significance of disaster

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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DISASTER

Lecture 2Engr. M Zeeshan Ahad

Risk and Disaster management

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DEFINITION OF DISASTERTHERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS OF DISASTER. MOST SUCH DEFINITIONS TEND TO REFLECT THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS:

Disruption to normal patterns of life. Such disruption is usually severe and may also be sudden, unexpected, and widespread.

Human effects such as loss of life, injury, hardship, and adverse effect on health.

Effects on social structure such as destruction of or damage to government systems, buildings, communications, and essential services.

Community needs such as shelter, food, clothing, medical assistance, and social care

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DEFINITION OF DISASTER

Two dictionary definitions are:

Concise Oxford Dictionary• Sudden or great misfortune, calamity.

Webster’s Dictionary• A sudden calamitous event producing great material damage,

loss, and distress.

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DEFINITION OF DISASTERASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK DEFINES: An event, natural or man-made,

sudden or progressive, which impacts with such severity that the affected community has to respond by taking exceptional measures.

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PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF DISASTER DEFINITIONIN RELATION TO THE DEFINITION OF DISASTER,

Disaster management is essentially a dynamic process.

It encompasses the classical management functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling.

INVOLVES MANY ORGANIZATIONS WHICH MUST WORK TOGETHER

To prevent, mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from the effects of disaster.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT IS DEFINED AS:

“An applied science which seeks, by the systematic observation and analysis of disasters, to improve measures relating to prevention, mitigation, preparedness, emergency response and recovery”. (ADB)

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THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE• A standard cycle of disaster events will be used throughout the

Course. It is illustrated below:

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THE DISASTER THREATTHE PURPOSE OF THIS LECTURE IS TO OUTLINE THE FOLLOWING:

General effects of disaster,

Characteristics of various types of disaster,

General countermeasures, and

Special problem areas for disaster management

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THE DISASTER THREATIt is important for disaster managers to analyze the effects of disasters in relation to their own local circumstances.

Through such analysis, it is possible to define, in advance, many of the requirements which apply to the disaster management cycle.

This is especially valuable for anticipating action needed for response and recovery.

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THE DISASTER THREATTypes of Disaster

The following types of disaster are covered in

this lecture;

• Earthquake,• Volcanic eruption,• Tsunami,• Tropical cyclone (typhoon, hurricane),• Flood,• Landslide,• Bushfire (or wildfire),• Drought,• Epidemic,• Major accident, and• Civil unrest.

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THE DISASTER THREAT

THE GENERAL EFFECTS OF DISASTER

Loss of life,

Injury,

Damage to and destruction of property,

Damage to and destruction of subsistence and cash crops,

Disruption of production,

Disruption of lifestyle,

Loss of livelihood,

Disruption to essential services,

Damage to national infrastructure and disruption to governmental systems,

National economic loss, and

Sociological and psychological after effects.

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THE DISASTER THREATOutlines of Individual Disasters

Earthquake Characteristics

Usually no warning. However, following a major earthquake, secondary shocks may warn of a further earthquake.Speed of onset usually sudden.

Earthquake-prone areas are generally well identified and well-known.

Major effects arise mainly from land movement, fracture, or slippage; specifically, they include damage (usually very severe) to structures and systems and considerable casualties due to lack of warning.

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EARTHQUAKE

GENERAL COUNTERMEASURES

Developing possible warning indicators,

Land-use regulations,

Building regulations,

Relocating communities, and

Public awareness and education programs.

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EARTHQUAKESPECIAL PROBLEM AREAS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Severe and extensive damage, creating the need for urgent countermeasures, especially search and rescue, and medical assistance;

Difficulty of access and movement;

Widespread loss of or damage to infrastructure, essential services, and life-support systems;

Recovery requirements (e.g., restoration and rebuilding) may be very extensive and costly; and

Rarity of occurrence in some areas may cause problems for economies of countermeasures and public awareness.

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VOLCANIC ERUPTIONCHARACTERISTICS Volcanoes which are likely to constitute a disaster threat are internationally well documented and, in many

cases, monitored for possible activity. Usually, therefore, major eruptions can be predicted.

Volcanic blast can destroy structures and environmental surrounds, and also cause fires, possibly including forest fires.

Land surface cracking, resulting from volcanic explosion, may affect buildings and other structures.

Lava flow can bury buildings and crops. It may also cause fires and render land unusable.

Ash, in its airborne form, can affect aircraft by ingestion into engines.

Ground deposit of ash may destroy crops and also affect land use and water supplies.

Ash may also cause respiratory problems.

Mud flows may arise from associated heavy rain.

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VOLCANIC ERUPTIONGENERAL COUNTERMEASURES Land-use regulations,

Lava control systems,

Developing a monitoring and warning system,

Evacuation plans and arrangements,

Relocating the population, and


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VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSPECIAL PROBLEMS AREAS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Access during eruption.

Timely and accurate evacuation decision(s).

Public apathy, especially if there is a history of false alarms or small eruptions. Thus, it may be difficult to maintain public awareness and also to implement evacuation plans.

Control of incoming sightseers when evacuation programs are being implemented.

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TSUNAMI (SEISMIC SEA WAVE)CHARACTERISTICS The velocity of the wave depends on the depth of water where the seismic disturbance occurs.

Initial wave velocity may be as high as 900 kilometer per hour (kph) (560 miles per hour [mph]), slowing to approximately 50 kph (31 mph) as the wave strikes land.

Warning time depends on the distance from the point of wave origin.

Speed of onset varies

Impact on a shoreline can be preceded by a marked recession of normal water level prior to the arrival of a wave. This can result in a massive outgoing tide, followed by the incoming tsunami wave. People may be trapped when they investigate the phenomenon of the outgoing tide and then be struck by the incoming wave.

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TSUNAMI (SEISMIC SEA WAVE)CHARACTERISTICS The tsunami wave can be very destructive; wave

heights of 30 meters have been known.

Impact can cause flooding; saltwater contamination of crops, soil, and water supplies; and destruction of or damage to buildings, structures, and shoreline vegetation.

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TSUNAMI (SEISMIC SEA WAVE)GENERAL COUNTERMEASURES Optimum arrangements for receipt and dissemination of

warning;

Evacuating threatened communities from sea level/low-level areas to high ground, if sufficient warning is available;

Land-use regulations (but these are likely to be difficult to implement if the tsunami risk is perceived as rare); and


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TSUNAMI (SEISMIC SEA WAVE)SPECIAL PROBLEM AREAS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Timely dissemination of warning because of the possible short period between receipt of warning and the arrival of the tsunami wave;

Effective evacuation time-scale;

Search and rescue; and

Recovery problem may be extensive and costly because of severe destruction and damage.

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FLOODCHARACTERISTICS Long, short, or no warning, depending on the type of flood (e.g., flooding

within parts of a major river system may develop over a number of days or even weeks, whereas flashfloods may give no usable warning);

Speed of onset may be gradual or sudden;

There may be seasonal patterns to flooding; and

Major effects arise mainly from inundation and erosion; specifically, they may include isolation of communities or areas, and involve the need for large-scale evacuation.

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FLOODGENERAL COUNTERMEASURES

Flood control (e.g., by walls, gates, dams, dikes, and levees);

Land-use regulations;

Building regulations;

Forecasting, monitoring, and warning system(s);

Relocating population;

Planning and arranging evacuation;

Emergency equipment, facilities, and materials such as special flood boats, sandbags, supplies of sand, and designated volunteers who will implement emergency measures; and

Public awareness and education programs

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FLOODSPECIAL PROBLEM AREAS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Difficulties of access and movement;

Rescue;

Medical and health difficulties (e.g., arising from sanitation problems);

Evacuating;

Loss of relief supplies; and

Large-scale relief may be required until next crop harvest.

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CLASS BREAK

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LANDSLIDECHARACTERISTICS Warning period may vary. Little or no warning may be available if the cause is an earthquake.

However, some general warning may be assumed in the case of landslide arising from continuous heavy rain. Minor initial landslips may give warning that heavy landslides are to follow.

Natural movement of land surface can be monitored, thus providing long warning of possibility of landslides.

Speed of onset is mostly rapid.

Damage to structures and systems can be severe (buildings may be buried or villages swept away).

Rivers may be blocked, causing flooding

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LANDSLIDECHARACTERISTICS

Crops may be affected. Sometimes areas of crop-producing land may be lost altogether (e.g., in the major slippage of surface soils from a mountainside).

When landslides are combined with very heavy rain and flooding, the movement of debris (e.g., remains of buildings, uprooted trees) may cause high levels of damage and destruction

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LANDSLIDEGENERAL COUNTERMEASURES Land-use and building regulations;

Monitoring systems, where applicable;

Evacuating and/or relocating communities. Relocation has proved successful where crop-growing land areas have been lost; and

Public awareness programs

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LANDSLIDESPECIAL PROBLEM AREAS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Difficulties of access and movement in affected areas;

Search and rescue;

Risk of follow-up landslides may hamper response operations;

Relocation, as distinct from temporary evacuation, may be resisted by indigenous communities;

Rehabilitation and recovery may be complex and costly; and

In severe cases, it may not be possible and/or cost-effective to rehabilitate the area for organized human settlement.

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DROUGHTCHARACTERISTICS Major areas liable to drought are usually well-known;

Periods of drought can be prolonged;

Area(s) affected may be very large;

Long warning;

Effects on agriculture, livestock, rural industry production, and human habitation may be severe. This may lead to prolonged food

shortages or famine;

Long-term effects can be in the form of severe economic loss, erosion which affects future habitation and production, and sometimes abandonment of large tracts of land;

Man-made activities may aggravate the possibility and extent of the drought problem (e.g., overgrazing of agricultural land, destruction of forests or similar areas); and

The inability and/or unwillingness of the population to move from drought-prone areas may exacerbate the problem

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DROUGHTGENERAL COUNTERMEASURES There are few, if any, quick and easy solutions to the drought

problem; effective countermeasures tend to be mostly long term;

The long-term resolution of drought problems usually rests with national governments and involves major policy decisions;

Since these decisions involve human settlement, they are often sensitive and difficult ones;

International cooperation and assistance usually play an important part in coping with major drought problems;

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DROUGHTGENERAL COUNTERMEASURES Land management and special plans (e.g., for irrigation);

Response to drought-caused emergencies usually includes providing food and water supply, medical and health assistance (including monitoring of sanitation and possibility of epidemic), and emergency accommodation (may be on an organized camp or similar basis); and

Information programs, especially to assist aspects such as land management.

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DROUGHTSPECIAL PROBLEM AREAS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Response requirements (e.g., feeding programs) may be extensive and prolonged, thus involving major commitment and expenditure of resources.

Prolonged drought may undermine self-reliance of affected communities, thus making it difficult to withdraw disaster management assistance.

Logistic requirements may exceed in-country capability, particularly if large inputs of outside (international) commodities are involved

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MAJOR ACCIDENTCHARACTERISTICS Usually violent in nature (e.g., industrial or other explosion, aircraft crash,

major fire, train collision);

Can have limited or widespread effect (e.g., an aircraft crash may affect only those on board, whereas an explosion involving hazardous chemicals may affect a wide area of the population);

Mostly limited or no warning, though there may be longer warning of effects of, say, chemical or oil spill; and

Speed of onset usually rapid.

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MAJOR ACCIDENTGENERAL COUNTERMEASURES

Good physical planning (e.g., the siting of potentially accident-prone buildings or complexes);

Special building regulations, if applicable;

Good in-house safety and management standards/procedures, including evacuation plans and periodic tests;

Effective organizational emergency services (e.g., fire services and rescue teams) which are available to immediately respond prior to the arrival of public emergency services;

Effective community or area disaster plans so that coordinated response can be achieved; and

Training in handling the effects of specific hazards.

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MAJOR ACCIDENTSPECIAL PROBLEM AREAS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Unexpected nature of accidents may pose problems of reaction and response time;

Response problems may be severe, extensive, and difficult (e.g., rescue from a building collapse, or in circumstances where a chemical or radiation hazard exists, or where there are multiple casualties such as in a major rail accident); and

Identifying victim may be difficult in some cases.

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CIVIL UNRESTCHARACTERISTICS Usually the responsibility of police, paramilitary, and armed forces. However,

other emergency services such as fire services, medical authorities, and welfare agencies become involved;

Violent and disruptive activities occur (e.g., bombing, armed clashes, mob demonstrations, and violence);

Patterns of civil unrest are difficult to predict. Therefore, effective warning may also be difficult;

In many civil unrest circumstances, especially terrorism, the instigators have the initiative, thus complicating the task of law enforcement authorities

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CIVIL UNRESTGENERAL COUNTERMEASURES Firmly applying law and order regulations and

requirements;

Imposing special emergency measures and regulations (e.g., restricted movement, curfews, and security checks); and

Positive information programs aimed at maintaining majority public support for government action against disruptive elements/factions.

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CIVIL UNRESTSPECIAL PROBLEM AREAS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Overloading of resource organizations (e.g., medical authorities, welfare agencies, and essential services) because of demands of civil unrest incidents, in addition to normal commitments; and

Difficulty of integrating “peacetime” resource organizations (noncombatant in nature) with “military type” operations which are necessary to deal with violent civil unrest.

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NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AGENCY

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• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is the lead agency at the Federal level to deal with the whole spectrum of Disaster Management activities.• It is the executive arm of the National Disaster Management Commission (NDMC)

which has been established under the Chairmanship of the Prime Minister as the apex policy making body in the field of Disaster Management.• In the event of a disaster, all stakeholders including Government

Ministries/Departments/Organizations, Armed Forces, INGOs, NGOs, UN Agencies work through and form part of the NDMA to conduct one window operations.

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• It is established under the National Disaster Management Act – 2010 and functions under the supervision of National Disaster Management Commission (NDMC) which is headed by the Prime Minister of Islamic Republic of Pakistan.• NDMA manages the whole Disaster Management Cycle (DMC) which includes

Preparedness, Mitigation, Risk Reduction, Relief and Rehabilitation.• A National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) is prepared and is followed

towards provision of better services to the affected ones.

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NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AGENCYSTAKEHOLERS

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• VISION• To achieve sustainable social, economic and environmental development in Pakistan through

reducing risks and vulnerabilities, particularly those of the poor and marginalized groups, and by effectively responding to and recovering from all types of disasters events.

• MISSION• To manage complete spectrum of disasters by adopting a disaster risk reduction perspective

in development planning at all levels, and through enhancing institutional capacities for disaster preparedness, response and recovery.

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AIMNDMA aims to develop sustainable operational capacity and professional competence to undertake the following task:-Complete spectrum of disaster risk management at national level.

Act as Secretariat of the NDMC to facilitate implementation of DRM strategies.

Map all hazards in the Country and conduct risk analysis on a regular basis.

Develop guidelines and standards for national and provincial stakeholders regarding their role in disaster risk management.

Ensure establishment of DM Authorities and Emergency Operations Centres at provincial, district and municipal levels in hazard-prone areas.

Provide technical assistance to federal ministries, departments and provincial DM authorities for disaster risk management initiatives.

Organize training and awareness raising activities for capacity development of stakeholders, particularly in hazard-prone areas.

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AIMCollect, analyze process, and disseminate inter-sectoral information required in an all hazards management approach.

Ensure appropriate regulations are framed to develop disaster response volunteer teams.

Create requisite environment for participation of media in DRM activities.

Serve as the lead agency for NGOs to ensure their performance matches accepted international standards, e.g. the SPHERE standards.

Serve as the lead agency for international cooperation in disaster risk management. This will particular include, information sharing, early warning, surveillance, joint training, and common standards and protocols required for regional and international cooperation.

Coordinate emergency response of federal government in the event of a national level disaster through the National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOC).

Require any government department or agency to make available such men or resources as are available for the purpose of emergency response, rescue and relief.

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ASSIGMENT• A comprehensive report on Pakistan National Disaster Management

Authority (PDMA), their working, responsibilities and the act of 2010. Report on the different stakeholders, the evolution of NDMA, power and functions of the NDMC, NDMA, PDMA, DDMA. Report on how each unit of NDMA respond to a disaster and what lies within their scope of work. • The assignment Hold 10 Marks• Total time for assignment 3 weeks• A minimum of 2000 words report.• The report should be provided in Microsoft word.• Coping and Plagiarism must be avoided.

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END OF LECTURE 2

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significance of disaster

Engineering