simplified guide to writing research dmu

8/18/2019 Simplified Guide to Writing Research DMU

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Debre Markos University

College of Technology

A SIMPLIFIED GUIDE T !"ITE TEC#$ICAL

"ESEA"C#

Pre%are& by'

Dr. Ruvel J. Cuasito, Sr.,

PECE and

Dr. Bimrew Tamrat


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Date:

23/0/20!


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Table of Contents

I. What Research Is...................................................1

1.1.Basic steps of a research project......................1

1.2.Selecting a Research Topic................................1

2. Developing Research Proposal..............................2

2.1.What is a research proposal?............................2

2.2.Where to start to develop a research proposal?3

2.3.What shold !e inclded in a research

proposal?.................................................................3

2.".#eneral pointers of research proposal..............$

2.%.What criteria are sed to revie& '( research

proposal?.................................................................$

3. Developing the )ll*Blo&n Research......................$

3.1.+hapter 1 , The Introdction.............................$

3.2 +hapter 1 -ctivities........................................1/

". +hapter 2 , Revie& of Related Stdies................10

%. +hapter 3 , ethodolog(....................................10

/. +hapter " , Reslts and Discssions...................2

0. Bi!liograph(........................................................23

$. -ppendices..........................................................23


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1......................................................+rricl' itae

23


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I( !hat "esearch Is

o "esearch is'

"#t$e s%stemati& 'ro&ess o( &olle&tin) and

anal%*in) in(ormation +data in order to in&rease

our understandin) o( t$e '$enomenon a-out

w$i&$ we are &on&erned or interested()

I.1. Basic steps of a research project

o )ind a topicWhat4 When

o )or'late 5estionsWhat4 Wh(

o De6ne poplationWho4 When

o Select design 7 'easre'ent8o&

o #ather evidence8o&

o Interpret evidenceWh(o Tell a!ot &hat (o did and fond ot

I.2. Selecting a Research Topic

o What are so'e considerations &hen selecting

a research topic?

I(*(+( Consi&erations in Selecting a To%ico Personal interest 9 Passion

o I'portance 9 +ontri!tion to the 6eld

o :e&ness 9 Relevance


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o )easi!ilit(

- Tradeo -etween ri)or and 'ra&ti&alit%

- Time &onstraints

-

Et$i&al &onstraints- r)ani*ational su''ort

- E&onomi& (a&tors

- vaila-ilit% o( Su-1e&ts

I.2.2. Sources of Research Topics

o Peerreviewed 1ournals in %our eld

o Personal e4'erien&es

o 5or6 settin) e4'erien&es

o E4istin) literature

"Re&ommendations (or (uture resear&$#7

I.2.3. Rening Your Topic

o Renement needed (or ee&tive and

e8&ient resear&$

- 9arrow %our to'i&

- denti(% a t$eoreti&al (ramewor6

- S'e&i&all% and unam-i)uousl% dene

terms

- State resear&$ ;uestions and

$%'ot$eses

o literature review will $el' %ou

- See i( %our idea $as -een tried


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• Wor< plan #antt +hart@

• Proposed !dget

2.2.Where to start to develop a research proposal

The preli'inar( point for developing a research

proposal is to identif( the research pro!le' or

5estions. Ideas for research can co'e fro' 'an(

sorces4 inclding isses arising fro' the e>periences4

and challenges encontered !( relevant practitioners

and enthsiasts and or 5estions arising fro' relevant

literatres and stdies. =nce an idea or research

concept is considered4 it is i'portant to start !(

nderta


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5estions or identif(ing varios stages &hich 'a( !e

inherent in ans&ering the research 5estions.

2.3.What should !e included in a research

proposal

The overall strctre of a research proposal is

generall( standard. 8o&ever4 fnding !odies and other

co''ittees 'a( have particlar re5ire'ents that it is

essential that this re5ire'ents shold !e read

carefll( for speci6c instrctions to sit the

fnda'ental re5ire'ents. The t(pical ele'ents of a

research proposal inclde

• ,ackgro-n& an& rationale of the st-&y , t$is

se&tion answers t$e ;uestion: 5$% is t$is resear&$needed< t in&ludes t$e detailed review o( relevant

resear&$es and t$e need (or (urt$er stud% in some

similar area o( interests. t s$ould stren)t$en t$e

ar)ument as to w$% t$e resear&$ is im'ortant to

-e underta6en.

"E4am'le:

=n(ortunatel%, wit$ t$e 'ro)ress o( t$e

stru&tured 'ro)rammin) te&$ni;ue, most

&om'uter 'ro)rammers $ave -e&ome ver%


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&on&erned wit$ 'ro)rammin) standards

re)ardin) (orm and stru&ture, and ver% little

attention seems to -e now )iven on $ow t$e

'ro)ram is a&tuall% &oded. lt$ou)$ t$ese

standards $ave &ontri-uted 'ositivel% to

redu&in) 'ro)ram &om'le4it%, t$ere are also

some disadvanta)es on t$eir a''li&ations. ne

o( t$ese is t$e over$ead in e4e&ution time and

memor% s'a&e used -% a 'arti&ular lan)ua)e to

ee&t t$e module &all +Stevens et al, >?>.

veruse o( t$ese modules or su-routine &alls

on a 'ro)ram ma% -e detrimental to its

e4e&ution e8&ien&% and t$is &an -loat t$e &ost

o( s%stems o'eration. n (a&t, t$ere are times

w$en t$e &ost o( runnin) a 'ro)ram ma% (ar e4&eeds writin) it. T$is is es'e&iall% true w$en

t$e 'ro)ram in ;uestion is to -e used man%

times, and i( man% o( t$e 'ro)ram runs are

)iven lar)e amounts o( in'ut +$o et al, >@3.

n t$is &ase, a (ast 'ro)ram is ne&essar%, and

some (orms o( over$ead, no matter $ow small

ma% need to -e avoided7


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• State.ent of %roble. an& ob/ectives of the

st-&y , t$is se&tion answer t$e ;uestion: 5$at do

%ou want to a&&om'lis$< T$e 'ur'ose o( an%

resear&$ stud% is to address a resear&$ 'ro-lem or ;uestion. t s$ould in&lude a &on&ise statement

a-out t$e desired out&omes t$at will -e a&$ieved

durin) t$e &ondu&t o( resear&$. 5$ile t$e stud%

s$ould $ave )eneral statement o( 'ur'ose, it is

also im'ortant to in&lude s'e&i& o-1e&tives t$at

must -e s'e&i&, measura-le, a&$ieva-le and

meritorious.

"E4am'le:

T$ere is a need to determine t$e ee&t o(

su-routine &alls and nd out i( it is indeeddetrimental on t$e e4e&ution e8&ien&% o( a

'ro)ram. B% &ondu&tin) 'er(orman&e evaluation

e4'eriments, it is $o'ed t$at t$e ;uestion

w$et$er dierent 'ro)ram &onstru&ts or

stru&tures reall% ae&t t$e e4e&ution s'eed o(

'ro)rams and $ow mu&$ t$e ee&ts o( t$e

su-routine &alls are s'e&i& to lan)ua)e o(

im'lementation &an -e answered.7


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• Signi0cance of the st-&y , t$is is -rie( se&tion

w$i&$ s$ould answer t$e ;uestion: 5$% is t$is

resear&$ needed< T$is se&tion s$ould des&ri-e t$e

im'ortan&e o( t$e resear&$ (or t$e (urt$eran&e o( learnin) and to t$e e&onom%. T$e resear&$ s$ould

'resent &om'ellin) ar)uments and &learl% s$ow its

si)ni&ant im'a&t to various sta6e$olders.


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AE4am'le:

5it$ t$e awareness on t$e ee&t o(

su-routine &alls on t$e e4e&ution 'er(orman&e o( a

'ro)ram, 'ro)rammers and students &an -e

)uided in t$e desi)n and a&tual &odin) o( t$eir

'ro)rams. T$is will )ive &om'uter 'ro)rammers

and students an idea o( t$e e4e&ution&osts, in

unit o( time, o( some 'ro)ram stru&tures as

&om'ared to t$e sim'le se;uential stru&ture. T$is

&an $el' t$em attain a )ood 'ro)ram desi)n to -e

a-le to save on t$e &ost o( 'ro)ram develo'ment

or im'lementation de'endin) on t$e nature o( t$e

so(tware a''li&ation. lso, reali*in) t$e 6ind o(

ee&t t$at su-routine &alls &an &ause to a

'ro)ramAs e4e&ution s'eed &an )ive idea to (uturestudies on $ow &om'ilers s$ould -e develo'ed to

&ounter w$atever t$ese ee&ts are, or $ow t$e

&osts o( t$ese su-routine &alls &an -e redu&ed

s$ould t$ese -e 'roved to -e ver% si)ni&ant.7

• b/ectives1

o The fnction of o-1e&tives is to give direction

to the research.


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o Its content incldes state'ents of reslts the

research is e>pected to achieve.

o -s a 'anner of presentation4 the follo&ing

are sall( o!serve -1e&tives are written in listed (orm usin)

num-ers, letters, or an% (orm o( se'arators

or identiers.

T$e innitive (orm o( ver-s s$ould -e used.

T$e 'resentation s$ould -e neutral.

-1e&tives ma% -e &lassied as )eneral or

s'e&i&.

( an o-1e&tive is de'endent on anot$er, &lear

'resentation and distin&tion s$ould -e made.

-1e&tives s$ould -e wit$in t$e s&o'e o( t$e

'ro-lem. nl% one to'i& s$ould -e addressed

-% an o-1e&tive.

A>a'ple

This std( ai's to deter'ine the eCects of

s!rotine calls on the e>ection speed of a


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progra'. Speci6call(4 the o!jectives of this std( are

to perfor' e>peri'ents to !e a!le to

. estimate t$e &ost o( a C (un&tion

2. estimate t$e &ost o( a Pas&al 'ro&edure

&all and to &om'are t$e 'er(orman&e o( t$e

Pas&al and C lan)ua)es in ee&tin) a sim'le

su-routine &all

3. estimate t$e &ost o( nested Pas&al

'ro&edure &alls and to &om'are t$is wit$ t$e

&ost o( 'ro&edure &alls (rom t$e main 'ro)ram

. determine t$e 'er(orman&e o( t$e

dierent t%'e o( Pas&al su-routines in

&om'arison wit$ t$e se;uential stru&ture7

!. &om'are t$e 'er(orman&e o( lo&al and

)lo-al varia-les w$en used in a Pas&al 'ro&edure

. investi)ate t$e 'er(orman&e o( some

sortin) al)orit$ms w$en im'lemented in Pas&al

wit$ and wit$out a swa' 'ro&edure and,

?. investi)ate t$e run time -e$avior o( a

&om-inatorial al)orit$m w$en im'lemented

wit$ dierent 'ro)ram stru&tures.

• Metho&ology 2


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o The section on ethodolog( presents the

'aterials and the steps to !e follo&ed in

condcting the research.

o

It sho&s the sondness and the appropriatenessof the 'aterials and 'ethods to 'eet the

research o!jectives.

o It 'a( contain an( of the follo&ing

resear&$ met$ods, desi)n, treatment/s,

te&$ni;ue/s, num-er o( re'li&ations

materials e4'erimental animals, 'lants,

solutions, &$emi&als, et&.

instruments and e;ui'ment test tu-es,

-ea6ers, &om'uters, et&.

ste'-%ste' 'ro&edure

statisti&al anal%sis to -e done

'o'ulation, sam'le si*e, sam'lin)

te&$ni;ues

o'erational denition o( terms

res'ondents

instruments ;uestionnaire, interview)uide, interview s&$edule

data to -e )at$ered/t$at were )at$ered

sour&es o( in(ormation


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detailed s&$edule o( a&tivities or wor6 'lan

o -s a 'anner of presentation4 a n'!ered list

for' is often sed4 so'eti'es in paragraph

for'4 or a co'!ination of !oth. Presentationses indicative 'ood4 passive voice4 and in

ftre tense.

A>a'ple

This std( is co'posed of e>peri'ents

designed to deter'ine the follo&ing

. 'er(orman&e o( t$e C (un&tion &all

2. 'er(orman&e o( t$e Pas&al 'ro&edure

&all

3. 'er(orman&e o( t$e nested Pas&al

'ro&edure &alls

. 'er(orman&e o( t$e Pas&al su-routine&alls wit$ 'arameter 'assin) +i.e.,

(un&tion and 'ro&edure

!. 'er(orman&e o( t$e Pas&al 'ro&edure

&all w$en lo&al and )lo-al varia-les are

used

. 'er(orman&e o( t$e Pas&al

im'lementations o( some sortin)

al)orit$ms wit$ and wit$out a swa'

'ro&edure and


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?. 'er(orman&e o( t$e Pas&al 'ro&edure

&alls as a''lied to a &om-inatorial

al)orit$m.7

• Fenerall%, t$is se&tion s$ould answer t$e

;uestion: 5$at is to -e done, on w$om, $ow and

w$ere< T$e met$ods &$osen s$ould -e relevant

to t$e ;uestions to -e answered, and s$ould -e

(easi-le. T$e met$ods s$ould &learl% e4'lain t$e

des&ri'tion a-out:

The design

The develop'ent process

The i'ple'entation

The evalation

t must -e noted t$at t$e met$ods used are ri)orous

enou)$ so t$at t$e% a&$ieve t$e o-1e&tives o( t$e

stud%. t is $el'(ul to 'rovide timeline and tar)et dates

(or ea&$ resear&$ sta)es.

• Wor" plan# Earl% in t$e t$esis 'ro&ess, &reate a

wor6 'lan to $el' %ou mana)e %our time, set

)oals, and wor6 'rodu&tivel% durin) t$e man%

sta)es o( t$e dissertation. s %our 'ro1e&t

evolves, assess and rene)otiate %our wor6 'lan


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as ne&essar%. Creatin) a wor6 'lan will $el' %ou

to:

Brea6 down t$e lar)e, overw$elmin) 'ro&ess o( writin) a resear&$ into

mana)ea-le ste's Gee' a Hdail% &ommitmentH wit$ %our

resear&$ Dis&over and ta6e advanta)e o( %our

most 'rodu&tive wor6 $a-its Set )oals and reward %oursel( (or

a&$ievin) t$em Balan&e resear&$ writin) wit$ t$e

ot$er as'e&ts o( %our li(e

Sample Work Plan

Iain &tivities

Time in 5ee6s +Iar&$ 20! to June 20!

Remar6

2 0 2 iteraturereviews

Iat$emati&al Iodelin)5or6 +Con&e'tualS%stemSimulationProtot%'eIanu(a&turin

)E4'eriment 5or6 5ritin) KCom'ilation


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• ,-&get 2 t$is se&tion s$ould answer t$e

;uestion: 5$at are t$e &osts asso&iated wit$

t$e stud%< -ud)et (or resear&$ &an in&lude

&ost o( 'ersonnel servi&es, &om'onents,

e;ui'ment, do&umentation, &ommuni&ations

and ot$ers in$erent to t$e &ondu&t o(

resear&$. t must -e insured t$at t$e -ud)et

allo&ation is su8&ient to a&$ieve t$e resear&$

o-1e&tives. T$e -ud)et 'resentation s$ould -e

1ustia-le and demonstrate a&&ounta-ilit%. (

in &ase t$e stud% re;uires resour&es -e%ond

w$at is -ein) oered -% a 'arti&ular (undin)

-od%, a 'ro'osal revision ma% -e underta6en

to address onl% to some s'e&i& &om'onent o(

t$e 'ro'osed stud%. Lowever, a detailed

strate)% ma% -e well 'resented as to $ow t$e

remainin) &ost re;uirement ma% -e a&;uired

and allo&ated (or t$e su&&ess(ul &om'letion o(

t$e resear&$ 'ro1e&t.

2.$.%eneral pointers of research proposal


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When others read (or research proposal4 the(

shold agree that it is

•

+lear• +oherent

• +onvincing

• +oncise

• +o'plete

2.&. What criteria are used to revie' ()research proposal

Revie&ers &ill generall( as< the follo&ing

5estions

• Is the research &ell planned?

• Is the research i'portant?

• Is the applicant a&are of other

research in the area?

• Does the applicant have the a!ilit(

to co'plete the project?

• Is the spport re5ested appropriate

for the project?


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3( Develo%ing the F-ll1,lo4n "esearch

3.1. *hapter 1 + The Introduction

The prpose of the introdction is to give a

solid !ac


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presents the vale of the project

i'pact@.

The afore'entioned 'a( !e &ell presented

sing the follo&ing se5ence

Brief latest evoltion of the technolog( ,

des&ri-es $ow t$e te&$nolo)% sur(a&ed

and its motivational (a&tors o( its

develo'ment.

E4am'le Ia% -e written usin) some

(undamental te&$ni&al denitions.

&&ordin) to t$e En&%&lo'aediaBritanni&a a ro-ot is Han% automati&all%

o'erated ma&$ine t$at re'la&es $uman

eort, t$ou)$ it ma% not resem-le

$uman -ein)s in a''earan&e or

'er(orm (un&tions in a $umanli6e

manner.H T$e word HRo-otH &omes

(rom t$e C*e&$ word HRo-ota,H w$i&$

means Hslaveli6e la-or H+ Encyclopaedia

Britannica, 2008). or H(or&ed

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica


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wor6H. Ierriam5e-ster

+200@ des&ri-es a ro-ot as a Hma&$ine

t$at loo6s li6e a $uman -ein) and

'er(orms various &om'le4 a&ts +as

wal6in) or tal6in) o( a $uman -ein)H,

or a Hdevi&e t$at automati&all%

'er(orms &om'li&ated o(ten re'etitive

tas6sH, or a Hme&$anism )uided -%

automati& &ontrolsH.

The e>a'ple a!ove sed technical de6nitions

e>tracted fro' legiti'ate sorces to j'pstart the

fondation of the research s!ject ro!otics@.

Signicant i(pact of the technolog) ,des&ri-es t$e si)ni&ant im'a&t o( t$e te&$nolo)%

in terms o( e&onomi&, a&ademi& and so&ial im'a&t.

E4am'le write t$e reason w$% ro-oti&

te&$nolo)% is develo'ed.

Ro-ots are develo'ed to mimi& $uman

d%nami&s t$rou)$ mi&ro&ontroller-ased

&ontrol and 'ro)rammin). T$e a''li&ation o(

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Websterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster


25/47

ro-ots are sou)$t not 1ust to su-stitute $uman

la-or -ut also to sa(e)uard $umans (rom

$a*ardous environments.

T$e e4am'le a-ove is written 'er t$e aut$orAs

intelle&tual as&ent/idea/intuition $owever t$e

ideas 'resented ma% -e reen(or&ed t$rou)$

&olla-oratin) (a&ts and in(ormation (rom

various &redi-le sour&es wit$ 'ro'er &itation.

E4am'le Ro-ots are develo'ed to mimi&

$uman d%nami&s t$rou)$ mi&ro&ontroller

-ased &ontrol and 'ro)rammin). T$e

a''li&ation o( ro-ots are sou)$t not 1ust to

su-stitute $uman la-or -ut also to sa(e)uard

$umans (rom $a*ardous environments.Baudoin and La-i- +200 in t$eir -oo6 "=sin)

Ro-ots in La*ardous Environment: andmine

Dete&tion, Deminin) and ot$er ''li&ations7

review t$e develo'ment o( ro-oti& s%stems (or

deminin) and ot$er ris6% a&tivities and

dis&usses t$e develo'ment and a''li&ations o(

sensors (or mine dete&tion usin) dierent

ro-oti& s%stems. Teleo'eration and


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one o( t$e ma1or &$allen)es (a&in)

arti&ial intelli)en&e +Connell,

Ia$adevan, S$rid$ar, >>3. 6e% need

in ro-oti&s is relia-le 'redi&tion o( a&tions

involvin) intermittent &onta&t su&$ as

le))ed lo&omotion over rou)$ terrain,

)ras' a&;uisition, multiro-ot

mani'ulation, and assem-l% +Trin6le,

20. n t$e near (uture, it is e4'e&ted

t$at ro-oti& s%stems will s$are t$e $uman

livin) and wor6in) s'a&es. 5$ile movin)

+es'e&iall% at $i)$ s'eed, automated

ve$i&les, mo-ile mani'ulators and

$umanoid ro-ots &an -e 'otentiall%

dan)erous s$ould a &ollision o&&ur. t ist$ere(ore &riti&al to assert and

&$ara&teri*e t$eir motion sa(et%, i.e., t$eir

)uaranteed a-ilit% to avoid &ollision

+ )raichard4 Be


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areas of i'portant concerns learning tools inade5ac(4

training de6ciencies4 and 'aterial availa!ilit(.

Interventions and initiatives that 'itigate

challenges , des&ri-es some 'revailin)

interventions and initiatives im'osed -% ot$er

s&ientists to alleviate &$allen)es -ased on

te&$nolo)% innovations and/or te&$nolo)%-ased

treatment w$i&$ &an also -e in t$e (ollowin)

se;uen&e:

#lo!al scene

:ational scene

Eocal scene

T$is se&tion ma% $i)$li)$t some relevant studies

&ondu&ted so as to 'rovide -en&$mar6 in(ormation

to some miti)atin)

measures/a''roa&$es/strate)ies to arrest t$e

&$allen)es.

E4am'le Bro&6, Gat*, Glin)-eil, sentis6i

and Rusu +20 e4'lores new

a''roa&$es to mo-ile mani'ulation wit$


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an em'$asis on t$e relations$i' -etween

ma&$ine learnin) and su&&ess(ul

intera&tion in $uman environments.

utonomous mani'ulation in $uman

environments is &$allen)in) -e&ause o(

t$e asso&iated $i)$ dimensional state

s'a&e and its in$erent un&ertainties. t

re;uires 'er&e'tual and mani'ulation

s6ills w$i&$ are ro-ust a)ainst s'arse,

in&om'lete and nois% in(ormation. n su&$

environments, levera)in) 'ast

e4'erien&e, o(tentimes resultin) (rom t$e

ro-otMs own intera&tions, 'romises an

in&reased ro-ustness and relia-ilit%.

Proble. State.ent 2 t$is se&tion s$ould

re&o)ni*e and a&6nowled)e t$e a(orementioned

ar)uments 'resented as &$allen)es and

interventions t$at &an -e utili*ed as motivatin)

(a&tor (or some 'otent solution -ased on

te&$nolo)% innovations and or ot$er (orms o(

te&$nolo)%-ased treatment.


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Presentation of proposed soltion , 'resents t$at

t$rou)$ t$e desi)n, develo'ment, im'lementation

and evaluation o( t$e 'ro'osed 'ro1e&t/stud%, it

'rovides -etter solution and resolution tosta6e$olders. T$e stud% t$ere(ore s$ould see6 to

address some 'revailin) issues and or ;uestions

wit$ res'e&t to t$e desi)n, develo'ment,

im'lementation and evaluation o( t$e 'ro'osed

te&$nolo)%-ased treatment.

E4am'le T$e a(orementioned

ar)uments 'rovided &om'ellin)

motivation to underta6e t$e develo'ment

o( an edu&ational and entertainment

mo-ile ro-ot t$at 'er(orms intelli)ent navi)ation utili*in) an rduino

mi&ro&ontroller in Can)ua)e as a test

-ed in mi&ro&ontroller 'ro)rammin). T$e

desi)n and develo'ment o( t$is mo-ile

ro-ot will en$an&e learnin) a&ross -asi&

mo-ile ro-ot autonomous navi)ation and

&ontrol. T$e stud% t$ere(ore see6s to

address t$e (ollowin) ;uestions:


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.5$at desi)n 'arameters s$ould -e

&onsidered in t$e develo'ment o(

mo-ile ro-ot relative to its &ontrol

(un&tionalit%<

2.5$at &ontrol 'arameters s$ould

-e used to e8&ientl% navi)ate t$e

mo-ile ro-ot wit$ res'e&t to its

in'ut and out'ut relations$i'<

3.5$at are t$e evaluation

'arameters to -e used to measure

t$e 'er(orman&e, a&&e'ta-ilit%

and 'eda)o)i& &a'a-ilities o( t$e

mo-ile ro-ot<

"esearch b/ectives 5Main 6 S%eci0cb/ectives7

a( !e a state'ent of an otco'e of the

std( in ter's of varia!les4

a( contains i'plications for e'pirical testing

E4am'le T$e )eneral o-1e&tives o( t$e stud%

is to 'rovide miti)atin) measure to

instru&tional tool inade;ua&% in t$e a&ademe


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t$rou)$ t$e develo'ment o( edu&ational and

entertainment mo-ile ro-ot usin) indi)enous

materials as 'eda)o)i& intervention to

en$an&e learnin) interest a&ross s&ien&e and

te&$nolo)%. T$e s'e&i& o-1e&tives are:

. To desi)n an edu&ational and

entertainment mo-ile ro-ot usin) an

rduino/PC/Nilo)/C@0!O330D

mi&ro&ontroller in Can)ua)e.

2. To develo' a mo-ile ro-ot in

a&&ordan&e to esta-lis$ed desi)n

'arameters.

3.To im'lement t$e esta-lis$ed &ontrol

&on&e'ts relative to its &orres'ondin)in'ut and out'ut relations$i' and

&ontrol (ramewor6.

.To evaluate t$e 'er(orman&e o( t$e

mo-ile ro-ot a&&ordin) to esta-lis$ed

test instrument.

Sco%e an& Li.itation , des&ri-es t$e s'e&i&

&overa)e o( t$e stud% -earin) t$e ena-lin)

te&$nolo)ies involved, )eneral met$odolo)% and


33/47

t$e 'ro1e&t settin). t$er te&$nolo)ies ma% -e

mentioned and &lassied under t$e limitation o(

t$e stud%. Relevant in(ormation w$i&$ is wit$$eld

ma% also -e &lassied under t$e limitation.

E4am'le: T$e 'remise o( t$e stud% &overs t$e

desi)n, develo'ment and evaluation o( a

'eda)o)i& mo-ile ro-ot utili*in) rduino/PC/Nilo)/

C@0!O330D/et&. mi&ro&ontroller in C

'ro)rammin) lan)ua)e. T$e (undamental &ontrol

(un&tion is an&$ored on t$e a-ilit% o( t$e ro-ot to

dete&t o-1e&t, evade o-sta&le, and line (ollowin)

&a'a-ilit%. Servo/DC motors are t$e 're(erred

drivers w$i&$ are de'endent on a''ro'riate

tri))erin) in'ut swit&$es/sensors. Ia&$ineelements &om'utational desi)n and ot$er

mat$emati&al (un&tionalit% model are not in&luded

in t$e stud%.

Theoretical Fra.e4ork or Conce%t-al

Fra.e4ork or rgani8ation of the St-&y 2

5in%-t 2 %rocess 2 o-t%-t 7 fra.e4ork


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E4am'le: T$e &ontrol (ramewor6 used in

t$e stud% (ollows t$e in'ut 'ro&ess

out'ut relations$i' as s$own in Ta!le 1.

Swit&$es and ot$er sensin) devi&es are

&onne&ted to t$e a''ro'riate in'ut module

o( t$e mi&ro&ontroller w$ile out'ut devi&es

are &onne&ted to t$e desi)nated out'ut

module o( t$e &ontroller. Ele&troni&

instru&tions via Clan)ua)e 'ro)rammin)

&ontri-ute to t$e mo-ile ro-ot arti&ial

intelli)en&e an&$ored in t$e s%stem trut$

ta-le s$own in Ta!le 2. T$e in'ut and

out'ut relations$i' and or a&tion o( t$e

'rotot%'e de'end on t$e desi)ned s%stem

trut$ ta-le. T$e stud% is an&$ored on t$es%stem (ramewor6 as s$own in ,igure 1

w$ere in'ut/out'ut devi&es are &onne&ted

to t$e mi&ro'ro&essor modules s%stem

'ro)rammin) in Clan)ua)e is

a&&om'lis$ed t$rou)$ an inter(a&in)

&ir&uit.

Table + The oBot Inpt9=tpt

+ontrol )ra'e&or


35/47

S(ste'Processor

InptDevices

=tptDevices

S of t & ar e

P r o g

r a''

i n g an d

I nt er f a c i n g

Inpt Process =tptS&itches9sen

sors

icrocontroll

er

otors4 ED4

+a'era

Table * The )nda'ental S(ste'

Trth Ta!le

S(ste' Trth Ta!leInpt =tpt -ction

S&itches9sen

sors

EDs =n or

=C@4 otor

rotational

direction

reverse or

for&ard9stop

ove

for&ard or

reverse4

trn right or

left

Fig-re + +ontrol S(ste's

)ra'e&or


36/47

De6nition of Ter's , te&$ni&al

terminolo)ies t$at are si)ni&antl% used in

t$e stud% are dened e4'li&itl% to 'rovide

t$e reader t$e (undamental understandin)o( t$e terms utili*ed.

3.2*hapter 1 -ctivities

3.2.1 -ctivit) /o. 1 2 Writing the

)nda'ental Introdction of

the Research

0!jectives -fter co'pleting this chapter

gide4 (o shold !e a!le to

Descri!e the fnda'ental content of the

!ac


37/47

intitive ideas to corro!orate or in

conFict &ith the infor'ation at hand.

ethods

1. Develop a short introdction

descri!ing the fnda'ental de6nition

and or crrent evoltion of a particlar

technolog( of interest !( follo&ing the

sggestions9gidelines presented a!ove.

2. Gse relevant references to j'pstart

the essa( &ith proper citation.

3. >press in &riting (or intitive

nderstanding of the infor'ation at

hand and spple'ent the ideas that

have !een organi;ed so far.

3.2.2 -ctivit) /o. 2 , nhancing the

introdction throgh infor'ation

reinforce'ent.

0!jectives -fter co'pleting this activit(4

(o shold !e a!le to

nhance and e>pand e>isting essa( !(

incorporating other relevant and

colla!orating infor'ation


38/47

>pand the essa( !( discssing the

signi6cant i'pact of the technolog( of

interest &ith proper citation.

Descri!e the 'ilestone and challengesof the technolog( of interest.

ethods

+( >pand and enhance (or initial

&rite*p !( incorporating additional

corro!orating infor'ation fro' other

references &ith proper citations.

*( Descri!e the signi6cant i'pact of the

technolog( in ter's of social4 econo'ic

and acade'ic inFence &ith proper

citation.

3( Write the signi6cant 'ilestone andchallenges 'et relative to the

technolog( tili;ation.

3.2.3 -ctivit) /o.3 , Writing transitional

sentences.

9(Cha%ter * 2 "evie4 of "elate& St-&ies

Brief crrent evoltion of the technolog(


39/47

Signi6cant I'pact of the crrent technolog(

+hallenges of the crrent technolog(

o #lo!al scene

o :ational sceneo Eocal scene

Interventions and initiatives to 'itigate

challenges

o #lo!al scene

o :ational scene

o Eocal scene

:(Cha%ter 3 2 Metho&ology

• The 'ethod section is often the 'ost precisel(

&ritten part of a research report. Since

replication and anal(;ing 'ethods is so

i'portant4 a good deal of ti'e shold !e spent

anal(;ing this section. It is i'perative to

nderstand the fondation of each std( and !e

a!le to criticall( anal(;e ho& the data that &ill

lead to the reslts the section &as derived. The

'ethods section shold loo< for infor'ation

regarding the s!jects and the 'anner in &hich


40/47

the s!jects &ere selected. The strengths and

&ea


41/47

mi&ro&ontroller -oard

inter(a&in) &ir&uit

mi&ro&ontroller 'in assi)nments

ma&$ine elements motor mountin)

&ontrol desi)n +s%stem trut$

ta-le/a&tion ta-le

+Foo)le s6et&$es, s&$emati&

dia)rams, 3D models, et&., must -e

well 'resented and mar6ed as ,igure

. or Ta!le .

Develop'ent4

des&ri-es $ow t$e su-&om'onents

are to -e interlin6ed or inter&onne&ted

in a&&ordan&e to t$e 'reesta-lis$ed

s%stems desi)n +s%stemAs inte)ration.

nters%stem relations$i's are

e4'e&ted to -e e4'lained.

I'ple'entation

des&ri-es t$e 'reliminar% testin) andtrou-les$ootin) te&$ni;ues used and

t$e o-servations in$erent to s%stem

&ommissionin).


42/47

valation

Des&ri-es $ow t$e 'ro1e&t out&ome

ma% -e tested and or evaluated in

terms o( 'er(orman&e, mo-ilit%, &ostand 'eda)o)i& &a'a-ilit%.

Per(orman&e &an -e measured

t$rou)$ (un&tionalit%, e8&ien&%,

&ontrolla-ilit%, o'era-ilit%, real

time sensin), s'eed, linear or

an)ular dis'la&ements a&&ura&%

and et&.

Des&ri'tive Statisti&s ma% -e used to

measure (re;uen&ies or 'er&enta)es

and t$e mean res'onses t$rou)$ t$e

ve 'oint ratin) s&ale +i6ert s&ale.

T$e ve Point Ratin) S&ale +i.e. i6ert

S&ale

d1e&tival Ratin) S&ale

Ran)e

9ot ''li&a-le .>

-elow


43/47

2 Poor .!0

2.>

3 Oair 2.!0

3.>

Li)$ 3.!0

.>

! er% Li)$ .!0

a-ove

;(Cha%ter 9 2 "es-lts an& Disc-ssions

The reslts and discssions shold !e in conjnction

&ith the stiplated 'ethodolog(. Designed dra&ings

and acco'plished designs 'st !e &ell presented4

co'pared and discssed. Photos9pictres of

acco'plished protot(pes 'st !e &ell

presented9'arplained.

E4am'le 'resentation o( 'er&enta)es

Ran)e o( Ie&$atroni&s

ndustr% surve% su))ests t$at t$e ran)e

o( me&$atroni&s as 'resented -% Crai) +200>

is 'resent and is a&tuall% -ein) utili*ed -%


44/47

industrial 'ra&titioners in Iindanao industrial

*one. Ta!le 3.3 s$ows t$e 'er&enta)e

summar% o( me&$atroni&s &ore &ourses

ada'ted -% t$e industries t$at indi&ate t$e

me&$atroni&s &ore &ourses a''li&ation in

Ro-oti& industries.

-'ong the core corses validated4 the se of

'echanics and 'icrocontroller are over&hel'ingl(

aHr'ed !( practitioners &ith $ rating. The se of

sensors4 soft&are and electronics received 0

aHr'ation of their seflness in their 6elds of

disciplines. 8o&ever4 there &ere respondents that are

not


45/47

having ratings of "3.33 and 33.33 respectivel(

&hich 'a( !e attri!ted to their natre of assign'ent.

S(ste' 'odeling and si'lation are sall( perfor'ed

in the design or engineering depart'ent. The initial

6ndings points that the technical application of


46/47

Table 9(3 sho&s the 'ean responses of applied

'echatronics range in the indstr(. -s sho&n in the

ta!le4 'ost respondents rated ver( high 'ari!le control and 'anage'ent of redndant

s(ste's. D+S and S+-D- operate eCectivel( throgh

'achine to 'achine co''nication net&or< s(ste'.


47/47

simplified guide to writing research dmu

Documents