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Since Last Discussion:. XII: Experience and Critical Periods (aka, Plastics) XIII: Brain Diseases I XIV: Brain Diseases II XV: Genetics and Human Brains: Clues from Abnormalities XVI: Reflections on Higher Brain Functions. Lecture XII: Plasticity. Neuromorphological. Early Molding - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Since Last Discussion:
XII: Experience and Critical Periods (aka, Plastics)XIII: Brain Diseases IXIV: Brain Diseases IIXV: Genetics and Human Brains: Clues from AbnormalitiesXVI: Reflections on Higher Brain Functions
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Lecture XII: Plasticity
Neuromorphological
On the Cellular Level (Hebb Rule)
Functional
Adult
Early
Molding
Tweeking
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Neuromorphological PlasticityOrganization
guided by input
Whisker and Neuronal
Connections (9)Periphery input to
cortex No Genetic
Predisposition
Human: Visual Cortex (11)
Experiment: Label Eye-Specific Neurons (12)
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October 11, 2010 XII. Experience & Critical Periods (aka Plastics) 5
Labeled axons from visual thalamus to visual cortex in monkeys of different ages
Axons related to left eye are red and those related to right eye are blue
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Neuromorphological PlasticityOrganization
guided by input
Whisker and Neuronal
Connections (9)Periphery input to
cortex No Genetic
Predisposition
Human: Visual Cortex (11)
Don’t use it, lose it. (14,15)
Experiment: Label Eye-Specific Neurons (12)
Wide Branching to Delineated (13)
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Functional Plasticity
Reinforcing Good Connections
Ends with Puberty
Early vs Late Bilinguals (21,22,23,24)
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October 11, 2010 XII. Experience & Critical Periods (aka Plastics) 8
“Early” bilingual subject -
Broca’s Area (Brodmann’s 44+)
“Late” bilingual subject -
Broca’s Area (Brodmann’s 44+)
Language Production
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Functional Plasticity
Reinforcing Good Connections
Early vs Late Bilinguals (21,22,23,24)
Ends with Puberty
Lose unused neurons (25)
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Adult PlasticityReinforcement
through experience; adjustments
Demo Quickly learned and lost (half-life)
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Hebb Rule
1. Increase post-synaptic sensitivity (38)2. Create new synapses (39)
Persistent firing of a cell by a different neuron results in metabolic or growth process change (37).
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October 11, 2010 XII. Experience & Critical Periods (aka Plastics) 12
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October 11, 2010 XII. Experience & Critical Periods (aka Plastics) 13
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Lecture XII: Brain Disease: Parkinson’s
• Phenotype: Characterized by an inability to initiate movement (walking) or terminate movement, tremors at rest, rigidity and minimal facial expressions. • Pathophysiology: Loss of Substantia nigra results in lost dopaminergic neurons• Loss of thalamic output from basal ganglia• Reduced excitation of motor neurons in the superior collicus and cortex
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October 13, 2010 Lecture XIII. Brain Diseases - I. 15
Substantia Nigra
THE BRAIN ATLAS, 3rd ed p 74
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October 13, 2010 Lecture XIII. Brain Diseases - I. 16
THE BRAIN ATLAS, 3rd ed p 139
Substantia Nigra
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Globus Pallidus
Caudate Nucleus & Putamen
Subthalamic Nucleus
Substantia Nigra
Thalamus
Decreased Excitation of Cortex
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Globus Pallidus
Caudate Nucleus & Putamen
Subthalamic Nucleus
Substantia Nigra
Thalamus
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Increased Excitation