sigrid brynestad 11.sept 2012 when are biofuels sustainable - and why is this important to the...

Sigrid Brynestad11.Sept 2012

When are biofuels sustainable -

and why is this important to the aviation industry?

© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved.

What are sustainable biofuels

11.Sept 2012

Version

Fuelling

3rd Party Risk Holding Points

Transport

Approaches

ATC

Landing

Certification

Runway

Ground Services

Capacity

Sustainability

Management

Modelling

Safety culture

Security

DNV Aviation Experience

Construction Work



11.Sept 2012

What are biofuels?

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Feed stock ConversionIntermediates

Refining and purification

Refining and purification

Crops/ annualsSugar cane

GrainsSeeds GrassEtc…

TreesHardwood Softwood

Marine biomassMicro-algaeMacro-algae

WasteHouseholdIndustrial

Agricultural

Fats and oils

Sugars

Starch

CelluloseHemicellulose

Lignin

ChemicalTransestrificationPolymerization

…

ChemicalTransestrificationPolymerization

…

ThermochemicalFischer-Tropsch

PyrolysisGasification

…

ThermochemicalFischer-Tropsch

PyrolysisGasification

…

BiochemicalFermentation

Enzymatic hydrolysis…

BiochemicalFermentation

Enzymatic hydrolysis…

CombustionCombustion

Bio-jet fuelBio-jet fuel

BiodieselBiodiesel

Processwaste

Processwaste

AlcoholsAlcohols

BiogasBiogas

Power generation

Power generation

Hydrocarbons and natural oilsHydrocarbons and natural oils

ChemicalsChemicals

Add

ition

al

conv

ersi

on



11.Sept 2012

What is sustainability?

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11.Sept 2012

Why should we care about sustainability?

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11.Sept 2012

Aviation has an impact on CO2 emissions

Aviation is responsible for an estimated 500 million tons, or 1%, of annual anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Unchecked, the industry estimates the aviation sector will be responsible for over 5% of global emissions by 2020. (IPCC)

80 % of CO2 annually emitted by aircraft are from those flying more than 1,500 kilometers

There is no alternative mode of practical transport and given the energy density of kerosene, there really is no alternative to liquid fuel either

15.614 billion gallons of jet fuel used in 2009

600 million gallons of biofuel a year by 2015 (The Sustainable Aviation Fuel Group)

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11.Sept 2012

Technical improvements will not be enough

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11.Sept 2012

Some business risk are obvious

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11.Sept 2012

Ignoring the sustainability issues is a business risk

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http://euobserver.com/media/src/d8bb03efb1c25472b339f8793a8829f5.jpghttp://www.cannews.com.cn/2012/0313/185752.html

http://www.planestupid.com/actions?page=2



11.Sept 2012

Governments may ensure that CO2 will not be ignored

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http://www.flyerspulse.com/2012/01/03/european-union-emissions-trading-costs-uk-apd-tax/



11.Sept 2012

The aviation industry is active in biojet fuel development

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11.Sept 2012

Not all biofuels are created equal

Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) as defined by Quantas

advanced jet turbine biofuel made from next generation biomass sources such as algae, municipal waste streams, waste tree oil and specially selected types of biomass energy crops which do not compete with food crops.

To be acceptable for commercial use, SAF must:

Be certified in accordance with the aviation industry's stringent safety and performance requirements

Have a reduced lifecycle carbon emission compared to traditional fossil based jet fuel as well as meet comprehensive sustainability criteria

Be a 'drop-in' alternative to traditional fossil based jet fuel to avoid costly redesign of engines, airframes or fuel delivery systems.

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http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/sustainable-aviation-fuel/global/en

http://renewablejetfuels.org/



11.Sept 2012

Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group (SAFUG) definition of sustainable biofuel

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Perform as well as, or better than, traditional fossil fuel jet kerosene from a technical perspective but with a smaller carbon lifecycle;

Use only biomass feedstock sources that minimise biodiversity impacts, require minimal land, water, and energy to produce;

Not compromise food security;

Not jeopardise drinking water supplies;

Provide socioeconomic value to local communities where biomass is grown.



11.Sept 2012

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EUs definition of sustainable biofuels

EU Directive 2009/28/EC (Renewable energy directive: RED) requires:

Proof of sustainability of biomass: - no production from no-go areas (high biodiversity or high carbon stocks), - sustainability of production and operations- monitor social sustainability and food security

Raw material should not be obtained from :- wetlands - continuously forested areas- from areas with 10‐30% canopy cover- from peatlands - if the status of the land has changed compared to its status in January 2008

GHG savings: - biofuels and bio‐liquids must yield a GHG emission savings of at least 35%- (50% from 2017, 60% from production started after 2017)

Traceability and mass balance must be assured



11.Sept 2012

What is included in the certification of sustainable biofuels?

RSB Principles

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7. Conservation8. Soil9. Water10. Air11. Use of Technologies, Inputs& Management of Wastes12. Land Rights

1. Legality2. Planning, Monitoring &Continuous Improvement3. Greenhouse Gases Emissions4. Human & Labour Rights5. Rural & Social Development6. Food Security

“globally harmonized system streamlines international aviation operations and helps to drive the adoption of sustainable aviation biofuel.” SAFUG



11.Sept 2012

Sustainability standards related to biomass and biofuels

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GlobalAll biofuels and biomassISEAL

GlobalAll biofuels and biomass

GlobalForest productsISEAL

United StatesCellulosic biofuel feedstocks

GlobalAgricultural farmsISEAL

GlobalSugarcane

GlobalPalm Oil

GlobalSoy

http://renewablejetfuels.org/what-we-do/sustainability



11.Sept 2012

Baselines: How GHG for fuel is calculated can have consequences

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344909000500

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953410004071



11.Sept 2012

Indirect land-use change (ILUC) may need to be consideredIndirect land-use change (ILUC) occurs when the production of crops for biofuels in a given land pushes the previous activity to another location. The use of the new location to place the previous activity generates a land-use change attributable to the implantation of the biofuel crop. In other words, if the crops needed to make a particular batch of biofuels crops are grown on uncultivated land, this will cause direct land use change. If crops grown on existing arable land are used to make biofuels instead of food, this will likely cause ILUC because of the necessity to replace the food. Due to changes in the carbon stock of the soil and the biomass, indirect land-use change has consequences in the greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of a biofuel.

Climate regions data layer processed on the basis of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change classification

http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/our-activities/support-for-eu-policies/indirect-land-use-change.html

http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/our-activities/support-for-eu-policies/indirect-land-use-change.html

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11.Sept 2012

How far can costs be pushed down?

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http://legacy.icao.int/sustaf/Docs/18_RichardAltman.pdf



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Trade… or will the fuel be used locally?

http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_FutureIndustrialBiorefineries_Report_2010.pdf

The potential for international trade in biojet fuels appears to be high …at a blend of 10%, the potential trade of biojet fuel will be between 36.8 and 57.5 Mt by 2050.

IEA report “The potential role of biofuels in commercial air transport - biojetfuel”)



11.Sept 2012

Sustainable biofuels for the aviation industry will need support from all stakeholders

Continued Advancement Needs:

Government support for development of aviation biofuel consistent with international trade commitments

Policies designed to accommodate the specificities of aviation

Global harmonised sustainability criteria

Further research to develop sustainable feed stocks

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http://www.safug.org/assets/docs/SAFUG_Brochure.pdf



11.Sept 2012

Conclusions

Biofuel sustainability criteria defined by the industry are challenging, but needed

Proving sustainability will require certification and traceability systems – new systems and added costs compared to fossil fuels

Costs – current estimates are ca 2.8-3.7 USD/gallon (0.74-0.97 $/litre) (Bauen et al., (2009))

Still a great degree of uncertainty over its production costs as aviation biofuels are not currently being produced on a commercial scale

“There is no silver bullet and it is imperative that policy makers, governments, universities, airlines, farmers, refineries and R&D work together to tackle the fuel problems of the aviation industry. Major advances are also necessary in relation to logistics, regulatory frameworks, quality control management and adoption of appropriate sustainability certifications.” (IEA report “The potential role of biofuels in commercial air transport - biojetfuel”)

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11.Sept 2012

Sustainability

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Being able to understand and manage sustainability risks and opportunities is essential to the success of organisations in the aviation industry.

DNV’s Sustainability services in aviation include:

•Sustainability strategy development•Corporate Sustainability risk assessment•Certification of biofuels•Quality and traceability systems•Sustainability management and performance benchmarking•Integrated HSEQ management systems•HSEQ assessment, auditing and certification

• Greenhouse gas emissions monitoring, management, reporting and verification

• Environmental Impact Assessment• Stakeholder management and

communication • Sustainability reporting advice and assurance• Supply chain risk management• Business continuity and crisis management



11.Sept 2012

Safeguarding life, property and the environment

www.dnv.com

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sigrid brynestad 11.sept 2012 when are biofuels sustainable - and why is this important to the...

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