PART 1: CLOZE VOCABULARY From the words listed below, choose the ones which best fit the space, A, B, C or D. PARROT RUSTLING Parrots and macaws have become so (01)......... that special varieties of these birds are (02) ......... up to 9,000 each on the black market in Britain. Macaws from Brazil cost from 1,000 and parrots from Australia can cost 7,500 a pair. The demand for parrots, cockatoos and macaws has led to a (03)......... increase in thefts from zoos, wildlife parks and pet shops. London and Whipsnade zoos are among the many places from which parrots have been stolen. Some thefts have not been (04)......... in an effort to prevent further (05).......... Parrot rustling, as it is known among bird fanciers, has increased rapidly in Britain since 1976 when imports and exports of (06)......... birds became (07)......... controlled. Quarantine controls, (08)......... with the scarcity of many types of parrots in the wild in Africa, Australia, Indonesia, and South America, have caused a shortage of birds which can be sold legally under (09).......... This has sent prices to (10)......... levels. Working at night and equipped with wire-cutters, nets and substances to dope the birds, the rustlers are prepared to (11)......... serious risks to capture the parrots they want. At Birdworld, a specialist zoo, thieves (12)......... two parrots after picking their (13)......... through an enclosure containing cassowaries, The cassowary is a large flightless bird, related to the emu, which can be extremely (14)........., and has been (15)......... to kill humans with blows from its powerful legs. 01. A. costly B. extinct C. outlandish D. rare 02. A. raising B. reaching C. lifting D. fetching 03. A. acute B. peak C. sharp D. high 04. A. published B. publicised C. advertised D. told 05. A. happenings B. incidents C. acts D. activities 06. A. unusual B. uncommon C. exotic D. strange 07. A. tightly B. hardly C. toughly D. grimly 08. A. coupled B. doubled C. attached D. accompanied

09. A. warranty B. guarantee C. licence D. law 10. A. unknown B. unheard C. record D. highest 11. A. sustain B. assume C. take D. make 12. A. thieved B. robbed C. misappropriated D. stole 13. A. way B. road C. path D. lane 14. A. aggressive B. fighting C. bad-tempered D. rough 15. A. heard B. known C. considered D. able

PART 2: CLOZE VOCABULARY From the words listed below, choose the ones which best fit the space, A, B, C or D. OLYMPIC GAMES It is not so much the scandals and disputes of recent years that have (01)..... the Olympic Games. It is their (02).... enormity, their excessive cost, their (03)..... of national pride. One very sensible suggestion is that future Games should be (04)..... to individual events in which one person clearly wins. All team games would (05)....., and no one would feel any loss at the disappearance of Olympic soccer, a (06)..... shadow of the more professional game. Anything which required judging would also be (07)...... One reason for this is the difficulty of obtaining fair and accurate judges. An (08)..... example of this is the case of Jacqueline de Bief, a former (9) world figure skating champion. She revealed to the (10)..... that she was sometimes offered generous (11)..... in exchange for what one newspaper called "an amorous adventure". If events that required judging were excluded, it would also (12)..... the Games of boxing, wrestling, and the boring diving competitions. It would also eliminate sailing, largely a matter of boat building, and horse jumping, largely a matter of the horse. Under (13)..... circumstances, the individual would be (14)..... to his rightful place, and a (15)..... size to the Games would be achieved. 01. A. warned B. threatened C. reproached D. shocked

02. A. sheer B. vast C. heavy D. massive 03. A. pampering B. easing C. indulgence D. spoiling 04. A. held B. restricted C. limit D. decided 05. A. remove B. depart C. leave D. go 06. A. slight B. dull C. pale D. empty 07. A. undone B. left C. omit D. excluded 08. A. extreme B. outside C. upset D. unlimited 09. A. former B. ex C. passed D. formerly 10. A. paper B. press C. journal D. magazine 11. A. awards B. marks C. numbers D. odds 12. A. remove B. take C. rid D. scratch 13. A. such B. this C. most D. normal 14. A. retained B. ascended C. renovated D. restored 15. A. sane B. approximate C. accepted D. sensible

PART 3: CLOZE VOCABULARY From the words listed below, choose the ones which best fit the space, A, B, C or D. THE LOTTERY The (01).............................. of lottery winners change their lives (02).............................. little, and continue on their settled (03).............................., happy ever after. A couple of years ago, a Mr David Horabin won a million. He had been struggling to make a success of his dry cleaning shop for the (04).............................. 12 months. He accepted his cheque in a small ceremony at the (05).............................. at 2.30, and by three o'clock he had reopened for business. The reaction of Mr Pasquale Consalvo who won $30 million in the New York state lottery was very (06)............................... He was unhappy not to be able to fulfil his (07).............................. to go to work as usual on the day he won. He also said that if the money made him unhappy he would give it back. In fact, the (08) .............................. of his life being (09).............................. a misery by his new-

found wealth are almost as (10) ........................., though not quite, as the sixty million-toone odds he (11).............................. to take a jackpot that had remained (12).............................. through six previous draws. Gambling small (13).............................. on the lottery is a harmless if futile (14)............................... But gambling can become an addiction, increasingly so as the activity becomes socially (15)............................... 01. A. most B. majority C. number D. quantity 02. A. but B. a C. scarcely D. not 03. A. way B. path C. road D. habit 04. A. earlier B. before C. recent D. past 05. A. site B. building C. company D. premises 06. A. appropriate B. linked C. similar D. same 07. A. passion B. ambition C. desire D. vocation 08. A. possibility B. probability C. chances D. odds 09. A. created B. made C. sent D. got 10. A. thin B. slim C. meagre D. reduced 11. A. cracked B. overwhelmed C. beat D. overthrew 12. A. unaccepted B. undone C. rejected D. unclaimed 13. A. quantities B. amounts C. money D. change 14. A. action B. sport C. hobby D. pastime 15. A. fashionable B. proper C. acceptable D. appropriate

II. Complete with one word only in each space. 1. HEALTH AND CIGARETTES In many Western countries, girls are more (01) ............. to smoke than boys. It's the girls who want to look "tough and grown-up." The result is that (02) ............. lung cancer in American men has fallen (03) ............. the first time in 50 years, the disease is

(04) ............. in women. The decrease in the disease among men is attributed to a decrease in smoking among men (05) ............. the government's first warning of a (06) ............. between cigarettes and disease in 1964. On the other hand, lung cancer is now expected to overtake breast cancer (07) ............. the principal fatal cancer among women. (08) ............. your son or daughter is a non-smoker, there is another good (09) ............. for rejecting a smoker as a life-long mate. Smokers don't just ruin their own health by (10) ............. up. They are a menace to (11) ............. Second-hand smoke is lethal. As the 18th report on smoking by the United States Surgeon General (12) ............. it: "Involuntary smoking is a (13) ............. of disease, including lung cancer, in healthy non-smokers." (14) ............. to the report, at home, the children of parents who smoke (15) ............. the effects in their respiratory systems. Smokers make their own kids sick. Complete with one word only in each space. 2. THE WELSH When it (01)..... to violent nationalism, the Welsh are not in the (02)..... league as the Basques or the Northern Irish, but they can be bad (03)...... The Welsh do have a distinct nationality, (04)..... a language and literature of their own. Indeed, they have their own cultural festival, with music and singing, (05)..... an Eisteddfod, which dates back to 1176. The Eisteddfod forms (06)..... of the Gorsedd, or assembly, founded many centuries before the Christian era. At the Eisteddfod, the poets, or bards, wear long white, flowing robes, and (07)..... themselves very seriously. (08)..... Brittany, Wales is rather isolated. It is a mountainous lump (09)..... England and the Irish Sea. (10)..... it is isolated, and because it contains little (11)..... stealing, the place has been (12)..... to its own devices, so that half a million people (13)..... speak the ancient Welsh language. (14)....., the proportion of the population who speak Welsh has fallen (15)..... 1960 from about 30 per cent to about 20 per cent. Complete with one word only in each space. 3. THE ONE-EYED GAMESTER In Britain, 98 per cent of households have at (01).............................. one television set and an average of 25 hours a week is spent in (02).............................. of it. 30 per cent of homes now have video machines, and the number is rising rapidly. This average of 25 hours a week is a staggering amount of time taken (03).............................. of people's lives. (04).............................. do they watch? Mostly, it appears, game shows and soap opera, usually (05).............................. American origin. Game and quiz shows (06).............................. is a difference between (07)..............................: games you stand up, quizzes you sit down - are immensely popular. They began in the United States in 1955 with The 64 Thousand Dollar Question, which enabled contestants to win big money (08).............................. answering complex questions. It became an overnight

sensation, but three years later the bubble burst. Several contestants - the (09).............................. that lost - charged that popular quiz shows were rigged. The scandal shook the TV industry and forced the networks to kill (10).............................. the shows. They were resurrected in 1961. They are still booming. There are 21 game shows flourishing (11).............................. American networks, the biggest and latest being Chance of a Lifetime in which contestants can win a million dollars. (12).............................. is these big money shows that draw the big audiences, and thus the advertising sponsors. For the networks, it's cheap. A programming manager for CBS says, "It costs around $100,000 to put (13).............................. a show, and efficient producers can shoot five programmes, or a week's worth of programmes, in one day. Afternoon soaps cost twice or three (14).............................. as much to produce and you can only tape one half-hour segment a day. So it boils (15).............................. to economics." Complete with one word only in each space. 4. A DISCONTENTED PARENT For three years, on and (01).............................., the teachers in Britain had been on strike or going slow. One parent, (02).............................. daughter received at the end of the summer a computer print-out telling her she had failed her school-leaving examinations (known in England (03).............................. O-level), expressed the anger of many: "... when someone I love, who has worked hard and intelligently, is reduced (04).............................. tears by a computer print-out I start to look for reasons. I start to reflect on her (05).............................. throughout the year to share textbooks with a friend. I reflect on the number of classes she attended which the relevant teacher, in pursuit of a dispute, (06).............................. not.... I reflect on the teacher who did not and does not set homework (07).............................. he 'doesn't believe in it.' Perhaps most of all, I reflect on (08).............................. might have been, (09).............................. not my daughter spent a crucial year in her life (10).............................. treated like an educational football by a profession so cosseted that faced with the threat of being assessed it walked (11).............................. the job. "My wife and I cannot be the (12).............................. parents in this country who do not give a damn what teachers believe in. What we believe in is the right of our children to an education uninterrupted by disputes and untrammelled by pseudo-philosophical stances (13).............................. homework which are at best irrelevant and at worst plain idle. It may be that the anger and resentment I feel now is no substitute (14).............................. calm, rational thought followed by constructive action. But the first member of the National Union of Teachers who thinks of throwing that one at me had (15).............................. rehearse it first. In front of a mirror." III. WORD FORMATION

1 PART: WORD FORMATION Complete with a word formed from those in the list. John Lennon Lennon, if he is a symbol of anything, is a symbol of (01) .......... , of play. He believed you could change the world. If you made the right gesture, a (02) .......... might take place. His life has become a myth, and high claims are made for him. He said that the Beatles were better known than Jesus Christ, which seemed to Christian (03) .......... a (04) .......... and (05) .......... thing to say, but he was probably right. The (06) .......... thing is that, by his violent death, he seems himself to have been elevated from musician, from supreme exponent of rock and roll, to the rank of prophet, shaman, myth. His wife, Yoko Ono, still serves as the (07) .......... of the myth, the keeper of the relics. She says: "He certainly wasn't a person who kowtowed or tried to preserve himself by shutting up. It's a very precious thing, I think, very (08).......... : this man who said it in a way for all of us. People identified with him because he said the truth, especially the truth they could not say." 01. CHILD ....................... 02. TRANSFORM ...................... 03. CHURCH ...................... 04. SENSE ...................... Northern Ireland For thirty years Belfast, the capital city of Northern Ireland, was divided, torn by (09) .......... riots, blasted by car bombs, patrolled by armoured cars. A whole (10) .......... grew up in the city knowing nothing else but what the Irish (11) .......... call "the troubles". The place suffered not only from violence, but from poverty, low (12) .........., lack of incentive, lack of a future. The young complained of (13) .......... by the police and security forces. But the (14) .......... by terrorists, Catholic or Protestant, could be much worse. The example is given of one 15-year-old Catholic boy with 85 offences behind him. He fled from Northern Ireland after being told that the IRA was waiting at his home. Six cushions had been laid out in his sitting room in(15) .......... for a (16) .......... shooting - elbows, knees and ankles. This was a country where the concepts of law and order no longer had any meaning. 09. SECT ...................... 10. GENERATE ...................... 05. RESPONSIBLE ...................... 06. IRONY ...................... 07. MAID ...................... 08. COURAGE ......................

11. EUPHEMISM ...................... 12. EXPECT ...................... 13. VICTIM ......................

14. HARASS ...................... 15. PREPARE ...................... 16. PUNISH ......................

2. PART : WORD FORMATION Complete with a word formed from those in the list. Unwelcome Guests Throughout east London, new buildings go up, and unwanted tenants move in, often before the new ones arrive. The story of Richard Glanville is one example. He explains: "The flat was just what we wanted and we thought we were lucky to get it. We snapped it up quickly. The (01) ............... were still here when we moved in, and in the first few months we had no sign of our new neighbours. But then they started to introduce themselves. Our (02) ............... were first aroused when our dog started chewing up the edges of the carpet in our bedroom. We thought he was just being deliberately (03) ................ In fact he was trying to alert us to what lay underneath the floorboards. "We realised there was something seriously wrong when we were woken up at four in the morning by a scratching sound. It seemed to be coming from the wall between the bedroom and the living room. It was a (04) ............... sound - sharp nails tearing up the cavity walls and racing along underneath the floorboards. "We called in the local health office, and a private firm. The (05) ............... were ripped up and a programme of poisoning was carried out. Well, the scratching at night stopped. But the idea of our new home was ruined. It didn't feel like a home any longer. In the end we just wanted to get out." In some parts of the capital, there has been an 80 per cent increase in the number of (06) ................ There has been a huge increase in the number of (07) ............... restaurants. More rubbish seems to get dumped in the streets than ever before, and that doesn't help. Developers want to get people in as fast as possible, often before the building has been completed and the drains properly connected. As a result the rats can sometimes be in there ready and waiting for the new (08) ............... to move in. Unfortunately, a lot of people have an `out of sight, out of mind' policy towards rodents just because they are (09)............... But they pretty soon make their presence felt if nothing is done about them. Rats love house-hunting and they don't pay rent.

01. BUILD .............................. 02. SUSPECT .............................. 03. DESTROY .............................. 04. NERVE .............................. 05. FLOOR .............................. Smaller Families

06. SIGHT .............................. 07. TAKE .............................. 08. OCCUPY .............................. 09. GROUND ..............................

Over the past two hundred years the family in the western world has changed (10) ............... In the 18th century, families were restricted by high rates of infant (11)............... and by epidemics of smallpox and cholera which carried off children (12) ............... With the 19th century, and improved health and hygiene, families of 10, 12 and 14 children became commonplace. The (13)............... of effective means of contraception, increased (14) ...............and expectations of higher living standards meant that, at the beginning of this century, the nuclear family became the norm. Despite divorce, the nuclear family - mum and dad and two kids and a television set - has remained the ideal to which most people have aspired. Now, however, a completely new family unit has come on the scene, and dad is no part of it. It consists simply of mother and child. The new family unit was greeted in the British popular press under the title, Virgin Birth. Of course, it isn't. It's artificial insemination, and is sought by women who seek (15) ..............., not through the Almighty, but through medical science. According to one report: "Many single women (just how many is not specified) want a child without the direct involvement of a man either in its conception or in its (16) ................ Artificial insemination by donor (AID) is a simple, cheap and (17) ............... popular means for them to achieve pregnancy." 10. DRAMA .......................... 11. MORTAL .......................... 12. SALE .......................... 13. ARRIVE .......................... 14. URBAN .......................... 15. MOTHER .......................... 16. BRING .......................... 17. INCREASE ..........................

3 PART : WORD FORMATION

Complete with a word formed from those in the list. Chemical Controls The more chemical controls are used, the more resistant the insects and microbes become. According to Dr Robert Metcalf, professor of entomology at the University of Illinois, "Some strains of insects and microbes have appeared that are (01) .................. to nearly everything in our arsenal. The short-sighted and (02) .................. use of antibiotics has produced monster bugs. And it's getting worse. Pests are now quicker to develop resistance to new (03) .................. weapons. The earliest (04) .................. like DDT were highly (05) .................. for many years. The (06) .................. of the latest (07) .................. is often measured in months." Jobs for the Boys and Girls American ambassadors are political (08) .................., a way of thanking those who have given time and money to the (09) .................. campaign. Take the example of Della Newman, a Seattle real-estate broker and friend of George Bush, eminently qualified to be Ambassador to New Zealand. Her certificate of competence from the State Department points out: "Mrs Newman's background in the real-estate business, combined with her many civic (10) .................., gives her the (11) .................. qualities to make her an (12) .................. candidate for Ambassador to New Zealand." (13) .................. diplomats have been appalled, and someone started to leak the competence certificates, which are supposed to show that the ambassador will have a (14) .................. of "the country's principal language, and understanding of its history, culture and political structure." A State Department official commented: "By keeping them (15) .................. they obviously hope to shepherd more turkeys through the Senate." One certificate, provided to an operator of fast-food restaurants in Kansas, read in full: "Mr Wilkins's (16) .................. background in business will serve him well as the next US ambassador to the Netherlands."

01. RESIST .................. 02. RESPONSE .................. 03. CHEMISTRY .................. 04. INSECT .................. 05. EFFECT .................. 06. USE ..................

07. VARY .................. 08. APPOINT .................. 09. PRESIDE .................. 10. COMMIT .................. 11. MANAGE .................. 12. EXCEL .................. 13. PROFESS ..................

14. KNOW .................. 15. CONFIDE .................. 16. EXTEND .................. 4 PART: WORD FORMATION Complete with a word formed from those in the list. CENSORSHIP England has a reputation for being a land free of censorship. A number of events have shown that the (01) .......................... is not entirely deserved. There is political censorship and moral censorship, and both are (02) ........................... In regard to all (03) .......................... of censorship, the law is vague and confused. Here are two examples of what might be loosely termed political protest. In the first case, the accused person was carrying a poster which depicted the then Prime Minister, Mrs Thatcher, dressed in a black slip and (04) .........................., a whip in her hand and with a stiletto heel resting on a kneeling member of her cabinet. The (05) ......................... had to show that the average person would be alarmed or distressed or harassed by the poster. As there were no members of the public (06) .......................... available who would admit to being distressed, two policemen had to qualify as the victims of this hideous (07) ........................... As all they could admit to was a slight attack of laughter, the case was dismissed. In a different case, a group of demonstrators were walking down Whitehall past the end of Downing Street. One of them shouted a few rude, four-letter words and made a V-sign, a gesture of contempt, in the direction of No 10, the Prime Minister's residence. As a result, he was arrested and convicted of insulting (08) ........................... If you are going to protest in Britain, you had better do it quietly. 01. REPUTE .......................... 02. DISCRIMINATE .......................... 03. APPLY .......................... 04. SUSPEND .......................... 05. PROSECUTE .......................... 06. READY .......................... 07. PROVOKE .......................... 08. BEHAVE ..........................

HARD LIFE FOR SOME YOUNG PEOPLE

But you don't have to go to distant (09) .......................... or Ugandan villages to find young people in trouble and in need of help. The situation in England is bad enough, and gives little optimism for a (10) ...................... in the level of (11) ......................... of young across this (12) .......................... world. Angela Lambert, reporting for The Independent newspaper, writes : "There are at least 50,000 (13) .......................... people under the age of 20 in London alone, and perhaps three times as many in the whole of England. An estimated 2,000 are squatting in derelict (14) ..........................; 10,000 are living in hostels; 2,000 in bed-and -breakfast hotels; and the rest, if they are lucky, find temporary accommodation with friends - usually sleeping on the floor. The (15) .........................., as is (16) .......................... obvious to any Londoner, live rough sleeping on park benches, in shop (17) .........................., and anywhere else they can find. Many are permanently hungry."

09. ORPHAN .......................... 10. LESS .......................... 11. TREAT .......................... 12. POPULATE .......................... 13. HOME ..........................

14. BUILD .......................... 15. LUCK .......................... 16. INCREASE .......................... 17. DOOR ..........................

PART 1: RE-PHRASING Complete the second sentence, using between two and five words, including the word given. Do not change that word in any way. 01. The dog is wagging its tail because it is trying to be friendly. friends The dog is wagging its tail because it wants ............................ you. 02. It is a good habit to save in case of hard times. aside It is a good habit to ............................ a rainy day. 03. My mother-in-law has invited us to share her house. moving We ............................ my mother-in-law.

04. His lack of interest surprised me. surprising I ............................ that he showed so little interest. 05. I am sorry that I cannot come to the party. miss I am sorry ............................ the party. 06. It is pointless to carry samovars to Samarkand. point There ............................ samovars to Samarkand. 07. The path was so narrow they had to walk one behind the other along it. single The path was so narrow they had to walk ............................ along it. 08. Small children are full of mischief. sorts Small children get ............................ tricks. 09. "Can you help me?" the old lady asked. could The old lady asked ............................ help her. 10. When he was much older, he understood. until It ............................ much older that he understood. PART 2: RE-PHRASING Complete the second sentence, using between two and five words, including the word given. Do not change that word in any way.

01. Ken does not work half as much as he used to. hard Ken used to work .............................. he does now. 02. The experts thought that the cost of petrol would rise next year. expected The cost of petrol .............................. next year. 03. Some people who start smoking find it difficult to stop. always It .............................. to stop smoking once you have started. 04. If he isn't careful, he is bound to end up in hospital. him His carelessness is bound .............................. in hospital. 05. Because of his illness he could not work effectively. impossible His illness .............................. . him to work effectively. 06. Scotsmen will never give anything to waiters. tip No .............................. waiter.

07. Mary said, I do not want to get married yet." rather Mary protested that she ............................. married yet. 08. Mothers must try hard to understand. best

Mothers must .............................. understanding. 09. The younger you marry, the greater the chance you will be unhappy. likely The younger you marry, the .............................. be unhappy. 10. I was wrong to argue with him. mistake .............................. to argue with him. PART 3: RE-PHRASING Complete the second sentence, using between two and five words, including the word given. Do not change that word in any way. 01. She had not bought so much for a long time. since It was a long time .............................. much shopping. 02. Ken arrived there twelve months ago. for Ken .............................. year. 03. If Mary hadn't failed her driving test, she wouldn't be unhappy. pass Mary is unhappy ............................. her driving test. 04. Rabbits used to be more numerous. not Rabbits .............................. they used to be. 05. His new book has been widely criticised. lot

His new book has come .............................. criticism. 06. His secretary updated the list. brought His secretary .............................. date. 07. I couldn't have managed it without your help. not If .............................. your help, I couldn't have managed it. 08. Regular exercise kept him healthy. owed He .............................. regular exercise. 09. He couldn't lend us the car because it didn't belong to him. his The car ............................. lend. 10. We were not surprised when he won. came His winning .............................. surprise. PART 4: RE-PHRASING Complete the second sentence, using between two and five words, including the word given. Do not change that word in any way. 01. It was difficult for the yachtsman to steer into the wind. got The yachtsman ............................. into the wind. 02. I couldn't have managed without your help. been

If it ............................. your help, I couldn't have managed. 03. We had just arrived when it started to rain. than Hardly ............................. it started to rain. 04. He only did the work after he had been paid. did Not until he had been paid ............................. the work. 05. The idea that the Scots are miserly is simply not true. truth There ............................. the idea that the Scots are miserly. 06. She was too busy to see us. so She was ............................. see us. 07. It is quite pointless to complain. point There ............................. complaining. 08. I've never met anyone who works as hard as he does. man He is the most ............................. met. 09. A long speech is unlikely to be interesting. little There ............................. a long speech being interesting.

10. It was difficult to hear the speaker from the back of the room. difficulty From the back of the room, we ............................. the speaker. PART 1: Scanning for Detail: Seaside Resorts in England Choose the correct answer from the text. The answers may be in any order, and chosen more than once. SEASIDE RESORTS Which seaside resort would you go to if you 01. liked seeing a lot of people 02. had breathing problems 03. were interested in architecture 04. wanted to go fishing 05. were interested in fish 06. were interested in rocks 07. liked drinking British beer 08. preferred a warm climate 09. wanted to go sailing 10. were interested in English poetry 11. had an interest in the history of warfare A. Bournemouth Bournemouth is well-known as a healthy and attractive and modern resort, surrounded by gardens and pine forests, which is popular all year round. It stands on two small hills in the sheltered valley of the Bourne river, the banks of which are laid out as public gardens. There are excellent and extensive sandy beaches for bathing, and a long line of picturesque cliffs. Among interesting things to see, there is the town art gallery and museum, and the East Cliff rock garden attracts geologists for it contains a large collection of British geological specimens. The town has literary connections, with Thomas Hardy and R. L. Stevenson, and Mary, the second wife of the poet, Shelley, is

buried in St Peter's churchyard. Pleasant walks may be taken along the coast in both directions. B. Brighton Brighton is a popular place, with a pebble beach and some sand at low tide. It lies on the slope of a hill, in the middle of a broad and shallow bay. The chief attractions of the place are its clear and bracing air, the fine expanse of sea bordered by white chalk-cliffs, and the crowds of visitors. There are a large number of old and interesting buildings in the town, in particular the Royal Pavilion, built in an Oriental style by the famous architect, John Nash, for the Prince Regent. There is an interesting aquarium near the Palace Pier. On the landward side of the town, the South Downs provide many interesting walks and viewpoints. In the summer, there is horseracing at the town race course, immortalized in Graham Greene's novel, Brighton Rock. Brighton is well-known for its numerous public houses. C. Torquay This is a well-known resort and spa on Tor Bay, Devon, with excellent bathing from a sand and pebble beach. It has a reputation for being a warm and well-sheltered place, and there is sub-tropical vegetation, palm-trees and the like, growing in the public gardens. On account of the mild climate, it is a popular place for people with delicate chests and pulmonary problems. The place dates back to pre-historical times, and there are numerous archaeological remains. Visitors enjoy picturesque cliff walks, but the town is best seen from a boat in the bay. In fact, Torquay is an important yachting station and an annual regatta is held there in August or September. D. Scarborough Situated on the Yorkshire coast, Scarborough is build around two bays, separated by a headland on which are the ruins of a twelfth-century castle. The castle makes a fine viewpoint, especially at sunrise. The new town to the north is rather formal, and some find it dull; the narrow streets of the old town to the south become very crowded. The North Bay has gardens and a promenade, protected by a sea-wall. Anne Bronte is buried in Scarborough churchyard. It is a good place for the active and vigorous, for the town makes a good centre for the North York Moor national park, and there is opportunity for sea fishing. E. Hastings The name of the town is remembered because of the Battle of Hastings, 1066, in which the French defeated the English and took over the country. Near Hastings is Battle Abbey, one of the most interesting historical monuments in Britain, founded by William the Conqueror after his victory over the English, led by Harold. The Abbey stands on the exact spot where the English king fell. There are many old buildings, including the remains of a Norman castle, open to the public. The sea front is striking, being about

three miles long, and having a fine esplanade. The beach is pebble with sand at low tide. The town is active only in summer, and along the sea-front are row upon row of bed and breakfast hotels. There are cliffs to the east, providing walks to the well-known beauty spots of Fairlight and Ecclesbourne Glens. PART 2: Scanning for Detail: Bad Weather Driving Choose the correct answer from the text. The answers may be in any order, and chosen more than once. DRIVING IN BAD WEATHER When should a driver.... ? 01. drive in the middle of the road 02. open a window 03. ask his passenger to sit in the back of the car 04. be most careful steering 05. avoid worn tyres 06. not drive on if there is another vehicle in front of him 07. wait for a larger vehicle to overtake him 08. definitely keep his headlights on 09. go as fast as the conditions will allow him 10. grip the wheel quite firmly 11. use his engine to help him break 12. stop to clean the car A. When the Road is Wet On wet roads, drivers should double the recommended distance between their car and the one in front, allowing two car lengths for every 10 mph. They should reduce their speed and steer with a gentle touch. However, they should at the same time grip the wheel firmly enough to resist the steering deflection that may occur when the front wheels, travelling at speed, hit a pool of water. These pools are often not easy to detect when the road surface is shiny with rain.

Modern tyres are designed to keep their grip on the road surface by squeezing water on the road out of their path, but at high speeds there is not always time for the water to escape. A car travelling at 60 mph on a quarter of an inch of water may lose practically all adhesion as the tyre aquaplanes along the road on a cushion of water. Worn tyres lose their grip at lower speeds on a thinner water film. B. When the Road is Flooded Drivers should not attempt to drive through a flooded stretch of road if there is a danger that the engine, especially the ignition system, will be under water. Drivers should get out and check on foot, or wait until a bus or lorry goes through the water and indicates the depth. If a crossing seems possible, take the crown of the road, and enter the water carefully to avoid a splash. Maintain a steady speed, not so fast that the water surges through the radiator grill, but fast enough to create a slight bow wave which will reduce the depth of water in front of the engine and help to keep the fan clear. Keep the engine revving hard to prevent water entering the exhaust pipe. C. When the Road is Icy When ice makes road adhesion minimal, drivers should brake, steer, accelerate and change gear with an extremely delicate touch. Most skids start when wheels lock or spin, and so drivers need to be careful with acceleration as well as braking. Double or even treble the distance from the vehicle in front, and use high gear to lessen the chances of wheel spin and skids. As much weight as possible should be kept directly over the wheels, and any passengers should sit in the back. If driving alone, weights such as bags of sand should be put on the back floor of front-engined cars, and in the front luggage compartment of rear-engined cars. D. When the Road is Snow-Covered To climb a hill in deep snow, gain as much speed as possible before the slope and avoid over-revving during the ascent, even if it means letting the engine over-work. If a gear change-down becomes essential, make it quickly to keep up forward movement. When you go down a snow-covered hill, use a lower gear to make use of engine-braking rather than the wheel brakes, which may lock and slide. If a slide does occur, release the brakes at once, steer a straight course, and then apply gentle braking by dabbing at the pedal. Try to avoid climbing a snow-bound hill if there is already a vehicle on it, because of the danger of collision if the other driver loses control. E. In Falling Snow

When there is thick falling snow, drivers should use headlights and anything else which will help them to see and be seen. Drivers should stop occasionally to clean away the build-up of snow at the limits of the windscreen wipers' travel, and clear the back windows, wing mirrors and lights at the same time. It is a good idea to carry a plastic or rubber-bladed scraper in the car of this purpose. Keep the de-froster working and, if necessary, open a window to cut down interior misting. The road surface quickly becomes slippery as snow falls, so the driver should accelerate, steer and brake gently and allow extra braking distance. PART 3: Scanning for Detail: Cheese-making in England Choose the correct answer from the text. The answers may be in any order, and chosen more than once. ENGLISH CHEESES Which cheese.... ? 01. toasts well 02. is red, white and blue 03. is historically the oldest 04. can be made cheaply commercially 05. is made in summer 06. ripens very quickly 07. takes longest to mature fully 08. uses salty milk 09. does not last long 10. cannot successfully be copied 11. may need to be dampened A. CHEDDAR Cheddar is one of the oldest English cheeses on record. There are two main kinds of Cheddar cheese, the factory Cheddar and the farmhouse Cheddar. Factory Cheddar is made of cow's milk wherever and whenever cow's milk happens to be cheap: it is made in

as large quantities as possible and as economically as possible Its cost is usually half that of the genuine farmhouse Cheddar. Farmhouse Cheddar is made from May to October, of milk from one and the same herd of cows when they are out at grass It is made in ones or twos, from day to day, by a cheese-maker who is a specialist at his job. its texture is close and buttery; its favour is full and nutty but not strong, varying from fine to finest according to the skill of the cheese maker and the age of the cheese; its colour is the same all through; above all, it will mature with time.

B. CHESHIRE Cheshire cheese is a hard cheese, made from cow's milk, like Cheddar. It is the oldest English cheese. Cheshire cheese is made in two colours: red and white, but the best Cheshire cheese is the Blue, because it is both the richest and ripest. Blue Cheshire is not made ~ it just happens; it begins by being red, the milk from which it is made being coloured at the time of the making. Red Cheshire cheeses mature early and remain mild, whilst others, a small proportion of the whole, first of all lose their carroty colour and then develop a blue system of veins which spreads over the cheese, as in the case of Stilton and other 'blue' cheese. Cheshire cheese may be imitated like Cheddar and Stilton, but not with anything like the same success. This is due to the rich deposits of salt in Cheshire soil and the peculiarly saline composition of the milk of most Cheshire-grazed cattle. C. CREAM-CHEESE Cream cheese is made in many parts of the country but chiefly in Devon and Cornwail. In the making of cream-cheese all that is required, besides fresh milk, is a piece of muslin and a perforated box. The cream automatically drains away its own excess moisture and becomes about as firm as fresh butter in three or four days, when it is ready to eat.The ripening goes from the outside to the centre. Consequently, the temptation is to place them on the market too soon, and when this has happened, the purchaser finds a cheese oozy at its surface but hard in the centre. Being short-lived, they are often salted and refrigerated for transport, so a genuinely creamy cream-cheese is found less by cunning than by grace. In the country, it is easier to come by freshly-made cream cheeses, D. GLOUCESTER and DOUBLE GLOUCESTER Double Gloucester In shape it is flat, round and large. Its texture is firm and crumbly. It has a pronounced, but mellow, delicacy of flavour, being pungent without being sharp. A slow-ripening ease, it keeps reasonably well, but in its early days it suffers from draughts, and when cut, however ripe, has that tendency of crumbly cheese to become dry, To mature properly it needs, say, six months.

Single Gloucester Single Gloucester, made during spring and summer, needs but a couple of months to mature. It is usually white, and is of the same as the Double, but smaller and flatter, and from this it presumably derives its name. Being a quick-ripening cheese, Single Gloucester is rather soft and has a mild flavour. Single Gloucester is good for toasting. E. STILTON Stilton is a seasonal, double-cream, blue moulded, semi-hard cheese; seasonal because can only be made from May to September; double-cream because Stilton is from the richest milk, to which the cream of other milk is added; blue-moulded because it is inoculated with a mould which is responsible for the blue veining of Stilton; semi-hard, because it is not put through the curd-mill nor pressed like Cheddar. The right colour of Stilton is white with veins of blue mould evenly distributed over the whole of its surface. The rind should be well crinkled and regular, free from cracks, and of a brown-drab colour. Stilton is at its best when fully ripe, not less than six months and preferably nine months after it has been made. It is quite wrong to add port or anything else to a good Stilton. It is only done to moisten it when it has been allowed to get too dry through exposure to the air. Good Stilton has been made from rich milk and cream, in New Zealand, inoculated with mould from England.

PART 1: CLOZE VOCABULARY 01. D. rare 02. D. fetching 03. C. sharp 04. B. publicised 05. B. incidents 06. C. exotic 07. A. tightly 08. A. coupled 09. C. licence 10. C. record 11. C. take 12. D. stole 13. A. way 14. A. aggressive 15. B. known

PART 2: CLOZE VOCABULARY 01. threatened 02. sheer 03. indulgence 04. restricted 05. go 06. pale 07. excluded 08. extreme 09. former 10. press 11. marks 12. rid 13. such 14. restored 15. sensible

PART 3: CLOZE VOCABULARY 01. B. majority 02. A. but 03. A. way 04. D. past 05. D. premises 06. C. similar 07. C. desire 08. C. chances 09. B. made 10. B. slim 11. C. beat 12. D. unclaimed

13. B. amounts

14. C. pastime

15. C. acceptable

Chapter II Cloze Usage 1 CLOZE USAGE 01. likely, liable 02. while, although 03. for 04. rising, increasing 05. since, after 2: CLOZE USAGE 01. comes 02. same 03. enough 04. with 05. called 3 CLOSE USAGE 01. least 02. front 03. out 04. what 05. of 06. there 07. them 08. by 09. ones 10. off 11. on 12. it 13. on 14. times 15. down 06. part 07. take 08. Like 09. between 10. Because 11. worth 12. left 13. still 14. However 15. since 06. link, connection 07. as 08. If 09. reason 10. lighting 11. others 12. it 13. cause 14. According 15. show

4. 01. off 02. whose 03. as 04. to 05. having WORD FORMATION 1 01. childhood 02. transformation 03. churchmen, churchgoers 04. senseless 10. generation 05. irresponsible 11. euphemistically 16. punishment 06. ironic, ironical 07. handmaiden 08. courageous 09. sectarian 12. expectations 13. victimisation 14. harassment 15. preparation 06. did 07. because 08. what 09. had 10. being 11. off 12. only 13. over 14. for 15. better

2 PART WORD FORMATION 01. builders 02. suspicions 03. destructive 04. nerve-wracking 05. floorboards 06. sightings 07. take-away 08. occupants 09. underground 10. dramatically 11. mortality 12. wholesale 13. arrival 14. urbanisation 15. motherhood 16. upbringing 17. increasingly

3 PART

01. resistant 02. irresponsible 03. chemical 04. insecticides 05. effective 06. usefulness

07. varieties 08. appointees 09. presidential 10. commitments 11. managerial 12. excellent

13. professional 14. knowledge 15. confidential 16. extensive

4 WORD FORMATION 01. reputation 02. indiscriminate 03. applications 04. suspenders 05. prosecution 06. readily 07. provocation 08. behaviour 13. homeless 09. orphanages 14. buildings 10. lessening 15. unlucky, luckless 11. ill-treatment, maltreatment, mistreatment 16. increasingly 17. doorways 12. over-populated, overpopulated

PART 1: RE-PHRASING 01. to be/make friends with 02. put money/something aside for/against 03. are moving in with 09. if I could 04. found it surprising 10. was not until he was 05. (that) I shall (have to) miss, to miss 06. is no point (in/to) carrying 07. in single file 08. up to all sorts of

PART 2: RE-PHRASING 01. twice as hard as 02. is expected to rise 03. is not always easy 04. to put him 05. made it impossible for 06. Scotsman will (ever) tip a 07. would rather not get 08. do their best to be 09. more likely you are to 10. It was a mistake/I made

PART 3: RE-PHRASING

01. since she had done so 02. has been there for a 03. that/because she did not pass 04. are not as numerous as/are less numerous than 05. in for a lot of

06. brought the list up to 07. it had not been for 08. owed his health to 09. was not his to 10. came as no

PART 4: RE-PHRASING 01. got into difficulties steering 02. had not been for 03. had we arrived than 04. did he do 05. is no truth in 06. so busy she did not 07. was no point in 08. hard-working man I have (ever) 09. is little likelihood 10. had difficulty hearing

SCANNING FOR DETAIL

PART 1: Scanning for Detail 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. C 10. A 11. E

PART 2: Scanning for Detail 1. B 2. E 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. E 9. D 10. A 11. D 12. E

PART 3: Scanning for Detail 01. D 02. B 03. B 04. A 05. E 06. C 07. E 08. B 09. C 10. B 11. E