the province, there are indications that vulnerability differs significantly acrossagroclimatic zones and over two-thirds of the households in rural Sindh may be classified aseconomically vulnerable.
The poverty profile suggests that the typical poor household in rural areas has few assets orland, depends on waged income, and has a significantly larger household than the non-poor oreven compared with the average poor people of Pakistan. The poor also tend to be employedmostly in the formal sector in urban areas and as agricultural waged labourers in rural areas. Inrural Sindh, the concentration of poor is the highest among households where the head is anunpaid family worker, sharecropper, or owner/cultivator owning less than 2 ha of land (povertyheadcounts of 60, 50, and 40 percent respectively).
The poor suffer from low quality public services, especially in rural areas. They have relatively lowaccess to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities; they are less likely to use closed sourcesof drinking water, have toilets in the household, and be connected to the drainage system. Forexample, while 31 percent of the population of rural Pakistan is connected to drainage systems,the same is true for only 14 percent of the rural population of Sindh. More than 55 percent ofpublic elementary schools do not have water connections or toilet facilities. This has theimplications, given that rural poverty in Sindh is higher than the country average, that the ruralpoor suffer from especially severe lack of connectivity to critical facilities, which is likely to havea strong impact on their health.
A
The lack of infrastructure and access tohealth, sanitation, and education is furthercompounded by the increasing degradation ofnatural resources in the province. The poorespecially rely on natural resources for theirlivelihoods and as such are bearing the bruntof diminishing supplies of water, forests,fisheries, and agricultural land. In addition,waterlogging, salinity, and pollution ofwaterbodies ƒ due to zero treatment of urbaneffluents ƒ are causing health problems anddepriving people of their means of livelihood.Shortage of water from the Indus has led tomassive ecological damage to the IndusDelta, forcing the local population to movefrom their ancestral homes, and the loss ofmillions of acres of rich agricultural land to thesea. Poverty is further exacerbated by theunequal distribution of and access to privateand public assets.
ISSUESPoverty Assessments
Poverty is still assessed by conventionalindicators like income and consumptionlevels. However, these indices are limited asthey do not encompass all aspects of povertywhich include access to resources,empowerment, security, and vulnerability totrauma. The livelihood framework is beingused in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP) that measures a baseline for povertyincluding concepts like social, human, natural,political, and physical capital to determine aclear picture of all aspects of poverty. Therural√urban disparity also needs to beaddressed, particularly in Sindh as it is quitehigh here and separate strategies must bedeveloped to tackle the problems of both ruraland urban poverty.
Inadequate Information
Lack of data, ineffective management anddistribution of the existing data as well asinability to effectively monitor these data aremajor problems. This problem washighlighted at the national level and thereforea study was commissioned by the BoS andUNICEF in which 26 000 households weresurveyed in each province. The results arebeing collected and finalized. This informationis needed at district levels, in order to helpthe design of their own development plans. Another study entitled theDemographic and Health Survey has beenconducted by USAID.
Natural Resource Concerns
There is a need to identify the poor in variousagroclimatic zones as this has a strongcorrelation to the incidence of poverty (e.g.desert areas have more low-income groupsthan barrage areas).
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The World Bank has observed an average 0.5 percent decline every year in the per capita income inSindh since 1999. The per capita income in other parts of the country showed an average annual growthof 1.3 percent.
In a Concept Note prepared in October 2004, the World Bank has given a bird»s eye view of the prevailingeconomic situation in Sindh with particular reference to growing poverty, lawlessness and breakdown ofthe infrastructure. The bank has announced undertaking a study of the Sindh economy ≈to suggestpolicies and institutional reforms that can accelerate economic growth and reduce poverty∆. The maintheme would be to ≈create an enabling environment for strong, sustained and shared growth for Sindh∆.
The Note maintains that (i) Sindh is getting left behind other provinces in growth and development, (ii)Karachi»s problems are getting acute, (iii) the renewed countrywide focus on economic growth is yet tobe pursued with similar vigour at the provincial level. Sindh»s economy has grown slower than thenational economy, intra-provincial disparities have intensified and the province»s finances have beenunder severe stress
Source: World Bank Concept Note (2004)
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Access to natural resources is an integralfeature of subsistence livelihoods as poor andmarginalized people tend to be mostdependent upon them for both direct andindirect uses. Therefore the poor are mostaffected by degradation of natural resourcessuch as forests, fisheries, and wetlands. InSindh, poor people depend on the use ofnatural capital including different types oftrees for household and fodder use as well asan extra source of income during the time ofcrop failure. Waterlogging, salinity, andpollution of waterbodies are depriving peopleof their means of livelihood. People in Sindhare particularly hard-hit by deforestation. More importantly these people are the most vulnerable to trauma, especially theeffects of natural disasters like cyclones along the coastal belt of Sindh.
Access to Basic Services
Lack of access to education, sanitation, healthfacilities, an unhygienic environment as well aspoor infrastructure are major problems for thedisadvantaged in Sindh. The quality of life andaccess to health and education need properconsideration, especially for women. There arealso no ≈safety nets∆ to provide for thesubsistence needs of the very poor.Infrastructure has a strong link to poverty inthat communities not linked by roads are morevulnerable than others owing to few income-earning opportunities and reduced access tomarkets.
Water Resources
Shortage of water from the Indus has led tomassive ecological damage to the delta,forcing the local population to move from theirancestral homes and the loss of millions ofacres of rich agricultural land to the sea. Theshortage has also adversely affected wateravailability for urban areas, as much of Sindh»s subsoil water aquifer is saline. The problem of insufficient access to water resources is particularly pronouncedamong lower income groups. With low water supplies, poverty is compounded bylimited income-earning opportunities and poor health caused by polluted water.
PROPOSEDINTERVENTIONSStrategies for Rural PovertyAlleviation
There is a need to develop a strategy for ruralpoverty alleviation. Also, there is a need tofocus on the creation of jobs in the rural non-agricultural sector as many people in rural areasare not automatically absorbed into theagricultural sector. Agricultural growth strategiestherefore must focus on support mechanismsfor small farmers to ensure protection againstthe implications of the WTO regime. Thesecould include increased access to technology,subsidies, credit, and safety nets. Due toskewed land distribution, income sourcesindependent of land must be promoted anddeveloped. This could include the developmentof SMEs and home-based cottage industries.
Supporting Actions
● Introducing a minimum wage law for theagricultural sector, including workers»protection and non-wage benefits.
Rural areas lag far behind urban centres in development
● Examining and refining current agriculturalpricing policies to ensure maximumbenefits for small farmers.
Research and Development
There is a need to identify lower income groupsthrough research and to develop reliableindicators for income/consumption levels.These indicators would provide data and help inthe analysis of the incidence of poverty acrossagroclimatic zones, in relation to property rightsand gender dimensions. The BoS should bestrengthened to collect data at the district level,compile them at the provincial level, and thenpass the information on various aspects relatedto poverty to the federal level. Currently, work isbeing conducted to develop uniform indicatorsamong all provinces to ensure that data oncecollected can be effectively compared andunderstood in this context.
Supporting Actions
● Research on links between agriculturalgrowth, rural development, and poverty.
● Research to understand safety netsavailable to poorer households in time oftrauma.
Education and PublicAwarenessThere is a need to link poverty alleviationprojects to the education sector to ensurethat the needs of lower income groups arebeing addressed by educational facilities inSindh. People should be provided withaccess to quality education at all levels. Thereneeds to be a greater focus on the informaleducation sector as well as technical andvocational training institutes to ensure thatappropriate marketable skills are being taughtto local communities to make them self-sufficient. These training institutes shouldalso coordinate their programmes withindustry and market needs. In addition,activities at the policy level and thecommunity level must be undertaken toincrease people»s knowledge and informationregarding the sustainable use of naturalresources. This is particularly applicable to
those sectors where people depend onnatural resources for their livelihoods.
Supporting Actions
● Introducing issues of poverty and causesinto a larger political debate in order tobring about the necessary social changesrequired to implement fundamental socialand economic rights.
Policy and Legislation
It is crucial to immediately implement therecommendations of the Sindh PRSP andundertake Strategic Environmental Assessmentof its related initiatives. It is also important tostrengthen the local governance systems anddevelop policy structures to ensure that the poorhave access to resources, income, health, andeducation. This should be done simultaneouslywith capacity building and raising the awarenessof local government departments. This aspectneeds to be taken down to the district level anddistrict implementation plans should bestrengthened. The district government should beresponsible for all development plans and theirimplementation. The issues of access andproperty rights also should be addressed,through legislation and the implementation ofthat legislation. Due to the lack ofimplementation of current laws, there is a needfor a review of legislation, identification oflegislative barriers, and development ofappropriate implementation mechanisms toaddress these constraints. Emphasis on thedevelopment of pro-poor macro-economicpolicies is necessary in consultation withstakeholders to support these initiatives in allsectors.
Supporting Actions
● Raising awareness about laws, particularlyin local languages.
● Linking the work of civil society to thegovernment through increased focus oncollaborative efforts to ensure that people are not working in isolation;increased support from the governmentfor such initiatives.
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● Implementing monitoring and evaluationmanuals, computerizing them, and trainingpeople to use these resources effectively.
Natural Resource ManagementIncreased access to natural capital is crucial toalleviating rural poverty given the dependencyof households on a variety of ecological goodsand services. Therefore there is a need to linkmanagement of forests, agriculture, wetlands,coastal areas, and rangeland, to povertyalleviation programmes. This should alsoinclude analysis of the current policyframework, identification of gaps, andimplementation of current policies andprogrammes, with community involvement.
The water distribution system needs to beequitable in Sindh with special focus onlower income and marginalized groups,particularly in the rural areas. There is a needto identify particularly vulnerablecommunities and develop appropriateinterventions in these areas on a prioritybasis via the rehabilitation of the currentwater supply system; new projects shouldalso be developed. However, it is anaccepted fact that water shortages areoccurring worldwide and the same is true forPakistan. The water in the Indus has seenconsistent decline over the past decade orso and this trend is expected to worsen.While it is crucial that Sindh gets it deservedshare of Indus water, it is also necessary tothink of alternative strategies during years oflow water availability. During such times, itmight be judicious to consider strategieswhere the agricultural sector in the lowerriparian area is compensated with money forits unequal share of water. Thiscompensation could be in the form of taxholidays or an increased amount of fundsfrom the NFC. Such a trade-off would assistthe agricultural sector to use the funding thusobtained to install new agriculturaltechnology such as drip irrigation or salt-tolerant crops in order to set up a system ofalternative livelihoods for the poor farmers ifnecessary. As a prerequisite to this
approach, an economic survey must beconducted to assess the revenue generatedfrom agriculture during periods of sufficientwater availability and comparing this to thelosses incurred during water shortages. Sucha survey would assist in providing baselinefigures on which compensation for Sindhduring water shortage years can becalculated.
Alternative LivelihoodProgrammesTo target poverty alleviation, alternativelivelihood programmes must be developedespecially for vulnerable people. This requiresanalysis of vulnerable areas to developprojects after a comprehensive needs»assessment according to local requirementsand seasonal variations. Projects need tohighlight budgetary requirements and shouldbe pursued in conjunction with thecommunity, private, and public sectorsthroughout the province in the fields ofagriculture, livestock, and cottage industries.These projects should support people»stimetables and remain flexible to account forchanging needs.
Supporting Actions
● Encouraging indigenous technology andcrops to ensure sustainability andsuitability to the climate.
Increased Access to Credit
Also necessary is an increase in projectsrelated to micro credit and additional technicalsupport training in fields where people canuse this credit for appropriate incomeopportunities, along with effective monitoringand evaluation of these initiatives. Thereshould be increased collaborative efforts inthe public√private sector, particularly in ruralsettings, to ensure adequate credit invulnerable areas on a priority basis. Increasedaccess to credit will help to increase accessto land capital for the poor, which will assistpoverty alleviation.
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GenderC H A P T E R 1 9
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he basic definition of gender encompasses issues
relating to both men and women. In the past, gender
policies that have meant to improve the conditions of
women have concentrated solely on them, failing to
recognize that true change will arise through joint
collaborative efforts that infuse gender concerns into
initiatives related to both men and women. The framework that has
traditionally been applied to this issue is that of Women in
Development, which encourages policies that promote separate
projects for women. The current focus worldwide in this field is on
projects that focus on Gender and Development that attempt to
infuse gender into all socio-economic projects and look at both
women»s and men»s roles. This has proved to be more effective in
mainstreaming the concerns of women into overall policy. The
inclusion of men in all levels of gender mainstreaming initiatives is
imperative for their sustainability. Gender has also been infused into
the different sections of the SSSD to ensure that the concerns are
highlighted across the board in the areas of agriculture, population,
poverty, industrial development, and urban issues, among others.
There is considerable diversity among both men and women according to class structure,rural√urban divide, ethnic background, educational level, and income groups, which determinestheir social, economic, and political development. The condition of women in the urban areas ofSindh is far better than their rural counterparts with regard to access to basic services like water,electricity, education, employment, and health facilities. In terms of government policy, womenare still confined to their productive roles as mothers and not in terms of their contribution tohousehold economy, which limits investment into gender-based social development.
Women in Sindh lag behind men because of social, cultural, and traditional norms. This isparticularly persistent in this province owing to cultural traditions like honour killing, which isfrequently reported in the interior. A low literacy rate, high birth rate, poor health, low lifeexpectancy, and non-recognition of their work within and outside the family unit ƒ all areindicators of high poverty levels and are some of the common characteristics that illustrate theneglect of women in Sindh, despite their vital contribution to the economy of the province.
T
Women are particularly hard hit by the effectsof environmental degradation because theyare primarily responsible for the fetching ofwater, fuelwood, and fodder to provide for theneeds of the household. It is for this reasonthat it is necessary to incorporate genderparticipation at all levels in projects related tothe conservation of natural resources andissues of gender justice in environmentalinitiatives. There must be sufficient provisionfor them in services, including agriculturalextension and credit, to further encouragethem to progress in their respective fields. Theremoval of constraints such as the exclusivityof male agricultural extension workers or therequirement of a male guarantor for creditcould help improve conditions for women.Also, women»s health is negatively impactedby various environmental factors includingexposure to increased pesticide and fertilizeruse in the field, which have led to theincreasing incidence of problems like infertilityand stillbirth. Owing to inadequate access tohealth services, particularly in rural areas,these issues have a profound impact indecreasing the quality of life of women.
Women can be seen as agents of change dueto their roles in changing attitudes andbehaviour patterns, particularly with regard toenvironmental issues. In India, women in ruralareas have played key roles in environmentalcampaigns at the community level toencourage the widespread use of sustainablefarming practices and water conservation atfield and household levels. There is greatpotential for such activities in Sindh as well butsome constraints are low levels of literacy andeducation that make it difficult to use modes ofcommunication like TV, radio, and print mediato increase awareness. The development ofsmall women»s groups in rural and urban areascould help in such a campaign.
There are strong links between population andgender equity, which can be gauged by thefact that as women»s rights over decision-making increase, there is a subsequentdecline in birth levels. Therefore, the removalof constraints to women»s development aswell as instilling cultural change thatrecognizes the worth of women having anequal share in decision-making at thehousehold level, will go a long way in
achieving goals related to population policy.This field, like no other, illustrates the need forinclusion of men and women in policies thataim to change personal behaviour.
In terms of political growth, strides have beenmade with the inclusion of women»s seats atprovincial and national levels. But greaterchange in the political process will arise fromgrassroots empowerment of women»s groups.Currently, this process is at a nascent stagewhere women are perceived more as tokenrepresentatives rather than as politicaldecision-makers. The main gender concernswithin the government include weak policiesthat are not gender sensitive, inefficientplanning, and low levels of programme andproject implementation related to gender aswell as the fact that there has been noinstitutionalization of gender issues intotraditional forms like PC 1 and PC 2documents. Also, due to the low rate ofparticipation in most governmentdepartments, facilities for women are limited,which further discourages women fromworking in these areas in which their greaterrepresentation is needed.
The Women Development Ministry hasrecently proposed the Gender Reform ActionPlan (GRAP), which has been approved by thefederal cabinet. This plan will be implementedin two phases of two years each; it will costthe government Rs.700 million and will befunded fully by the federal government. In thisplan, gender sections will be established inkey ministries like law and planning divisions,finance, information, and labour departmentswith staff to oversee gender concerns andinitiatives in a comprehensive manner.
According to the plan, Rs.250 million of the firstallocation of Rs.300 million would go to theprovinces, which would then transfer thefunding to the district governments. Theprovinces would work out the GRAP accordingto their specific requirements. The governmenthas also recently agreed to have a 10 percentquota for women for induction in the CSS,besides those that come on the basis of merit.The GRAP calls for at least two womenmembers in the Federal Public ServiceCommission (FPSC) and also a 20 percentwomen»s representation in parliamentary
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committees. The key areas of focus of theGRAP include political, administrative,institutional, policy, and fiscal matters as wellas public sector employment. This plan alsofocuses on mainstreaming gender equalityperspectives across public policies, laws,programmes, and projects by variousstakeholders in the field, most prominently thegovernment, to ensure that women»s interestsand needs are adequately represented in publicpolicy formulation and related programmes.
ISSUES
Labour Force Participation
Women»s labour participation continues to lagbehind men in all sectors. Frequently, womenare working but because much of the workthey do is invisible, it goes unrecognized andunrecorded. This is ironic, considering it isprimarily women who cultivate and harvest thefood crops necessary for householdconsumption, but with no additional income.Inequality and gender segregation within thehousehold mean that they cannot participatedirectly in the fruits of their labour, or derive
any major financial benefits from it. Labourmarket conditions are usually unfavourable forthe female labour force in many developingcountries. Their contribution towardseconomic development is also notacknowledged. Murky perceptions on theactual economic impact of women»sproductive roles limit investment in gender-based social development schemes.
Inadequate Data
Accurate data pertaining to their economiccontribution are also not available. This isperhaps the most glaring error on the part ofdevelopment planners, who choose to ignorethis fact. Without both accurate and substantialdata regarding women, it is impossible to comeup with a holistic and effective strategy tocombat poverty. In essence then, suchstrategies are very conveniently addressingonly part of the population, leaving the otherhalf with no access to the proposed remedies.Official figures are sketchy and mostlyinaccurate, and do not include a largeproportion of women who are employed on acasual labour basis, especially in rural areas, aswell as in the home-based sectors.
The contribution of women in the agriculture sector awaits due acknowledgment
IUC
NP
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Gender Disparity
It is unanimously accepted that low levels ofeducation lead to high levels of poverty.Although one can argue that high levels ofeducation can still lead to high levels ofpoverty because of high unemployment ratesin a sagging economy, the fact does arisethat enrolment rates for boys far outweighthose of girls. In many cases, parents arewilling to send their daughters to school, butsocial conditions such as lack of propertransport facilities or even proper schools,stop them from doing so. In such cases, theobvious choice for parents is to send theirsons to school, who are not only viewed asfuture income earners, but also as having the ability to withstand the harsh conditions that our current state schoolsystem offers.
Legislative Bias
Legislative barriers negatively affect theconditions of women including the HudoodOrdinance, the Qisas and Diyat Ordinancerelated to cultural customs like Karo Kari, aswell as inheritance laws. Any discussion onthese issues is met with stiff resistance,particularly from religious parties whoconsider opposition to these laws a form of blasphemy.
PROPOSEDINTERVENTIONSDefining GenderIt is imperative that the implications of theterm ≈gender∆ be understood. In actuality, thisterm encompasses both men and women.This is a very important distinction to make,as it impacts directly on the manyprogrammes and initiatives undertaken forwomen that choose to neglect men. If studiedclosely, poverty affects not just women, but anentire household. In a society where nearabsolute decision-making authority lies in thehands of men, one cannot isolate them fromthe process of poverty alleviation. Theories ofhousehold economics need to be applied toensure that women»s participation in the
labour force and to household finances is fully appreciated.
Supporting Actions
● Increasing research on gender concernsalong cross-sectoral lines and examiningthe roles of women in agriculture,livestock, and industries.
● Increasing research on women»s roles innatural resource management includinganalysis of productive roles, constraints totheir advancement, technical trainingprogrammes, and recommendations forimproving the conditions of women inthese fields.
● Increasing research using the NewHousehold Economics model, whichexamines women»s and men»s productiveroles within the family unit along withdecision-making processes to help in thedesign of effective policies.
● Analysing innovative, long-term economicopportunities for women including agro-based cottage industries, off-seasoncultivation of vegetables, horticulture andfloriculture in rural areas, bee-keeping,dairy production as well as involvement inservice provision like healthcare workers,agricultural extension workers, and ruralcredit officers.
Gender Sensitivities
Gender empowerment and mainstreamingactivities are high on the priorities of foreigndonors. Yet, it is activities such as these thatdo not incorporate the sensitivities thatsurround the relationship between men andwomen in Pakistani society, both rural andurban. These gaps in understanding socialand cultural processes are often what leadmen, and in turn whole communities, toreject many community- or women-orienteddevelopment programmes, as they feel thatthey can undermine their authority. This is why many poverty alleviation programmes that try to address the needs ofwomen, have so far not achievedoverwhelming success.
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Supporting Actions
● Building the capacity of government staffon such issues as gender assessment,gender needs» training, and genderinfusion into policies and projects.
● Developing gender indicators to reflect theeconomic position of both men andwomen and the areas that need to beexamined related to legal status, humanrights, health status, and economicempowerment levels.
● Raising awareness related to genderconcerns among relevant parties whichinclude the media, religious communityleaders, rural groups, political parties, andthe private sector.
Legislation
There should be greater support for theanalysis and review of those laws that arenegatively affecting the conditions of womenin the country. Many past commissionsincluding the National Commission for theStatus of Women have recommended therepeal of these laws. Their recommendationsneed to be implemented. There is a need toencourage the development of laws thatsupport women in different spheres of life ƒrelated to marriage, employment, andinheritance issues ƒ with the involvement ofgender experts as well as religious scholars toensure greater support and acceptance of any changes.
Sectoral Coordination
There have been some very positive initiativesthat have tried to both bridge the gender gapand provide women with economicempowerment. Most notably, credit-related
activities have seen a high success rateamong women. The provision of creditfacilities to women and the spirit of self-entrepreneurship is one that is most effectivein removing women from the cycle of povertyin the long term.
Women have major roles to play in populationpolicy, environmental initiatives, and politicalprocess as well as in poverty alleviationprojects. Women can be mobilized as agentsof change for issues like conservation of waterand sustainable farming practices. Due to theirclose ties to natural resource management,policy-makers need to involve women tofurther the goals for sustainable development.The provision of services and capacity buildingof women»s groups is essential for achievingthis goal. It is important for the infusion ofprojects related to gender needs in some keyareas where women are involved in work, suchas the agricultural, livestock, industrial, andcottage industries» sectors.
Supporting Actions
● Increasing coordination betweengovernment programmes on women»sdevelopment and the work being done bycivil society at the grassroots level.
● Exploring options for increasing women»squotas in public sector employment.According to the Convention on theElimination of All Forms of DiscriminationAgainst Women (CEDAW), there is arequirement to ensure a 5 percent quotain public sector institutions.
● Increasing capacity building among women»sgroups on issues related to water conservation,environmental degradation, wastemanagement, composting, forestry, populationpolicies and poverty alleviation schemes.
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EducationC H A P T E R 2 0
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ducation has been hailed as the key to the progress of
any economy, contributing to improvement in the quality
of life and the size of labour pools. Undoubtedly,
education is a right for all men and women. However in
Pakistan, the aggregate ratio is still skewed towards
educating boys and girls» education, although steadily
improving, is still not given much importance. This is further
exacerbated by the fact that the state»s allocations for schooling
facilities for boys far outnumbers that for girls at both the primary
and secondary levels. Poor infrastructure and inadequate teaching
facilities add to the plethora of problems that are limiting progress in
the field of education in Sindh.
BACKGROUND
Literacy rates have shown a marked improvement in the province for both men and women overthe last ten years with the figures for Karachi being 71.7 percent for men and 71.4 percent forwomen with a provincial average of 65.2 percent. However, the indices of education cannotsimply rely on the availability of infrastructural facilities, but have to also take into account themode and quality of instruction. For example, income group disparities mean that students canbe enrolled in public, private, and madrassah schools with disparities among languages ofinstruction ƒ English, Urdu, or Sindhi ƒfurther affecting the level of education. Even withinEnglish medium schools, there are two types of systems: matriculation with the local board ofeducation and the Cambridge examination system.
The education sector has always been placed low on the government»s list of priorities with theamount earmarked for this sector decreasing every year, despite economic growth. Adisinvestment policy was evident from the 1990s when international donor agencies stepped in topromote the concept of public√private partnership. With increased private sector involvement inthe field of education, quality has improved but the dichotomy is all the more pronounced with thequality of government-run schools being much below that of more expensive private institutions.
Environmental education has yet to be formally integrated or infused into curricula. There havebeen no specific allocations for environmental education at the government level so far eventhough the NCS does term it as a priority area. In the Eighth Five-Year Plan, (1993-98), aseparate provision for environment was made for the first time. This amounted to Rs.3.53 billion,or 0.5 percent of the federal budget. Privately-owned educational institutions have been quiteactively involved in environmental education. Most of them use textbooks prepared abroad, andare able to carry out environmental activities. Yet, there is a need for Education for SustainableDevelopment (ESD) to be formally incorporated into curricula in a systematic manner.
E
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ISSUESIssues in the education sector in Sindh areprimarily associated with a lack oforganization and planning. There arenumerous public sector facilities availablesuch as technical and vocational centres,primary school buildings, teacher-trainingcentres and programmes. However, none ofthem has ever been utilized to their fullpotential, nor have they been adequatelyfunded. Instead, a parallel system ofeducation, fed by the private sector anddonor-led projects, has been functioning,creating income disparity and varying degreesof quality.
Donor-led Programmes
Introduction of donor funding to education hasbegun to have an impact on governmentfunds, which appear to be decreasing ƒ in
2001 and 2002, Rs.1 150 million that wasearmarked for education was reduced toRs.643 million by the provincial government.However, there is also an issue with theproper utilization of these funds, especiallythose coming from donors, which are primarilyproject driven. The major problem lies with theweak coordination between the donoragencies, leading to duplication of projectsand involvement of more than one entity inexecution of the projects.
Inconsistent Levels of Quality
As there are two parallel systems ofeducation, i.e. public and private sectormodes, there are also two different levels ofquality. Those who can afford to attend privateschools and universities are exposed toEnglish medium instruction and perhaps morerefined curricula. Those that attend the publicsystem have to be content with outdatedcurricula and inexperienced teachers.
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There has recently been renewed debate about the difference between ≈literacy∆ (the ability to readand write) and ≈education∆ (inter alia the ability to learn about various knowledge systems and socialrelations). The issue of quality is considered to be of greater value than quantity. What is the point ofestablishing thousands of schools if they cannot even teach a child how to read or write? Schools donot have to operate within the chardiwari of cement buildings, as long as what is being taught isprogressive and inspiring. Children huddled under the open sky beneath the shade of a tree followingthe alphabet on a makeshift blackboard, can be as effective as uniformed children using the latest intechnology inside a spacious and airy whitewashed building. Hence one does not necessarily require a≈school∆ to impart knowledge. Similarly, why not tap into a child»s own curious desire and naturalaptitude for exploration and learning, in order to instil a respect for knowledge, instead of burdeningthe child with a mass of poorly conceived and one-dimensional textbooks?
But just as these ≈radical streams of consciousness∆ exist, there are also more conventional andtested approaches to education. The school is beyond doubt the centre of learning in the minds of allparents, teachers, and children the world over. Seeing as this is a hard act to follow, the obviousanswer has been to use the school itself as the point of attitudinal change. Easier said than done whenyour audience is in an apathetic state and an even more apathetic, or rather, disillusioned parent andstudent body. On the one hand is the uphill task of convincing an administration that the only waysome change can occur is to embrace the concepts of community participation and educationaldiscourse, and on the other is the task of having to convince a community that has given up believingthat anything will change ƒ that the change cannot happen without them.
Like everything else in Pakistan, education has also been victim to extremist notions andunderdeveloped ideas. The question of what to put where, when, and how, is one that few academicsand practitioners have tried to address. In countries like Pakistan, the tussle rages between actuallybeing able to provide students and teachers with adequate shelter for their endeavours and enhancingthe capability and mindset to put these endeavours into practice. Unconventional ideas tend to be≈dropped in∆ to the middle of conventional settings, only to fade out after their novelty has worn off.
EEdduuccaattiioonn vvss.. LLiitteerraaccyy
Source: IUCN Pakistan
However, there are problems with bothsystems, as the mushrooming of low qualityprivate institutions has also led to disparitiesin student output, despite a high fee structure.
Dropout Rates
There is a high dropout rate in the middleschools. With an increase in levels of povertyover the last decade, in Sindh alone, 42percent of boys between four and nine dropout of school to help their families in economicactivity. Also, 30 percent of girls in the sameage group do not attend school becauseparental permission is denied. In small andmedium towns in particular, and in rural areas,education is further discouraged by the largelandholders who provide employment to thelocal people. This is because it is feared thatthe local people may begin to question theirsubordinate status. Dropouts also occurbecause of seasonal migration of workers,remote locations of schools (especially forgirls), and cultural limitations i.e. parents ofgirls who disapprove of male teachers or co-educational schools. Enrolment in collegesafter matriculation is also low with less thanone percent enrolling at intermediate levels.
Ghost Schools
In Karachi alone, 700 ghost schools havebeen identified by the authorities; ≈ghost∆schools refer to institutions that only exist onpaper. These ghost schools in many casesare accompanied by ≈ghost∆ teachers. Thusfinancial liabilities are incurred when thesalaries of these teachers are paid on thebasis of their virtual presence on paper. Ghostschools also incorporate the element of eliteor feudal capture when several schoolbuildings lie under lock and key, at thedisposal of local landlords. This problem is achronic one in Sindh and has been pointedout repeatedly; however there is still no policyor mechanism to combat the anomaly.
Outdated Curricula
At the moment curricula at primary,secondary, and tertiary levels are outdatedand not particularly relevant. A study of thesocial sciences, literatures of the world, andinternational geography are subjects that havebeen eliminated in the last two decades fromschool and college curricula. Also missing is
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The rural psyche has still not fully accepted the need for education of women
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an emphasis on social and environmentalissues. The current curricula do not containmuch information on environmental educationand need to be supplemented to ensure thatknowledge and respect for the environmentand society are inculcated from childhood upto the professional education level. There is nosystem of periodic review that updates oldinformation with new information andincorporates new modes of teaching that arecurrently practised the world over.
The curricula also do not reflect Sindh»s richcultural heritage. Schools, colleges, anduniversities do not actively engage students inlearning from their traditions. Furthermore,technical and vocational education is moresupply oriented rather than needs» based. It isfor this reason that the quality of output is lowas curricula are not relevant to job marketrequirements, there is no linkage betweenpoorly trained faculties and institutions orindustry, and there is poor coordination withrelevant stakeholders.
Inadequate Teacher Training
Teacher-training mechanisms are not effectivelyplanned or fail to remain in a continuous
learning loop with the teachers that do undergotraining. There is no effective system ofmonitoring or implementation after the trainingsessions. Also, most training programmes arebased on traditional subjects like learning skillsand classroom management but rarely addressissues such as reflective teaching ordiversification of learning opportunities forthemselves and other learners. There are twocomponents of teacher training, i.e. pre-serviceand in-service. Pre-service is an outdatedcomponent and its curriculum has not berevised in many years; however the in-servicecomponent is needs» based and is moreadapted to the development of various skills.However, core educational issues need to beaddressed in both training programmes, suchas multiple intelligence models for teaching andassessing children.
Examination System
An inefficient and outdated examination systemin schools in Sindh causes the standards ofeducation to fall because the pass percentagekeeps decreasing as outdated textbooks andteaching methodologies become rampant. Theexamination system needs to be overhauledwith a change in pedagogical methods,juxtaposed by a change in teacher training,which at the moment is not up to par. Insteadof rote learning, systematic organization ofinformation and analytical skills needs to bedeveloped in keeping with the changing needsof the growing child. In Sindh, educationstandards have been falling consistentlybecause the pass percentage keeps comingdown.
Higher Education
There are dichotomies too in terms of tertiarylevel education. Universities and colleges inthe public sector are still preferred as they areaffordable to the masses. However, manyprivate universities and colleges have croppedup that provide good and up-to-dateinstruction. However, they are very expensiveand only those belonging to the affluent sectorof society can access them. Until recently,higher education has not been receiving muchattention from the federal and provincialgovernments. Public universities and collegesare not keeping pace with global changes and
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Teacher training is essential for quality education
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are riddled with various student unionssupported by political parties that underminethe education system. Children of the affluentwho have attended the private school systemprefer to study abroad.
The private sector has intervened in the lastdecade or so and universities such as the AgaKhan Medical University, Baqai MedicalCollege, and Hamdard University are providingquality tertiary level education. Thegovernment has started moving towardsprivatizing the higher education sector andstreamlining the public system. In this regardthe Higher Education Commission has beenestablished to facilitate the development of theuniversities of Pakistan as world-class centresof education, research, and development. It isalso providing scholarships at graduate andpostgraduate levels in order to develop atrained and up-to-date cadre of teachers.However, there is still a need to increase thelevel of quality education, reflective learning,and research and to promote the inclusion ofdegrees in environmental studies, socialsciences, and development practices amongother disciplines.
PROPOSEDINTERVENTIONS
Improved Teacher Training
There is a need to revise the current teachereducation programmes to make teaching andlearning processes more meaningful throughan emphasis on learning from local conditions,culture, and indigenous knowledge. Thiswould also entail the development ofanalytical skills, critical reflection, problem-solving and decision-making skills in studentsand teachers as opposed to rote learning.Teacher effectiveness could be enhanced bypromoting the use of monitoring andevaluation mechanisms to assess teacherperformance. This could also be driven bystrengthening institutions such as theProvincial Institute for Teacher Education(PITE) Sindh, through capacity building of theirfaculty and providing a holistic approach totheir programme where topics like theenvironment, gender, learning from localtraditions, and human rights are integral
components. Training of instructors at thehigher education level also needs to beundertaken under the aegis of the HigherEducation Commission.
Supporting Actions
● Monitoring, evaluation, and impact studieson current programmes in the educationsector need to be undertaken by provincialand local educational institutions, to reviewpolicy, particularly in the field of teachertraining, primary schooling, highereducation, and adult literacy.
Educational Research
There must be renewed investment ineducational research that is reflective of thetrue state of the education sector. Thisresearch should be based on indicators thatencompass quality of education, theusefulness of non-formal learning systems,giving value to street and indigenousknowledge along with the traditional statisticsof enrolled students, dropout rates, literacyrates, and the number of schools anduniversities.
Supporting Actions
● Activating the Research, Monitoring andEvaluation Unit of the Sindh EducationDepartment to take the lead for theaforesaid recommendation.
● Updating Sindh Education ManagementInformation Systems (SEMIS) dataregularly and making them available toresearchers.
● Conducting more qualitative school-basedaction research, which should examineissues of core importance in the educationaldebate such as the use of diversifiedlearning approaches and encouragingcritical thinking approaches in students.
● Initiating public√private partnerships pro-actively by different stakeholders underthe lead role of Sindh EducationDepartment at primary, secondary, andtertiary levels.
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Revised and Updated Curricula
It is crucial to revise curricula so they keepabreast with global change and to includeenvironmental issues and other social sciencesubjects. A more analytical learning processneeds to be adopted at the primary, secondary,and tertiary levels. It should also be ensured thattopics on environmental education andsustainable development are taught at graduateand postgraduate levels. Here too emphasisneeds to be laid upon analysis and discourse aswell as research on current issues of importancein all fields. The madrassah can be employed asa good source for raising awareness onenvironmental issues as both environmentaleducation and religious education promoteethics and values. The ulema and madrassahshould be involved and their capacity raised sothat environmental education can also becomepart of their curricula.
Supporting Actions
● Upgrading technical curricula in vocationalinstitutions and streamlining their work
with that of the formal school educationsystem. It is also important to linkvocational training with the needs of thelocal community, focusing on the jobopportunities in this area and how therelevant skills of students can beenhanced. A focus on teacher training inthis regard is required as well.
● Focusing on imparting technical andvocational skills to school dropouts andadult illiterates.
● Linking the institutions related to technicaland vocational training with relevantindustries to ensure that their curriculaand training parallel industry and marketdemand.
Non-Formal Education
There is a dire need to encourage non-formaleducation programmes to reach the largesegment of the population that currently doesnot receive education owing to poverty, lackof access, or literacy problems. Encouragingalternative non-formal learning channels suchas youth forums, clubs, discussion forums,
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Consultative meeting in progress
IUC
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and community centres to provide morescope for mutual learning amongstudents/youth attending the formal system isalso a step in the right direction. These forumsshould also be open to those youth who arenot attending formal school as they providetheir contemporaries with an opportunity tolearn from their real-life experiences.
School ManagementCommittees andParent√Teacher Associations
The roles of school management committees(SMCs) and parent√teacher associations(PTAs) should be reviewed to assess theirimpact in the various school systems ofSindh. This would allow the government toidentify beneficial work, possible options forreplication, identification of gaps, lessonslearned and also encourage communitymembers to become an active part of thelearning process of their children. Suchmeasures would also incorporate an elementof public√private partnership into schoolmanagement, thereby allowing communitymembers to lobby for issues such aswashroom facilities for girls or better extra-curricular activities. SMCs/PTAs should alsobe strengthened to handle the financialresponsibilities of the schools.
Encouraging Girls» Attendance
There are several ways in which parents canbe encouraged to send their daughters toschool and these can be adapted to bothformal and non-formal set ups. They includeflexibility of timing, adaptation to local setting,more women teachers, close proximity toschools/non-formal forums such as youthclubs, reading groups, and discussion panelsand awareness-raising among women andmen of the community on the necessity oflinking girls to such initiatives.
Incentive Structure
One of the most important and perhaps thefirst step is to provide an adequate system of
incentives and compensation, both materialand professional, to male and female teachersto encourage more people to choose this as aprofession. Incentives must include bettersalaries, facilities, and best teacher awards tomotivate teachers. At the higher educationlevel, professors and lecturers also need to bestreamlined into a system that providesincentives and opportunities for research andfurther education.
Developing Linkages
In order for the sector to make maximum useof existing resources, linkages with otheroverlapping institutions and sectors areneeded. For instance, linking education andhealth will lead to an awareness of issuesrelated to mortality and morbidity, hygiene,and sanitation. Similarly, the linkage betweeneducation and economic opportunity is also akey requirement. Ordinarily, it is assumed thathaving a degree will lead to a guaranteedincome. However, in today»s saggingeconomy, this is not always the case.Therefore, the concept of skills» developmentor enhancement needs to be clearlyunderstood. Linking education with populationand environmental concerns will also lead togreater awareness regarding issues ofreproductive health and environmentalpollution. Linkages should be established withthe media, both print and electronic, toharness public support for education,especially for girls and the importance andbenefits of literacy through mass awarenesscampaigns. Such linkages will need to beestablished at multiple levels. Firstly they willhave to occur between governmentinstitutions and then with institutions workingin similar fields in the private sector and civilsociety to ensure mutual learning and capacitybuilding; care should be taken that duplicationof work does not take place.
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Communication andInformation &CommunicationTechnology
C H A P T E R 2 1
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ommunication and access to information is perhaps the
most crucial element in the success of any society. An
increase in awareness is one of the first steps in tackling
any problem and an effective communication network,
spanning geographical areas from the cosmopolitan
urban sprawl to the most remote villages, is a
prerequisite for this task. Pakistan has in the last few years been
pro-actively involved in the information revolution that is taking place
globally. It has opened its doors to numerous opportunities through
satellite, cable, and wireless technology. This is evidenced by the
fact that most villages throughout Pakistan are now part of the global
information revolution.
BACKGROUND
Sindh is both the greatest beneficiary of expansion in media opportunities and the most affectedby factors that curtail them. Karachi has long been the hub of most print and electronic mediaproduction in Pakistan. The major English and Urdu publications with the highest circulations, aswell as many multi-city newspapers, are based in Karachi.
Due to the increase in access to television sets and the abundance of new television channelsvia satellite, cable, as well as VCRs, audiences have increased significantly in Sindh over the lastfew years. According to GoS sources, in 1998 and 1999 there were 180 television sets perthousand households. Presently, Pakistan Television has a major station in Karachi withtransmitters throughout Sindh that provide coverage almost throughout the province. The adventof new locally-owned television channels with less stringent censorship rules has broken themonopoly of the state-controlled television channel. Satellite dishes and formal and informalcable networks allow access to a variety of channels, both regional and local, which areaccessible even in the remote areas of the province.
The field of radio has also experienced great growth over a relatively short span of time. Thepotential of this medium has been realized with the influx of new radio stations on FM and AMfrequencies. State-owned Radio Pakistan owns and operates four radio stations in Karachi,Hyderabad, Khairpur, and Larkana, which transmit programmes on AM, SW, and FM frequencies.There are also a few private FM channels operating in Karachi. In 2004, the Pakistan ElectronicMedia Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) auctioned 14 licenses for operating privately-owned FMradio stations in Sindh.
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The field of information technology has alsoexpanded considerably in recent years. Withthe introduction of the broadband service,Internet quality has improved significantlyalong with its accessibility all over theprovince. Internet is now available in 138towns and cities in Sindh because of thegovernment»s efforts to make dial-upnetworking available through Point ofPresence telecommunications.
ISSUESFreedom of Expression
A major issue facing media worldwide is thecurtailing of freedom of expression. While mediafreedoms and opportunities in Pakistan,especially in the electronic media, haveexpanded considerably in the last few years asa result of technological progress and stateliberalization, countervailing economic, social,and administrative pressures are simultaneouslyworking to restrict the benefits of thesefreedoms and opportunities. While progress hasbeen good in this regard, it needs to beconcentrated upon to ensure that this freedom
is sustainable. Of late an exercise has beenundertaken to promulgate the Freedom ofInormation Ordinance in the light of theguidelines provided by the Federal Government,Law Department and Services, Generaladminsitration and Coordination Department.
Political Influence
While undue political influence has declinedconsiderably in the country due to liberalizationof the media, owing to the existence of a feudalsystem in Sindh, district press correspondentsare still under pressure from landlords, thedistrict establishment, the DCO, and policerepresentatives. This pressure would, however,be removed after promulgation of the Freedomof Information Ordinance and impartingeducation in the interior Sindh.
Access to Information
There is a rural√urban disparity when it comesto access to information owing to low literacyrates, poor infrastructure facilities,geographical remoteness, and the high priceof publications in rural areas. People areunable to highlight their difficulties as they
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Electronic media is major source of entertainment and education
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cannot pay for publications to run their storiesin rural areas.
Radio has been a neglected medium sincethe advent of television in Pakistan. This isdespite the fact that it is one of the mostcost-effective mediums in reachingaudiences, especially in rural areas. However,the medium has received more attentionsince the liberalization of policies regardingprivate ownership of radio stations and theadvent of FM in urban areas, which arecontinuously increasing in number.
Lack of Cinema
Though cinema is a powerful medium, it hasdeclined tremendously, especially in Sindh.Not only are Sindhi films not being madeanymore and attendance at theatres isdeclining in general, but cinemas throughoutthe province are also increasingly closing andbeing replaced by commercial shoppingcentres or apartment blocks. According toinformation gathered by the Urban ResourceCentre, 107 cinemas throughout Sindh,including 55 in Karachi alone, had been
converted by May 2000. There was a declinein the freedom to perform theatre, music, anddance after 1977, which has further degradedthe quality and quantity of work produced bythis industry. However, efforts have beenmade recently to promote theatre, music, andart by the private sector and civil society.
Internet Access
Although Sindh has good Internet connectivitythere are better systems in place in India andNepal. The current government is focused onincreasing access to the Internet. Since 2000,Pakistan has expanded from 29 cities withInternet access to around 2 000 cities today.However, there is a digital divide relating toinformation technology ƒ the gap betweenthose with access and ability to usecomputers and those without. This gap isparticularly pronounced between urban andrural populations in Sindh,, though thegovernment is trying to spread Internetconnectivity all over the province..Furthermore, the quality of Internet providedthrough Point of Presencetelecommunications (whereby callers from
Disparities in access to information and communication are becoming more pronounced between urban and rural areas
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smaller towns can connect to Internet ServiceProviders in the nearest city at the cost of alocal call) is a serious issue.
PROPOSEDINTERVENTIONS
Coverage of Environmental Issues
The media needs to increase coverage ofenvironmental and social issues. Non-governmental and citizens» groups shouldmake an effort to liaise with the media toaccomplish this through organizingworkshops, symposia and seminars. Thegovernment should also consider providingincentives to private broadcasters to reservetime for public services such asdocumentaries on social and environmentalissues. Coverage of environmental issues inthe Urdu print media should be encouragedas this medium covers a wider audience,which is more than twice the size of theEnglish-reading population.
Supporting Action
● Strengthening of the Forum of PakistanEnvironmental Journalists in order to buildthe capacity of journalists in the area ofsocial and environmental issues.
Increased Freedom ofExpression
In order to encourage the creative growth ofthe communication industry as well as theauthenticity of the matter provided, it isnecessary for the government to make aconscious effort to ensure that journalists,especially at local levels, are free fromintimidation, especially in light of sensitivepolitical issues. The impediment, however, willbe removed after the promulgation ofFreedom of Information Ordinance.
Training and Development
It is important to establish credible traininginstitutes for broadcasting, journalism, andweb design in collaboration with broadcastinginstitutions. While there is the National
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The ever-increasing number of private television channels is nothing short of a media revolution
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Information Academy in Islamabd, that trainsgovernment officers of the InformationDepartment, there is need to establish suchinstitutes at the provincial level. Trainingshould be given for Radio Pakistan,newspapers, and TV channels on a regularbasis to produce a competent work force withconsistent standards. Also, there should beseparate training institutes for new andemerging journalists and opportunities tobranch out in terms of progressive andindependent publications.
Supporting Action
● Establishing training centres for printmedia for training on socio-economicissues, gender issues, environmentalissues, social norms, ethics, and culture.
Radio Broadcasting
FM Radio is an excellent means ofcommunication for the masses and thus itneeds to be further strengthened. Its qualityshould be upgraded and further promoted andused for social, environmental, and genderissues. Some towns in Sindh with access toFM include Sukkur, Larkana, and forthcomingservice in Badin District. Opportunities can beexplored on how to use this medium, such ascommunity radios. PEMRA should also allowother organizations like academic institutionsto obtain licenses, which can be used for farmbroadcasting, in order to provide informationto rural audiences. This could be a powerfulmedium for communication, particularly forpeople in rural areas where there is pooraccess to facilities and services due to weakinfrastructure.
Data Management andDissemination
There is a need to encourage the use ofdistrict-level websites for information onsubjects ranging from how to make adomicile, obtaining a passport, paying of
utility bills, legislation, cultural sites, andtourist sites. Maximum public-relatedinformation should be provided by thegovernment. The Badin IUCN website hasfacilitated farmers and community membersthrough information made available via GIS onirrigation systems. Efforts should be made tocontinue the government»s ≈electronicgovernment∆ initiative by making moreinformation available on the web. Thereshould also be an increased focus on thedevelopment of district level mechanisms topromote cross-sectoral planning andimplementation through sound data andinformation systems. The next step would beto integrate them, along with organizedinformation from other important developmentareas at the district level, into a DistrictManagement Information System (DMIS). Aneffective system of knowledge managementensures increased access and use of thelatest information to support growthprocesses in all sectors of the economy.
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A wide range of newspapers and periodicals in severallanguages are published from Sindh
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Cultural Heritageand Tourism
C H A P T E R 2 2
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indh is a province rich in cultural heritage. From religious
sites in Sukkur, Thatta, and Sehwan districts to relics of
ancient civilizations like Mohenjodaro and Rannikot Fort,
it is marked by its diversity and its close ties to the great
Indus Valley Civilization of the Third Millennium B.C.
Sindh»s cultural heritage has been acknowledged by
outsiders as an integral component of the history of the subcontinent
with references found in the Rig Veda, Ramayan, and the
Mahabharata. Despite this, there has been a failure to acknowledge
the remarkable value of this cultural heritage as a tool for
understanding history, archaeology as well as for the promotion of
tourism in the area. It is for this reason that the sector literally lies in
ruins, waiting to be discovered, restored, and redeemed.
CULTURAL HERITAGE
Sindh»s history goes as far back as the Stone Age and several fossils of the Pleistocene,Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods have been discovered in the mountainous areas ofthe province. Sindh is also home to two important world heritage sites, Mohenjodaro in LarkanaDistrict and Makli, the world»s largest necropolis, in Thatta District. It also has a very stronghistory of music, which is close to the heart of the people of Sindh and traditions of singing anddancing date back to prehistoric times. The province hosts a number of folk festivals, of whichthe largest is held at Sehwan for the annual Urs (death anniversary) and Melo (festival) ofQalandar Shahbaz. Sindh has a rich tradition of literature; various notable poets and writers havecontributed much to this field.
Eighty-four sites are protected under the Department of Archaeology, GoP, but these sites arestill not given adequate attention in terms of security, conservation, and the development of theirtourist potential. The Antiquities Act of 1975, the applicable federal act for protecting culturalheritage is unfortunately not being implemented by the relevant authorities. However, the SindhCultural Act of 1994 is more comprehensive in its coverage of heritage buildings/sites and it listsover 700 buildings as ≈protected∆.
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ISSUESLack of Management andPlanningThere is no proper inventory system anddetailed listings of heritage property andconservation zones. As a result, there is noavailable database of the existing antiquitiespresent in the province today. This makesthem vulnerable to theft. Vandalism, faulty anddamaging interventions by the authorities, andlack of proper maintenance are more pressingand critical issues. The watch-and-guardsystem over important heritage sites isineffective, leading to the theft of invaluableartefacts. Community ownership of such sitesis essential as government interventions createalienation. An appropriate site managementauthority (or local site committee that works incollaboration with and the close supervision ofcompetent trained professionals) is required.
Modernization andUrbanization
Traditional vernacular architecture is beingreplaced by badly designed modern buildings,
primarily due to a lack of culturally sensitiveregulations and building control authorities tofacilitate the preservation of architectural heritageand cultural values. Appropriate planningguidelines and regulations that ensure continuityof heritage values need to be developed andfirmly adopted. Urban-built heritage is also beingjeopardized by rapid population growth, realestate development, expanding inner citywholesale markets, and industrial activity thatrequires storage and manufacturing space forwhich urban development authorities have madeno provisions. The historic fabric of inner cities isthreatened by planned and unplanneddevelopment. The adverse natural environment isthe most critical factor affecting the heritage sitesin the plains of Sindh. Bad irrigation practiceshave led to waterlogging and salinity at or nearthe sites. Many unexcavated and excavatedarchaeological sites of Sindh have beenincorporated into agricultural land in rural areasor turned into informal settlements within urban areas.
Lack of Funding and Regulation
Current funding for institutions is insufficientfor them to effectively monitor the listed
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Tableau depicting the interior of a typical Sindhi house at the Institute of Sindhology, Jamshoro
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cultural heritage declared protected under theSindh Cultural Heritage Preservation Act of1994. Many of these sites have disappeared.Owners of cultural heritage sites haveinsufficient incentives to maintain or safeguardthe heritage values of their sites, particularlythose listed under the Sindh Cultural HeritagePreservation Act (1994).
Building control authorities do not have theappropriate capacity, principles or bylaws toconserve cultural heritage sites. There are noregulations that declare historic areas asconservation zones where only restricteddevelopments could take place within theperimeters of conservation bylaws (suchregulations and bylaws already exist asinternational standards of conservation). Thereis also limited security over important heritagesites making them vulnerable to vandalismand theft.
Inadequate and UntrainedKnowledge BaseThere are few trained lecturers, an inadequatesyllabus, and consequently insufficient research
being conducted. Cultural heritage education isnot considered a mainstream topic. There is aneed for specialized staff in teachinginstitutions and students need to play a role inheritage safeguarding to encourage newgenerations in this sector. Training programmesfor conservation professionals do not exist inany institution so untrained staff are employedat sites that require specialized knowledge ofhistoric materials and techniques.
Heritage management and preservation inPakistan have no interdisciplinary approach,thus most of the efforts prove to be a failure inthe long run. This highly specialized areaneeds to be tackled with a multidisciplinarygroup of professionals that includesarchaeologists, architects, planners, historians,artists, social workers, and economists.
Institutional Gaps
The relocation of the Department ofArchaeology and Museums (DOAM) toIslamabad will have adverse impacts on thearchaeological activity in the country,especially in Sindh. This will place a greater
Tomb of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, Sindh greatest Sufi poet
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responsibility on administration networks inSindh. Appropriate venues and institutionalframeworks and networks do not exist; thesecould ensure that artisans and custodians ofculture are gainfully employed in their industry.Thus, the industry will need sufficientassistance to fulfil institutional gaps in order tobecome self-sufficient.
PROPOSEDINTERVENTIONSHeritage ConservationThe Department of Culture»s archaeologicalactivities in Sindh need professionalexploration, documentation, and excavation.This needs to be followed by appropriateconservation activities as applicable toartefacts, sites, and monuments. Thus a fullyfunctional Sindh Department of Archaeologyand Museum (SDOAM) is required. Punjaband NWFP have already established district-level departments for this purpose.
Restoration projects of dilapidated andculturally significant sites needs to be linked
with tourism development opportunities. Thisshould be a cumulative process as sitesbecome restored. However, a clear distinctionbetween a heritage site and its facilitativedevelopments needs to be ensured to protectits integrity. In addition, a register ofthreatened tangible and intangible culturalheritage values should be developed thatincludes archaeological sites, historicalmonuments, and culturally-orientedexpressions; prioritized conservationmeasures to mitigate threats should beinitiated.
Supporting Actions
● Training of engineers and architects in the principles of conservation of culturalheritage and tourism sites, particularly so both activities can complement each other.
● Using the Department of Archaeology at Khairpur University to conduct more research in the field and encourage other universities throughoutSindh to establish departments ofarchaeology.
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Local musicians at a public performance
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Public Awareness
Public awareness and support are necessaryfor the promotion of cultural heritage andtourism values through appropriatedocumentation and development of curriculaand advertising opportunities (e.g. multimedia,calendars, and the tourist service industry).Investment in developing tourist guides,maps, and atlases needs to be addressed.The results of the Sindh Survey Project startedby the federal Department of Archaeology andMuseums should be publicized with thecollaboration of the DOAM.
Supporting Action
● Encouraging community management ofimportant cultural sites to instil a sense ofownership and pride and offering viablealternatives to security forces that mayfind it hard to enforce regulations.
Strategic Planning
Appropriate design recommendations andinterventions are required in specific situationsso traditional handicrafts continue to attractlocal and international buyers and remaincommercially viable. The Sindh SmallIndustries Corporation can be approached todevelop a design cell for such a purpose.Also, site-specific planning and developmentguidelines need to be developed andpromoted including guidelines on appropriateuse of materials. Furthermore, heritageconservation programmes need to be initiatedin the public sector»s architecture andplanning departments. Collaboration withalready existing programmes may be pursuedto further re-inforce the existing options. Theprovincial government should be encouragedto provide greater input in the restoration andmaintenance of archaeological and historicalsites and district governments need to beencouraged to develop and enforceappropriate bylaws.
Public sector institutions should beencouraged to work in close collaborationwith the academic and research-basededucational institutions, already working in thearea of heritage conservation. Educational
curricula must incorporate cultural heritagecomponents to increase awareness of suchvalues. At the advanced university level,natural and physical heritage andconservation need to be included as majordisciplines and specialized staff should beencouraged to enter the training andeducation sectors.
Supporting Action
● Developing area conservationprogrammes for physical and culturalheritage, particularly in urban centres ofSindh, which are being increasinglythreatened by urban developmentprocesses including rapid infrastructuredevelopment, increased population, andpollution.
Local Investment
The annual development programme of publicsector agencies should be encouraged toearmark an allocated amount (e.g. 5 percent)towards the restoration and maintenance ofcultural heritage and development of tourism.For example, the Works and ServicesDepartment could construct roads andprovide utilities to major archaeological sitessuch as Bhambore. The forest and wildlifedepartments can undertake conservationefforts and the irrigation departments cancontribute to the mitigation of salinity issues.More importantly, financial investment isneeded for maintenance and restoration ofcultural heritage by the corporate sector,international agencies, and provincialgovernment sources. A small percentage ofthe profits or income should become amandatory contribution towards building aprovincial heritage fund. Further excavationsshould be discouraged until sufficient fundsare made available to allow postexcavationprotective measures, essential for thesafeguarding of archaeological discoveries.
Tourism
Tourism is one of the most important revenue-generating activities for any economy.Pakistan in particular plays host to some ofthe most diverse environments in the world,which include varied natural resources as well
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as important cultural sites. Sindh contributessignificantly to this through its coastal rangesand historical importance in the region.Unfortunately, these assets are notappropriately explored or marketed to the restof the world, thus wasting an extremelyvaluable source of international investmentand opportunity. The field of domestictourism, which could easily be promoted, isalso a wholly unexplored avenue. Someconstraints to growth include inadequatefunding, lack of legal framework, high taxeson hotels and resorts, and lack of coordinationbetween government agencies and the privatesector. Some of these problems are related tothe tourism sector not being recognized as alegitimate industry.
ISSUESInadequate Infrastructure
The tourism industry is not being effectivelydeveloped. There is great tourism potential inSindh when one considers its coastline,beaches, diversified deserts, relics of theIndus Civilization, historic cities, and religioussites such as Sehwan and Thatta. Transport,infrastructure, public utilities and hotelfacilities around cultural heritage sites are notwell developed and should be linked with theheritage assets, particularly those that havebeen upgraded or renovated. Furthermore, atpresent, benefits from tourism do not extendto local communities and this needs to bemade a part of any further development in this sector.
Institutional Weaknesses
An appropriate tourism promotion bureaudoes not exist and the Sindh TourismDevelopment Corporation suffers frominsufficient funds and mediocre administrativeauthority. It is thus limited in its capacity andhas no effective output. Tourism opportunitiesthrough the intangible sector (traditionalmusic, arts, handicrafts sector) are limited byinappropriate coordination and promotionmechanisms.
Negative Promotion
Pakistan has recently been facing a negativepromotional image both nationally andabroad. Sindh in particular has been portrayedas a province prone to banditry, feudalclashes, religious and political unrest, andsocial chaos. This has done much to harm thetourist trade. Important sites such asMohenjodaro, Makli, and Thatta havewitnessed a decrease in tourism as people;especially foreigners fear the deteriorating lawand order situation.
PROPOSEDINTERVENTIONS
Infrastructure DevelopmentTo promote tourism in Sindh, it is important toconstruct roads to various tourist sites, providepublic and private transport for the tourists,publish guidebooks, and conduct organizedtours from centres such as Karachi, Hyderabad,Dadu, Larkana, Sukkur, Nawabshah, Khairpur,Thatta, Shikarpur, and Mithi. For theconservation of Sindh»s cultural heritage and thedevelopment of culture and tourism,partnerships between the public sector, theprivate sector (such as hotels, tour operators,and tourist guides), civil society, the academe,media, adventure groups, and interestedindividuals should be facilitated. Appendix 4provides a list of potential sites for tourism.
Supporting Actions
● Establishing site museums in the primehistorical sites of Sindh to allow scholarsto study artefacts in their originalenvironment as well as to encouragegreater public awareness.
● Encouraging greater research on themaritime heritage of Sindh as there aremany archaeological sites along the coast.
● Developing a tourism transportationpolicy.
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Marketing and Promotion
Greater focus is required on an internationalmarketing strategy of tourist sites in Sindh.The first priority should be on promotingtourism and cultural values in the domesticmarket. The development of tourist packagesand residential/recreation facilities at feasiblesites and the improvement of existing touristservices and related facilities along with areasonable price structure will do much to addvalue to this sector. Training should beenhanced in educational institutions and hotelmanagement institutes to increase trainedhuman resources, leading to quality andefficiency in tourism management. Closecollaboration is also required with Pakistaniembassies abroad in order to promote tourismin Sindh.
Supporting Action
● Promoting tourism in national parks suchas the Kirthar National Park, which is alsoa cultural heritage site.
Institutional Strengthening
It is necessary to provide greater support tothe tourism industry through the relevantgovernment departments like the SindhTourism Development Board. Coordinationmust be enhanced between federal andprovincial tourism departments. Also requiredis greater investment in this field as well asincreased focus on capacity building of staffto promote the industry effectively. Currently, private sector hotel operators arefree to increase rates without muchopposition or control from governmentquarters due to their near monopoly of themarket. This needs greater regulation assuch moves have a negative impact on the tourist and business industry in Pakistan, translating into a loss of revenuefor the country.
Supporting Action
● Developing guidelines for training or hoteloperators, tourism staff, and tour guides.
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The Makli Hill necropolis in Thatta is a World Heritage Site
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P A R T I V
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Mechanisms
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ImplementationFramework
C H A P T E R 2 3
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Existing Arrangementshe overall coordination of the SSSD is the mandate of
the P&DD, GoS. An Advisory Committee on preparation
of the SSSD was constituted under the Chairmanship of
the Additional Chief Secretary (Development) in
November 2004 and has the representation of all
stakeholders including the government, NGOs, the
academe, industries, journalists, farmers (abadgars), chambers of
commerce and industry, and IUCN. The Secretariat of the Advisory
Committee is presently housed with the P&DD in the Environment
Section. The Terms of Reference (ToR) of the Advisory Committee
include the following:
● Guide, advise, and support the formulation of the SSSD.
● Advise on the overall strategic focus and direction of the SSSD.
● Attend consultative workshops for relevant sectors.
● Provide support in forming strategic alliances with the government, civil society, and theprivate sector.
● Review the progress of SSSD development.
● Review the draft strategy paper and provide feedback.
● Perform any other task related to the SSSD.
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PROPOSED MECHANISMS
A major responsibility of the P&DD will be toclosely monitor and coordinate variousprogrammes and projects in all the sectors ofthe SSSD by addressing key development andenvironmental concerns.
The Environment Section in the P&DD needsto be staffed properly to appraise all schemesbeing considered by the ProvincialDevelopment Working Party (PDWP), monitor environmental concerns, coordinateactivities pertaining to the SSSD, and assist in outsourcing of research andfeasibility studies.
The Provincial Steering Committee It is suggested that a Provincial SteeringCommittee on Sustainable Development beconstituted with the following compositionand terms of reference;
Chairman Additional Chief Secretary (P&DD)
Member Secretary Finance CooperationDepartment
Member Secretary Agriculture Department
Member Secretary Health Department
Member Secretary Education Department
Member Secretary Population and WelfareDepartment
Member Secretary Irrigation and PowerDepartment
Member Secretary Information andTechnology Department
Member Secretary Works and ServicesDepartment
Member Secretary Industries Department
Member Secretary Labour and ManpowerDepartment
Member Secretary Mines and MineralsDepartment
Member Secretary Forest and WildlifeDepartment
Member Secretary EnvironmentalDepartment
Member Secretary Livestock and FisheriesDepartment
Member Secretary Culture and TourismDepartment
Member Secretary L.G Department
Member Secretary P&D Department
Member Special Secretary (T) P&DDepartment
The Chief Environment Section P&DD isproposed as member/Secretary.
The terms of reference of the ProvincialSteering Committee would include thefollowing:
● Guide, monitor implementation, andreview the SSSD.
● Monitor and ensure implementation of thedecisions taken by Executive Council, theExecutive Committee for an effective SSSD.
● Seek appropriate funds and judiciousallocations for various sectors ofdevelopment.
● Ensure complementarity betweendevelopment programmes and projects,donor agencies, the private sector, NGOs,and local bodies in the province.
SubSteeringCommittees/AdvisoryCommittees and Focal Points
The Provincial Steering Committee onceconstituted can propose and approve the
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creation of advisory committees/roundtablesand focal points for key themes of sustainabledevelopment in Sindh. These includeagriculture, forestry and biodiversity, publichealth, industry, urban environment,communication, education, NGOs and CBOs,and culture/cultural heritage. The purpose ofthe advisory committee/roundtables alongwith the focal points would be to initiate andallow the sustainable development process tobenefit from the intellectual discoursesavailable in the line departments, researchinstitutions, citizens» groups, privateorganizations, academe, and individuals fromoutside the government.
For each of the SSSD themes, an advisorycommittee or a roundtable can be constitutedcomprising the stakeholders representing thegovernment, the public, and NGOs. It will bethe responsibility of these roundtables tofurther develop and refine the respectivecomponent strategies of the SSSD, and assistin their implementation. The roundtables canplay a vital role in the decision-makingprocess and can also be represented on thedecision-making bodies of the government.
A government functionary/officer can bedelegated to attend each roundtable to act asa focal point and the secretariat, allowing theroundtables to concentrate on strategicissues. It is proposed that funds should bemade available for meetings of theroundtables. The focal points could networkamong themselves through the P&DD andshould be the officers of the respectiveadministrative departments, while the othermembers of the roundtable should come fromoutside the government.
SubProvincial Level Coordination With a view to complementing thepreparation, implementation, and monitoringmechanisms at the provincial level in the wakeof devolution, similar arrangements would bemandatory at the district and local levels toensure effective implementation of the SSSDin the field. To this end, it would be importantto take the district nazims, districtcoordination officers (DCOs), town nazims(TOs), and the union level personnel into
confidence; they could then constitute similarcommittees at their levels. The committeesmay consist of all the stakeholders and besimilar to the roundtables set up at theprovincial level. The district authorities mayestablish an NGOs network to support theoperation at the level of the localcommunities.
PLANNING ANDDEVELOPMENTDEPARTMENT
After consultations with the departments andin the interdepartmental committee meetingschaired by the Chief Secretary, the ChiefMinister and the Cabinet would be briefed andtaken into confidence. The P&DD would seekto enhance its capacity to formulateappropriate sustainable development policies.This capacity could be established withinvarious sectoral agencies, and thosedepartments which have cross-sectoralresponsibilities, such as the P&DD and theFinance Departments (FDs). The P&DD shouldprovide the necessary leadership to theprovincial and the district-based sectoralprogrammes and the financial backup shouldbe provided by the FDs.
Changes in organizational structures as well asstaffing will be required and these would beimplemented in a systematic and a carefullyplanned manner, in order to minimize anyundesirable effects on existing staff andmaximize the potential for desired solutions.Wherever possible, existing staff capabilitieswould be augmented through additionaltraining and support. Particular attention shouldbe paid to enhancing the policy formulationcapacity of the P&DD. To this end, an intensivecapacity building effort needs to be initiated.Data systems would also be recreated, re-activated, and updated through the BoS toprovide adequate, timely, and accurateinformation, which can subsequently be usedto carry out sectoral and policy reviews.
Statistical Unit
The BoS attached to the P&DD, with amandate to collect, organize, analyse, and
present data for use by both the governmentand the public, needs to be re-organized andrevamped. To undertake these activitieseffectively, the BoS should be staffed byprofessionals with appropriate qualifications.Not all new staff needs to be given the statusof permanent civil servants; rather, the P&DDcan employ qualified professionals as theneed arises, on the basis of short-termcontracts. Such a mechanism will help toensure that the BoS retains the flexibility torecruit its staff in direct response to theemerging needs and changing programmerequirements. However, a core team ofpermanent qualified staff, who are essential,should continue in order to provide long-termcontinuity and direction. It is envisaged thatone of the key functions of the re-organizedBoS will be to provide high quality data inputsto the policy formulation process of theprovincial government. Through its datagathering and analysis efforts, the BoS shouldseek to ensure that decision-makers,stakeholders, and civil society are keptabreast of the status of the key developmentissues, as well as the impacts of governmentprogrammes.
REPORTING OBLIGATIONSSystems and mechanisms to enhancetransparency, institutional and politicalaccountability also need to be put into place.Institutional accountability needs to bepursued as an integral component ofinstitutional reforms, and should include theoperationalization of instruments such as theEfficiency and Discipline Rules. Theconcurrent creation of public-reportingobligations will help to ensure transparency aswell as administrative efficiency. Measuresneed to be undertaken to ensure thatinformation becomes more widely available tothe general public; this will include not onlyinformation on government processes anddecisions, but also information on the rightsand obligations of the stakeholders. Aparticular effort should be made to ensure thatinformation is made available regardingpotentially contentious issues, such as
repetition and duplication of schemes,especially in remote areas, and execution ofprojects and programmes as a result of EIAs.It is envisioned that sector-specificcommittees within the provincial governmentwould be responsible for reviewing theperformance of the corresponding agenciesand releasing their assessments to the public.
STEERING MECHANISMSThe P&DD will be the hub for the day-to-dayimplementation of the strategy within theprovince. To this end, a special SSSDCoordination Unit will be created within theP&DD. The unit will house the necessaryexpertise to lead the various sectoralinitiatives in accordance with agreed policygoals. Additional technical support can alsobe sought from the private sector, NGOs, andacademic institutions, as and when required.In order to steer the development initiatives ofthe various sectors in accordance with theSSSD, the P&DD needs to develop a systemwith an overall implementation framework aswell as a set of monitoring mechanisms whereeach line department will continue to remainresponsible for the formulation andimplementation of its sectoral policies.
PRIVATE SECTOR
Sustainable development cannot besinglehandedly undertaken by and throughthe public sector alone. It is thereforeimportant that a convincing awarenesscampaign be launched and the businesscommunity made partners in development. Abusiness/industries roundtable should beconstituted by the SSSD focal point in theIndustries Department. It is suggested thatthe Chamber of Commerce and Industry alsosets up a corresponding unit to liaise withtheir counterparts in the public sector to helpthem identify the technology and investmentneeded to clean up their operations, and toassess and provide for the research and otherneeds of the private sector.
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POLICY CONSULTATIVEGROUPSIn order to address the participation gap,which currently exists in the provincialdevelopment processes, it is suggested thatthe Provincial Steering Committee onSustainable Development considers thecreation of a number of a Policy ConsultativeGroups (PCGs), on a needs» basis. The PCGswould have a mandate to review and provideadvice on sectoral development programmesand activities. The groups would bemultistakeholder bodies, composed ofrepresentatives from the government, theacademe, NGOs, the private sector, and otherinterest groups. In order to ensure the effectiveparticipation of civil society members, speciallydesigned capacity building programmes mightbe required for some group members. ThePCGs would support the pursuit of sustainabledevelopment in the province in a number ofimportant ways. Among other benefits, theywould be expected to:
● Provide a recognizable platform and aforum in which to undertake policy
discussions. In this regard, they couldprovide civil society, in particular, withimmediate and tangible links to the publicsector processes.
● Create alliances between governmentdepartments and non-government actors,interest groups, and experts. By bringingthese many different stakeholders onto acommon platform, the consultative groupwould help to build trust, identify sharedobjectives, and create new partnerships.
● Encourage policy innovation. By their verynature, the PCGs would serve to promotediscussions, debate, and assessment ofpolicy options. In other developingcountries, these types of multistakeholderpolicy deliberations have played animportant role in fostering new ideas andapproaches, leading to policy innovations.
● Reduce conflict and enhance policyownership. Policy-making, which mostlytakes place behind closed doors, withoutdebate or stakeholder interaction, oftenleads to a lack of ownership, considerableconflict, and ineffective implementation.
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Cultivating a participatory culture is an important step towards sustainable development
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The PCGs would create a forum in whichmultistakeholder debate and genuineevaluation of policy options could occur;decisions would only be taken onceconsensus or an acceptable level ofagreement had been achieved, therebycreating a supportive milieu for policyimplementation.
● Promote the participation of marginalizedstakeholders. The PCGs would provide animportant opportunity for those membersof the society who tend to be neglectedby governance processes to contributedirectly to policy formulation. In thisregard, the membership of the PCGswould need to be carefully anddeliberately structured by the roundtable,so as to include representatives ofmarginalized stakeholder groups.
● Ensure that policy decisions are givengreater legitimacy. It is envisioned that thePCGs would include institutionalmembers, i.e. recognized civil societyorganizations would be mandated tonominate representatives to participate inthe PCGs. This would lend considerablecredibility to the process and help toensure legitimacy of the policy choices.
● Ensure that policy decisions aresensitive to provincial needs, cultural,and social norms. Through theinvolvement of a broad cross-section ofsociety, the PCGs would serve toinstitutionalize provincial, social, andcultural norms. This, in turn, would helpto ensure that policy decisions areculturally and socially appropriate. ThePCGs would require a clear mandate inorder to be effective. In this regard, thePSC should be required to develop clearToR for the operation of any PCGs that itmay establish, including guidelines onmembership, roles, and responsibilities.
SECTORAL INTEGRATIONThe need to coordinate and integrate sectoralpolicies and programmes more effectively hasincreasingly been recognized as a keychallenge for sustainable development. In
some provinces, the P&DDs have beenmandated to lead this integration process.Although this has led to a number of partialsuccesses, full integration has not yet beenachieved. To rectify this, the followingmeasures are recommended:
● A single Natural Resources Management(NRM) Section should be created withinthe P&DD. The NRM Section should seekto promote integrated planning bybringing all the different NRM units andsections together within a unifiedstructure.
● An Interdepartmental Working Group onSustainable Development should beestablished to foster intersectoralconsultations and the development ofintegrated policies, plans, andprogrammes. The members of the workinggroup can be drawn from middle-levelprofessional tiers, where the focus is onpractical implementation issues andownership of programme design anddevelopment is greatest. Communicationamongst staff at this middle level is alsolikely to be less formal and moresustained than it would be at more seniorlevels in the province.
● A cross-sectoral Secretaries Committeeon Sustainable Development should beestablished at the higher, decision-makinglevels, with a mandate to review andapprove the programmes developed bythe Interdepartmental Working Group.
● The Provincial Steering Committee onSustainable Development should receiveperiodic reports from both theInterdepartmental Working Group andSecretaries» Committee.
SECTORAL CAPACITY
Institutional capacity is not always recognizedas a central and important issue in the contextof sustainable development. As a result, itrarely receives the attention it requires, eitherin terms of policy development or theallocation of resources. Capacityenhancement will be fundamental to
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successful SSSD implementation, and willneed to address institutional and humanresource development, as well as thecontextual aspects described earlier (such asrecruitment policies). To address theserequirements, the following measures arerecommended:
● A comprehensive institutionaldevelopment programme must be carriedout, beginning with a carefully selectednumber of priority provincial departmentsand other government bodies. This couldinclude the review and reformulation ofinstitutional mandates; the clarification ofjob descriptions; the development ofmechanisms to enhance responsivenessand transparency; and the design,development, and installation of datamanagement systems.
● An intensive capacity building programmeneeds to be designed and implemented,which comprehensively addresses theneed for human resource development inkey provincial departments. This couldinclude the development of an effectiveneeds» assessment system; the initiationof mechanisms to ensure that skills»enhancement programmes correspond todepartmental needs and priorities; and theformulation of policies, which activelyencourage and reward civil servants fortaking part in such programmes.
● The current emphasis on supply-sidehuman resource development should bereplaced by a growing emphasis ondemand-based programmes. The elementof this policy shift should include theinitiation of a new requirement, making itobligatory for government departments todemonstrate that adequate resourceshave been allocated to human resourcesand institutional development; theplacement of a high premium oninstitutional and individual performance;and the development of clear jobdescriptions and corresponding skills»requirements. An implementation planshould also be developed, laying out thesequence of steps that will be takenduring the course of this process,including training needs, assessments, the
evolution of job description, and skills»acquisition by government personnel.
● The potential for using market-basedsystems to deliver the necessary trainingprogramme must also be explored. Not alltraining initiatives need to be based withinthe public sector; the design andimplementation of certain trainingprogrammes, for example, could beopened to competitive bidding involvingboth public and private sectororganizations.
● Systems to ensure a closer matchbetween staff placement and staff skillsshould be developed.
● A mechanism needs to be created bywhich a department»s continued eligibilityto access capacity development grantsfrom the government is made conditionalon a demonstration that existing capacityis being utilized in the best possibleconfiguration.
● Resource allocations to capacity buildingmust be enshrined as a budgetary normover the medium term. Allocations mayinitially be broadly based on a proportionof the recurrent budget, and thensubsequently refined on the basis ofinternal needs and assessments andindependent reviews. Continuedinvestment beyond the medium term willbe subject to an evaluation ofachievements. In addition to theseinitiatives within the public sector, it willalso be critically important to build thecapacity of civil society groups, so thatthey may participate more fully in SSSDimplementation.
ANNUAL PLANNING ANDRESOURCE ALLOCATIONOne of the principal features of the annualplanning process is the prioritization ofresource allocation for development purposes.The process not only serves to highlight thegovernment»s key policies and programmes,but also, their relative position on thedevelopment agenda. As the SSSD
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recommendations on multistakeholderconsultation are brought into action, it willbecome increasingly important to developmechanisms to ensure that the policies,priorities, and the viewpoints of civil societyare meaningfully reflected in this annualplanning and resource allocation process. ThePSC on sustainable development will need totake the lead in this process, by promoting thedevelopment of a close working relationshipbetween government line departments andcivil society groups. There will also be a needfor the establishment of a clear and a formallinkage between the PSC and the P&DD. Tothis end, the following mechanisms arerecommended:
● The P&DD would be formally required todemonstrate that it has appropriatelyreflected the recommendations of thePSC in its annual planning exercise.
● The result of the annual planning processwould be formally reviewed by the PSC. Inpractice, this will involve a review of thedraft ADP and its proposed budgetaryallocations.
The annual planning and resource allocationprocess will also benefit from and be guidedby the periodic reports and views generatedby the SSSD monitoring arrangements. Thesereports must be made available to a widerange of bodies, including the various linedepartments and the P&DD. The reports willhelp to establish a more objective andaccurate information base on which toformulate the annual plans. They will alsoassist the roundtables in determining theappropriateness and adequacy of the P&DD»spolicy and responses.
Negative Lists of InvestmentsThe annual planning process will also result inthe production of a list of negative investmentoptions, sectors, and projects. In the contextof the SSSD, any initiative that is likely toimpinge in a negative manner on progresstoward sustainable development should beincluded in the list. During the initial stages ofimplementation, the negative list can bedeveloped on the basis of fairly simple andbasic criteria. More sophisticated criteria cansubsequently be developed as the provincial
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Creating cross-sectoral alliances helps build trust among stakeholders
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capacity to assess potential environmentaland social impacts increases. In light of thecritical role that natural resources play insustaining the livelihoods and wellbeing of thepopulation, it is envisioned that these criteriawill address such issues as the potentialimpacts of investments on the sustainability ofresource use, the maintenance of ecologicalprocesses and ecosystem services, and theconservation of biodiversity.
Environmental ImpactAssessment
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is animportant tool for enhancing progresstowards sustainable development. It seeks toprevent or minimize negative environmentalimpacts whilst maximizing the benefits ofdevelopment interventions. More specifically,EIAs can help to address the challenge of adopting sound environmentalmanagement practices in the context of rapideconomic development.
As an integral component of implementationtherefore, a number of measures should beundertaken to strengthen EIA procedures inSindh. In particular the following steps arerecommended:
● Ensure that the provisions of the PakistanEnvironment Protection Act (1997) are fullyimplemented in the province.
● Develop sector-specific EIA guidelinesand project-screening criteria. In the firstinstance, all projects costing more thanRs.20 million should be required to submitan EIA along with their PC-I document.Similarly, all projects in the vicinity of keywater channels, forest areas orbiodiversity sites should be subject toEIAs. In the absence of an EIA for thesetypes of projects, a strict policy of noallocation should be followed.
● Enhance the EIA capacity of the P&DDand the various line departments throughin-service training and the recruitment ofadditional environmental and socialspecialists.
● Undertake third party monitoring ofparticularly sensitive developmentprojects, to ensure that environmentalmitigation measures are beingimplemented as planned.
● Institutionalize public consultationprocesses as an integral component ofEIAs, in order to enhance informationcollection transparency and accountability.
Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment
Although the Environmental ImpactAssessment ((EIA) is a valuable tool forassessing the likely impacts of individualprojects, it does not provide a mechanism fordetermining long-term, cumulative effects.Although each individual development projecton its own may be relatively benign, thecombined impact of multiple initiatives mayeventually become severe. To address theseconcerns, Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment (SEA) must be carried out for theprovincial priority development sectors,starting with the energy and water sectors. Inorder to ensure that these assessmentscontribute effectively to policy formulation,they should be repeated at periodic intervalsof ten years.
COMMUNICATION STRATEGYCommunication activities must be activelyused to create a supportive, enablingenvironment for SSSD implementation. To thisend, the following measures arerecommended:
● A targeted communication campaignshould be designed and implemented,using a mix of available media options,including radio, television, the press,printed materials, seminars, and briefings.The key stakeholders to be involved insuch a campaign are summarized in thebox below. The campaign should seek toexplain the rationale and approach of theSSSD, along with its vision, objectives,and priority activities. Special material
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RRuurraall CCoommmmuunniittiieess Rural communities constitute more than 50 percent of the provincial population,and thus have the largest stake in the sustainable development of the region.The SSSD communication strategy should accord particular priority to workingwith village organizations, women»s organizations, village conservationcommittees, the taluka and union councils, and other local groups.
AAddmmiinniissttrraattiioonn aanndd LLiinnee DDeeppaarrttmmeennttss By considering environmental issues at the planning stage of development,
government line departments can play a role in reconciling socio-economicaspirations with the sustainable use of natural resources. There is, however,still a need to increase environmental awareness at all levels. To this end, shorttraining courses can be organized on a regular basis, highlighting the linkagesbetween environment and development, as well as particular issues of specialconcern to Sindh. The SSSD communication strategy must also seek to workwith extension networks that have been established at the taluka and districtlevels by many line departments. These networks have direct interactions withlocal communities and thus constitute an important outreach mechanism.
NNoonn--GGoovveerrnnmmeenntt OOrrggaanniizzaattiioonnss The NGO sector is an important channel for non-formal communication. The
various NGO networks operating in Sindh have considerable potential to raiseawareness and to catalyse sustainable development at the grassroots level.The SSSD communication strategy should seek to ensure that these networksare provided with technical and institutional support wherever necessary, sothat they can play a more effective advocacy role and act as intermediaries toreach out to the ulema, community leaders, and village organizations.
MMeeddiiaa The formal media play an important role in influencing the decisions ofpolicy-makers and in building public awareness. The SSSD communicationstrategy should seek to ensure that journalists working with the press, radio,and television are equipped with the skills and technical knowledge requiredto report on complex sustainable development issues in an accurate andeffective manner.
PPuubb lliicc RReepprreesseennttaattiivveess The understanding and support of public representatives are vital tosuccessful SSSD implementation. To this end, the communication strategyshould take active steps to ensure that the members of the Sindh Cabinetare briefed on a regular basis about the progress of the SSSD as well as thestatus of key environment and development issues in the region.
PPrriivvaattee SSeeccttoorr In Sindh, the private sector is quite strong and well established.Improvements to communication infrastructure have led to a substantialgrowth in production and trade. The Chamber of Commerce and Industries(CCI) should be encouraged to mainstream environmental concerns into itsactivities and future plans. In collaboration with the CCI and other tradebodies, an awareness campaign should be launched aimed at ≈greening∆business activities and promoting corporate environmental responsibility.
UUlleemmaa Religious scholars command an influential position in our society, and haveaccess to an extensive network of mosques and religious shrines. The SSSDcommunication strategy should therefore seek to work with the ulema to helpraise awareness on sustainable development issues.
DDoonnoorrss In addition to GoP funding, financial support from the international donorcommunity will be essential for successful SSSD implementation. Thecommunication strategy should therefore seek to build support for the SSSDamong the diverse range of donor agencies.
KKeeyy SSttaakkeehhoollddeerrss iinn SSSSDD CCoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn aanndd AAwwaarreenneessss AAccttiivviittiieess
should be produced for women and otherdisadvantaged groups.
● Consolidated quarterly progress reportsshould be updated and transformed intoa quarterly magazine (in local languages),and used as a tool to share informationabout SSSD implementation and other major environmental andsustainable development initiatives and issues.
● A series of training and skills»development workshops should beorganized for the formal media in areassuch as investigatory reporting,environmental journalism, developmentcommunication, film production,photography, and editing.
● Institutional, technical, and financialsupport can be sought for provincial pressclubs and associations of environmentaljournalists. These forums can also beassisted by developing linkages with
national and international associations ofenvironmental journalists.
● Greater efforts must be made to involvethe ulema in environmental anddevelopment activities. Special readingand visual materials can be developed,based on Islamic injunctions related to theenvironment. Consideration must also begiven to creating a new forum forenvironment discussions among the ulemaand to including environmental topics inthe curricula of religious institutions. Indesigning these outreach programmes, allactivities must be carefully tailored so thatthey are sensitive to particular cultural andsectarian contexts.
● The potential to use other informalcommunication channels includingfestivals, sporting events, communityorganizations, village-based art andcultural forums, government extensionnetworks, and women»s societies, mustalso be actively explored.
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Monitoring and Evaluation
C H A P T E R 2 4
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mplementation of a strategy for sustainable development
would be a futile exercise without a proper and effective
monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system. Monitoring and
evaluation is important not only to make sure that
programmes are running in the right direction, but more
importantly to be able to draw lessons and experiences
for both the immediate and long-term future of the strategy.
The SSSD framework for M&E would not only include mechanisms to monitor and assessprojects and programmes which will be taken up through the SSSD, but also the stakeholdersvis à vis government agencies, NGOs, the private sector, and communities who would beassociated and involved with the SSSD at various levels.. It would also include a mechanism andinfrastructure for implementation of international treaties to which Pakistan is a signatory to as ameasure for cooperation and participation in it global efforts towards attaining sustainabledevelopment.
Implementation of a sustainable development endeavour needs to be watched carefully and itscourse corrected whenever required. Hence, the framework would have two components: acomponent for operational monitoring, which will be used to track the implementation of theSSSD»s many recommendations and their immediate results; and another component for impactmonitoring, which will be used to assess the longer term outcomes of the strategy and progresstowards sustainability.
I
Both the components will be designed in sucha way that they:
● Are simple to operate.
● Rely primarily on readily available sourcesof information.
● Promote the participation of all thestakeholders.
● Build upon the institutional mandates andstrengths of the individual stakeholders.
● Facilitate periodic corrective action, inorder to steer the SSSD process towardsthe achievements of its sustainabledevelopment objectives.
EXISTING ARRANGEMENTS
An M&E cell already exists in the P&DDheaded by a Director-General and assisted bya Director, a Deputy Director, two AssistantDirectors and the office staff. The setup,however, is lacking in logistics. As it ishumanly impossible to keep physical track ofmore than 2 000 development schemes,reflected in the provincial Annual DevelopmentProgramme, with the existing small setup onlya few selected schemes are monitored in thefield. The M&E cell of the P&DD has to relyupon the progress reported by the linedepartments directly or through their Planning& Monitoring Units or PMUs (wherever theyexist) on a monthly basis with a gap of abouta fortnight. The PMUs are functional inAgriculture, Education, Health, Works &Services, Irrigation & Power and IndustriesDepartments respectively.
The earlier established culture of reportingprogress on a PC-III format (QuarterlyProgress Report ƒ QPR) is no more in vogue.The departmental Progress Monitoring (PM)Cell is also without logistic support andmostly lacks monitoring skills. PM Cellsmostly act as a post office between the fieldimplementing agencies and the linedepartments/P&DD.
The Provincial Cabinet of Ministers monitorsdevelopment activities almost on a monthly
basis. The M&E Cell, P&DD acts as asecretariat; the data and information in theworking paper discussed at the cabinetmeetings are forwarded by the linedepartments and consolidated in the M&ECell, P&DD.
TRACKING SSSDIMPLEMENTATIONIn order to develop and operationalize thesedifferent systems and sources, it will benecessary to build the monitoring capacity ofthe P&DD and the various line departments.The ultimate aim should be to ensure thateach of the principal institutions involved inSSSD implementation has its own in-housemonitoring capacity.
The P&DD will need to play an important role,as the responsibility for collecting andconsolidation of the information pouring infrom the different monitoring levels will bevested in it. The P&DD (M&E Cell) should beresponsible for preparing working papers forthe Executive Committee, the ExecutiveCouncil, and the PSC headed by the ACS(Dev). The M&E Cell should seek assistancefor data from the Sindh BoS, as and whenrequired. In addition to the working papersproduced by the M&E Cell, the P&DD shouldbe responsible for the preparation of six-monthly progress reports on the status ofSSSD implementation, through the newlycreated Coordination Section. These shouldbe widely circulated among all thestakeholders and used for public awarenessvia electronic and print media.
PLANNING ANDDEVELOPMENTDEPARTMENTThe current single source of monitoring by theimplementing agencies may also bebroadened and both of the SSSD»s monitoringcomponents should be designed so thatcorrective action can be initiated by multiplestakeholders at multiple levels. Although thisfeature has many benefits, a prominent lessonthat emerges from the current monitoring
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experience is that it is of vital importance toassign clear-cut responsibilities for eachassigned role. The duties and functions andthe role and responsibilities of each institutionand agency need to be clearly defined. At thesame time, the role of individual agenciesneeds to be complementary, so that the overallmonitoring effort is cohesive and synergic.
As the P&DD has a broad overview ofdevelopment in the province, it should play thecentral role in coordinating and facilitating theSSSD»s various monitoring and assessmentarrangements. This will entail working with theline departments and other stakeholders toensure that the necessary monitoringarrangements are in place and functioning.
It is essential and desirable that similar M&Earrangements are established and madefunctional at the district and subdistrict levels.
MODUS OPERANDI● Establishing a multilevel, participatory
monitoring framework to track thefinancial and physical progress ofindividual development projects and thestatus of SSSD implementation. Theframework should identify priorityactivities and timelines.
● The P&DD should have the mandate tocollate and synthesize information flowingin from the different monitoring levels andto prepare six-monthly progress reportson SSSD implementation for its formalsubmission to the Executive Committee.
● The P&DD should ensure that allmonitoring and assessment reports arewidely circulated among all thestakeholders, the government, and civilsociety.
● The monitoring and assessment capacityof the P&DD and other key
stakeholders/institutions involved in theSSSD should be enhanced.
● The P&DD should prepare a progressreport on SSSD implementation,outcomes, and impacts at five-yearlyintervals, using the information generatedby the sustainability indicators.
● The capacity of the P&M Units/Cells in allthe line departments should be enhanced.
● An independent third party monitoring ofthe status of the SSSD and effectivenessof its implementation arrangementsshould be carried out at regular intervalsof three to five years.
● An information management systemshould be developed, keeping in view therequirement of information to verify theindicators for assessing progress towardsSSSD implementation, as well as humanand ecosystem wellbeing.
● Reviewing and refining of the SSSDobjectives should be carried out, ifsuggested by the monitoring andassessment reports.
● Monitoring and assessment of genderconcerns, especially the role of women inrealizing the goals of sustainabledevelopment in Sindh, should also beundertaken.
● Ensure timely feedback at each level, sothat corrective measures and actions aretaken by those responsible.
● The P&DD should provide guidance andrender support to stakeholders in definingresults, milestones, and indicators.
● The BoS should be re-organized andstrengthened in the field, for collection ofdata prior, during, and afterimplementation of the SSSD.
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Financial ResourceMobilisation
C H A P T E R 2 5
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he SSSD identifies sustainable development issues and sets
the direction for eradicating poverty and moving toward the
development of the province both in terms of conservation
of natural resources and economic growth. To achieve such
an integration of priorities there is clearly a need for
financial resources. This chapter outlines some of the means
that could be tapped for funding the strategy.
FIVE YEAR PLAN
The Five Year Plan (2005-10) can be an effective source for the implementation of the SSSD. Theprovincial government recognizes environmental conservation and sustainable development asan important component and advocates equitable sharing of benefits, community managementof natural resources, and integrating environmental issues into economic and social developmentplanning. These objectives are in line with the SSSD and as such the priority sectors outlined init are clearly reflected in the government»s policy agenda. This ensures that sustainabledevelopment objectives as outlined in the SSSD can be implemented and funding obtained byintegrating them with the goals of the Five Year Plan.
ANNUAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
The provincial government is also set to continue its policy of public sector investment in varioussectors. In addition, it aims to work toward reducing poverty, ensuring good governance,generating employment and raising the quality of social services especially education, health,and environment. These sectors form a part of the ADP of the province, which can also beanother source of funding for the implementation of the SSSD. With a view to making the publicsector more responsive to the emerging needs of the masses and the economy, higherinvestments in priority sectors such as infrastructure, followed by social sectors, would continueto increase productivity, improve delivery of social services, enhance quality of human resources,and create the necessary environment for the application of new technologies. These policyinitiatives would help to achieve the envisaged targets reflected in the SSSD.
T
PUBLIC SECTORDEVELOPMENT FUNDS(PSDF) The development outlay in the PSDF for FY2005-06 has been estimated at Rs.28.750billion. Out of this Rs.17.210 billion have beenallocated for the provincial government andRs.6.790 billion for district governments. Inaddition, the district governments» share ofRs.50.716 billion would be used to funddevelopment schemes according the latestbudget. These sources can be utilized tosponsor various sectors of the SSSD.
EXISTING PROGRAMMESAND PROJECTSCurrent public sector initiatives that are beingimplemented or have been approved forimplementation can be analysed and prioritiesassigned to match those of the SSSD. Theprojects should be evaluated to assess gapsin design and to evaluate the technicalaspects, monitoring design, implementationmethodology, institutional arrangements, and
results. The projects and programmes couldbe reprofiled to ensure effective delivery aswell as to bring them in line with theobjectives outlined in the SSSD. Under thelatest budget, the education sector isestimated to receive Rs.4.099 billion; health isestimated at Rs.3.941 billion, and irrigation atRs.5.605 billion. This is again a substantialamount which can be utilized forimplementing the recommendations for thesesectors in the SSSD.
NATIONAL FINANCECOMMISSION ANDPROVINCIAL FINANCECOMMISSION AWARDSSince independence, Pakistan has given fiveNational Finance Commission Awards (NFC)to the provinces based on a 47 percent share.It is envisaged that the 6th award would be ona 50: 50 basis. Under the last award, Sindh»sshare was 23.7 percent and it seems likelythat this could be increased under the 6th
award. Once this has been approved andfinalized, it can be a very good source of
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AAnnnnuuaall DDeevveellooppmmeenntt PPrrooggrraammmmee ((mmiilllliioonn RRss..))
CCOONNSSUUMMPPTTIIOONN 22000022--0033 22000033--0044
AAllllooccaattiioonn %% AAllllooccaattiioonn %%
TTOOTTAALL 77 000000..000000 110000..0000 1111 000000..000000 110000..0000
AGRICULTURE 225.632 3.22 336.674 3.06
FOREST, WILDLIFE & COASTAL 70.310 1.01 145.360 1.32DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
INDUSTRIES, MINES & MINERALS 199.000 2.84 350.000 3.18
WATER & POWER 425.000 6.07 470.000 4.27
PHYSICAL PLANNING & HOUSING 820.000 11.71 849.299 7.72
TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATION 610.000 8.71 1 039.500 9.45
RURAL DEVELOPMENT 911.135 13.02 1 120.039 10.18
EDUCATION 1 600.000 22.86 1 664.127 15.13
HEALTH 480.000 6.86 669.240 6.09
ALL OTHERS 1 658.923 23.70 4 355.761 39.60
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funding for the implementation of certainsectors of the SSSD, such as poverty,environment, and education.
While functional responsibilities areincreasingly being devolved to the localgovernments under the Local GovernmentOrdinance (LGO), financial resourcesavailable to them are not consistent with theirresponsibilities. Provincial FinanceCommission (PFC) awards provide financialresources to the districts. These can be alsotapped to implement the strategy at the localand district levels. The Devolution Planinitiated by the government entails that thisaward is handed down at the district leveland therefore can be a good source of district level implementation of the strategy.
DONORS
The SSSD advocates sustainable developmentthrough environmental conservation andsustainable management of natural resources.Achieving these objectives will also lead topoverty alleviation and economic developmentof the province. These benefits are also in linewith the priorities of multilateral and bilateraldonors, and it is believed that donor fundingwould also be available to implement thestrategy»s priorities. Among these, the WorldBank, Asian Development Bank, and otherinternational funding agencies such as UNEPand UNDP, which historically have providedfunds, can be approached for specific sectors.The box below outlines a donor profile thatcan be explored.
LLiisstt ooff PPootteennttiiaall DDoonnoorrss
RRNNEE
DDoonnoorrss GGeeooggrraapphhiiccaall AArreeaa ooff IInntteerreesstt
Pakistan as a whole with particularemphasis laid on the projects of theNWFP region and the chalking up ofBalochistan»s ConservationProgramme. Other areas of interestfor the RNE in Pakistan are Karachi,Lahore, Sialkot, Multan, Sheikhupura,Kasur, Rinala Khurd, Chagai JV areain Balochistan, Ghazi Barotha,Jhelum, and Muridke.
The RNE has been particularly activein the automotive sector as well asthose which deal with primary health.It has supported the development ofthe Balochistan ConservationStrategy. Techno-economic studieshave also been carried out in manydifferent cities of Pakistan mainly inPunjab Province. Much work has alsobeen done in the Ghazi BarothaHydro Power Project with financialand other aid from the Netherlands.
NNoorrwweeggiiaann EEmmbbaassssyy The Norwegian Embassy addressesall regions of Pakistan but the mainfocus is on the Northern Areas wherecalamities and disasters arecommon.
In these areas, it has beenparticularly active due to itscombined efforts with SDC (SwissDevelopment Corporation).
Provided initial work support toNACS in 1997 and played a vital rolein initiating the Himal Strategy. It hasbeen particularly active in the fieldsof education (at primary andsecondary levels), training (bothvocational and otherwise), providinglegislation help as well as preparingenvironmental advocacy reportsperiodically over the years.
CCIIDDAA CIDA has focused on those areas ofPakistan in which a limited amount offunding is required so that theireconomic and social conditions areimproved.
CIDA has been consistently fundingthe Pakistan EnvironmentProgramme (PEP) over the years. Ithas a history of providing funding todifferent organizations. It has alsofinancially helped NACS so that thelatter could improve both socially andeconomically and development fromboth perspectives is smooth.
SSeeccttoorrss ooff IInntteerreesstt
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AADDBB
DDoonnoorrss GGeeooggrraapphhiiccaall AArreeaa ooff IInntteerreesstt
NWFP has been one of the twoprovinces of interest for ADB. Theother one is Sindh.
ADB has been actively participatingin economic growth and povertyreduction areas. Other fields ofinterest for ADB are the uplift plansof rural areas as well as theirdevelopment. ADB has also providedassistance in the reforms where thegovernment has been playing a vitalrole as well.
WWBB The WB has its geographical areas ofinterest within Pakistan in theprovinces of Sindh and Punjab
The WB has meticulously made surethat its funding is dedicated to publicawareness programmes all overPakistan and within every possiblerural district and metropolis. Apartfrom big cities like Karachi andLahore, it has also given support tosmall and underdeveloped ones likethe FATA regions as well as those ofthe Northern Areas of Pakistan.Education training programmes arealso in place, which go hand in handwith the funding for mass awarenessof the public.
SSeeccttoorrss ooff IInntteerreesstt
SSDDCC SDC has been operating within allprovinces, rural areas and cities ofPakistan, mainly with the cooperationof the Norwegian Embassy and otherforeign agencies.
The most important sectors ofinterest for SDC are the onesconcerned with enhancements incapacity as well as expertise fortechnology transfer within differentregions. SDC is doing this incollaboration with CIDA and Norway.
EEUU The EU has been active in basicallyevery part of Pakistan. Recently,drought-hit areas where famine is aproblem seem to be a priority.
The EU has provided assistancetowards livestock service reforms.Apart from these, the regions that arebadly in need of food because ofshortage due to famine/drought arehelped by the EU. The EU has beenvibrant in combating the after-effectsof natural calamities which occurperiodically in Pakistan.
GGEEFF//UUNNDDPP UNDP with GEF assistance is workingcohesively as a unit across Pakistan.Its climate change studies are beingcarried out in different cities. UNDP isalso doing its best in the field ofpublishing as well as printing booksfor the younger generation ofPakistan residing in rural areas.
UNDP has helped extensively in thecommercialization of wind powerproduction within many regions ofPakistan. UNDP also is studyingclimate change impacts on Pakistanisociety. UNDP is also involved in theeducation sector.
GGEEFF//UUNNEEPP The work of UNEP is prevalent allover Pakistan.
UNEP has assisted in EIAs as wellgap analysis. UNEP is also acting asan ad hoc funding mechanism for theCBD.
PRIVATE SECTOR
If the province is to move towards sustainabledevelopment, it is imperative that the privatesector be actively involved in every aspect ofits development. The private sector can beone of the partners in providing funds toundertake various activities at all levels. Thisalso means formulating public√privatepartnerships for undertaking varioussustainable development projects.
PROJECT PROPOSAL AND PC IIA few draft project concept papers areattached as Appendix 3.These could be usedfor the development of PC II and other projectproposals to solicit funding.
203
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A P P E N D I C E S
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GGOOVVEERRNNMMEENNTT OOFF SSIINNDDHHSSEERRVVIICCEESS,, GGEENNEERRAALL AADDMMIINNIISSTTRRAATTIIOONN && CCOOOORRDDIINNAATTIIOONN DDEEPPAARRTTMMEENNTT
KKaarraacchhii ddaatteedd tthhee NNoovveemmbbeerr 3300,, 22000044
NOTIFICATION
NNoo.. SSOO ((CC--IIVV)) ((SSGGAA&&CCDD)) 77--991166//0044.. The Government of Sindh has been pleased to constituteAdvisory Committee on Sindh Sustainable Strategy for development with the followingcomposition and TORs.
1. Mr. Ghulam Sarwar Khero Additional Chief Secretary ChairmanPlanning & Development DepartmentGovernment of Sindh
2, Local Government, Kachi Abadis Through representationand Special Development Dept.Government of Sindh
3. Finance and Cooperation Department ≈Government of Sindh
4. Environment & Alternate Energy Department ≈Government of Sindh
5. Labour, Transport & Industries Department ≈Government of Sindh
6. Forest & Wildlife Department ≈Government of Sindh
7. Fisheries & Livestock Department ≈Government of Sindh
8. Agriculture Department ≈Government of Sindh
9. Irrigation and Power Department ≈Government of Sindh
10. Population Welfare Department ≈Government of Sindh
Appendix 1
11. Vice Chancellor ≈Mehran University of Engineering & TechnologyJamshoro
12. Nazim, City District Government, Karachi Member
13. District Coordination Officer Karachi ≈
14. Mr. Javed Jabbar ≈Baanhn Beli, Karachi
15 Mr. Mohamad Hashim Leghari ≈
16. Ms. Mehtab Akbar Rashdi ≈
17. Dr. Suleman Shaikh ≈Secretary, SZABIST, Karachi.
18. Dr. Iqbal Chaudhary ≈H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, Karachi
19. Mr. M. Rafi Chawla ≈MD, Century Paper & Board Mills Ltd. Karachi
20. Mr. Qazi Asad Abid ≈Daily Ibrat, Karachi
21. Mr. Mehmood Nawaz Shah ≈Secretary General, Sindh Abadgar Board Latifabad, Hyderabad
22. Ms. Meher Markar Noshirwani ≈Shirkat Gah, Karachi
23. Ms. Kausar Saeed Khan ≈Department of Community Health SciencesAga Khan University, Karachi.
24. Dr. Mubina Agbotwala ≈Karachi
25. Zulfiqar Ali Shah Jamote ≈Progressive Farmer, Karachi.
26. Mr. Arif Hasan ≈37-D Mohammad Ali Housing Society, Karachi.
27. Mr. Shaunaid Qureshi ≈Chairman, Pakistan Sugar Mills Association (Sindh Zone)
28. Dr. Arshad A. Vohra, Chamber of Commerce ≈Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry
206
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29. Mr. Abdul Ghaffar Pirzada ≈Chief Economist P&D Deptt, Sindh
30. Mr. Ali Raza Rizvi ≈ Head IUCN Sindh Programme
31. Zulfiqar Ali Shah Secretary/memberAssistant Chief (Environment)Planning and Development Department
2. The TTeerrmmss ooff RReeffeerreennccee of the Advisory Committee for the Sindh Strategy forSustainable Development are to:
a) Guide, advise and support the formulation of the Sindh Strategy for SustainableDevelopment (SSSD).
b) Advise on overall strategic focus and direction of SSSD.
c) Attend consultative workshops for relevant sectors.
d) Provide support in forming strategic alliances with government, civil society and theprivate sector.
e) Review the progress of the development of the Strategy.
f) Review the draft of the Strategy and provide feedback.
g) Perform any other task related to SSSD.
1. The representatives of the government departments may not be less than post ofAdditional Secretary.
2. The government officials at serial number 15 and 16 have consented to contribute inthe committee in their individual capacity.
3. The Advisory committee will meet on a bimonthly or need basis.
4. Environment Section of Planning and Development Department will act as aSecretariat for SSSD.
5. TA/DA, if any, for the meetings of Advisory Committee, would be borne by therespective individuals/agency/ department.
MMUUHHAAMMMMAADD AASSLLAAMM SSAANNJJRRAANNIICCHHIIEEFF SSEECCRREETTAARRYY SSIINNDDHH
NNoo.. SSOO((CC--IIVV))//SSGGAA&&CCDD//77--991166//0044 KKaarraacchhii ddaatteedd tthhee NNoovveemmbbeerr 3300,, 22000044
A copy is forwarded for information and necessary action to:-
l The Additional Chief Secretary Sindh (all).l The Senior Member (including all Members), Board of Revenue, Sindh.l The Principal Secretary to Governor Sindh, Karachi.l The Military Secretary to Governor Sindh, Karachi.l The Secretary to Chief Minister Sindh, Karachi.l The Administrative Secretaries to Government of Sindh (All).l The Provincial Police Officer Sindh, Karachi.l The DCO»s / DPO»s / TPO»s (all) in Sindh.l Headquarters 5 Corps, Karachi.l Chairman / Member of the Committee.l Deputy Secretary (Staff) to Chief Secretary Sindh.l PS to Chief Secretary Sindh.l PS to Secretary (GA/C), SGA&CD.
((MMuuhhaammmmaadd ZZaakkiirr))Section Officer (C-IV)
208
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Appendix 2
LLiisstt ooff PPaarrttiicciippaannttss aatt SSeeccttoorraall CCoonnssuullttaattiivvee WWoorrkksshhooppss
NNaammee DDeessiiggnnaattiioonn//OOrrggaanniizzaattiioonn PPoossttaall AAddddrreessss CCiittyy//DDiissttrriicctt
A.G. Pirzada Ex-Chief Economist M-10, Cosy Homes, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Block 13-A, Karachi
A.B. Kalhoro Chief Agriculture, Government of Sindh, Planning & Dev. Deptt Tughlaq House,
Sindh Secretariat Karachi
Aijaz Nizamani DFO, Forestry Research Auto Bhan Road Hyderabad
Abdul Quddus Faruqui Director Quality Control Nazimabad No.3 Karachi
Abrar H. Mirza 29/II, 815 Gizri Lane, Phase IV, D.H.A. Karachi
Anwar Hussain Memon Director, Major Cros Agri. Block F, Shahbaz Builaind HyderabadExtension
Abdul Hafeez Daily Awani Awaz Daily Awani Awaz, Karachi Karachi
Aamir Hussain Siddiqui Federation of Pakistan Federation House, KarachiChamber of Commerce Main Clifton& Industry (FPCCI)
Arshad Maroof Planning Officer, P&DD Government of Sindh, Tughlaq House,Sindh Secretariat Karachi
Ali Murtaza Dharejo Professor, Department of House #A-148, SUECH Society JamshoroZoology, University of Sindh
Ali Raza Rizvi Head, Sindh Programme 1, Bath Island Road KarachiOffice, IUCN Pakistan
Aziz Kabani SEF Plot 9, Block 7, Kehkashan, KarachiClifton 5
Amar Leghari MWO Govt. College, Sanghar
Ashique Hussain Shaikh Deputy Director, Block 94, Sindh Secretariat 4-B KarachiHealth Department
Aamir Kabir Scientific Officer (Ex) PARC A-52, Block 4, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Karachi
Arif Hassan Architect 37-D, Mohammad Ali Society Karachi
Arifa Lodhi Manager, SUPARCO Off. University Road Karachi
Abdul Ghaffar Surahio UNICEF B-59, S.M.C.H.S Karachi
Ahmed Saeed IUCN Pakistan 1, Bath Island Road Karachi
Ayesha Jafar IUCN Pakistan 1, Bath Island Road, Karachi
210
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NNaammee DDeessiiggnnaattiioonn//OOrrggaanniizzaattiioonn PPoossttaall AAddddrreessss CCiittyy//DDiissttrriicctt
Dr Ejaz Ahmad Deputy Director General, 606-607 Fortune Centre, KarachiWWF block 6, P.E.C.H.S
Dr M. A. Sohag GM (R&D), SIDA A-28, Civil Lines Hyderabad
Dr Lekhraj Kella Sindh Forest Department Block 10, Sindh Secretariate # 4A Karachi
Dr M. Saeed Wagan Professor & Chairman, Department of Zoology, JamshoroDepartment of Zoology, University of SindhUniversity of Sindh
Dr Hafizur Rehman Senior Wildlife Preservation 14/1, E. Jahangir Road East KarachiOfficer (Herpetologist)
Dr Kazi Suleman Memon Dean Faculty of Crop Sindh Agriculture University Tando JamProduction, Sindh Agriculture University
Dr Bashir A. Sheikh Vice Chancellor, Sindh Agriculture University Tando JamSindh Agriculture University
Dr Hina Saeed Baig Research Officer, National ST-47, Block I, Clifton KarachiInstitute of Oceanography
Dr Shaukat Hayat Khan Director, Centre of Excellence Centre of Excellence in Marine Karachiin Marine Biology, Biology, University of KarachiUniversity of Karachi
Dr M. Suleman Shaikh Secretary, SZABIST 4th floor, Shaikh Sultan Trust KarachiBuilding #2, Beaumont Road, Civil Lines
Dr Akash Ansari, Chairman, SINGOF Near Badin X-ray Badin
Dr Nasreen Khan Programme Officer, United 61-A Katiawar Co-operative National Family Planning Housing Society, Johar Road, Association, UNFPA Near Awami Markaz Karachi
Dr Khalil Ahmed Shaikh Regional Director, Family 131 Britto Road, Planning Association Pakistan Near Purani Namish Karachi
Dr Kaleemullah Lashari Director, Archives Sindh ST. 26A, Sindh Archives Comlex, Block 5, Clifton, Karachi
Dr Mirza Arshad Ali Baig 136-C, Rafah-e-Aam Housing Karachisociety, Malir Halt
Dr Yasmin Akhtar Kazi Additional Secretary (Med.), 61-A Katiawar Co-operative Population and Welfare Housing Society, Johar Road, Department Near Awami Markaz Karachi
Dr Khalid S. Manager Health, HANDS 225/1/B-Block 2, P.E.C.H.S Karachi
Dr Abu Bakar Mangi Health Department SA-60, Block 5, K.A.E.C.H.S Karachi
Dr Masood Kadir Associate Professor, Dept. Stadium Road Karachiof Community Health Services, Aga Khan University
211
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NNaammee DDeessiiggnnaattiioonn//OOrrggaanniizzaattiioonn PPoossttaall AAddddrreessss CCiittyy//DDiissttrriicctt
Dr Mubina Agboatwala 5, Amir Khusro Road, Block 7/8,Overseas Cooperative Housing Society Karachi
Dr Suhail Zaki Farooqui Project Advisor (NUST), PNS Juhar, Pakistan Navy H.I.Rehmatullah Road, KarachiEngineering College
Dr Ghulam Nabi Kazi Provincial Coordinator, WHO Block No.47, Old Pak Secretariat, Near MPA Hostel Karachi
Dr Huma Mir Director, Pakistan St. 4, Block 3, Gulshan Advertising Institute Chowrangi, Gulshan-e-Iqbal,
Rashid Minhas Road Karachi
Dr G.B. Isani Principal, Baqai College Near Toll Plaza, Off Super of Vet. Sciences Highway, Gadap Road Karachi
Dr Ulfat-un-Nabi Khan Director General, SARC, Karachi University Campus KarachiPARC
Dr Qaiser Sajjad G.S., PMA PMA House, Sir Agha Khan KarachiRoad III
Dr S. Shah Sajid Sec. General, PMA PMA House, Sir Agha Khan KarachiRoad III
Ellahi Bakhsh SPO 3 Mary Cottage, F-2/3, KarachiMary Road, Bath Island
Farhan Anwar SHEHRI 206 G, Block 2, P.E.C.H.S Karachi
Ghulam Qadir Shah Conservation Manager, 606-607 Fortune Centre, WWF Block 6, P.E.C.H.S Karachi
Ghulam Mujtaba Wadahar Director Fisheries Sindh Directorate of Fisheries Hyderabad(Inland), Director of Fisheries
Ghulam Mustafa Shaikh (Rtd.) Chief Conservator C/o Chief Conservator of of Forests Forests Sindh Hyderabad
Ghulam Rasool Channa Conservator Wildlife, Government of Sindh, Sindh Wildlife Department M.D.M. Wafai Road, Karachi
Ghulam Mustafa Abro P&DD 2nd floor, Tughlaq House, Sindh Secretariat Karachi
Gulsher Ahmed Mangi Deputy Director, Geo. Data, ST-191/1, Block 6, Main Mines & Mineral University Road, Development Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi. Karachi
Ghulam Umar Sarhandi Director, Pakistan St. 10/A, Block 4, Commission for Renewable Gulshan-e-IqbalEnergy Technology (PCRET) Karachi
Huniza Alavi AKU-IED, The Aga Khan 1-5/B VII, F.B. Area, Karimabad KarachiUniversity, Institute for Educational Development
212
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NNaammee DDeessiiggnnaattiioonn//OOrrggaanniizzaattiioonn PPoossttaall AAddddrreessss CCiittyy//DDiissttrriicctt
H.M. Javed District Officer, Master 9th floor, City District Govt. Plan Group of Offices Complex, Civic Centre,
Gulshan-e-Iqbal Karachi
Haroon Jamal SPDC 15-Maqbool Cooperative KarachiSociety
Harris Gazdar Director, Collective for 173 Block 2, P.E.C.H.S KarachiSocial Science Research
Hasan Akhtar Rizvi Head, ECK, IUCN Pakistan 1 Bath Island Road Karachi
Huma Ikramullah IUCN Pakistan 1 Bath Island Road Karachi
Inasim Khan Deputy Director, Marine Government of Pakistan, Fisheries Department West Wharf, Fish Harbour, Karachi
Ikhtiar Baig Chairman, SITE F-225, Street 5, Textile Avenue, SITE Karachi
Iqbal Nafees Director General, EPA EPA Complex, Plot # ST 2/1,Sector 23, Korangi Industrial Area Karachi
Inayatullah Qureshi Dir. MEC, Planning & Government of Sindh, Development Department Tughlaq House, Karachi
Iqbal Ahmed Bablani Director General, Mines & ST-191/1, Block 6, Main Mineral Development University Road, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi
Inayat Baloch 12-A, Al-Abbas Housing Society, Phase I, Qasimabad Hyderabad
Javed Jabbar Bannhn Beli 13-A Sunset Street, Phase II Ext., D.H.A. Karachi
Khalid M. Siddiqui Chief (PPEH), P&DD Government of Sindh, Tughlaq House, Sindh Secretariat Karachi
Lala Fazal Ahmed Belaee Forestry Consultant, House No. 415/416, Opp. SAFWCO Beacon House Public School Hyderabad
Lt Dr Aamir Khan Maritime Security Agency HQ, MSA, KDLB Building, West Wharf Karachi
Lt Cdr (S) Asif Raza PN Deputy Director(P&CC), HQ, MSA, KDLB Building, Maritime Security Agency West Wharf Karachi
Mushtaq Mirani Associate Professor, Mehran University of Mehran University of Engg. & TechnologyEngg. & Technology Jamshoro
M. Rafique Mirani Assistant Director Fisheries, Block 50, Pak Secretariat, Directorate General Saddarand Fisheries Deptt. Karachi
Mehboob Ali Bhatti Conservator of Forests, Shahbaz Building, Sindh Forests Department Thandi Sarak Hyderabad
213
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NNaammee DDeessiiggnnaattiioonn//OOrrggaanniizzaattiioonn PPoossttaall AAddddrreessss CCiittyy//DDiissttrriicctt
Mahboob Abrar Ansari Chief Conservator of Forest Department, Forests Sindh Thandi Sarak Hyderabad
Mohammad Khan Director Incharge, Drainage Drainage & Research Centre, & Research Centre Qaiser Road Tando Jam
Mahmood N. Shah Secretary General, 1-A/C Unit No.2, Latifabad HyderabadSindh Abadgar Board
Munawar Opel DG, CDA 1st floor, PIDC House, Moulvi Tamizuddin Khan Road Karachi
Meher Marker Noshirwani Co-ordinator, Shirkat Gah D-FF, Block 2, Clifton Karachi
Mohsin Qureshi Secretary, Population 61-A Khatiawar Cooperative Welfare Department Housing Society, Johar Road Karachi
Mohsina Bilgrami MD, Marie Stopes Society 21-C, Old Sunset Boulevard, Phase 2, D.H.A. Karachi
M. Saleem Jalbani Planning Officer Government of Sindh, (Environment), Planning & Tughlaq HouseDevelopment Department Karachi
M. Faheem Akhtar Assistant Chief (Edu.), Government of Sindh, Planning & Development Tughlaq HouseDepartment Karachi
M. Saghir Shaikh Sr. Instructor, Provincial Sakrand RoadInstitute of Teacher Education - PITE Nawabshah
Masood Mahesar SAFWCO C-415, Qasimabad, Phase 1 Hyderabad
M. Nazim Ali Khan Sindh Text Book Board Jamshoro
Murtaza Siyal Editor, Ibrat Magazine Ibrat Building, Gari Khata Hyderabad
M.A. Shah Ali & Associates 6,7 & 8 Shaheen Tower, Block 6, P.E.C.H.S, Shahrah-e-Faisal Karachi
Mir Nasir Abbas Director General, Sindh Sindh Assembly Annexe Kachi Abadis Authority Building Karachi
M.H. Panhwar RADE 54-D, Block 9, Clifton Karachi
Malik Zaheer-ul-Islam Director General, Civic CentreKarachi Mass Transit, CDGK Karachi
Mumtaz Ali Daily ≈Shoana∆ 107, I. I. Chundrigar Road, Bombay Hotel Karachi
Mir Jawed Iqbal Chief Instructor, NIPA B-2, NIPA Residence, University Road Karachi
Nasrullah Jamali Reporter, Daily Halchal 213 Rafique Centre, Abdullah Haroon Road Karachi
214
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NNaammee DDeessiiggnnaattiioonn//OOrrggaanniizzaattiioonn PPoossttaall AAddddrreessss CCiittyy//DDiissttrriicctt
Noorjehan Bilgrami Indus Valley School of 36/1, Khayaban-e-Hafiz, Art & Architecture D.H.A Karachi
Nihal Akhtar KATI ST-4/2, Sect. 23, KarachiAiwan-e-Sanat
Nadia Dada Pakistan Press Kamal Ata Turk RoadFoundation (PPF) Karachi
Nasir Ali Panhwar Sindh Programme, 1, Bath Island Road KarachiIUCN Pakistan
Najam Khurshid IUCN Pakistan 1, Bath Island Road Karachi
Najia Siddiqui Sindh Programme, 1, Bath Island Road KarachiIUCN Pakistan
Prof Muhammad Iqbal Professor Zoology University of Karachi KarachiDepartment
Prof Qalandar Shah Chief Executive, Centre for D-76 MCP Wapda ColonyEnvironment & Development Jamshoro
Prof Imdadullah Siddiqui Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Department of Geology, University of SindhUniversity of Sindh Jamshoro
Rabia J. Agha Managing Director, Sindh Room No. 114/115, Sea Tourism Development Breeze Plaza, Opp. Aisha Corporations Bawani School Karachi
Rafiq Ahmed Professor, Department of Department of Botany, Botany, University University of Karachiof Karachi Karachi
Rafi ul Haq Consultant A-42, Yasirabad, Block 9, Federal B. Area Karachi
Rehana Ghulam Ali Special Secretary (Tech.) Government of Sindh, Planning & Development Room # 421, Tughlaq HouseDepartment Karachi
Ramzan Chandio Daily ≈Koshish∆ Bombay Hotel 107, I. I. Chundrigar Road Karachi
Reem Nazim IUCN Pakistan 1, Bath Island Road Karachi
Shamsul Haq Memon Secretary, Environment Government of Sindh, & Alternate Energy Deptt. EPA Complex, Plot # ST 2/1,
Sector 23, Korangi Industrial Area Karachi
S.A.R. Kazmi Head/DD (Coord.), Jinnah Avenue, Malir HaltPARC, Sindh Karachi
Suresh Kumar GM-ED, SAFWCO House No. 248/249, Coop. housing Society, Shahdadpur Sanghar
215
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NNaammee DDeessiiggnnaattiioonn//OOrrggaanniizzaattiioonn PPoossttaall AAddddrreessss CCiittyy//DDiissttrriicctt
Simi Kamal 3-C Commercial Lane 2, Zamzama Boulevard, Clifton Karachi
S. Khurshid Ali Editor, Wildlife R-22, Tariq Bin Ziayad Housing Society, Malir Halt Karachi
Syed Munawar Hussain Director Regulation, Tughlaq House, Sindh I&P Department Secretariat Karachi
Syed Manzar Abbas Director of SKNA Sindh Assembly Annex Building Karachi
Shagufta Wasi Mines Labour Welfare 4-A Pak Secretariat Block 7, Organization Court Road Karachi
Shoukat Hussain Shoro Director, Institute of Institute of Sindhology JamshoroSindhology
Sana Raza Sindh Programme, 1, Bath Island RoadIUCN Pakistan Karachi
Safia Shafiq IUCN Pakistan 1, Bath Island Road Karachi
Tahir Qureshi Sindh Programme, 1, Bath Island RoadIUCN Pakistan Karachi
Tehseena Rafi IUCN Pakistan 1, Bath Island Road Karachi
Victor Lara Greenstar 21 C-Zamzama Commercial Lane, D.H.A Phase V Karachi
Wahid Ali P&DD Government of Sindh, Tughlaq House Karachi
Wasim I. Khan CPBM, Lakson Group Lakson Group Karachi
Yasmeen Lari Executive Director, E-6, Fourth Gizri St. Heritage Foundation Devence Authority 4 Karachi
Zulfiqar Ali Shah Finance Department, Government of Sindh, Planning & Development Tughlaq HouseDepartment Karachi
Zofeen Ebrahim Consultant, D-18, Block 3, CliftonFreelance Writer Karachi
Zohra Rehmat Ali IUCN Pakistan 1, Bath Island Road Karachi.
216
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LLiisstt ooff PPaarrttiicciippaannttss ooff CCoonnssuullttaattiivvee WWoorrkksshhoopp aatt HHyyddeerraabbaadd oonn AAuugguusstt 3300,, 22000055
NNaammee DDeessiiggnnaattiioonn//OOrrggaanniizzaattiioonn PPoossttaall AAddddrreessss CCiittyy//DDiissttrriicctt
Abdul Rehman Soomro Program Coordinator, Indus Haji Allam Chawa Colony, Resource Centre (IRC) Sehwan Sharif, Jamshoro Sehwan
Arshad Maroof Planning Officer, Govt. of SindhP&D Deptt. Karachi
Abbas Kassan PPI R/6, Bhurgri House, Saddar Hyderabad
Abdul Rashid DDPWO, A/32, Muslim Housing Society Hyderabad
A. Sattar Khan Jatoo EDO Shahbaz Building Hyderabad
Akhtar Bhatti SPE H.No. B/43, Gulshan Villas, Hali Road Hyderabad
Amjad Ali Shah DFO Planning, Sindh Shahbaz Building, Block AForest Department Hyderabad
Ali Akbar TVO, Umerkot H.No. 1028, Ward #315, Umerkot Umerkot
Ali Murtaza Dharejo Sindh Science Academy House # A-148, SUEH Society, Jamshoro
Aijaz Nizamani Sindh Forest Department Auto Bhan Road Hyderabad
Allah Dino Keerio Mines & Mineral A. Director, Mines & Mineral Development Development Hyderabad
Abdul Jabbar Chhachhar Project Coordinator, Main Qasimabad, Near Marvi HANDS Plaza Hyderabad
Ali Akbar Producer, Radio Pakistan c/o Radio Pakistan Hyderabad
Dr. Mushtaq A. Baloch University of Sindh Dr. M. A Kazi Institute, Chem. Unit Hyderabad
Dr. Abdul Qadir Junejo Livestock Director Animal Livestock & Animal Breeding, Breeding Sindh Auto Bhan Road, Hussainabad Hyderabad
Dr. Mumtaza Ahmed Sohag GM (R&D), SIDA 28-A, Civil Lines, Hyderabad
Dr. Naeem Tariq Narejo Associate Professor, Deptt. Freshwater, Biology University of Sindh and Fisheries,
University of Sindh Hyderabad
Dr. Hidayatullah Ali Director of Botany, Institute of Botany, University Sindh University of Sindh Jamshoro
Dr. Rukhsana Taherani DDO, HRD, EDO E.D.O Health OfficeHealth Office Hyderabad
217
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NNaammee DDeessiiggnnaattiioonn//OOrrggaanniizzaattiioonn PPoossttaall AAddddrreessss CCiittyy//DDiissttrriicctt
Dr. Habibullah Siddiqui Retd. Chairman, B-27, Sindh University, Sindh Text Book Board, Employees Cooperative
Housing Society, Hyderabad
Dr. G. R. Keerio Conservator of Forests C-250, 7North St., Gulistan-e-Sajjad Hyderabad
Dr. Najeeb Ahmed Memon A.P.O Sindh, AKESP H.No. B-II, Prince Town, Qasimabad Hyderabad
Dr. Baz Mohd Junejo Secretary Livestock & B-90 Sindh SecretariatFisheries Karachi
Dr. Abida Taherani Director SDSC, University of SindhUniversity of Sindh Hyderabad
Dr. Ghulam Sarwar Director Animan Shahbaz Building, Husbandry, Sindh Ground floor, Hyderabad
Dr. Shah Nawaz Shah Vice President, Sind 1-NC-2, Shah LatifabadChamber of Agriculture Hyderabad
Dr. Kazi Suleman Memon Dean, Faculty of Crop Sindh Agriculture, University Production, Sindh Agri. TandojamUniversity, Tandojam Hyderabad
Dr. Hussain Bux Kolchi LUMHS, Associate Prof. 1-A, Doctors Colony Jamshoro
Dominic Stephan PVDP Autoban Road, Latifabad 3, Railway Housing Society Hyderabad
Dr. Aslam Pervez Umrani Deputy Projet Director Behind Shahbaz Building Operation SLSP, Sindh Block A Hyderabad
Engineer Dildar Memon Senior Engineer PCSIR Laboratories, G.P.O Box #356, Gulshan-e-Shahbaz Hyderabad
Engr. A. A. Shah Project Consultant HDP Thandi Sarak, Hyd. Dev. Cell Hyderabad
Ehsan Leghari Participatory Plannign Flat No.507, Sambar Towers, Specialist, SDSSP Thandi Sarak Hyderabad
Ghulam Haider Asstt. Director Industries, Near Wahdal ColonyGovt. of Sindh Hyderabad
Ghulam Hussain Daily Ibrat Daily Ibrat Hyderabad
Ghulam Nabi Morai Secy. Gen. Sindh Nerunkot Resorr, Wadhu, Sugarcane Gardners Wah Road, QasimabadAssociation Hyderabad
Irshad Ali Junejo Director Monitoring F.P.A.P Golarchi, Road Badin Badin
Imdad Ali Keerio Information Officer Shahbaz Building, E Block Hyderabad
Irshad Ahmed Director EMN 28-A Civil Lines, SIDA Hyderabad
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Iqbal Ahmed Memon DOE (HQ, EDO (Edu.) Office Hyderabad
Kishan Chand Admn. Incharge, A-23, Anwar Villas, Phase II, EPA Sindh ROH Qasimabad Hyderabad
Khawar Parvez Awan Director Fisheries Thandi Sarak Hyderabad
Lala Fazal Belaee Programme Officer, H.No. 415/16, Opp. Beacon SAFWCO Public School, Qasimabad Karachi
M. Faheem Akhtar Assistant Chief, Edu. Deptt. Govt. of Sindh Karachi
Mahmood Akhtar Cheema Head Constituency, IUCN 1, Bath Island Road Karachi
M. Saleem Jalbani Planning Officer, Govt of Sindh, Tughlaq HouseP&DD Deptt. Karachi
M. Shahid Panhwar Program Officer, M&E, B-17/18, State Life Colony, NRSP Qasimabad Hyderabad
Mahboob Alam Ansari Chief Conservator of Forests Hyderabad
Muhammad Sayan Mullah DOE, Acd. & Trg. EDO Edu. Office, Jail Road,Hyderabad Hyderabad
M. H. Memon Dy. Director, Min. Dev. Hyderabad Hyderabad
Masood Ahmed Jumani Director BCD, HDA. B:26/1, Civil Lines, Akhtar Malik Road, Hyderabad Cantt. Hyderabad
M. Nazim Ali Khan Subject Specialist, Sindh Textbook Board, Sindh Textbook Board Jamshoro Hyderabad
Mushtaque Ahmad Shahani Direcotr General, PITE P. O. Box 52, Nawabshah Nawabshah
M. H Panhwar Managing Director, RADE 54-D, Block 9, Clifton Karachi
M. Ramzan Memon Bhandar Hari Songat C.8 Ph. II, Qasimabad Hyderabad
Muhammad Umar A. Kazi D.G. Sindh Regional Plan Block No.91, Sindh Secretariat, Organisation, Court RoadGovt. of Sindh Karachi
Mir Allahdad Talpur Asstt. Director Fisheries Thandi Sarak, Hyderabad
Mallah Mahmood Arab Sindh Tarqi Passand Mallah Manjhee House, Hussainabad Hyderabad
Majeed Raja Daily Koshish Hyderabad Hyderabad
M. Parkash Chairman, M.R.C.P 56, Bhitai Nagar Hyderabad
Nazir Ahmed Memon Sindh Agri. Forum 26/4, Bhirgri Flats, Hyderabad Hyderabad
Nasreen Lecturer B-30, Happy Homes, Qasimabad Jamshoro
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Nasreen Memon Program Associate 37, Aga Khan Education Services Hyderabad
Najamuddin Vistro Conservator of Forests, Makzi, Thatta Thatta
Naureen Rajput Sindh Development HyderabadSociety. Hyderabad
Prof. Abdul Rashid Memon Director Institute of Director IEEM, Mehran Environment, University of Engg. & Tech., Mehran University Jamshoro Jamshoro
Prof. Dr. S. I. H. Jafri Chairman, Deptt. Of F.W. Sindh University, JamshoroBirds & Fish, Sindh University Jamshoro
Prof. Aijaz Qureshi SIDA Hyderabad
Prof. Dr. M. Saeed Waqar Professor Deptt. Of Zoology, University of Sindh Jamshoro
Prof. P. M. Amer Professor Amer-Nest, Civil Lines Hyderabad
Qasim Ali Qasim Director, Deptt. Quaid-i-Azam House Museum,Of Archaelogy Fatima Jinnah Road Karachi
Qalander Shah CE, CEAD Jamshoro, RC Jamshoro
Rehana Channar Sindh Aurat A-89, Street 02, Abdullah Town Hyderabad
Syed Aijaz Nabi Shah Joint Sec. 2 Gospal Homes, QasimabadSindh Chamber of Agri. Hyderabad
Sanam Memon Sindh Development Society Bhittai Nagar Hyderabad
Shahab Mughal Asst. Professor, SDSC SDSC, University of Sindh, Jamshoro Hyderabad
Shoukat Hussain Shoro Institute of Sindhhology, University of SindhSindh University Jamshoro
Sher EDO (law) Office Distt. , Court Civil Defence Hyderabad
Zahoorul Hasnain Kazi S.E. Irrigation & A-47, Civil Lines Power Deptt. Hyderabad
Zulfiqar Halepota R. Fellow (FLR), Forum Munaizas, A/15, for conflick Resolution Latifabad # 03 Hyderabad
Zahid Pervez Memon Inspector of Mines, Mines & Mineral Development Mines & Mineral Dev. DepartmentDeptt. Govt. of Sindh Hyderabad
Zulfiqar Ali Memon Divisional Forest officer, Forest Campus, Coastal Forest Division Model Colony, Malir Hyderabad
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LLiisstt ooff PPaarrttiicciippaannttss ooff CCoonnssuullttaattiivvee WWoorrkksshhoopp aatt SSuukkkkuurr oonn OOccttoobbeerr 0011,, 22000055
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Azhar Ghumro Regional Officer, TVO TVO Regional Office, Babu Shah Muhammad Colony, Behind Radio Pakistan Khairpur
Aijaz Ahmed Ramejo Project Officer, Indus Nizmani Mohalla KTM Road, Resource Centre (IRC) C-III Khairpur
Arslan Ahmed I Larik I.T. Assitant, Herbarium & Deptt. Of Botany, Shah Abdul Botanical Garden, Latif UniversityS.A. Latif University Khairpur
Ali Hassan Soomro Agricultural Officer, E.D.O Agriculture, Minera Road(HQ) E.D.O Agriculture Sukkur
Abdul Jabbar Chairman, NGOCC Opp. Eidgah Sukkur
Abdul Latif Rao Country Representative IUCN, 1, Bath Island Road, Karachi
Dr. G. R. Keerio Conservator of Forests, Forest Office, Eidgah Road, Sindh Forest Deptt. Sukkur
Dr. G. Raza Bhatti Professor & Director, Deptt. Of Botany, Shah Abdul Botanical Garden, Latif UniversityS.A. Latif University Khairpur
Dr. A Kareem Balouch EDO (Health) EDO(Health) Office Sukkur
Dr. Abdul Ghani Shaikh Research Officer, Near Vet. Hospital, CVDL Sub-Centre Shikarpur Road Sukkur
Dr. Naseer Mohd Bhutto Superintendent, sameKundi Buff. Farm Rohri
Dr. Mastan Ali Khokhar EDO Agriculture EDO Agriculture Sukkur
Dr. Shahid Ahmed Lakho NRM Specialist, TRDP TRDP - Nara Regionat Chundiko Khairpur
Dr. M. Nawaz Markhand District Officer, Livestock District Officer Livestock, Animal Husbandry Khairpur
D. Khalid Ahmed District Officer, Health EDO Health Office Larkana
Dr. Ghulam Asghar Livestock Shahbaz Building, Jokhio Development Officer Block A Hyderabad
Engr. Lal Executive Engr. XEN, LGD, SHP, Near Local Govt. Deptt. telephone exchange Lakhidar Shikarpur
Ghulam Mujtaba District Officer Fisheries DOF SukkurWadahor
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Ghulam Mohammad Wildlife Officer, Sindh Dist. Ghotki, Mir Pur MatheloGadani Wildlife Department Ghotki
Hussain Bux Bhagat Dy. Conservator Wildlife, Arain Road, Abad, SukkurSindh Wilflife Department Sukkur
Javed Ahmed Mahar Divisional Forest Officer, Divisional Forest Office, GBA Division, Jarwar Road, Mirpur Mirpur Mathelo Mathelo, Distt. Ghotki Ghotki
Khuda Bux Kalwar Depty Director Training, c/o Nazir A. Shopkeeper, Agriculture Extension Sivi Gate, Shikarpur Shikarpur
Moula Bukhsh Lasik Project Director, NOWA NOWA Pirbhat, Girls Pri. Education, Khairpur
Mir Nisar Ali Deputy Director, Poultry New bus stand, Shikarpur Road, Sukkur
Mazhar Shaikh Taluka Team Leader, DEMO Project, Taluka Office, DEO Project, Lead Pakistan Aiprot Road,
Sindhi Muslim Society Sukkur
Mir Akhtar Hussain Talk Game Officer Sindh Wildlife Sukkur
Murhidhar Panjwani DDO (Monitoring), D.C.O OfficeF&P Deptt. Larkana
Niaz Ahmad Khaskheli District Officer, Forests, District Officer Forests, Khairpur distt. Govt. Khairpur Khairpur
Panjal Khan Sangi Chairman, Mehran Lahori Mohalla, LarkanaWelfare Trust Larkana
Qurban Mangi Sindh Balak Snagat Popat Press Mall Road, Khairpur
Qurban Ali Memon DDOE, Executive Distt. Office Sukkur
Syed Allan Shah DO (SW) CDD Qureshi Road, Old Sukkur Sukkur
Shakeel Ahmed S.A.L.U Khairpur S.A.L.U Khairpur, MSc, (Botany) Deptt. Botany Khairpur
Syed Asadullah Shah Asstt. Director, t Asstt. Director Mineral, Mineral Developmen Minara Road Sukkur
Tariq Hussain Qazi D.D.O, Health EDO (Health) Larkana
Taj Mohammad Shaikh Assistant Conservator Sindh Wildlife Life, Wildlife Sukkur
Sector Agriculture
Subsector Forests
Name of the Project Roadsides, Canal Sides and Railway Tracksides, Tree Plantations
Sponsoring Agency Forest Department
Executing Agency Forest Department
Location Sindh
Brief Description and Scope
The province of Sindh is located in the southeast of Pakistan. It covers a total area of 140 914 km2
and is bordered by Balochistan to the west and north, Punjab to the northeast, the Indian states ofRajhastan and Gujarat to the east, and the Arabian Sea to the south. The province can be dividedinto four district topographical parts: the Khirthar Range to the west, a central alluvial plain in themiddle, through which runs the river Indus, a desert belt to the east, and the Indus Delta in the south.
While Sindh is rich in natural resources, it is also subject to a host of development andenvironmental issues. The province faces a very severe water shortage, which coupled with asaline aquifer makes life quite difficult for the people especially in the arid and desert areas. Landis also affected by desertification, waterlogging, and salinity. Forests occupy only 2.5 percent ofthe total land mass and tree coverage has been rapidly decreasing due to overgrazing and felling.Moreover, there has recently been extensive intrusion of the sea into the Indus Delta, which hasdestroyed a large portion of agricultural land, forests, and wetlands and has adversely impactedthe livelihoods of the local people. Due to these and other issues such as poor economic and socialdevelopment, the province has a high incidence of poverty and rural√urban migration. Recurrentdroughts further add to the problems. Therefore, it is necessary to initiate rural economy-basedprojects in the fields of agriculture and forests for sustainable development.
There are a number of challenges and issues that need to be taken into consideration. The presentprioritized strategic issues include the following:l Mismanagement and lack of application of conservation strategies.l Revenue generated is not re-invested in the sector.l Illicit and indiscriminate felling of trees.l Destruction of local species by invasive species.
Keeping in view, the very small percentage of forest cover, a number of initiatives are proposed:l Mass tree plantation in open areas.l Preparation and implementation of policies for sustainable development of the sector,
decreasing poverty, improving the environment and economy.
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Appendix 3
SSaammppllee PPrroojjeecctt CCoonncceepptt CClleeaarraannccee PPrrooppoossaall--II
As a first initiative, plantation of trees of economic value may be undertaken such as talhi, kikar,neem, acacia, and eucalyptus along the roadsides and canal sides. This should be done in closecoordination and collaboration among the provincial and district governments, Pakistan Railway,National Highway Authority, NGOs and the local communities.
The road network in Sindh extends over some 25 600 km; 21 800 km are good quality (blacktop)and about 3 800 km are basic roads. Further disaggregation is given hereunder:
Provincial Districts TotalGood quality 7 372 14 413 21 785Basic 261 3 554 3 815Total 7 633 17 967 25 600
In addition, another easy target is the railway routes in Sindh that extend over approximately 2 210km, and feature many railway stations/platforms.
Lastly, canal sides and the banks of waterbodies can be targeted for plantation. There is an extensiveirrigation network in Sindh, encompassing about 21 176 km in the existing three barrage systems:
Feeders 930.61 kmMain canals 2 486.69 kmBranch canals 4 880.19 kmDistributaries & minors 12 878.40 km
Bearing in mind its size, the proposal could be split up into the following three subsectors:a. Roadside plantations b. Canal side plantationsc. Railway trackside plantations.
Period of implementation 60 months
Approximate cost (in million Rs.)
LLooccaall FFPPAA TToottaalla. 140.00 560.00 700.00b. 100.00 400.00 500.00c. 30.00 120.00 150.00
Potential Donors: Asian Development BankWorld Bank
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Sector Local Government
Subsector Governance
Name of the Project Sustaining Devolution:Improving Livelihoods through Local Governance
Sponsoring Agency Local Govt. Dept., Government of Sindh
Executing Agency Local Govt. Dept., Government of Sindh
Location Three districts of Sindh: Thatta, Badin, and Tharparkar
Brief Description and Scope
The Sindh Local Government Ordinance (SLGO), 2001 devolved political powers and decentralizedadministrative and financial authority to district governments for good governance, effectivedelivery of services, and transparent decision-making through the institutionalized participation ofpeople at the grassroots level. The ordinance provides singular opportunity to resolve localproblems through greater empowerment of local governments.
However, the prevailing social and economic situation of the province, the current institutionalregime, lengthy political development processes in the young district governments, and the capacityconstraints within various development players at different tiers are some of the limiting factors thatcontinue to impose distortions in development initiatives. It is possible that development efforts inSindh may be skewed towards the achievement of short-term objectives through investment ininfrastructure development without any pragmatic relationship with long-term goals such as naturalresource management, poverty alleviation, and sustainable development.
These three goals are inter-related as environmental degradation can inflict serious damage on thepoor because their livelihoods often depend on natural resources. Furthermore their livingconditions offer minimal protection from environmental disasters. At the same time, povertyconstrained options may induce the poor to deplete resources and degrade the environment atrates that are incompatible with long-term sustainability. In such cases, degraded resources mayprecipitate a downward spiral, by further reducing the income and livelihoods of the poor.
The proposed project envisages addressing the issue of poverty and loss of livelihoods in the threesouthern districts of Sindh. Through some earlier initiatives, it was possible to identify andunderstand grassroot issues of poverty and livelihoods, and build strong linkages with localcommunities and other actors at the local level. It is the grassroots communities that will be theprimary beneficiaries of the efforts undertaken through this project. It will provide holistic supportby contributing to policy development, community participation, public sector support, anddisplaying results ≈on the ground∆ through demonstration projects. It is envisaged that supportwould involve capacity building and institutional strengthening for the implementation of the BadinDistrict Vision and the replication of this initiative in Thatta and Tharparkar.
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Project Area and Beneficiaries
In the three project area»s districts, harsh climatic conditions and natural disasters haveexacerbated poverty. Drought, particularly in Tharparkar, little or no rainfall, immense dependenceupon scarce natural resources, and limited access to alternate means of livelihoods are allcontributory factors.
Badin District ranks highest on the deprivation index out of all the districts of the province, despitebeing one of the richest in natural resources. Almost half of the total oil and gas production ofPakistan is derived from this district.
Natural disasters are common in the project area; flooding caused by the LBOD has cost the localcommunities their lives and livelihoods. Furthermore, sea intrusion, waterlogging, and salinity haverendered extensive agricultural land unproductive. This is a serious matter for a large ruralpopulation, dependent on farming as its main source of income. A significant portion of the localpopulation also depends upon income from its fisheries. However, property rights» issues plague thelocal fisherfolk. The local community has no rights to fish and tap any other marine resources; hasrights on paper but does not realize that it has them; and knows that it is supposed to have rightsto these resources but has no flexible way of exercising these rights against more powerful interests.
Tharparkar is one of the least developed districts of the country. Most of the area is desert anddependent on scarce water resources and rainwater. A vast majority of the population lives belowthe poverty line. The Thari people are completely dependent on their livestock and agriculturalproducts, which in turn are highly reliant upon the efficient use of scarce water. Recentdevelopment activities in this region have resulted in initiation of some practices that havenegatively impacted the environment of the area such as increasing the number of livestockbeyond the carrying capacity of the grazing lands; growing crops such as cotton, which has a highwater requirement; use of flood irrigation methods that waste enormous amount of valuable water;and planting of trees such as eucalyptus, which absorbs large quantities of water.
The primary beneficiaries of the project will be men and women in local governmentconstituencies, who will be empowered to meaningfully participate in and benefit fromdevelopment processes. They will also participate in decision-making on the management andallocation of local resources together with the elected local representatives.
Goal
The overall project goal is Poverty reduction through increased local empowerment, improvedgovernance and enhanced natural resource management.
Expected Outcomes
a) Skills of local population for livelihood improvements, gender integration, and governanceenhanced;
b) Local government structures improved;c) Access of people to information and economic benefits, transparency and accountability in
implementation established;d) Ownership at provincial, district, and tehsil levels developed, involving effective interaction
between all partners, ande) A favourable policy framework and funding mechanism established for livelihood improvement.
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Methodology
The best approach for addressing poverty at the district level is improvement of governance andconsolidation of devolution as a means of delivering better sustainable development results.Furthermore, it is essential to ensure social and economic justice by bringing the poor andmarginalized groups into the mainstream of development. This can be achieved throughparticipatory planning as articulated in the District Visions. These documents are hoped to enhancesustainable livelihood opportunities for the poor to mitigate debilitating environmental hazards andnatural resource-related conflict. Also important is securing property rights for resource-dependentcommunities and investing in human capital with renewed emphasis on effective delivery of basicsocial services.
Key featuresl Raising awareness among government departments, educational institutions, civil society
and other members and partners for the environment;l Continued support to government institutions through training programmes;l Focusing work on local needs;l Establishing linkages with the private sector;l Providing technical assistance and advocacy for the sustainable use of natural resources;l Establishing district level forums; l Gender integration.
Main Stakeholdersl District governmentsl P&DDl Environment Departmentl Civil Societyl Private Sectorl Local communities (fisherfolk etc.) andl IUCN Pakistan Sindh Programme
Planning and M&EA planning system based on a results-based management approach will be used. An internalmonitoring system will be developed at an early stage in order to successfully track inputs and theireffectiveness, and to inform the implementation mechanism in a timely manner to allow space forany course correction that may be necessary. This would require, inter alia, developing a monitoringframework for the programme, developing indicators to measure progress against outcomes,organizing periodic reviews to analyse the monitoring data, and providing feedback to the project.
Institutional ArrangementsArrangements for the management of the project would take into account the devolution of powers tothe districts and aim to formulate partnerships and interact with a wide range of local level institutionsand actors from different fields. IUCN would also be approached for provision of core staff.Consultants and experts shall be engaged to address specific areas and will also be involved in thedrafting of strategies and the visions for Tharparkar and Thatta districts. These experts will be drawnfrom a wide cross-section of stakeholder organizations including provincial and district governments.
Period of implementation :: 36 months
Cost (tentative) :: Rs.54.00 million
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Sector Environment
Subsector Environment
Name of the Project Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in Karunjar Hills, Thar
Sponsoring Agency Environment Department, Government of Sindh
Executing Agency Environment Department, Government of Sindh
Location Tharparkar District
Brief Description and Scope
Karunjar Hills are located in the Nagarparkar Taluka (subdistrict) of Tharparkar District in theProvince of Sindh. They stretch from the southwest to the northeast with an estimated area of 28square miles. The area falls within the Thar Desert and is very sparsely populated. The nearestmajor settlement is the small rural town of Nagarparkar with the nearest market being in Naukot.The local economy is predominantly subsistence-based, depending upon rain-fed agriculture inthe three alluvial patches surrounding the hills. Agricultural activity is supported by livestock andrange management. Some farms ranging from 1.5-2.5 acres are irrigated by wells. The maincommodities that are produced and traded in the area are livestock (sheep, goats, donkeys, andcamels), hides, handloom cloth, ghee, milk, millet, castor, and sorghum. A small local potteryindustry also exists. Government services are almost non-existent except for a partially operationalhealth centre and a primary school for boys. A local Forest Department office is functioning in thearea but its effectiveness is hampered by the lack of required resources.
The people of the area, who depend on the natural resource base for subsistence and incomegeneration, have lost their main source of livelihood and have been forced into environmentalmigration. The prevailing flora are Prosopis cinneraria (kandi), Acacia Senegal (khumb), Acaciamodesta, Acacia nilotica (babul or kikar), Azadricta indica (neem), Tichomo undulate (iohido) fortrees; Capparis aphyle and Decidua (kirir), Euphorbia caudicipholia (thoohar), and Calotropisprocera (ak) for shrubs and; Cenclunus and Paricum antidotal for grass. Fauna include rabbits,foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and deer for mammals; falcons, eagles, vultures, crows, peacocks,houbara bustards, and partridges for birds; and vipers, sand boas, and cobras for reptiles. Manyvarieties of insects and rodents are also found in the area.
Within the last 15 years, the area has suffered an earthquake in 2001 and two serious droughts thathave caused famine and pushed the local population into abject poverty. The first of thesecatastrophes lasted from 1985 to 1991; the second started in 2000 and continued till June 2001.In both cases thousands of livestock died and people were forced to migrate to barrage areas.Dozens of human casualties have also been reported. Concurrently, all species of flora and faunahave been under perpetual pressure since the beginning of the first drought. Today, some of themare on the verge of extinction.
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Moreover, the gradual weakening of the panchayat (age-old system of management by localelders) has undermined the land-use regime and made it vulnerable to encroachment. Local naturalresource management is steadily deteriorated and today gowcher (the common land allocated forgrazing) lands and protected forests are being subjected to enormous pressure that demandsimmediate intervention. Again it is the local population, dependent on these resources for theirlivelihoods, that has suffered economically and the poverty level has increased.
Deterioration of land and the failure of the local populace to cope with socio-economic changesare marginalizing the poorest of the poor. Their increasing poverty is forcing them to relyincreasingly on the protected forests in the Karunjar Hills and adjacent catchment areas.Consequently, the increasing pressure on the resource base is adversely affecting its ecosystemand watershed, hence influencing the habitat of both the local flora and fauna. If not addressedimmediately, not only will the vulnerable ecosystem face the danger of further deterioration, but thesocio-economic situation of the local communities will further worsen.
It is interesting to note that there has been a considerable amount of work done on water resourcedevelopment in the Karunjar Hills. Two dams and channels have already been built in 40 villages in15 years. Community activists feel that further development of small dams can enable thecommunity to face a decade of drought. However, in order to address the situation of degradationof the local ecosystem, introduction and promotion of integrated natural resource managementpractices are important to enhance the sustainability of the local ecosystem and halt the rapidprogression of current environmental degradation.
Expected Results of Project Interventioni. Impact
Improved ecological, social, and economic conditions in the Tharparkar Desert throughsustainable management of natural resources
ii. OutcomeThe communities of Karunjar Hills will be managing the Karunjar Hills ecosystem in a sustainable
manner.
iii. Immediate Effectsa. Local communities mobilized and institutional and human capacities strengthened to
sustainably manage the Karunjar Hills» ecosystem.b. Awareness of local communities and institutions in conservation of biodiversity raised.c. Partnerships built and linkages established to promote sustainable livelihoods in
Karunjar.
Project StrategyThe project strategy is to mobilize the local communities, raise their awareness regardingsustainable use of natural resources, and build their capacities to jointly develop integratedecosystem management plans. At a second level, the project will support and strengthen theorganized communities to effectively implement the ecosystem management plans. Meanwhile, itwill also link the communities with relevant government departments and other developmentorganizations to fortify community endeavours.
i. Awareness Raising and Social MobilizationInitiate dialogues with local villages, CBOs and NGOs. Efforts would be made to revive thepanchayats or other forms of indigenous government authorities. Where required, new
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CBOs could be formed and facilitated in acquiring a legal status and in establishingmanagement systems.
ii. Capacity Building for Joint Conservation PlanningThis component entails the identification of imminent environmental problems and theirparticipatory prioritization. Environmental orientation and conceptual familiarization withthe Joint Sustainable Ecosystem Management (JSEM) approach would be focused uponand a JSEM Action Plan for Karunjar Hills would be developed and disseminated. Trainingopportunities would be provided for community activists to become advocates andpractitioners of sustainable use through specifically designed courses. This wouldcontribute to sustainable management and poverty alleviation.
iii. Supporting Communities for Implementing Conservation PlansLocal NGOs and taluka officials would be instructed on training needs» assessment ofcommunities. Training institutes would be identified and linkages established with them forcollaboration. Workshops and seminars would be conducted for the communities, localNGOs, and taluka officials. The JSEM Plan would be executed through the point ofintervention identified and a pilot project could also be set up. Community-managedobservation posts would be established to oversee plan execution.
iv. Fostering Linkages between Communities, Government Departmentsand Development OrganizationsThe Project will facilitate the communities in identifying, approaching, and working with thelocal government partners and development organizations to leverage co-financing tomeet the development needs of the area.
Main Stakeholdersl Government of Sindh l Local communitiesl Forest Departmentl Irrigation/water-related departmentsl Khushali Bank (and/or any other development organizations)l Local community-based organizations
Implementation Arrangements
The GoS will be responsible to implement the project in collaboration with the stakeholdersidentified above. A steering committee comprising representatives of key stakeholders will overseethe overall implementation of the project. The financial management of the project will be theresponsibility of the GoS.
The project will be implemented by staff to be hired for the purpose with the Project Coordinatorresponsible for delivery, process monitoring, and periodic reporting.
Implementation Period 36 monthsCostEstimated Project (total) US$960 000-1 440 000Local Contribution US$ 120 000Donor Assistance (FPA) US$840 000-1 320 000
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Sector Agriculture
Subsector Fisheries & Environment
Name of the Project Rehabilitation and Sustainable Use of Manchar Lake
Sponsoring Agency Fisheries Department
Executing Agency Fisheries Department in coordination with Forest and I&P Departments
Description and Scope
Manchar Lake is the largest freshwater lake in Pakistan. It is situated in Sindh and is formed byrainwater flood releases from the Khirthar mountain range in the west and has a unique wetlandecosystem.
A recent survey has shown that the lake has reached the verge of an alarming ecologicalcatastrophe, as its freshwater is rapidly turning saline. This phenomenon has a deep and directrelation with the menace of waterlogging and salinity in agricultural areas of Upper Sindh andLower Punjab. The Main Nara Valley Drain (MNVD) is the main source which brings highly salinewater (2 500-5 000 ppm) into Manchar. This water, which is a by-product of the Right Bank OutfallDrain (RBOD) tubewells and drainage system, also contains residues of fertilizers and pesticideswashed out from agricultural lands.
The environmental degradation of the lake has impacted migratory fauna, including cranes whichno longer fly to Manchar. Fisheries also face the same fate. The once record catch of about 2 300tonnes per year has now dwindled to just over 400 tonnes. Since time immemorial, fishing hasbeen the mainstay of the inhabitants (about 100 000 people).
This proposal seeks support for rehabilitating about 300 ha of fishery grounds and agriculturallands near the villages of Chinni, Sahah Hassan, and Dak Bungalow, by developing a model systemof co-management involving communities, governmental agencies, and NGOs. Later the model willbe replicated in other parts of the lake. To complement these efforts, the project will seek to reducepressure on wetland resources by providing alternative sources of income for local communities(such as agriculture, sericulture, and ecotourism).
The communities living in and around Manchar Lake are one of the most disadvantaged andvulnerable in Pakistan. The complex wetland ecosystem that sustains them is under severe threatfrom effluent and pollution. The communities face numerous problems in obtaining health services,safe drinking water, and reasonable incomes. The major issue they face at present is the steadydegradation of the environment in which their livelihoods and culture are firmly rooted. Theirdisadvantaged status is made worse by very poor levels of socio-economic development, highdegree of dependence on the resources of the lake, and few alternatives for other economicactivities.
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SSaammppllee PPrroojjeecctt CCoonncceepptt CClleeaarraannccee PPrrooppoossaall√–IIVV
Majority of the Manchar communities have little or no access to health facilities. Poor housing,overpopulation, and poverty have ensured the prevalence of tuberculosis, anaemia, malnutrition,gastroenteritis, skin, and other water-borne diseases. More than 80 percent of the women andchildren suffer from one disease or another. The morbidity rate in the area is high, as safe drinkingwater is not available. Infant and maternal mortality rates are also very high.
Women earn their livelihoods from handicrafts; however, the absence of proper marketing systemsis the major impediment in their low returns.
Activities Planned
l Rehabilitation of the lake through artificial regeneration of wood and fodder and bettermanagement.
l Establishment of a 10-acre demonstration fish farm.l Mass awareness raising.l Temporary closure of 300 ha to grazing and cutting.l Reforestation of the area.l Re-introduction of cotton fishing nets.l Restocking of fish in the lake.l Apiculture and sericulture activities for alternate sources of income.l Ecotourism for conservation of biodiversity.l Sharing of information with CBOs and VOs and vice versa.l M&E of the activities
Duration 12 months and extendable
Cost Approx. Rs.7 500 million
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Sector Environment
Subsector Environment, Forest, and Marine Biology
Sponsoring Agency Environment Department, Government of Sindh
Executing Agency Environment Department and Forest Department
Brief Description and Scope
The creeks, mud flats, sand dunes, salt marshes, and mangroves of the Indus Delta mangroveecosystem provide a unique and critical habitat to a wide variety of plant and animal species. The600 000 ha delta zone includes the largest tracts of arid climate mangroves in the world. It is alsohome to an estimated 200 000 people who depend on the health and productivity of thisecosystem for their livelihoods. But both the ecological health and the potential economicproductivity of the Indus Delta are threatened by a broad range of factors. This proposal focuseson two critical aspects of mangrove ecosystem degradation: land-based pollution, and the lack ofinformation and awareness needed to control this pollution.
The Indus Delta region supports tremendous biodiversity, providing habitats for both terrestrial andaquatic fauna. This area on the Sindh coast, between Karachi and the southwestern border ofIndia, contains at least 98 species of fish, 14 species of snakes, and three species of lizards.Evergreen mangrove forests provide habitat for a wide range of bird species, including theflamingos, pelicans, cranes, and cormorants that visit the delta annually to feed, roost, and breed.But general declines in the migratory birds» population, along with many other worrisomeecological indicators, point to serious habitat degradation during the past decade.
Similarly, the coastal mangrove forests» degradation and depletion have seriously affected thelivelihoods of local communities, particularly the fisherfolk who derive their income from thecapture, trade, and processing of local fish species. Loss of mangrove cover has also meant theloss of critical breeding habitats for fish and shrimp and reduced catches; this has adverselyaffected coastal economic potential.
A major factor driving Indus Delta degradation is pollution, much of which originates in the fiveindustrial estates and the residential areas of Karachi, populated by about 14 million people. It isestimated that about 2 500 industries, steel mills, a 1 400 MW thermal power station, and 135tanneries, all discharge their effluent directly into Phitti and Korangi Creeks.
A thorough scientific assessment of land-based pollution and its impacts is critically needed sothat the planners, policy-makers, and the coastal residents are equipped with the informationnecessary to improve both ecosystem health and livelihood security in the delta. The project willcontribute to sustainable coastal management by providing detailed pollution assessments and byempowering a wide range of stakeholders to reverse degradation.
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SSaammppllee PPrroojjeecctt CCoonncceepptt CClleeaarraannccee PPrrooppoossaall√–VV
The major project activities will include
a) A thorough scientific assessment of priority contaminants in the Indus Delta, noting theextent of their environmental, health, and socio-economic impacts.
b) Identification of the key policy, regulatory, economic, and institutional measures requiredto curb the discharge of land-based pollutants including an analysis of the barriers toimplementing these measures.
c) Educational and training activities among coastal residents and other inhabitants of theIndus Delta region to facilitate sharing of ecosystem pollution data, to promote pollution-prevention policies and practices, and to enable coastal communities to conduct their ownpollution monitoring.
d) Awareness among urban residents about industrial pollution.
Duration 36 months
Cost Approx. Rs.15.00 million
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Appendix 4
PPootteennttiiaall TToouurriissmm SSiitteess aanndd CCaatteeggoorriizzaattiioonn
Key for Categories:
l A Class sites: Can be promoted, with facilities like snack bars, rest rooms, souvenir andgift shops, guidebooks
l B Class sites: Can be suggested in guidebooks of the area, a site chowkidar/attendant canbe recruited
l C Class sites: Relate to historic/cultural events that can be celebrated
l D Class sites: Relate to personality and can be developed as such
l E Class sites: Events, fairs etc. that can be developed into tourist attractions
l F Class sites: Require further research to explore tourism potential
l X Class sites: Image-lifting measures required
l Y Class sites: Require involvement of the private sector
l Z Class sites: In need of immediate conservation/protection
Karachil Hawks Bay/Sea View/ Clifton/camel ride X Yl Colonial Building Xl Customs House/KPT Xl Frere Hall A X Yl Merewether Tower A X Yl D.J. Science College Xl City Courts X Fl Empress Market A X
Museums: National Museum of Pakistanl Aiwan-e-Riffat A Xl Mohatta Palace A Xl Flag Staff House Al Wazir Mansion Al Mazar-e-Quaid Collection Xl Maritime Museuml Air Force Museum
Interesting Areas:l Jodia Bazar X Yl Sarafa Market X Yl Dhobi Ghat Xl Manora/Keamari A Xl Zainab Market/Saddar A X
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Art Galleries:l Sadequin Art Galleryl Chaukandi Gallery l Jharokal Indus Gallery, Clifton, longest running galleryl VM Gallery ƒ located in Rangoonwala Center, Dhoraji Societyl Zenaini Gallery, Clifton. l Canvas Gallery, Clifton. l Kunj Gallery KDAl Majmua Galleryl Clifton Art Gallery l Jahanzeb Galleryl Tariq Jay PECHS (new addition)l Vision Art Gallery
Local Attractions:l Old Book Bazar Xl Bird Market Xl Donkey Cart Race Xl Green Turtle Beach A Xl Baluch Tombs A Xl Chaukandi Al Sazana-e-Chaukandi Xl Damloti Graves Fl Goth Hasan Ali Fl Amilano Fl Orangi Fl Matara Graves Fl Narather Graveyard Fl Gorban Xl Rumi A Xl Manghopir A
Indus Deltal Bhambhore Al Thambanwari Xl Ratto Kot Xl Juna Shah Bander Al Rana Jaskar»s Kot Xl Darya Pir Fl Mari Morriro Fl Khwarzam Shah»s Mosque Xl Camel breeding Fl Mangrove forest Xl Gharo Fl Pathai Ji Bedi Xl Bijar jo Morcho Fl Salt works F
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Thattal Makli Al Town A Xl Stone-carved gravesites A Xl Pir Patho A Xl Kalan Kot X F l Gujjo X Fl Bu Turabi Fl Fortress of Alexander Fl Buddhist/Jain temple Fl Victory Altar Xl Hilaya Fl Manji Rai ji Mari Fl Rano Kot Fl Dharaja Fl Kehran ja Quba Fl Jhok Sharif Xl Bulri Xl Goth Raj Malik A Xl Rano Kot Graves Fl Goth Tikka Fl Shah Hussain Xl Shah Hussain Graves Fl Uderolal Fl Pir Patho Graves X Fl Sonda Graves X Fl Jerrick Graves X Fl Kafir Kotl Milestone 10 (Jherrick Hill) Fl Abban Shah Graves Fl Shah Bandar Fl Sonda Bandar Fl Shah Kapur Graves Fl Nanda Kot Fl Deh Semanijo-daro Fl Haji Khamiso Chandiojo-daro Fl Ibrahim Shah»s Fair El Makhdoom Mohammed Hashim»s Urs El Amir Pir»s Urs El Abdullah Shah Asabi»s Urs E
Badinl Rupa Mari Fl Nindkot Fl Kath Banbhan F Xl Veer Tahir Fl Manji jo Daro Fl Badeen Xl Khan Shah Fl Sindh Rani»s grave (Mir Bago) Xl Fateh Bagh X Fl Joan X F
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l Karrio Ganhwar Fl Mangrian jo Daro Fl Shah Turab Fl Fateh Bagh Graves Fl Shah Ghuriojo-daro Fl Ibrahim Shahjo-daro Fl Old Badin X Fl Malhianjo-daro Fl Kohalijo-daro Fl Varjo-daro Fl Pano Lunkijo-daro Fl Kanjar Kot Fl Rahim ki Bazar Fl Lowari X Fl Shah Kapur Fl Ali Bunder Fl Sindhri Fl Agham Kot B X F
Tharl Naukot A B Xl Mithi Bazar Xl Mander Rama Pir Xl Goldsmiths Xl Village (nearby) Xl Wells Xl Islam Kot Xl Veerawah Xl Gori Temple B Xl Pari Nagar F Xl Bhodessar Mosque Xl Bhodessar Temples B X Zl Sati Stones X Fl Temples X Fl Nager Parker temples X Fl Karonjhar Xl Camels» Fair E
Mirpurkhasl Kaho jo Daro B X Fl Chitori A Fl Umerkot and environs X Fl Tando Jam Mohammad Graveyard X Fl Garho Bhiro Fl Vijnot F
Sangharl Mansura A X Fl Shahpur Chakar B X F
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Nawabshahl Khanwahan X Fl Darbelo X Fl Mosque/Shrine of Khiari Sharif Xl Jamia Mosque near Mian Shoro Fl Khumblima Mosque/Mound Fl Jhando Magsi Mound (Bhir) Fl Abra Tomb in Mohd. Khan Fl Tomb of Mian Noor Mohd. Kalhora A X Fl Mosque of Khar Xl Thul Mir Rukan B X Fl Tomb of Jamali Fl Tomb in Pir Janan Graveyard Fl Tomb of Sakhi Jam Sahib Fl Tomb of Sakhi Umid Ali Fl Dahlil Kot F
Naushahro Ferozl Halani/Bahlani Fl Mohammadpur Fl Shapur/Allahbad Fl Jamia Mosque Sadhooja Fl Miran Jo Kot at Gachero Fl Miran Jo Kot in Deh Dumbir Fl Jamia Mosque Mukhdoom Fl Darbelo Mound Fl Miran Jo Kot in Deh Dhingo Fl Temple Rajput Mohalla Fl Tomb of Jani Jalal Fl Tomb of Dars Shah Fl Tomb Sawalakh (Haroon Ishaq) Fl Tomb of Bibi Satti F l Jamia Mosque Kotri Kabir Fl Tomb of Shahdad Khan F
Khairpurl Kot Diji Fort A X Fl Dijan Culture A X Fl Meharano (Sanctuary) X Fl Stone tools factory X Fl Kos Minar, Piryalo X Fl Daraza X F El Sachal Sarmats» Urs El Pir jo Goth F El Benaras Colony X Fl Faiz Mahal A X Fl Shish Maha A X Fl DC House X F l Circuit House X Fl Imamgarh X F
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l Nawab Khan Mari Tomb Fl Qubba of Sher Mohammad Baloch Fl Bhiko Waro Graveyard Fl Haki Roi/Hakro Fl Mithrau Fl Nawab Khan Mari Tomb F
Sukkurl Arror B X Fl Fort, Mosquel Duhagan Suhagan X Fl Old Nara/Kalka Devi X Fl Small mosques from Aurangzeb»s reign X Fl Eidgah of Mir Masoom X Fl Bedils» Tomb El Bedils» Urs El Bazaar Fl Satyan jho Astan A X Fl Boat people of Indus X Fl Indus Dolphin X Fl Shad Belo X Fl Khwaja Khizr»s Island X Fl Bukkur Fort X Fl Seven-storied Haveli B X Yl Shah Sudurrdin Fl Mir Masoom X Fl Khairuddin Shah Fl Aurangzeb Mosque at Kandhra X Fl Mir Naseer»s Fort near Kandhral Kalhora Fort Pano Aqil Taluka Fl Summa Mosque, Dadloi Fl Kalhora Fort near Airport Fl Sukkur Barrage A X Fl Landsdown Bridge A X Fl Manzil Gah X Fl Hasht Pahlo Building of Mir Masoom Fl District Prison Sukkur Fl Kadir Bakhsh ja Quba/Mirs graveyard B X Fl Purani graveyard Fl Sangrar X Fl Kotwari Bhit Fl Lundro Jo Daro Fl Vas Fl Sethero Jo Daro Fl Mamro Bhit Fl Kurinjri Jo Kot Fl Angiaro Fl Hassan Faqir Graveyard Fl Thummi Fl Mian Adam Shahjo Maqbaro X Fl Mian Adam Shahjo Urs E
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Shikarpurl Old residential building/havelis X Fl Woodwork Zl Paintings/murals Fl Official buildings X Fl Amroti Mosque Xl Garhi Yaseen Rest House Fl Kos Minar Laki Ghulam Shah X Fl Mian Jami ja Quba X Fl Clock tower X Fl Railway bridges Fl Mosque of Amrot Sharif Fl Fort of Aurangabad Fl Pir Goth Mosque Fl Tomb of Fida Mohiuddin Fl Buhi Qubba X Fl Moral Shah ji Therriri Fl Quby Ji Wandh Fl Thul of Thoof Fl Miran Jo Kot Fl Mosque Hakim Ali Shah Fl Tomb of Shah Ibrahim Fl Thul of Bux Khan Fl Mosque Humayoon Sharif Fl Mereweather Pavilion Fl Tomb of Haji Faqir Ullah Fl Qazian Wari Mosque and Graveyard Fl Tomb of Rakhial Shah Fl Tomb of Manchar Shah Fl Mosque in Atta M.H.V. Fl Temple Near Bhutta Mohalla Fl Mosque in Bhutta Mohalla Fl Hindu Temple Shankarji Fl Tomb of Pir Meher Shah Ghazi Fl Mosque of Meher Shah Ghazi Fl Govt. High School No. II F
Jacobabadl Usta Bhalidino Mosque X Fl Waghan Wsari Mosjid X Fl Clock tower X Fl John Jacobs» House/DC House X F Dl John Jacobs» Tomb X F Dl Horse and Cattle Show X El Kashmore lacquer works X Fl Threadwork X Fl Dil Murad Mosque Fl Shrine of Long Shah Fl Nizam Ji Therriri grave chamber Fl Dad Dari Mosque Fl Hadiro Tomb Fl Kot Jungo Fort F
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l Jamia Mosque Bahadur Pur Fl Jamia Mosque Ghoas Pur Fl Tomb of Hazzrat Ghos Fl Jan Muhammad Mosque Fl Thul of Toujpul Fl Alam Shah Mosque Fl Tomb of Manjhi Khan Khund Fl Tomb of Rehan Khan Village Fl Victoria tower Jacobabad Fl Messenger House/Pigeon Tower X
Ghotkil Tomb of Mohammad Hassan Fl Mosque of Mohammad Hassan Fl Tomb of Noo Faqir Shah Fl Garhi Barar Ja Qubba Fl Garhi Chakar Ji Mosque Fl Tomb of Bahar Shah Fl Mound of Murad Ji Bhit Fl Gadani Ja Qubba Fl Tomb of Nawal Ghori Fl Tomb of Bhudani Fl Momal Ji Mari X Fl Mosque of Adilpur X Fl Tomb Pir Mubarak Shah Baghdadi Fl Tomb of Pir Lal Badshah Fl Loi Saiban Jamia Mosque Ghotki Fl Jamia Mosque Khan Garh F
Hyderabadl Meani Forest Al Budhjo-takar X Fl Saidpur graves X Bl Sudheranjo-Darro X Bl Tahri Fl Jurkhunjo-kot Fl Sangranijo-muqam B Fl Lal Chatto Fl Shah Latifs» Urs El Kalhora Tombs A X l Talpur Tombs A Xl Naserpur X Fl Baiglars graveyard X F Zl Matiari Mosque and Tombs X Fl Khudabad II A X F
Dadul Naing Gar Jajal Fl Pir jo Kotiro F
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Source: Dr Kaleem Lashari
l Pandi Wahi X Fl Pattani Damb Fl Phang (Khirthar) Fl Pokhran Landi Fl Rajo Dero Fl Rohel Jo Kund D Fl Sanasi Buthi Fl Shah jo Kotiro D Fl Tanko Rahim Khan Fl Taung Buthi D Fl Tombs in Khanpur X Fl Khudabad Mosque A X Zl Khudabad Tombs A Xl Gaji shahs» Urs E Xl Mian Naseer Mohammeds» graveyard B K F Zl Mian Naseer Mohammeds» Urs El Ghazi Khan ja Qubba, Johi X Fl Jamali Tombs, Johi X Fl Drigh Bala X B F Zl Ghazi Khans» Tomb, Laki B X Zl Dilawar Khans» Tomb, Khangara X Fl Fort Sehwan A B X Fl Urs of Qalander Shahbaz E Xl Kara Kot, Wahi Pandi Fl Chang graveyard, Laki Fl Ranikot A F X Z
Larkanal Mohenjo Daro A Zl Badeh Ja Dara F Zl Dhamrahauja Dara F Zl DhamrahaujhoThul B Zl Tajar A Xl Tomb of Shah Baharo A Xl Tomb of Mian Shahul Mohammad Xl Kalhoranjo Kot Xl Shahi Bazaar X Yl Garhi Khuda Bux Xl Drigh Lake A X Yl Langh Lake A X Y
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M A P S
Map 1.1 : Forest Cover Map
Source: Imdadullah Siddiqui
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BBAA LLOO CCHH IISS TTAANN
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Map 1.2: Fish (A)
BBAALLOOCCHHIISSTTAANN
BBAALLOOCCHHIISSTTAANN
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Map 1.2: Fish (B)
Source: Forest Sector Master Plan - 1992
BBAALLOOCCHHIISSTTAANN
BBAALLOOCCHHIISSTTAANN
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Map 1.3: Population
Source: Wildlife of Sindh - Sindh Wildlie Management Board
BBAA LLOO CCHH II SSTTAANN
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Map 1.4: Rangelands
Source: www.cida.org.pk/map2
BBAA LLOO CCHH IISS TTAANN
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Map 1.5: Road Map of Sindh
Source: Imdadullah Siddiqui
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Map 1.6: Canal System
Source: GIS Lab., SFDP, Hyderabad
BB AALL OOCCHH II SSTTAA NN
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Map 1.6: Wetlands
BBAA
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AANN
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Map 1.7:
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Further reading
An Integrated Solar Desalination System inControlled Environment Greenhouses, 1999.Sun World, 23 (1): 18-20.
Archaeological Review, 1995. Vol. 4, Issues 1 & 2.
Archaeological Review, 2000-2001.
Briefing Note on Legal Framework for ManagingLand-based Activities That Impact the Coastaland Marine Environment in Pakistan. IUCNReport for GPA-UNEP, 2005.
Decentralized Rural Electrification: Critical SuccessFactors, REFOCUS, July/August 2001 pp 28-32.
Development Statistics of Sindh, 1998, pp 97-98,101-102.
Economic Survey 2000-2001. Economic Division,Ministry of Finance, Govt. of Pakistan, March2002, Islamabad.
Encroachment: A National Tragedy (land mafia,MPAs and political big wigs receive their shareand legitimize the cycle, one set ofencroachers replaces the other). Editorial,Sindh Tribune, December 6, 1995.
Environmental Health. Balochistan ConservationStrategy: Background Paper. GOP√ IUCN.
Finance and Cooperation Department, Governmentof Sindh. Understanding Sindh DevolvedSocial Service Program (SDSSP).
Focus on Mexico, Sleeping RE Giant. REFOCUS,Jan/Feb 2001, 11-13.
Lala Fazal Ahmed Belaee. Status Paper on SindhForests. Forestry Consultant, SAFWCO,Shahdadpur.
Map of Pakistan oil and gas discoveries.PROGRESS February 2002, PakistanPetroleum Limited, PIDC House, Karachi.
Materials, Renewable Energy for SustainableDevelopment and Climate Protection. FederalMinistry for Economic Development (BMZ),Germany, Oct 99.
Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan,Draft (23 December 2004). NationalEnvironmental Policy 2005-15.
Normal healthy adults and grammar schoolchildren. JMPA, 150-154 (1990).
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Pakistan Strategy for Development and Utilizationof New and Renewable Energy Resources; ItsRole in Rural Development. DGNRER, Ministryof Petroleum and Natural Resources, 1984.
Pakistan Water Partnership (PWP). 2000.Consultation Paper, Framework for Action forAchieving the Pakistan Water Vision 2025.
Pakistan Fisheries Sector Study. Islamic Republicof Pakistan and Asian Development Bank,1986.
Pakistan National Conservation Strategy andEnvironment & Urban Affairs Division.Government of Pakistan document (2000).
Proceedings of Workshop on Energy and theEnvironment, Tripoli, Libya. InternationalEnergy Foundation, 1991.
RE Gains Currency: Towards a Sustainable EnergyPath in China. REFOCUS, April 2001, 14-17.
RE in Mexico: Barriers and Strategies, REFOCUS,Jan/Feb 2001, 18-19.
RE Laws in Germany, REFOCUS, Nov/Dec 2000,16-18.
Reaching the Poor, Designing Subsidies to BenefitThose Who Need it, REFOCUS July/August2001, 32-34.
Sindh Forest Department. Comprehensive Packagefor Massive Afforestation in Sindh 1995-2020.
Social Development in Pakistan. 2001. OxfordUniversity Press, Karachi.
Statistical Profile, 1990. Women of Sindh.Association of Business Professional andAgricultural Women, Karachi.
Status Paper on Urban Environment of Sindh(2003).
Status Paper on Industrialization of Sindh (2003).
Summary Release of Census of ManufacturingIndustries 1995-96. Bureau of Statistics,Planning and Development Department,Government of Sindh, 2001.
UK RE Policy, REFOCUS, July/August 2001, 10-13.
Water Accord. 1991.
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Planning & Development DepartmentGovernment of Sindhin collaboration with
The World Conservation Union (IUCN)