silberschatz, galvin, and gagne 1999 5.1 applied operating system concepts module 5: threads...

Applied Operating System Concepts Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne 1999 5.1

Module 5: Threads9/29/03+

• Overview

• Benefits

• User and Kernel Threads

• Multithreading Models

• Solaris 2 Threads

• Java Threads

NOTE: Instructor annotations in BLUE


Threads - Overview

• A thread (or lightweight process) is a basic unit of CPU utilization; it consists of:

– program counter– register set – stack space

• A thread shares with its peer threads (in same process) its:– code section– data section– operating-system resourcescollectively know as a task.

Actually the three things above belong to the process Threads in the process share this stuff.

• A traditional or heavyweight process is equal to a task with one thread


Threads (- Overview Cont.)

• In a multiple threaded task, while one server thread is blocked and waiting, a second thread in the same task can run. (assuming the blocked thread doesn’t block the process - if so, everything comes to a screeching halt!)

– Cooperation of multiple threads in same job confers higher throughput and improved performance.

– Applications that require sharing a common buffer (i.e., producer-consumer) benefit from thread utilization.

• Threads provide a mechanism that allows sequential processes to make blocking system calls while also achieving parallelism.… a thread within the process makes the call & only it blocks while other threads in the process still run …assuming kernel supported threads

• Kernel-supported threads – can reside in user or kernel space, but kernel is involved in their control.

• User-level (supported) threads; supported from a set of library calls at the user level. Resides in user space.

• Hybrid approach implements both user-level and kernel-supported threads (Solaris 2).


Multiple Threads within a Task


• Responsiveness - Opens the possibility of blocking only one thread in a process on a blocking call rather than the entire process.

• Resource Sharing – Threads share resources of process to which they belong – code sharing allow multiple instantiations of code execution

• Economy – low overhead in thread context switching & thread management compared to process context switching & management

• Utilization of MP Architectures – can be applied to a multi-processor. In a uniprocessor, task switching is so fast that it gives illusion of parallelism.

Benefits


Single and Multithreaded Processes


User Level (supported) Threads (ULTs)

• Thread Management Done by User-Level Threads Library

• Kernel unaware of ULTsNo kernel intervention needed for thread management.Thus fast to create and manage

• If thread blocks, the kernel sees it as the process blocking, and may block the entire process (all threads).

• Examples

- POSIX Pthreads

- Mach C-threads

- Solaris threads … but not totally kernel independent …


Kernel Level (supported) Threads (KLTs)

• Supported by the Kernel – thread management done by kernel in kernel space.

• Since kernel managing threads, kernel can schedule another thread if a given thread blocks rather than blocking the entire processes.

• Examples

- Windows 95/98/NT

- Solaris

- Digital UNIX


Multithreading Models

User Threads / Kernel Threads models.

Three common types of threading implementation:

• Many-to-One

• One-to-One

• Many-to-Many


Many-to-One

• Many User-Level Threads Mapped to Single Kernel Thread.

• Thread management done at user level - efficient

• Entire user processes blocks if one of its threads block – kernel only sees the process.

• Bad for multiprocessor (parallel) architectures because only one thread at a time can access kernel.

• Used on Systems That Do Not Support Kernel Threads. - Single threaded kernel


Many-to-one Model


One-to-One

• Each User-Level Thread Maps to a distinct Kernel Thread.

• Other threads can run when a particular thread makes a blocking call - better concurrency.

• Multiple threads can run in parallel in a multiprocessing architecture.

• Drawback is that creating a user thread requires creating a kernel thread … overhead factor … number of threads restricted

• Examples

- Windows 95/98/NT

- OS/2


One-to-one Model


Many-to-Many Model

• Time Multiplexes many ULT’s to a smaller of equal number of KLT’s.

• Number of kernel threads may be specific to either a particular application or machine … typically a multiprocessor may get more k-threads than a uniprocessor.

• Programmer may create as many user threads as desired (compare to 1-to-1 in which there my be a shortage of k-threads.

• True concurrency limited to scheduling (multiplexing) many user threads against a less number of k-threads. But the multiple k-threads can be run in parallel on a multiprocessor machine.


Many-to-many Model


Pthreads

• Example of user controlled threads

• Refers to the POSIX standard (IEEE 1003.1c) API - specifies behavior, not implementation.

• More commonly implemented on UNIX based system such as Solaris

• Runs from a Pthead user level library with not specified relationship and any associated kernel threads.

– Some implementations may allow some kernel control - ex: scheduling???

• The “main” function in the C application program is the initial thread created by default, all other threads are created using library calls from the application program- each thread has stack


Pthreads (continued)

• Two typical Pthread library calls:

– pthread_create creates a new thread allows you to pass the name of a function which has will be

the behavior or function that this thread will do. Allows you to pass parameters to the function of the new

thread. sets a thread id variable to the unique “tid”.

– Pthread_join allows a thread to wait for another specified thread to complete

before continuing on - a synchronization tedchique

• There is a very large and rich set of library function calls to use in Pthread programming - Lots of calls for thread synchronization - more later!

• See example in Figure 5.5, page 140.


Threads Support in Solaris 2

• Solaris 2 is a version of UNIX with support for threads at both the kernel and user levels, symmetric multiprocessing, and real-time scheduling.

• Solaris 2 implements the pthread API, in addition to supporting userlevel threadswith a thread library with API’s for thread creation & management ==> Solaris threads

• LWP – intermediate level between user-level threads and kernel-level threads.

• Resource needs of thread types:– Kernel thread (are in the kernel - does OS stuff or associates with an LWP) :

small data structure and a stack; thread switching does not require changing memory access information – relatively fast.

– LWP: Associated with a both a user process (PCB) and a kernel thread. Has register data, accounting, and memory information; switching between LWPs is relatively slow. - because of kernel intervention. Scheduled by kernel

– User-level thread: only need stack and program counter; no kernel involvement means fast switching (multiplexing to LPW) . Kernel only sees the LWPs that are dedicated to user-level threads.


Solaris 2 Threads


Solaris Threads

• Threads in user space similar to “pure” Pthreads but with required kernel control

• Process Structure control information completely in kernel space

• LWP in kernel space but share the user process resources - can interface with user threads - is visible to user threads.

• LWP can be thought of as a virtual CPU that is available for executing code .. . We have a single process in one memory space with many virtual “CPU’s” running different parts of the process concurrently (Lewis & Berg).

• Each LWP is separately scheduled by kernel - kernel schedules LWP’s not user threads.

• The thread library for user threads is in user space - the user level thread library schedules (multiplexes) user threads onto LWP’s, and LWP’s, in turn, are implemented by kernel threads and scheduled by the kernel.


Solaris Process


Java Threads

• Java Threads May be Created by:

– Extending Thread class

– Implementing the Runnable interface


Extending the Thread Class

class Worker1 extends Thread

{

public void run() {

System.out.println(“I am a Worker Thread”);

}

}


Creating the Thread

public class First

{

public static void main(String args[]) {

Worker runner = new Worker1();

runner.start();

System.out.println(“I am the main thread”);

}

}


The Runnable Interface

public interface Runnable

{

public abstract void run();

}


Implementing the Runnable Interface

class Worker2 implements Runnable

{

public void run() {

System.out.println(“I am a Worker Thread”);

}

}


Creating the Thread

public class Second

{


Runnable runner = new Worker2();

Thread thrd = new Thread(runner);

thrd.start();

System.out.println(“I am the main thread”);

}

}


Java Thread Management

• suspend() – suspends execution of the currently running thread.

• sleep() – puts the currently running thread to sleep for a specified amount of time.

• resume() – resumes execution of a suspended thread.

• stop() – stops execution of a thread.


Java Thread States

Runnable state has both actively executing threads, and “ready” threads


Producer Consumer Problem

public class Server {

public Server() {

MessageQueue mailBox = new MessageQueue();

Producer producerThread = new Producer(mailBox);

Consumer consumerThread = new Consumer(mailBox);

producerThread.start();

consumerThread.start();

}


Server server = new Server();

}

}


Producer Thread

class Producer extends Thread {

public Producer(MessageQueue m) {

mbox = m;

}

public void run() {

while (true) {

// produce an item & enter it into the buffer

Date message = new Date();

mbox.send(message);

}

}

private MessageQueue mbox;

}


Consumer Thread

class Consumer extends Thread {

public Consumer(MessageQueue m) {

mbox = m;

}

public void run() {

while (true) {

Date message = (Date)mbox.receive();

if (message != null)

// consume the message

}

}

private MessageQueue mbox;

}

silberschatz, galvin, and gagne 1999 5.1 applied operating system concepts module 5: threads...

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