simple, yet so complex; the neuron · 2015. 5. 21. · cerebellum medulla oblongata mesencephalon...
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CNS Peter Århem
Inst för neurovetenskap Karolinska institutet
Evolution of nervous systems
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The evolution of the vertebrate brain
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The evolution of the vertebrate brain –
three swellings
Forebrain Cortex
Basal gabnlia
Thalamus Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Hindbrain Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Mesencephalon
Human CNS and brain
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Central and peripheral nervous systems CNS and PNS
CNS = brain and spinal cord
Brain = Forebrain + midbrain + hindbrain
= Cerebrum + brainstem + cerebellum
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= midbrain + hindbrain – cerebellum
Brainstem = midbrain + pons + medulla oblongata
White and gray matter in forebrain
• Gray matter = nerve cell bodies
• White matter = axons
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The spinal cord
White and gray matter in spinal cord
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Spinal nerves – dorsal and ventral roots
Cranial nerves
N. olfactorius I
N. opticus II
N. oculomotorius III
N. trochlearis IV
N. trigeminus V
N. abducens VI
N. facialis VII
N. vestibulocochlearisVIII
N. glossopharyngeus IX
N. vagus X
N. accessorius XI
N. hypoglossus XII
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Fissura longitudinalis
Fissura transversalis
Fissura lateralis
Sulcus centralis
Important sulci and fissurae
Lobes of cerebrum
Lobus frontalis
(frontal lobe)
Lobus parietalis (parietal lobe)
Lobus occipitalis (occipiatl lobe)
Lobus temporalis (temporal lobe)
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Brodmann areas
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Frontal lobe
Functions • Motor areas • Personality • Working memory • Speech (Broca’s area)
Paul Broca
Parietal lobe
Functions • Somatosensory
areas • Association areas • Working memory
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Somatosensory areas: Somatotopic organization and”somatosensory homunculus”
Occipital lobe
Funktions
• Visual areas
• Association areas
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Vad?
Var?
Visual areas: Ventral and dorsal stream ”What?” and ”Where?”
Temporal lobe
Functions • Hearing • Speech (Wernicke’s area) • Memory (hippocampus)
Carl Wernicke
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Low frequent tones
High frequent tones
Basilar membrane
Auditory areas: tonotopic organization
Methods to study the human brain – functional and imaging methods
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Post-lesion studies
Phineas Gage
Post-lesion studies
• Localization of the lesion
• Correlation to behaviour
• Insights about higher functions
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Computed tomography (CT)
• X-ray images from different angles produce cross-sectional images
• Radiocontrast agents visualize blood vessels (angiography)
• Air visualizes ventricles
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Voltage differences between scalp electrodes
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• A strong magnetic field is applied
• Hydrogen nuclei become aligned
• A transient magnetic pulse perturbs the nuclei
• A signal is created when nuclei return to initial state
Positron-emissionstomografi (PET)
• Radioactive isotope of e.g. glucose is injected
• Radioactivity is measured
• High glucose concentration – high neural activity
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Functional MRI (fMRI)
• Development of MRI
• Magnetic signal from hemoglobin
• Oxygene-rich and oxygene-depleted hemoglobin have different magnetic properties
• Oxygene saturation is used as a measure of neural activity