A Sample ACM SIG Proceedings Paper in LaTeX Format�

[Extended Abstract]y

Ben Trovatoz

Institute for Clarity inDocumentation

1932 Wallamaloo LaneWallamaloo, New Zealand

trovato@corporation.com

G.K.M. Tobinx

Institute for Clarity inDocumentationP.O. Box 1212

Dublin, Ohio 43017-6221webmaster@marysville-

ohio.com

Lars Thørväld{

The Thørväld Group1 Thørväld Circle

Hekla, Icelandlarst@affiliation.org

Lawrence P. LeipunerBrookhaven LaboratoriesBrookhaven National Lab

P.O. Box 5000lleipuner@researchlabs.org

Sean FogartyNASA Ames Research Center

Moffett FieldCalifornia 94035

fogartys@amesres.org

Charles PalmerPalmer Research Laboratories

8600 Datapoint DriveSan Antonio, Texas 78229

cpalmer@prl.com

ABSTRACTThis paper provides a sample of a LATEX document whichconforms to the formatting guidelines for ACM SIG Pro-ceedings. It complements the document Author’s Guide toPreparing ACM SIG Proceedings Using LATEX2ε and BibTEX.This source file has been written with the intention of beingcompiled under LATEX2ε and BibTeX.

The developers have tried to include every imaginable sortof “bells and whistles", such as a subtitle, footnotes on ti-tle, subtitle and authors, as well as in the text, and everyoptional component (e.g. Acknowledgments, Additional Au-thors, Appendices), not to mention examples of equations,theorems, tables and figures.

To make best use of this sample document, run it throughLATEX and BibTeX, and compare this source code with theprinted output produced by the dvi file.

�(Does NOT produce the permission block, copyrightinformation nor page numbering). For use withACM_PROC_ARTICLE-SP.CLS. Supported by ACM.yA full version of this paper is available as Author’s Guide toPreparing ACM SIG Proceedings Using LATEX2ε and BibTeXat www.acm.org/eaddress.htmzDr. Trovato insisted his name be first.xThe secretary disavows any knowledge of this author’s ac-tions.{This author is the one who did all the really hard work.

Categories and Subject DescriptorsH.4 [Information Systems Applications]: Miscellaneous;D.2.8 [Software Engineering]: Metrics—complexity mea-sures, performance measures

General TermsTheory

KeywordsACM proceedings, LATEX, text tagging

1. INTRODUCTIONThe proceedings are the records of a conference. ACM seeksto give these conference by-products a uniform, high-qualityappearance. To do this, ACM has some rigid requirementsfor the format of the proceedings documents: there is a spec-ified format (balanced double columns), a specified set offonts (Arial or Helvetica and Times Roman) in certain spec-ified sizes (for instance, 9 point for body copy), a specifiedlive area (18 � 23.5 cm [7" � 9.25"]) centered on the page,specified size of margins (2.54cm [1"] top and bottom and1.9cm [.75"] left and right; specified column width (8.45cm[3.33"]) and gutter size (.083cm [.33"]).

The good news is, with only a handful of manual settings1,the LATEX document class file handles all of this for you.

The remainder of this document is concerned with showing,in the context of an “actual” document, the LATEX commandsspecifically available for denoting the structure of a proceed-ings paper, rather than with giving rigorous descriptions orexplanations of such commands.

1Two of these, the \numberofauthors and \alignauthorcommands, you have already used; another,\balancecolumns, will be used in your very last runof LATEX to ensure balanced column heights on the lastpage.

2. THE BODY OF THE PAPERTypically, the body of a paper is organized into a hierar-chical structure, with numbered or unnumbered headingsfor sections, subsections, sub-subsections, and even smallersections. The command \section that precedes this para-graph is part of such a hierarchy.2 LATEX handles the num-bering and placement of these headings for you, when youuse the appropriate heading commands around the titles ofthe headings. If you want a sub-subsection or smaller partto be unnumbered in your output, simply append an aster-isk to the command name. Examples of both numbered andunnumbered headings will appear throughout the balance ofthis sample document.

Because the entire article is contained in the documentenvironment, you can indicate the start of a new paragraphwith a blank line in your input file; that is why this sentenceforms a separate paragraph.

2.1 Type Changes and Special CharactersWe have already seen several typeface changes in this sam-ple. You can indicate italicized words or phrases in yourtext with the command \textit; emboldening with the com-mand \textbf and typewriter-style (for instance, for com-puter code) with \texttt. But remember, you do not haveto indicate typestyle changes when such changes are partof the structural elements of your article; for instance, theheading of this subsection will be in a sans serif3 typeface,but that is handled by the document class file. Take carewith the use of4 the curly braces in typeface changes; theymark the beginning and end of the text that is to be in thedifferent typeface.

You can use whatever symbols, accented characters, or non-English characters you need anywhere in your document;you can find a complete list of what is available in the LATEXUser’s Guide[5].

2.2 Math EquationsYou may want to display math equations in three distinctstyles: inline, numbered or non-numbered display. Each ofthe three are discussed in the next sections.

2.2.1 Inline (In-text) EquationsA formula that appears in the running text is called an inlineor in-text formula. It is produced by themath environment,which can be invoked with the usual \begin. . .\endconstruction or with the short form $. . .$. You can useany of the symbols and structures, from α to ω, availablein LATEX[5]; this section will simply show a few examplesof in-text equations in context. Notice how this equation:limn!1 x = 0, set here in in-line math style, looks slightlydifferent when set in display style. (See next section).

2.2.2 Display Equations2This is the second footnote. It starts a series of three foot-notes that add nothing informational, but just give an ideaof how footnotes work and look. It is a wordy one, just soyou see how a longish one plays out.3A third footnote, here. Let’s make this a rather short oneto see how it looks.4A fourth, and last, footnote.

A numbered display equation – one set off by vertical spacefrom the text and centered horizontally – is produced by theequation environment. An unnumbered display equation isproduced by the displaymath environment.

Again, in either environment, you can use any of the symbolsand structures available in LATEX; this section will just givea couple of examples of display equations in context. First,consider the equation, shown as an inline equation above:

limn!1

x = 0 (1)

Notice how it is formatted somewhat differently in the dis-playmath environment. Now, we’ll enter an unnumberedequation:

1Xi=0

x+ 1

and follow it with another numbered equation:

1Xi=0

xi =

Z π+2

0

f (2)

just to demonstrate LATEX’s able handling of numbering.

2.3 CitationsCitations to articles [1, 3, 2, 4], conference proceedings [3] orbooks [6, 5] listed in the Bibliography section of your articlewill occur throughout the text of your article. You shoulduse BibTeX to automatically produce this bibliography; yousimply need to insert one of several citation commands witha key of the item cited in the proper location in the .texfile [5]. The key is a short reference you invent to uniquelyidentify each work; in this sample document, the key is thefirst author’s surname and a word from the title. This iden-tifying key is included with each item in the .bib file foryour article.

The details of the construction of the .bib file are beyondthe scope of this sample document, but more informationcan be found in the Author’s Guide, and exhaustive detailsin the LATEX User’s Guide[5].

This article shows only the plainest form of the citation com-mand, using \cite. This is what is stipulated in the SIGSstyle specifications. No other citation format is endorsed.

2.4 TablesBecause tables cannot be split across pages, the best place-ment for them is typically the top of the page nearest theirinitial cite. To ensure this proper “floating” placement oftables, use the environment table to enclose the table’s con-tents and the table caption. The contents of the table itselfmust go in the tabular environment, to be aligned properlyin rows and columns, with the desired horizontal and verti-cal rules. Again, detailed instructions on tabular materialis found in the LATEX User’s Guide.

Immediately following this sentence is the point at whichTable 1 is included in the input file; compare the placementof the table here with the table in the printed dvi output ofthis document.

Table 1: Frequency of Special CharactersNon-English or Math Frequency Comments

Ø 1 in 1,000 For Swedish namesπ 1 in 5 Common in math$ 4 in 5 Used in businessΨ21 1 in 40,000 Unexplained usage

Figure 1: A sample black and white graphic (.epsformat).

To set a wider table, which takes up the whole width ofthe page’s live area, use the environment table* to en-close the table’s contents and the table caption. As witha single-column table, this wide table will “float" to a lo-cation deemed more desirable. Immediately following thissentence is the point at which Table 2 is included in the in-put file; again, it is instructive to compare the placement ofthe table here with the table in the printed dvi output ofthis document.

2.5 FiguresLike tables, figures cannot be split across pages; the bestplacement for them is typically the top or the bottom ofthe page nearest their initial cite. To ensure this proper“floating” placement of figures, use the environment figureto enclose the figure and its caption.

This sample document contains examples of .eps and .psfiles to be displayable with LATEX. More details on each ofthese is found in the Author’s Guide.

As was the case with tables, you may want a figure thatspans two columns. To do this, and still to ensure proper“floating” placement of tables, use the environment figure*to enclose the figure and its caption.

Note that either .ps or .eps formats are used; use the \epsfigor \psfig commands as appropriate for the different filetypes.

2.6 Theorem-like ConstructsOther common constructs that may occur in your articleare the forms for logical constructs like theorems, axioms,corollaries and proofs. There are two forms, one produced by

Figure 2: A sample black and white graphic (.epsformat) that has been resized with the epsfig com-mand.

Figure 3: A sample black and white graphic (.ps for-mat) that has been resized with the psfig command.

the command \newtheorem and the other by the command\newdef; perhaps the clearest and easiest way to distinguishthem is to compare the two in the output of this sampledocument:

This uses the theorem environment, created by the\newtheorem command:

Theorem 1. Let f be continuous on [a, b]. If G is anantiderivative for f on [a, b], thenZ b

a

f(t)dt = G(b)�G(a).

The other uses the definition environment, created by the\newdef command:

Definition 1. If z is irrational, then by ez we mean theunique number which has logarithm z:

log ez = z

Two lists of constructs that use one of these forms is givenin the Author’s Guidelines.

and don’t forget to end the environment with figure*, notfigure!

There is one other similar construct environment, which isalready set up for you; i.e. you must not use a \newdefcommand to create it: the proof environment. Here is aexample of its use:

Proof. Suppose on the contrary there exists a real num-ber L such that

limx!1

f(x)

g(x)= L.

Then

l = limx!c

f(x) = limx!c

�gx �

f(x)

g(x)

�= limx!c

g(x)� limx!c

f(x)

g(x)= 0�L = 0,

which contradicts our assumption that l 6= 0.

Complete rules about using these environments and usingthe two different creation commands are in the Author’sGuide; please consult it for more detailed instructions. Ifyou need to use another construct, not listed therein, whichyou want to have the same formatting as the Theorem orthe Definition[6] shown above, use the \newtheorem or the\newdef command, respectively, to create it.

Table 2: Some Typical CommandsCommand A Number Comments

\alignauthor 100 Author alignment\numberofauthors 200 Author enumeration

\table 300 For tables\table* 400 For wider tables

Figure 4: A sample black and white graphic (.eps format) that needs to span two columns of text.

A Caveat for the TEX ExpertBecause you have just been given permission to use the\newdef command to create a new form, you might thinkyou can use TEX’s \def to create a new command: Pleaserefrain from doing this! Remember that your LATEX sourcecode is primarily intended to create camera-ready copy, butmay be converted to other forms – e.g. HTML. If you in-advertently omit some or all of the \defs recompilation willbe, to say the least, problematic.

3. CONCLUSIONSThis paragraph will end the body of this sample document.Remember that you might still have Acknowledgments orAppendices; brief samples of these follow. There is still theBibliography to deal with; and we will make a disclaimerabout that here: with the exception of the reference to theLATEX book, the citations in this paper are to articles whichhave nothing to do with the present subject and are used asexamples only.

4. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis section is optional; it is a location for you to acknowl-edge grants, funding, editing assistance and what have you.In the present case, for example, the authors would like tothank Gerald Murray of ACM for his help in codifying thisAuthor’s Guide and the .cls and .tex files that it describes.

5. ADDITIONAL AUTHORSAdditional authors: John Smith (The Thørväld Group, email:jsmith@affiliation.org) and Julius P. Kumquat (The KumquatConsortium, email: jpkumquat@consortium.net).

6. REFERENCES[1] M. Bowman, S. K. Debray, and L. L. Peterson.

Reasoning about naming systems. ACM Trans.Program. Lang. Syst., 15(5):795–825, November 1993.

[2] J. Braams. Babel, a multilingual style-option systemfor use with latex’s standard document styles.TUGboat, 12(2):291–301, June 1991.

[3] M. Clark. Post congress tristesse. In TeX90 ConferenceProceedings, pages 84–89. TeX Users Group, March1991.

[4] M. Herlihy. A methodology for implementing highlyconcurrent data objects. ACM Trans. Program. Lang.Syst., 15(5):745–770, November 1993.

[5] L. Lamport. LaTeX User’s Guide and DocumentReference Manual. Addison-Wesley PublishingCompany, Reading, Massachusetts, 1986.

[6] S. Salas and E. Hille. Calculus: One and SeveralVariable. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1978.

APPENDIXA. HEADINGS IN APPENDICESThe rules about hierarchical headings discussed above forthe body of the article are different in the appendices. Inthe appendix environment, the command section is usedto indicate the start of each Appendix, with alphabetic orderdesignation (i.e. the first is A, the second B, etc.) and a title(if you include one). So, if you need hierarchical structurewithin an Appendix, start with subsection as the highestlevel. Here is an outline of the body of this document inAppendix-appropriate form:

A.1 IntroductionA.2 The Body of the PaperA.2.1 Type Changes and Special CharactersA.2.2 Math Equations

Inline (In-text) Equations

Display Equations

A.2.3 CitationsA.2.4 TablesA.2.5 Figures

A.2.6 Theorem-like ConstructsA Caveat for the TEX ExpertA.3 ConclusionsA.4 AcknowledgmentsA.5 Additional AuthorsThis section is inserted by LATEX; you do not insert it. Youjust add the names and information in the \additionalauthorscommand at the start of the document.

A.6 ReferencesGenerated by bibtex from your .bib file. Run latex, thenbibtex, then latex twice (to resolve references) to create the.bbl file. Insert that .bbl file into the .tex source file andcomment out the command \thebibliography.

B. MORE HELP FOR THE HARDYThe acm_proc_article-sp document class file itself is chock-full of succinct and helpful comments. If you consider your-self a moderately experienced to expert user of LATEX, youmay find reading it useful but please remember not to changeit.