Mahmoud Adel

Significance of abattoir finding amongslaughtered sheep

Master's Thesis

Medical Science

Cairo University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

Department of Food Hygiene and Control

Approval sheet

This is to approve that thesis presented by : Mahmoud Adel Mahmoud Ahmed Mustafa. Entitled Significance of abattoir finding among slaughtered sheep. For For the Degree of M.V.Sc. (Hygiene and Control of Meat and its Products) is approved by the examination committee:

Prof. Dr. Fatma Hassan Mohammed Professor of Meat Hygiene Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Bani-Suief University

Prof. Dr. Amal Mohammed Al-Sherif Professor of Meat Hygiene Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University

Prof. Dr. Adel Mohammed Ibrahim Professor of Meat Hygiene Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University

﴾١٠٥﴿ اآلية التوبة

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Name: Mahmoud Adel Mahmoud Ahmed Mustafa

Date of birth: 13th /8/1977

Place of birth: Cairo

Nationality: Egyptian

Degree: Bachelor degree of Veterinary Science

Specialization: Hygiene and Control of Meat and its Products

Supervision: Prof. Dr. Adel M. Ibrahim

Dr. Hassan S. Osman

ABSTRACT

This survey was conducted in El-Basateen abattoir in Cairo to study the

significance of abattoir finding among slaughtered sheep from January to

December 2006. A total of 57223 sheep included 39582 Saidi, 17367 Barki,

54 Ossimi, 31 Rahmani, and 189 Imported breeds (162 Romanian, 27

Ethiopian) admitted to El-Basateen abattoir ovine slaughter hall were

slaughtered & inspected according to the Egyptian Official Code # 517 for

Meat inspection presented in the (El-Wakaa El-Masria, 1986). All gross

pathological & abnormal findings revealed during the postmortem

inspection of sheep carcasses were recorded & photographed to illustrate the

macroscopic details of each gross lesion. The prevalence of most common

abnormalities and affections demonstrated in sheep carcasses were estimated

in relation to breed, age, sex and seasons. The economic losses due to

condemned carcasses & organs were evaluated. The public health

significance & zoonotic importance of recorded affections have been

discussed.

Key words: sheep, carcasses, organs, abattoir, condemned, postmortem, gross lesion, photographed.

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I am greatly indebted to Dr. ADEL MOHAMED IBRAHEEM,

Professor of Meat Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,

Cairo University for his scholarly guidance, intellectual

advice, valuable supervision and constant encouragement

throughout the study period; so it gives me great pleasure

to express my sincere appreciation to him.

My sincere thanks to Dr. HAYAM ABDEL-AAL MANSOUR,

Professor of Meat Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,

Cairo University and Dr. HASSAN SHAFEEQ, undersecretary

of Central Administration of Slaughterhouses & Public

Hygiene, General Organization of Veterinary Services,

Ministry of Agriculture for their kind advices.

My deepest thanks to Dr. MAGDI MAHDI Professor of

Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo

University and Dr. AHMED EMAM General Manager of

General Administration of Meat Hygiene, General

Organization of Veterinary Services, Ministry of

Agriculture for their great help.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT I AKNOWLEDGEMENT II LIST OF TABLES IV LIST OF FIGUERS V LIST OF PHOTOS VI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VII INTRODUCTION 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 70 RESULTS 75 DISCUSSION 145 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 192 SUMMARY 195 APPENDICES 198 REFERENCES 202 ARABIC SUMMARY

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LIST OF TABLES

Page Table 1: Incidence of affections necessitated total condemnation of

carcasses 75

Table 2: Prevalence of Avital slaughter & Imperfect bleeding among examined sheep carcasses

76

Table 3: Prevalence of Poorness & Emaciation among examined sheep carcasses

77

Table 4: Prevalence of Abnormal colors among examined sheep carcasses 78 Table 5: Condemned organs & trimming in different seasons 79 Table 6: Condemned organs 79 Table 7: Prevalence of rough handling injuries among examined sheep

carcasses 80

Table 8: Prevalence of Abscessation among examined sheep carcasses 81 Table 9: Abscesses in different organs & seasons 82 Table 10: Prevalence of Mange among examined sheep carcasses 83 Table 11: Prevalence of Parasites among examined sheep carcasses 84 Table 12: Prevalence of Liver Affections among examined sheep carcasses 86 Table 13: Prevalence of Renal Affections among examined sheep carcasses 87 Table 14: Prevalence of the most common affections among examined sheep

carcasses 88

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LIST OF FIGURES Page Fig. 1: Prevalence of avital slaughter & imperfect bleeding according to sex 76 Fig. 2: Prevalence of avital slaughter & imperfect bleeding according to age 76 Fig. 3: Prevalence of avital slaughter & imperfect bleeding according to seasons 76 Fig. 4: Prevalence of Poorness & Emaciation according to sex 77 Fig. 5: Prevalence of Poorness & Emaciation according to age 77 Fig. 6: Prevalence of Poorness & Emaciation according to seasons 77 Fig. 7: Prevalence of Abnormal colors according to sex 78 Fig. 8: Prevalence of Abnormal colors according to age 78 Fig. 9: Prevalence of Abnormal colors according to seasons 78 Fig. 10: Prevalence of Bruising according to sex 80 Fig. 11: Prevalence of Bruising according to age 80 Fig. 12: Prevalence of Bruising according to seasons. 80 Fig. 13: Prevalence of Abscess according to sex 81 Fig. 14: Prevalence of Abscess according to age 81 Fig. 15: Prevalence of Abscess according to seasons 81 Fig. 16: Prevalence of Mange according to sex 83 Fig. 17: Prevalence of Mange according to age. 83 Fig. 18: Prevalence of Mange according to seasons 83 Fig. 19: Prevalence of Parasites according to sex 84 Fig. 20: Prevalence of Parasites according to age 84 Fig. 21: Prevalence of Parasites according to seasons 84 Fig. 22: Prevalence of C. ovis C. tenuicollis, Fasciola & Hydatid cyst through seasons 85 Fig. 23: Prevalence of C. ovis C. tenuicollis, Fasciola & Hydatid cyst through sex 85 Fig. 24: Prevalence of Liver Affections according to sex 86 Fig. 25: Prevalence of Liver Affections according to age. 86 Fig. 26: Prevalence of Liver Affections according to seasons 86 Fig. 27: Prevalence of Renal Affections according to sex 87 Fig. 28: Prevalence of Renal Affections according to age 87 Fig. 29: Prevalence of Renal Affections according to seasons 87

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LIST OF PHOTOS

Page Egyptian sheep breeds 89 Imported (foreign) sheep breeds 90 The genders in Sheep 91 Dentition & stamps in Sheep 92 A case of imperfect bleeding 94 A case of avital slaughter (Adulteration) 96 Cases of cachexia & poorness 98 A case of emergency slaughter & delayed evisceration 100 A case of jaundice 102 A case of pseudotuberculosis 104 Cases of pyemia (multiple abscesses) 105 A case of pyemia & Zenker’s necrosis 107 A case of Uremia 110 A case of old fractures 111 A case of ovine cysticercosis (Sheep measles) 112 A case of eosinophilic myositis 113 A case of Suppurative Pleuropneumonia 114 A case of pulpy kidney 115 A case of Blackleg 116 Cases of yellow fatted carcass 117 Rough handling 118 Skeletal deformities 121 Abscesses 122 Pseudotuberculosis 124 Mange 125 Cysticercus ovis 126 Cysticercus tenuicollis 127 Hydatid cysts 128 Fascioliasis 129 Larvae migration tracks 130 Hepatic disorders 131 Urinary disorders 139 Pulmonary disorders 143

VII

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Arcano. pyogenes Arcanobacterium pyogenes A. parasiticus Aspergillus parasiticus Cl. Perfringens Clostridium chauvoei Cl. Perfringens Clostridium Perfringens Cl. teteni Clostridium teteni C. pseudotuberculosis Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis C. cystitidis Corynebacterium cystitidis C. pilosum Corynebacterium pilosum C. renale Corynebacterium renale C. ovis Cysticercus ovis C. tenuicollis Cysticercus tenuicollis D. dendriticum Dicrocoelium dendriticum DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid E. granulosus Echinococcus granulosus E. coli Escherichia coli F. hepatica Fasciola hepatica F. gigantica Fasciola gigantica F. necrophorum Fusobacterium necrophorum M. ovipneumoniae Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae P. aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa Rhodo. equi Rhodococcus equi Staph. aureus Staphylococcus aureus Strept. alphahemolytica Streptococcus alphahemolytica T. hydatigena Taenia hydatigena T. ovis Taenia ovis

INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION Sheep (Ovis aries) are quadruped ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock . Numbering a little over one billion worldwide. The top 5 countries on highest number of sheep are China 134 million, India 73 million, Australia 68 million, Iran 54 million and Sudan 52 million (FAO stat, 2010). Sheep population in Egypt is about 5.5 million (FAO stat., 2011). The three major Egyptian sheep breeds are: Barki, Ossimi and Rhamani, representing 65% of the total population, in addition to Saidi breed (Elshennawy, 1995). Sheep are most likely descended from the wild mouflon of Europe and Asia. One of the earliest animals to be domesticated for agricultural purposes, sheep is raised for fleece, meat (lamb, hogget or mutton) and milk. A sheep's wool is the most widely used animal fiber, and is usually harvested by shearing. Since ancient times, lamb has been regarded as a religious symbol. Jesus is often referred to as the "Lamb of "God." Sheep were commonly used for sacrifice by the Muslims all over the world on the great festival of Eid-el Adha; millions of sheep are slaughtered on this auspicious day every year (Ali, 2009). It is also customary for Muslims to sacrifice lambs to celebrate the birth of a child (two lambs for a boy child and one for a girl). The sacrifice is part of the "aqiqah" ceremony (Sheep info, 2010). Ovine meat from younger animals is called lamb and that from older ones is called mutton. It is considered as more desirable, juicier, tender, flavorful and fatter than goat meat (Schonfeldt et al., 1993) and also than beef or pork (Bickerstaffe et al., 1997). Sheep continue to be important for wool and meat today, and are also occasionally raised for pelts, as dairy animals, or as model organisms for science (Wikipedia, 2012).

Meat is a perishable commodity, and poor handling daily can exert both public health and economic toll on any nation. Marketing and sale of meat requiring

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inspection of animals before and after slaughter, that meat hygiene service functions in such a way as to satisfy consumers and at the same time safeguard public health and animal hygiene. The aim of meat inspection is to provide safe and wholesome meat for human

consumption. The responsibility for achieving this objective lies primarily with the

relevant public health authorities who are represented by veterinarians and meat

inspectors at the abattoir stage.

Meat inspection is split into an ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection. Both have the purpose of minimizing and removing the risk of hazardous meat being authorized for sale and thus posing a public health risk. The primary aims of traditional meat inspection (van Logtestijn et al., 1993) are to:

o Remove any grossly abnormal, inedible products from the human food chain.

o Prevent the distribution of contaminated meat to humans. o Assist in the eradication of specific diseases in livestock.

Therefore the present study was planned to fulfill the following:

1. Demonstrate & illustrate with colored photo illustration the characteristics of the gross pathological finding of the different abnormal conditions revealed during the postmortem inspections of the slaughtered sheep.

2. Monitoring the incidence of organs and carcasses condemnation of sheep slaughtered in El Basateen modern abattoir & their prevalence regarding breeds, sexes, ages and seasons.

3. Evaluating the economic losses due to condemned carcasses & organs. 4. Discussing the public health significance & zoonotic importance of recorded

affections.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1-Sheep as food animal: Almahdy et al. (2000) stated that Egyptian sheep breeds are characterized by extended breeding seasons, high fertility, and low prolificacy. Currently in Egypt efforts are being made to intensify production systems, primarily through changing reproductive management and crossing native breeds with introduced breeds. FAO (2000) reported that the world population of sheep stands at 1071 million. China has the largest sheep population 128 million ovines, followed by Australia and New Zealand, having around 120 and 46 million ovines, respectively. Galal et al. (2002) stated that sheep is one of the most important domestic animals in Egypt. There are several sheep breeds. Their total populations exceed 4 million heads and are raised mainly for meat production with carpet sheep wool as a secondary product. Egyptian sheep breeds distributed around the country from North to South. The Barki breed is found at the West coast and is well adapted to the desert condition. Rahmani breed is mainly at the Nile delta. Ossimi is in central Egypt, whereas the Saidi and Sohagi breeds are found in Southern Egypt. They represent 11%, 23%, 12%, 7% and 26% of the total sheep population, respectively. Ermias and Rege (2003) found that carcasses of Rahmani lambs were fatter than those of Ossimi ones. Galal et al. (2005) stated that Sheep contribute 6% of the total red meet produced in Egypt. The total sheep population in Egypt is 4,200,000 heads. Williams (2007) said that lamb meat is one of the few good sources of iron and an excellent source of zinc, lamb also have more omega-3 fatty acids than either chicken or pork, although fish is still a significantly better source than any of the red meats. Cinkulov et al. (2008) reported that Tsigai sheep is one of the oldest Southeast European sheep breeds, used for milk, meat and wool production and is associated with local traditions and food culture. The breed might have originated from Turkey and subsequently spread to the Balkan region, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Moldavia and Russia.

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El Nahas et al. (2008) reported that Barki is found in the Mediterranean coastal strip west of Alexandria; Rahmani is found in the Northern Delta (middle of Nile Delta), whereas Ossimi is found in South of Nile Delta. Egyptian sheep breeds are fat tailed and their body covered with carpet wool. Gizaw (2008) stated that there are about 14 traditionally recognized sheep populations in Ethiopia. The sheep types in Ethiopia are classified into four major groups based on their physical characteristics: short fat-tailed, long fat-tailed, thin-tailed and fat-rumped sheep. Fiber type is another major distinguishing feature of sheep breeds in Ethiopia. There are two breed groups: course-wool sheep and short-hair sheep. Coarse-wool sheep are found in cold, sub-alpine environments and short-hair sheep in warmer areas. Abdel-Moneim (2009) found that heart girth and paunch girth of Barki ram lambs were significantly higher than those of Ossimi and Rahmani ones. Liver weight was significantly heavier in Barki ram lambs than in Ossimi and Rahmani ones. Carcass of Ossimi significantly excelled that of Barki and Rahmani breeds in total fat stores. Whereas, Barki carcass had significantly less total fat content. The superiority of Ossimi breed in total fat stores may be due to its heaviest fat tail. Accordingly, hot carcass weight was the highest in Ossimi ram lambs (26.1 kg) followed by Barki ones (25.8 kg). Whereas, Rahmani ram lambs produced significantly the lowest hot carcass weight (24.3 kg). Hence, the highest dressing percentage was significantly found in Ossimi carcass (56.2%) which was over Barki (53.3%) and Rahmani (53.1%) carcasses. Teleb et al. (2009) reported that Saidi sheep are the oldest Egyptian breeds located in Upper Egypt. They are raised mainly for lamb production with wool as a secondary product. Ilişiu et al. (2010) stated that Tsigai breed comprises 18 % of the entire Romanian sheep population, taking second place after Turcana breed (69.9 %). These breeds are kept in mountain and sub-mountain regions with large areas of pastures. Sheep info (2010) reported that Barki sheep, which goes by several other names, is well-adapted to live under desert conditions. Ossimi sheep breed originated in the Ossim village in the Giza Governorate of Egypt and is the most popular among the Nile and Delta sheep breeds. The breed is adapted to variable conditions and is usually raised under intensive cropping conditions. They are a medium sized sheep, narrow, with a shallow body and long legs. They are multi-colored, usually white with a brown head, neck, and legs. They produce course/carpet wool and have a fat tail. Rams are horned. Rahmani sheep originated in Northern Syria and

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Northern Turkey and was introduced into Egypt in the 9th century. The original stock is the Red Karman from Turkey. The breed is named after Rahmania, a village in the Beheira governorate in the North of the Delta. This breed is believed to have some resistance to internal parasites. 2-Antemortem inspection:

Dentation:

Winter and Charnley (1999) reported that sheep have front teeth on the lower jaw and a dental pad on the upper jaw. They also have molars for grinding their food. These molars are located on both upper and lower jaws in the back of the mouth. Sheep have 32 permanent teeth. Eight lower incisors, no upper incisors, 12 molars on the top jaw and 12 molars on the bottom jaw. In first year animals, all teeth are small and sharp. They will gradually be replaced by larger, permanent teeth, and this process is used to help determine the age of the sheep.

NZMCA (2004) classified sheep as follows: o Lamb: <12 months of age or without any permanent incisor teeth. o Hogget: male or female having two permanent incisors. o Ram: male having more than two permanent incisors. o Mutton: ewe or wether having more than two permanent incisors.

Cocquyt et al. (2005) noticed that, in all sheep breeds the permanent central incisors erupted at between 12 and 18 months of age. In 96 % of the sheep the permanent middle incisors erupted at between 18 and 26 months; and in 92 % the permanent lateral incisors erupted at between 24 and 36 months of age. The permanent corner teeth erupted at between 32 and 44 months in 96 % of the sheep. Vatta et al. (2005) reported that when lambs are born, they have four pairs of baby or "milk" teeth. All teeth are small and sharp. by the time they replaced by permanent teeth .Once all eight permanent incisors are fully erupted the sheep can also be referred to as "aged", and once teeth are lost or broken, they are referred to as "‘broken-mouthed". Sex differentiation: Sainz et al. (1990) stated that sheep sex does not seem to be a factor which affects the efficiency of fat deposition related to the energy ingested.

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Bennett et al. (1991) stated that female sheep is the sexual type with the greatest amount of fat, which is distributed in the carcass mainly in the front and ventral regions. Gracey et al. (1999) reported that, Lamb: is a sheep from birth to weaning time (generally 3 ½ - 4 ½ months old). Butchery apply a more generous interpretation to the term lamb and use it to donate a sheep from birth until shearing time the following year (13 months). Ram: is the uncastrated male. Wether: is the castrated male sheep. Gimmer: is a female which has not yet borne a lamb. Ewe: is a female which has borne a lamb. Vergara et al. (1999) stated that the color of meat is not affected by sex. Gur et al. (2003) stated that female sheep having higher dressing percentage and fatness score. Female lambs were fatter than male lambs as indicated by external fat estimation and kidney fat. Castration: Haddad et al. (2006) concluded that castration had no effect on average daily gain, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight and dressing percentages of Awassi lambs. However, kidney fat for castrated lambs was significantly higher, reduced efficiency of feed utilization, increased subcutaneous fat and decreased carcass leanness. Therefore, due to local consumer preference of leaner carcasses with minimum subcutaneous fat, castration of Awassi lambs to be slaughtered approximately 130 days is not recommended under an intensive feeding system. Dwyer and Lawrence (2008) reported that lambs may often reach slaughter weight before sexual maturity making castration unnecessary. In addition, there may be some production benefits in leaving male lambs entire as ram lamb grow faster and produce leaner carcass than castrated male. Hanrahan (2010) stated that male lambs left entire grow significantly faster than castrates, while meat from entire male lambs has less fat, and thus represents better value for consumers. Cryptorchidism: Lainas and Deligiannis (2002) evaluated the frequency of cryptorchidism in the Karagouniko breed of sheep, Greece. They inspected 14107 carcasses of male lambs. High frequency (23.81%) was detected. Cryptorchidism was found to be

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bilateral or unilateral 20:1, respectively. The most common type of unilateral defect was found to be the right one 10:1. Bilateral was of abdominal or inguinal type 400:1. Testicular aplasia was found to be rare (0.02% of total examined male lambs or 0.09% of cryptorchid ones). The weight of “hidden” testicles and epididymides was lower than that of normal (14.06% and 22.99%, respectively). However, until the age of 4 months, there was no difference in weight between cryptorchidic and normal lambs. Males with bilateral cryptorchidism were not able to produce semen. Smith et al. (2007) recorded the incidence of cryptorchidism in ram lambs of the North Ronaldsay breed between 1998 and 2005. The overall incidence of cryptorchidism was 7.4% (ranging from 2.4% to 18.2% in different years). In 87.3% of the cases only one testis was retained, with the right testis being affected in 78.5% of all the cryptorchids. Kahn and Mays (2008) stated that cryptorchidism is a failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum and is seen in all domestic animals. Predisposing factors include testicular hypoplasia, estrogen exposure in pregnancy, breech labor compromising blood supply to the testes, and delayed closure of the umbilicus resulting in an inability to increase abdominal pressure. Bilateral cryptorchidism results in sterility. Unilateral cryptorchidism is more common, and the male is usually fertile due to sperm production from the normally descended testicle. The undescended testicle may be located anywhere from just caudal of the kidney to within the inguinal canal. Abdominal testicles produce male hormones, and cryptorchid animals have normal secondary sex characteristics and mating behavior. Because of the inherited nature of the condition, unilateral cryptorchids should not be used for breeding. Hermaphrodites: Dennis (1979) studied the urogenital system in 401 sheep over a three years period. Male pseudohermaphroditism was found in 3(0.75%) lambs. Bosu and Basrur (1984) studied the ovine intersex to compare their morphological and hormonal features in light of their cytogenetic make-up. Both animals, registered as females at birth, developed male-like appearance and behaviour as they approached the age of sexual maturity. Plasma testosterone concentrations in the intersexes were similar to those in adult males of the respective species. Hafez (1995) said that an intersex is an animal that presents congenital anatomical variations that confuse the diagnosis of sex. This animal possesses the reproductive organs of both sexes, or may belong genetically to one sex and phenotypically to

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the other. The term intersex includes hermaphrodites, pseudo-hermaphrodites, freemartins, and other forms of sexual inversion. Smith et al. (1998) studied abnormalities of the reproductive tract of female sheep at two abattoirs in the Southwest of England over a period of 12 months. During the survey 9,970 reproductive tracts from cull ewes and 23,536 tracts from nulliparous sheep (prime lambs and hoggets) were examined. 11 animals were intersex. Capel and Coveney (2004) said that in hermaphrodite both female and male gonads are present. When the gonads of one sex are present with the phenotype of the opposite sex, this condition is called pseudohermaphrodite. Cinzia et al. (2006) studied nine Sarda x Lacaune ewes with intersexual characteristics and an infertility condition. The ewes showed basically a female phenotype but a clinical examination revealed a different degree of masculinization in the morphology of external genital organs. A shorter vagina was observed in female-like ewes and a hypertrophic clitoris in male-like ewes. Kahn and Mays (2008) reported that true hermaphrodites are rare and have both ovarian and testicular tissue and exhibit anomalies of the external genitalia. Pseudohermaphrodites are more common; they have one or the other type of gonad and an anomaly of the external genitalia that resembles, to some degree, that of the opposite sex. Teixeira et al. (2010) recorded a case of freemartinism of the XX/XY chimera type in sheep in Brazil. Anatomopathological examination of the internal genitalia showed the absence of a cervix and bilateral presence of an ovary and testis. 3-slaughtering: Ali (2009) reported that the Islamic method of slaughtering with a knife is the least painful and thus the most humane method of killing an animal. Emergency slaughter: Herenda et al. (2000) stated that animals affected with extensive bruising or fractures require emergency slaughter.

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Ontario (2006) said that emergency slaughter must be performed in accordance with the regulations and the carcass must be transported to the approved meat plant within a specified time. FAWAC (2009) stated that emergency slaughter means the slaughter of an otherwise healthy animal which has suffered an injury that prevented its transport to the slaughterhouse for welfare reasons. FSAI (2010) reported that food business operators must ensure that meat from animals that have undergone emergency slaughter outside the slaughterhouse may be used for human consumption only if it complies with all the following requirements:

o Healthy animal suffered an accident. o Inspected at ante-mortem by a veterinarian. o If slaughtered, must be transported to the slaughterhouse hygienically and

without delay. o If more than two hours elapse between slaughter and arrival at the

slaughterhouse, the animal must be refrigerated. o Accompanied by declaration stating by identify of the animal and any

treatments administered to the animal, dates of administration and withdrawal periods as well as reason for emergency slaughter.

o Approved to be fit for human consumption after post-mortem inspection. o Food business operators must define use of this meat.

Imperfect bleeding:

Gracey et al. (1999) stated that in case of pyrexia the prescapular lymph nodes are suffused with blood but not enlarged. Where pyrexia and systemic changes are evident, total condemnation is warranted since badly bled-carcasses rapidly undergo decomposition. Less severe afebrile cases may justify a more favorable judgment. Herenda et al. (2000) stated that septicemia is a morbid condition caused by the presence of pathogenic bacteria and their associated toxins in the blood. The positive diagnosis of septicemia can only be made by isolation of the causative organism from the blood stream. Postmortem findings include enlarged edematous or hemorrhagic lymph nodes, degenerative changes in parenchymatous organs (liver, heart and kidneys), congestion and petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages in kidney, heart surface, mucous and serous membranes, connective tissue, inadequately bled-out carcass as a result of high fever and blood stained serous exudate in abdominal and/or thoracic cavities.

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Wilson et al. (2005) stated that imperfect bleeding (insufficiency of bleeding) occurs when the animal is moribund (dying) or very distressed and is said to have been killed to save its life. The flesh is dark, there is capillary bleeding, the organs, particularly the liver, lungs and kidneys, are dark and congested and when cut, blood runs out. The intercostals veins are full of blood and are clearly visible. The forelegs often tend to be tucked up. The carcass sets badly and decomposes rapidly. Fernandes (2009) stated that imperfect bleeding at slaughter can however indicate a diseased condition in the slaughter animal. Congestion of tissues due to an active hyperemia associated with pyrexia must therefore be differentiated from that resulting from imperfect bleeding of mechanical etiology when carcasses are assessed in respect to their fitness for human consumption. Cold slaughter: DiMaio and DiMaio (2002) stated that in determining if the wound was pre- or post-mortem, the general rule is that a pre-mortem wound gapes and bleeds profusely while a postmortem wound does not. Jain (2004) stated that postmortem wound usually create very little or no bleeding from broken arteries and veins as the heart is not pumping the blood. Merck (2007) stated that to determine whether a wound was antemortem or postmortem require gross examination. The presence of hemorrhage is indicative that the heart was still beating when the injury occurred. If there is sufficient survival time after injury prior to death, it is possible to see evidence of an inflammatory response in the injured area. Delay evisceration: Gill et al. (1978) reported that hygiene regulations require that carcasses be eviscerated soon after slaughter to prevent agonal invasion of the tissues. There is no scientific justification for believing that bacteria rapidly leave the gut at the time of death. Bacteria in fact remain confined within the intestines until they are released by autolytic action, which requires days, not minutes, at temperate ambient temperatures. Gill and Penney (1979) stated that any bacteria likely to be of importance in deep-tissue spoilage of carcasses from meat animals must therefore be present before death or be introduced into the body during the killing process. Meat inspection

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should eliminate most diseased carcasses, and although the extent to which symptomless infections occur is not known, it is possible that entry of bacteria during slaughter is a major cause of deep-tissue contamination. The importance of such bacteria for meat hygiene depends upon their ability to survive and multiply in carcasses. Zdravković et al. (2006) reported that, autolysis represents the intravital or post mortal disintegration of living structures, and biochemically corresponds to a loss in the system of metabolic balance with demotion of the metabolic substance which results in energy and material loss. Bergh (2007) reported that evisceration means the removal of the viscera or internal organs from the carcass. Evisceration of the carcass should be performed within two hours after bleeding. The rumen and intestines may be removed in the field to prevent bloating. Fernandes (2009) stated that as aesthetics, there are some very practical reasons why evisceration should not be excessively delayed. Within a few hours of slaughter, distention of the stomach and intestines make their removal without rupture difficult, and bile may stain the liver and surrounding tissue if rumen distention squeezes bile from the gall bladder. 4-Routine postmortem inspection: Herenda et al. (2000) stated that the aim of meat inspection is to provide safe and wholesome meat for human consumption. The responsibility for achieving this objective lies primarily with the relevant public health authorities who are represented by veterinarians and meat inspectors at the abattoir stage. Routine postmortem examination of a carcass should be carried out as soon as possible after the completion of dressing in order to detect any abnormalities so that products only conditionally fit for human consumption are not passed as food. All organs and carcass portions should be kept together and correlated for inspection before they are removed from the slaughter hall. Stamp: Bergh (2007) stated that all stamps or roller marks used to mark any carcass or meat must be constructed of a nontoxic, non-corrosive material and must be so constructed as to be readily cleanable. The letters on the stamps must be readable. Colored ink is required where stamps are applied to carcasses or meat and must be manufactured of harmless, edible ingredients approved for use on foodstuffs. The

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stamp of approval must be kept and used under control of a registered inspector; when not in use the stamp must be secured by a registered inspector and kept in safe custody. Amin et al. (2010) stated that carmoisine are an organic azo dyes widely used in food products, drugs and cosmetics. Ontario (2011) stated that meat Inspection Legend: Every edible dressed carcass or part of a carcass that has passed inspection must be legibly stamped with the inspection legend before refrigeration. Only edible ink may be used to directly mark meat or products with the inspection legend. 5-Common affections: **General body conditions: Poorness: Herenda et al. (2000) stated that leanness (Poorness) is often observed in case of poor quality pasture and young growing animals which have had protein deficient diet. The animals are physiologically normal and the reduced fat deposits of the animal carcass are normal in color and consistency. The reduced muscle tissue is firm and of a normal consistency. The muscle color is darker than normal, and fat tissue may still be present in the orbit of the eye. FSIS (2009) reported that a thin animal may be a normal animal with small amounts of body fat. Emaciation: Ogilvie (1998) said that starvation and emaciation may be caused by a primary lack of feed or secondary to parasitism or a disease process that causes anorexia, an increase in metabolic rate, or both. Necropsy findings are diagnostic (serous atrophy of fat). Radostits et al. (2000) stated that in domestic ruminants, cobalt deficiency results in inappetence and loss of body weight, emaciation, weakness, decreased growth, unthrifty appearance, diarrhea, and anemia. Kusiluka and Kambarage (2006) reported that the occurrence of diseases such as helminthosis, coccidiosis, trypanosomosis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis and ectoparasitic infestations is precipitated by poor nutrition of the animals.

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Barhoom and Abu Bakr (2008) recorded that, mange occurred in a flock of sheep usually accompanied by emaciation, weakness and reduced milk production. Jibat et al. (2008) studied and determined the rate of organs and carcasses condemned and the associated annual financial loss at HELMEX abattoir in Ethiopia. Out of 2688 sheep and goats examined 188(7%) carcasses were condemned due to poor body condition for carcasses. Kahn and Mays (2008) stated that emaciation may be associated with chronic diseases and parasitic conditions: fascioliasis in sheep, neoplasm, tuberculosis, John's disease, caseous lymphadenitis, and poor teeth and lack of nutrition. Emaciation is a postmortem descriptive term which should be differentiated from thinness. Postmortem finding include serious atrophy of fat in the carcass and organs especially the pericardial and renal fat. The fat is watery, translucent or jelly-like and hangs from the intervertebral spaces. Edema and anemia may develop due to starvation and malnutrition due to parasite infestation. On postmortem examination it is important to assess and differentiate emaciation from leanness. In case of doubt, the carcass may be held in the refrigerated room and the general setting of the carcass should be examined on the following day. If the body cavities are relatively dry, edema of muscle tissue is not present and fat is of an acceptable consistency i.e. has “set”, the carcass may be passed for food. **Yellow fat sheep carcasses:

Yang et al. (1992) reported that carotenoids are pigments found in plants that cannot be synthesized by animals. Lutein is the only carotenoid in serum and adipose tissue of sheep, whereas cattle also store β-carotene.

Prache and Theriez (1999) found that yellowness of caudal fat at slaughter was greater in grass-fed lambs than in stall-fed lambs. And carotenoid pigments could act as biomarkers of grass-feeding in ruminants.

Herenda et al. (2000) stated that yellow fat in animals with heavy corn rations should be differentiated from icterus. To differentiate icterus from the normal color of fat of certain breeds, the sclera, intima of the blood vessels, bone cartilage, liver, connective tissue and renal pelvis should be examined. If yellow discoloration is not noted in these tissues, icterus is not present.

Priolo et al. (2002) stated that the signature of carotenoid pigments stored in the caudal fat has been used to discriminate carcasses of lambs raised on pasture from those fed concentrates. The concentration of carotenoids in perirenal fat is higher

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than in caudal fat. They found also that subcutaneous fat was more yellow and harder in grass fed lamb.

Ripoll et al. (2008) stated that meat from grazing animals has often been associated with yellow fat.

Vage and Boman (2010) stated that sheep carcasses with yellow fat are sporadically observed at slaughterhouses. This phenomenon is known to be inherited as a recessive trait, and is caused by accumulation of carotenoids in adipose tissue.

Jaundice: Herenda et al. (2000) stated that icterus is the result of an abnormal accumulation of bile pigment, bilirubin, or of hemoglobin in the blood. Yellow pigmentation is observed in the skin, internal organs, sclerae, tendons, cartilage, arteries, joint surfaces, etc. Icterus is a clinical sign of a faulty liver or bile duct malfunction, but it may be also caused by diseases in which the liver is not impaired. Jaundice is divided into three main categories. Prehepatic jaundice occurs following excessive destruction of red blood cells. Tick-borne diseases such as Babesia ovis and Anaplasmosis cause this type of icterus. Hepatic jaundice occurs due to direct damage to liver cells as seen in liver cirrhosis, systemic infections, and in chemical and plant poisoning. In sheep, jaundice may have been caused by phytogenic chronic copper poisoning. Obstructive jaundice occurs when the drainage of the bile pigment bilirubin is blocked from entry into the intestine. Amer et al. (2002) stated that the secretion of bile pigments due to progressive cirrhosis and blocking of the bile ducts by mature flukes in sheep infected with F. hepatica led to the increase in serum bilirubin. West et al. (2002) stated that ingestion of fresh-water blue-green algae has been reported as causing liver damage, jaundice and photosensitization in sheep. Kozat et al. (2003) reported that babesiosis is a protozoan disease, which is generally characterized by high fever, anorexia, weight loss, ruminal atony, dyspnea and jaundice of sheep. Agag (2004) stated that icterus were observed in sheep and goats exposed to aflatoxin. Kusiluka and Kambarage (2006) reported that Babesia spp. infections are widespread among goat and sheep populations in Africa. The necropsy features include widespread subcutaneous and intramuscular edema, icteric carcass, thin

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and watery blood, yellow and gelatinous fat. The urinary bladder contains dark urine. The spleen is enlarged and the splenic pulp is soft. The gall bladder is distended and contains thick and dark bile. Taheri et al. (2007) stated that fascioliasis mainly involves the hepatobiliary system and manifests in 2 stages: hepatic (acute, invasive) and biliary (chronic). Obstructive jaundice and recurrent cholangitis may occur in the biliary stage. Kahn and Mays (2008) stated that sporidesmins are secondary metabolites of the saprophytic fungus Pithomyces chartarum, which grows on dead pasture litter. The sporidesmins are excreted via the biliary system, in which they produce severe cholangitis and pericholangitis as a result of tissue necrosis. Biliary obstruction may be seen, which restricts excretion of bile pigments and results in jaundice.

Tafti et al. (2008) reported that salinomycin is an ionophore compound that may be used in sheep as growth promoter or to prevent coccidiosis in these species. There are some reports with respect to the poisoning of animals with this agent used in high concentration in feed by mistake. Postmortem examination included swelling of liver with mild to moderate yellowish appearance. Woube (2008) observed icteric liver at a rate of 0.9% in young sheep and jaundice in whole carcass was observed at a rate of 1.8% in adult sheep. Giadinis et al. (2009) reported the pathological finding in sheep with chronic copper poisoning. The carcass was icteric, discolored liver and gall bladder and spleen were distended, while kidneys had a gunmetal color. Kaur et al. (2009) found that Dicrocoelium dendriticum (lancet fluke) was recovered during postmortem examination from the biliary duct of 5 sheep from a flock of 250 sheep in India. The sheep showed symptoms of respiratory distress, diarrhea, severe anemia and jaundice. Oruc et al. (2009) reported that necropsy findings in chronic Cu toxicosis include tissues that are discolored by icterus. Edwards and Schock (2010) found that obstructive jaundice and photosensitization occurred in a 9-month-old lamb as a sequela to a diaphragmatic hernia. A loop of proximal duodenum was displaced, resulting in occlusion of the common bile duct, cholecystitis and necrotizing hepatitis.

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** Rough handling injuries:

Tarrant (1989) stated that laceration and carcass bruising are the result of fighting and rough handling. Cockram and Lee (1991) reported that greater percentage of bruised carcasses was found in lambs (71%) than in ewes (49%). A greater percentage of severely bruised carcasses were found in lambs from markets (20%) than in those direct from farms (12%). However, even assuming that each potentially traumatic event observed in the slaughterhouse caused a bruise, only about one-quarter of the bruising could have been attributed to handling problems at the slaughterhouse. 88% of all bruises were estimated to have been caused within about 24 hours of death, indicating that most bruising probably was caused by handling problems during loading on the farm, during transit and particularly at markets. Jarvis and Cockram (1994) examined 2509 sheep carcass for bruises using logistic model to examine the effects of seven variables on the risk of bruising. More space per animal, transport on the lower deck or at the front of the vehicle, and increased handling, all increased the risk of bruising. There were some significant correlations between potentially bruising events and bruising on specific parts of the body. Significant bruising of sheep carcasses, particularly the neck and hind quarters, has been directly linked to wool-pulling and rough handling by human handlers. Knowles et al. (1994) stated that carcass quality can be adversely affected due to bruising on transport. Green et al. (1995) examined 3718 lambs, in England. Bruising was one of the most frequent causes of carcass rejection. Jago et al. (1996) said that bruising of slaughter animals has both economic and welfare implications. Edwards et al. (1997) reported that bruising occurs due to beating of animals during transportation and the use of rough vehicles. Apart from affecting carcass value, bruising has also animal welfare implications as excessive use of sticks while driving to the abattoir, mishandling of animals during loading and unloading, improper transport vehicle and at slaughter could be responsible causes. Bruising has also an implication for animal welfare as excessive use of sticks while driving animals to the abattoir is greatly responsible for this phenomenon.

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Hoffman et al. (1998) reported that bruised meat cannot be used for human food. More than a fourth of all lamb bruises (27%) occur on the leg, while (17%) occur on the loin. The most common cause of bruising is grabbing sheep by the wool or by the hind leg. Use a "pet" sheep to lead them. Rubin (1998) stated that laceration is a cut that results in a jagged wound in the skin. Lacerations can be shallow cuts or deep gashes that penetrate through muscle to internal organs and bone. A superficial laceration involves only the skin, and because there is no penetration of major blood vessels. A deeper laceration may penetrate veins or arteries, and in some cases, the blood vessel may require repair. Causes of lacerations include accidents and violence. Gracey et al. (1999) said that recent injection sites may appear as an area of discoloration or bruising, but frequently deep intramuscular injections can only be detected as a very slight swelling or lack of symmetry in the muscle. Long standing injection sites, particularly those that incorporated an oily base, may be hard, fibrous nodules within a muscle. During meat inspection all carcasses with injection sites should be retained and judgment made according to case history, the time of treatment and laboratory results. Herenda et al. (2000) said that bruises caused by transportation or handling are commonly found in sheep in the hind leg. Bruises and hemorrhage in the hip joint are caused by rough handling of animals during shackling. Bendavid et al. (2001) stated that hernias emerge through preformed or acquired defects or weak areas of the abdominal wall unprotected by muscle or aponeurosis. These defects could be evolutionary or a patent umbilical defect at birth. The weakness could be an acquired scar such as umbilicus, or a poorly healed abdominal incision or scared over defect resulting from loss of part of the abdominal wall through trauma. Chambers and Grandin (2001) reported that a physical blow or rough handling leading to bruising or other animal injury can result in parts of the carcass being condemned. Bruised meat is dark and bloody and must be removed for the carcass to pass federal inspection standards. This type of meat spoils rapidly and its appearance lacks consumer appeal. Grandin (2001) reported that bruise results from a blood vessel hemorrhaging under the hide. The outside of the animal can appear normal even when there is a large injury under the hide.

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Broom (2003) said that measurements of injuries, bruises, mortality, morbidity and carcass quality are often used as indicators of welfare during handling and transportation. Mortality records give information about welfare during the journey, while bruises, scratches, blemishes, broken bones and incidences provide information about the welfare of the animals during handling, transportation and lairage. It is observed that hitting animals by stock handlers and vehicle obstruction due to rough driving increases injuries in transported animals. Jutzi (2004) stated that on postmortem examination, carcasses affected with local bruising are approved after being trimmed. Carcasses affected with bruises or injuries associated with inflammatory lesions are also approved if tissue reaction does not extend beyond the regional lymph nodes. The affected area should be condemned. When bruises or injuries associated with systemic changes and the wholesomeness of the musculature is lost, the carcass must be condemned. St Jean and Anderson (2004) stated that inguinal hernia is relatively common in rams. Scrotal hernia is merely an extension of an inguinal hernia. Congenital inguinal hernia is rare but it may result in evisceration at castration. Acquired inguinal hernias occur in mature rams. Eppleston (2005) studied lesions at the site of vaccination in New Zealand. The prevalence of lesions observed in the slaughter survey was 18% for mutton and 65% for lamb carcasses. Dehghani and Nasrollahy (2006) reported that traumatic ventral abdominal hernia is common in sheep. Acquired abdominal hernia may result from trauma such as vehicle accident and horning injuries. Hernia contents were variable and consisted of omentum, small intestine, spiral colon and abomasum. Goelz (2006) said that broken legs are generally the most obvious of sheep injuries. The prognosis depends on its location, severity and the age of sheep. Contaminated bones do not heal. In the case of lambs amputation may be an option but three legged lambs will have a severely docked carcass as the muscle development is not uniform. Southern et al. (2006) stated that physical, microbial, and environmental hazards during the transportation process may adversely affect the safety and quality of meat. Additionally, the stress level in animals can be raised by transportation conditions, potentially causing increased pathogen shedding in carrier animals which exposes other animals to possible contamination.

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Aitken (2007) said that scrotal hernias can cause infertility in rams owing to raised intrascrotal temperature. Inguinal hernias are usually a consequence of raised intra-abdominal pressure, as might occur among lambs on artificial or highly fermentable diets. The pressure is believed to force intestinal loops through the inguinal ring to become visible as a swelling at the groin and inner thigh. Ventral abdominal hernias usually occur in the later stages of pregnancy. Al-Sobayil and Ahmed (2007) examined 44 clinical cases of sheep suffering from abdominal, umbilical, inguinal or scrotal hernias in Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. These animals had abdominal (30), umbilical (6), inguinal (7) and scrotal (1) hernias. The results revealed that, gender had an effect on the incidence of hernia. The incidence of abdominal hernia was higher in females and the incidence of inguinal hernia was higher in males. Jibat et al. (2008) estimated the annual financial loss due to organ and carcass condemnation at HELMEX abattoir in Ethiopia. They attributed 40% of losses to human mistakes either during transportation of animals to the slaughterhouse or in the slaughterhouse during slaughter operation. Bruising caused more than half of all carcasses condemned. Al-Sadi and Younis (2010) recorded the prevalence of naturally occurring oral lesions in 1130 sheep in Mosul, Iraq. The prevalence of broken mouth was 5.84%. Grandin (2010) reported that extensive bruising is often caused by grabbing sheep by their wool or trampled in a truck during transport. Jackman and Hathaway (2010) determined the average prevalence of wounds and bruises in adult sheep recorded by meat inspectors (2001 to 2010) is 2.65%. Warriss (2010) reported that carcass damage can take the form of bruising and hemorrhages, bruised meat therefore looks unsightly and usually trimmed, reducing yield as well as frequently leading to downgrading. The coast of this downgrading may be greater than the value of the trimmed meat. In term of quality, in red meat species bruising is an aesthetic rather than a hygiene problem. Chaudhry et al. (2011) predicted animals can get wounded at the farm, during transportation, or at the abattoir by getting strike against some hard object, kicked by another animal or by goads.

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**Pyogenic affections: Abscess: Fetcher (1983) stated that septicemia or extension of an umbilical vein infection can cause liver abscesses in lambs. Braun et al. (1995) found that a two-year-old White Alpine ram with suppurative pleuropneumonia and a lung abscess. Rodwan (1996) reported that abscess disease of sheep, commonly known as Morel's disease (caused by Staph. aureus subsp. anaerobius) and caseous lymphadenitis known as pseudotuberculosis (caused by C. pseudotuberculosis) deserves interest because of its contagious nature and worldwide distribution. de la Fuente et al. (1997) reported an outbreak of abscess disease caused by Staph. aureus subsp. anaerobius occurring in a 250 Assaf sheep flock located in Salamanca, Spain. Clinical cases were first detected 3 weeks after shearing which considered risk factor most probably associated with the outbreak. Nagaraja and Chengappa (1998) reported that erosion of the ruminal epithelium secondary to grain overload, lactic acidosis and ruminitis is thought to be the most common mechanism allowing bacteria like Fusobacterium necrophorum colonization of the liver. Edwards et al. (1999) investigated the feasibility of using information about the health and management of lambs on farms to predict the risk of gross abnormalities at postmortem meat inspection, 6732 lambs from 30 different farms in Great Britain were followed through to slaughter in 1995/6. One of the most common abnormalities found during postmortem inspection was abscesses (30%). The farm-level risk factors associated with abnormalities at slaughter varied with the type of lesion. The most significant risk factor was the age of the lambs at slaughter. Lambs slaughtered at an older age were more likely to have an abnormality, especially abscesses. Herenda et al. (2000) stated that grassland in many parts of Africa contains scattered grasses with spear-like seeds. These seeds may penetrate through the wool and skin to the subcutis, and further through to the abdominal wall into the abdominal cavity of sheep causing abscessation.

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Moller et al. (2000) reported that the occurrence of abscess disease & caseous lymphadenitis in sheep in Denmark. Subcutaneous abscesses were observed in imported 4-5 months old lambs of the Lacaune breed 10 days after arrival in Denmark. Abscesses were mostly located in the head, neck and shoulder regions close to the regional lymph nodes. Bacteriological examinations revealed growth of Staph. aureus subsp. anaerobius in all animals with subcutaneously located abscesses containing a viscous white-yellow odorless mass. In addition, C. pseudotuberculosis was isolated from abscesses in one animal. Teixeira et al. (2001) stated that the presence of granulomas produced by adult trematodes, their eggs or even their remnants in the liver portal triads act as foci for colonization of Staphylococcus species, which in the presence of staphylococcal bacteremia might be implicated in the formation of pyogenic liver abscesses. Navarre and pugh (2002) said that liver abscesses can occur in feedlot lambs and other animals fed ration high in grain. Most cases of liver abscesses are an incidental finding but rarely weight loss, anorexia, depression and decreased production (grown, milk) may occur. Al-Qudah and Al-Majali (2003) studied the causal agents a total of 337 liver abscesses of Awassi sheep that were found in different slaughterhouses in Jordan. Fifteen different bacterial species were isolated from 297 liver abscesses. No bacteria were isolated from the remaining 40 liver abscesses. Fusobacterium necrophorum biovar B were isolated from 195 (58%) abscesses. Arcanobacterium pyogenes, F. necrophorum biovar A, E. coli and Cl. perfringens were isolated from 41 (12%), 34 (10%), 30 (9%) and 17 (5%) liver abscesses, respectively. It was suggested that F. necrophorum biovar B is the most prevalent bacterium incriminated for liver abscesses in Awassi sheep. Arsenault et al. (2003) determined the prevalence and lesions distribution of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep. A total of 451 ewes and 34 rams were selected randomly from two slaughterhouses in Quebec, Canada. Diagnosis was based on gross detection of abscesses and isolation of C. pseudotuberculosis. The prevalence of caseous lymphadenitis was ≥21%. The most-prevalent site of lesions was the thoracic cavity. The risk of carcass condemnation was significantly associated with region, body score and abscesses. Cabrera et al. (2003) carried diagnostic surveys in National slaughtering plants in Uruguay in1998 on sheep. Out of 2035 animals examined, abscesses (0.4%) in the liver parenchyma were found.

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Asrat (2004) stated that occasionally the worms penetrate the bile duct wall into the liver parenchyma causing liver abscesses. Babiker and El Sanousi (2004) studied the relation of fattening to abscess disease in sheep in Sudan. The incidence of the disease was found to be higher in feedlot areas (62.5%) compared to natural grazing areas (5.8%). Pus, sweat and serum samples were collected from both fat and non-fat sheep. Bacteria isolated from pus samples of feedlots were Staph. aureus subsp. anaerobius (75%), Corynebacterium spp. (15.8%), mixed infection of Staph. aureus subsp. anaerobius and Corynebacterium spp. (8.3%) and 2.5% of samples were bacteriologically negative. Ghadrdan-Mashhadi et al. (2006) studied the occurrence of liver abscesses and bacterial agents caused them in 576 sheep slaughtered in Ahvaz abattoir in Iran in 2005. 50 sheep (8.7%) had liver abscesses. The rate of liver abscesses in male and female was 5.9% and 11.4%, respectively. Most of the abscesses found in the right lobes (60%) and in diaphragmatic surface (60%) of the livers due to being more exposure of these parts to the portal vein blood stream. The following bacteria were isolated: A. pyogenes (23 cases), Staph. aureus (22 cases), Cl. teteni (9 cases), E. coli (9 cases) and P. aeruginosa (1 case). In six cases, the abscesses were sterile. The presence of these isolated bacteria indicated abscesses forming following ruminitis and reaching bacterial flora from rumen to liver. They concluded that, liver is particularly susceptible to abscesses because it receives blood from several sources, including the hepatic artery, the portal system and the umbilical vein in fetus and neonate. El-Dakhly et al. (2007) reported that liver abscesses may occur as a result of entrance of pyogenic cocci or other well organized pus-producing species to the liver through different routes. These microorganisms play a central role in the generalized and fatal disease. Johnson (2007) reported that Rhodococcus equi is a pleomorphic, Gram’s-positive obligate intracellular bacterium most commonly residing in the soil where there are abundant avian or herbivore feces. Rhodo. equi is a common pathogen in foals and has also been documented to cause abscessed lymph nodes in sheep. Bell (2008) stated that tuberculosis and caseous lymphadenitis are both contagious conditions that potentially lead to lung abscesses. Tuberculosis is a rare condition in sheep but has been found in animals aged two years and older that have had close contact with TB-infected cattle.

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Jibat et al. (2008) recorded the rate of organs and carcasses condemned and the associated annual financial loss at HELMEX abattoir in Ethiopia in the period from December 2005 to June 2006. Out of 1152 sheep examined, 214 (7.9%) hearts and 188 (7%) carcasses were condemned. One of the major causes of condemnation was abscess in heart (4.2%). O'Reilly et al. (2008) stated that abscesses may develop from any case of suppurative pneumonia with possible pathogens including Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp.; Infection by Corynebacterium ovis also has been recorded which typically presents as sub-clinical, with abscesses in the lungs and associated thoracic (bronchial and mediastinal) lymph nodes. Woube (2008) determined the major diseases of organ and carcass condemnation and the magnitude of the direct losses attributed to the condemned organs and carcasses from 114 sheep (50 adult & 64 young) slaughtered in HELIMEX abattoir, Ethiopia during the period of December 2007 to April 2008. Abscessation in liver was observed at a rate of 2(1.8%), including adult 7(6.1%) and young 1(0.9%); While generalized abscessation was observed at a rate of 1(0.9%) in adult sheep. Ivanovic et al. (2009) stated that it is possible the dissemination of bacteria through blood consequently with abscess development in lungs, liver and kidneys. Al-Sadi and Younis (2010) investigated the prevalence and pathology of naturally occurring oral lesions in 1130 sheep in Mosul area, Iraq. The prevalence of oral abscesses was 0.18%. Clement et al. (2010) detected abscesses in 1.04% out of 1763 sheep slaughtered in the period (2000–2005) at the Zango abattoir in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. 88.38% of the affected organs were trimmed while 11.6% whole organs were condemned. de la Fuente et al. (2010) stated that Staph. aureus subsp. anaerobius, a microaerophilic and catalase-negative bacterium, is the etiological agent of abscess disease, a specific chronic condition of sheep and goats, which is characterized by formation of necrotic lesions that are located typically in superficial lymph nodes. El-Tahawy (2010) monitored prevalence of abscesses among 10,080 Barki sheep belonging to 22 farms in Egypt. The results showed that the overall prevalence of abscesses in adult sheep was 16%, with the greatest prevalence of the disease in the spring. He estimated abscesses cost as 21 Egyptian pounds for rams and 15.6

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Egyptian pounds for ewes. These disparities in cost were attributable to the differences in weight between the genders. Jackman and Hathaway (2010) stated that the most common abnormalities detected in the hepatic lymph nodes include enlargement, abscessation and calcification. Pyemia: Vautor et al. (2005) reported that Staph. aureus is a pathogen that causes a syndrome of lamb pyemia/septicemia. Kahn and Mays (2008) reported that pyemic abscesses are common in joints but may be found in virtually any organ. The cause is Staph. aureus which has been isolated consistently from superficial and deep-seated lesions. FSIS (2009) reported that pyemia is a condition of public health significance resulting from the active circulation of pyogenic organisms in the blood. It is typically characterized by the development of acute suppurative lesions throughout the carcass tissues and organs. Marianelli et al. (2010) reported a rare case of generalized bovine-type

tuberculosis in a slaughtered 4-year-old ewe discovered during routine surveillance at an abattoir. A postmortem examination revealed lesions in the ewe's thoracic and abdominal cavities, ranging from encapsulated, mineralized foci to extensive, soft,

caseous tissue. Lesions in the lungs, liver, and lymph nodes were consistent with mycobacterial infection. Acid-fast bacteria, characterized as Mycobacterium bovis, were isolated from lesions following 38 days of incubation. Caseous lymphadenitis: de la Fuente et al. (1993) reported that Staph. aureus subsp. anaerobius, is the etiological agent of abscess disease, cause a specific lymphadenitis of sheep and goats. Paton et al. (1994) stated that caseous lymphadenitis is one of the most prevalent diseases of sheep in Australia, and as a consequence, has an economic impact due to reduced wool production by infected animals and condemnation of carcasses and skin in abattoirs.

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Pepin et al. (1994) reported that caseous lymphadenitis is a chronic disease of sheep and goats caused by C. pseudotuberculosis. It is characterized by abscesses in lymph nodes, subcutaneous tissue and other organs. Peel et al. (1997) stated that C. pseudotuberculosis produces lesions similar to those of tuberculosis. It is known world-wide to cause pseudotuberculosis or caseous lymphadenitis in adult sheep. Usually the large superficial lymph nodes are affected but occasionally abscessation of the nodes of the internal organs may also occur. Severe economic losses result from unthriftiness and death of some sheep and from condemnation of infected carcasses at slaughter. Al-Rawashdeh and Al-Qudah (2000) studied the effect of shearing on the incidence of caseous lymphadenitis in a total of 876 sheep from five flocks in North Jordan. They concluded that the prevalence of caseous lymphadenitis increases with age and the incidence increases only in young and aged sheep after shearing under unhygienic conditions. Herenda et al. (2000) said that postmortem finding in caseous lymphadenitis included caseous abscesses in the superficial lymph nodes, carcass musculature and firm and dry abscess in the kidney and other organs. In the early stages of the disease there are soft pasty abscesses that change to firm and dry with a characteristic laminated appearance in the later stages of disease. Cetinkaya et al. (2002) estimated the prevalence of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep slaughtered at the local abattoir in Elazig province, Turkey. Among 2,046 sheep carcasses examined 89 abscessed lymph nodes were collected. Corynebacterium spp. strains were isolated from 81.4% of the abscesses. The prevalence was 3.5% in sheep. Prescott et al. (2002) said that the optimal method of control of caseous lymphadenitis of sheep caused by C. pseudotuberculosis is eradication of infection by identification and removal of infected carrier animals. Cabrera et al. (2003) detected caseous lymphadenitis in 3% of the liver parenchyma among 2,035 sheep slaughtered in Uruguay. Paton et al. (2003) studied 223 sheep flocks in Australia to estimate the prevalence of caseous lymphadenitis. They estimated the prevalence as 26%. Yosefbiagy et al. (2004) identified the causative agent of caseous lymphadenitis in pre-scapular lymph nodes of sheep, bacteria isolated included C.

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pseudotuberculosis (79.3%), Arcano. pyogenes (9.4%), Staph. aureus (7.5%) and Strept. alphahemolytica (3.8%). Dorella et al. (2006) stated that C. pseudotuberculosis is the etiological agent of caseous lymphadenitis, a common disease in small ruminant populations throughout the world. Once established, it is difficult to eradicate because drug therapy is not effective and because the clinical detection of infected animals is of limited efficiency. O'Reilly et al. (2008) stated that caseous lymphadenitis is an infectious disease of sheep caused by C. pseudotuberculosis. It is prevalent in most sheep producing countries and was introduced into the UK sheep population in 1991. The pathogen invades the host through epithelium and forms an abscess in the local draining lymph node. Typically, disease presents as clinical, swollen lymph nodes (the parotid, submandibular, prefemoral, prescapular, popliteal or mammary) or sub-clinical, with abscesses in the lungs and associated thoracic (bronchial and mediastinal) lymph nodes. Al-Gaabary et al. (2009) examined 977 sheep to determine epidemiological, clinical and preventive measures associated with caseous lymphadenitis. The prevalence was (23.33%) in sheep. The disease prevalence was significantly higher in females (19.67%) than in males (12.42%). Higher prevalence was recorded in animals of the age group from 1 to 2 years (47.36%) followed by animals of the age group over 2 years (18.69%) and lastly of the age group under 1 year (3.07%). The clinical picture appeared in the form of enlargement and abscessation of the superficial lymph nodes. Parotid lymph nodes were the most commonly affected nodes in sheep. The superficial lymph nodes of the anterior body half showed the highest infection rate. C. pseudotuberculosis was detected in (90.07%) of the clinically infected cases. The disease was significantly higher in private flocks (45.52%) than in governmental flock (1.59%). Control measures using penicillin at day zero of shearing in addition to disinfection of shearing instrument and wounds greatly reduced the disease.

Ferrer et al. (2009) suggested bacteriological examination of urine culture for isolation of C. pseudotuberculosis to detect subclinically affected animals.

FSIS (2009) stated that caseous lymphadenitis is a disease of sheep and goats caused by the C. pseudotuberculosis. Postmortem findings may include, enlarged abscessed lymph nodes with greenish white-yellow caseous exudate, which tends to become dry and granular, cross-sections of lesions contain remnants of connective tissue capsules (resembles the concentric rings seen on the cut surface of an onion). Lesions found in many lymph nodes, especially the subiliac,

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superficial cervical, deep popliteal, tracheobronchial, and mediastinal lymph nodes, as well as lungs, heart, liver, spleen, and kidneys. Guimaraes et al. (2009) stated that C. pseudotuberculosis is the etiologic agent of caseous lymphadenitis, which is a serious, economically important problem for sheep production. They recorded highest frequency in adult animals over one year. Al-Gaabary et al. (2010) studied some epidemiological and histopathological aspects associated with caseous lymphadenitis in 692 slaughtered sheep at Tanta abattoir, Egypt. The prevalence of caseous lymphadenitis was (26.92%).The higher prevalence was recorded in animals of the age group over 2 years (51.35%) than those from 1 to 2 years (8.84%) and under 1 year (7.5%). Jackman and Hathaway (2010) recorded condemnation rate for those carcasses detained for caseous lymphadenitis in New Zealand, it was around (1.4%) and this includes those carcasses that display evidence of systemic involvement. Orchitis: Dénes and Glávits (1994) recorded that Brucella ovis infection from Thirty-three out of the 55 pairs of epididymides and testicles (60%) showed gross lesions (chronic epididymitis associated with the formation of spermatocele, sperm granuloma or abscess). Greig (2000) stated that orchitis in rams can be caused by different bacteria and often lead to subnormal fertility or infertility. Chand et al. (2002) recorded cases of epididymo-orchitis caused by Brucella melitensis in breeding rams in India. Clinical examination of the rams revealed a marked enlargement and pendulous appearance of the scrotum. The capsule of the testis was markedly thickened and fibrous adhesions were seen between the skin, tunica dartos and visceral and parietal layers of tunica vaginalis. A few abscess-like structures were visible on the serosal surface of the cauda epididymis. West et al. (2002) stated that epididymitis caused by Actinobacillus seminis, Brucella ovis, or Histophilus ovis has been observed in ram lambs as young as 6 months of age with swollen testes and gross pathology includes abscesses in both the epididymis and testes. Gouletsou et al. (2004) found that in orchitis associated with Arcanobacterium pyogenes the salient post-mortem findings were initially, subcutaneous edema,

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fluid in the vaginal cavity, congested and distended vessels, increased size of the genitalia and a hard dark area inside the testicles; subsequently, there were changes of size of the genitalia, thickening of scrotum and tunics and presence of fibrin on the testicular surface; in the long-standing phase of the disorder, there were induration of scrotum and tunics with adhesion between the tunics and discoloration of the surface of the genitalia. Gouletsou and Fthenakis (2006) studied orchitis associated with Arcanobacterium pyogenes. A. pyogenes was isolated from the preputial cavity and the scrotal skin of healthy rams, as well as from field cases of ovine orchitis. Intratesticular inoculation of the organism caused orchitis, by means of clinical, cytological, seminological, bacteriological and pathological examinations. Although semen quality was affected and severe histopathological changes were evident, regeneration of testicular elements were evident at the late stages of the disease. Ferreras (2007) recorded a case of unilateral suppurative epididymo-orchitis associated with Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae infection is described in a 2-year-old ram. Gross lesions were characterized by severe enlargement of the scrotal contents, fibrous adhesions between testicular layers, coexistence of epididymal abscesses and foci of fibrinous exudate, and testicular atrophy. Kahn and Mays (2008) stated that acute inflammation of the testis or epididymis may be caused by trauma, infection (fungal, bacterial, or viral), or testicular torsion. **Congenital abnormalities: Liver: Johnson et al. (1985) reported that congenital defects, abnormalities of structure or function present at birth, may be caused by genetic or environmental factors or a combination of both and in most cases the cause is unknown. Moreover, developmental defects may be lethal, semi-lethal, or compatible with life causing aesthetic defects or having no effect on the animal. Aktan et al. (2001) reported that there are many kinds of described congenital abnormalities of the liver as agenesis of its lobes, absences of its segments, deformed lobes, decrease in size of lobes, lobar atrophy, and hypoplastic lobes.

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Mitchell (2003) indicated that the pathology associated with fascioliasis is caused by the inflammation of the bile ducts which causes thickening of the lining and eventually leads to fibrosis that results in reduced flow of the bile and back pressure builds leading to atrophy of the liver parenchyma and cirrhosis. Pinto et al. (2005) stated that an outbreak in sheep flock in the Azores Islands of Portugal in which more than 20% of the sheep were died due to pithomycotoxicosis (facial eczema) a hepatogenous photosensitization caused by the mycotoxin sporidesmin, after warm, humid periods during late summer and autumn. Postmortem finding included biliary fibrosis and distortion of the lobes of the liver. Kahn and Mays (2008) stated that sporidesmins are secondary metabolites of the saprophytic fungus Pithomyces chartarum, which grows on dead pasture litter. The sporidesmins are excreted via the biliary system. Characteristic liver and bile duct lesions are seen in all affected animals whether photosensitized or not. In acute cases showing photodermatitis, livers are initially enlarged, icteric, and have a marked lobular pattern. Later, there is atrophy and marked fibrosis. The shape is distorted, and large nodules of regenerated tissue appear on the surface. In subclinical cases, livers often develop extensive areas in which the tissue is depressed and shrunken below the normal contour, which distorts and roughens the capsule. Generally, these areas are associated with fibrosis and thickening of corresponding bile ducts. Ilha et al. (2001) recorded an outbreak of spontaneous Senecio brasiliensis poisoning in grazing sheep in the county of Mata, Brazil. Fifty-one (54.25%) out of 94 sheep were affected, and 50 animals (53.2%) died. This flock of sheep had been grazing for approximately 7 months in paddocks heavily infested with S. brasiliensis. Clinical signs included hemoglobinuria. Main necropsy findings, five sheep developed lethal acute hemolytic crisis, secondary to massive release into the blood stream of copper accumulated in the liver (hepatogenous chronic copper poisoning). Other gross findings in those animals included dark brown urine (hemoglobinuria) and swollen, friable, finely stippled or diffusely dark kidneys. The main histopathological findings included heavy accumulation of brownish pigment in macrophages identified as ceroid and rhodanine stainings, respectively. Those ceroid and copper-laden macrophages were scattered on the remnant hepatic parenchyma. Main histopathological findings in the kidneys of 5 sheep, that developed fatal hepatogenous chronic copper poisoning, included accumulation of hemoglobin and hemosiderin in epithelial tubular cells and hemoglobin casts (hemoglobinuric nephrosis). Ultrastructural changes in the liver of affected sheep included accumulation of numerous lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of the

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hepatocytes and lysosomes containing substances of high electron-density that corresponded to ceroid-lipofuscin in most of the cases. Kidneys: Maxie (1992) stated that when a kidney is small, it may be diagnosed as renal hypoplasia or renal dysplasia. Both conditions can result in abnormally small kidneys, but in hypoplasia the kidney is histologically normal apart from its reduced size. The limited size of hypoplastic kidney is associated with a reduced number of histologically normal lobules and calyces. Renal dysplasia is broadly defined as disorganized development of renal parenchyma due to abnormal glomeruli and primitive cortical tubular epithelia. Meyer et al. (1996) stated that compensatory kidney hypertrophy was described as a whole set of changes in the structure and function of the kidney that follows the reduction of its mass. Ikeyama et al. (2001) found that at necropsy of renal dysplasia the kidney was markedly reduced in size, and had a granular surface and pale color. The kidney had renal papillae. McGeady et al. (2006) stated that renal agenesis is associated with developmental failure of one or both ureteric buds. As a consequence of this failure, induction of the metanephric mass which is required for the formation of renal tubules does not occur. Survival is not threatened by unilateral renal agenesis, whereas bilateral renal agenesis is incompatible with life. Woolf and Hillman (2006) reported that in unilateral renal agenesis individuals born with non-ectopic, solitary functioning kidneys, with contralateral kidneys which fail to form. Renal agenesis implies that the embryonic kidney has failed to begin to form. Coats (2010) stated that compensatory hypertrophy of the kidney readily develops when one kidney is lost or congenitally defective. In the case of congenital absence of one kidney the other will be found homogeneously enlarged, and weighing nearly the same as the two normal kidneys together. The different regions of the kidney bear the same relations to each other, each being enlarged in its due proportion. The function of the kidneys is also completely carried out by the single one.

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Rickets: Pugh (2002) stated that rickets is a disease of young animals caused by a failure of proper cartilage mineralization. Vitamin D deficiency is the most common cause, but rickets may occur as a result of deficiencies in phosphorus and calcium. Pulina and Bencini (2004) stated that young growing animals may be affected by rickets, which is characterized by defective bone growth. The basic lesion consists of defective calcification, the persistence of hypertrophic cartilage and swelling of the osteoepiphyses. The poorly mineralized bones are prone to curvature as a result of the body’s weight. This condition is most frequently caused by lack of either vitamin D or P ratio. One factor that may predispose the animal towards such insufficiencies, and thus to defective bone growth, is the presence of intestinal parasites. Mearns et al. (2008) stated that rickets is a disease of the developing skeleton characterized by abnormal endochondral ossification and defective bone formation, most commonly caused by a deficiency of vitamin D or phosphorus. Cases of rickets have been documented in weaned lambs with evidence of vitamin D deficiency in Scotland. Dittmer et al. (2009) reported that a skeletal disease with features of rickets and simple autosomal recessive inheritance has been discovered in Corriedale sheep in New Zealand. The clinical signs resemble rickets and include decreased growth rate, thoracic lordosis and angular limb deformities. Gross lesions include segmental thickening of physes, growth arrest lines, collapse of subchondral bone of the humeral head, thickened cortices and enthesophytes around distal limb joints. **Foreign bodies: Abo-Shehada et al. (1991) recorded a case of traumatic pericarditis in a 4-month-old Awassi lamb. About 6 cm long metallic wire was found penetrating the pericardium and the left ventricle through to the other side of the ventricle wall. Postmortem finding included that enlarged liver with scattered 3 mm diameter granulomas. Rebhun (1995) said that the typical foreign body is a metallic object, such as piece of wire or nail.

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Crankson (1997) reported that foreign bodies can reach to the liver by one of three routes: direct penetration through the abdominal wall, migration from the gastrointestinal tract, or via the blood stream. Peritonitis or a localized abscess was most common presentations. Jones et al. (1997) stated that gangrenous pneumonia typically develops when contaminated foreign bodies are introduced into the airways. Hailat et al. (1997) recorded that among 1,453 sheep brought to Veterinary Clinic in Jordan suffering from rumen impaction. Plastic bags were the most common (78%) foreign bodies found in the rumen of these sheep. Radostitis et al. (2000) stated that the toxemia of traumatic hepatitis is usually due to toxins from Actinomyces (Corynebacterium) pyogenes, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus spp. and Fusobacterium necrophorum which are implicated in the lesions by the perforating foreign body. Calfee and Manning (2002) stated that entrance and migration of foreign objects through the body tissues lead to many complications that differ according to the nature of the foreign body and the way of its entrance into the tissues. Igbokwea et al. (2003) studied rumen impaction in sheep with indigestible foreign bodies in Nigeria. Rumen indigestible foreign bodies were found in 19.3% out of 540 sheep slaughtered at the Maiduguri abattoir. More females (28.3%) were affected than males (8.5%). The indigestible foreign bodies were polythene/cellophane materials, ropes, dry seeds, caked sand, metallic objects, papers, fibers and hair balls. The polythene/cellophane materials occurred in (81.6%) of the sheep. Impaction was characterized by emaciation, abdominal distension and asymmetry, lack of feces in the rectum, foamy salivation, recumbency and inappetence. Mohammed (2004) predicted that foreign bodies would be a growing problem for grazing animals in Sudan, as grazing lands become more and more polluted with plastics, ropes, hair, wool and metals. Remi-Adewunmi et al. (2004) recorded that 144(77%) out of 187 total sheep examined were found to have indigestible garbage weighing 0.3 to 2.5 kg in their rumen. Saied et al. (2007) recorded the prevalence rate of foreign bodies in fore stomachs of sheep regarding of kind, number, position and penetration of them. By

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systematic random sampling 435 slaughtered sheep have selected from slaughterhouses in Iran. Statistical analysis showed that 51.3% of animals have no foreign bodies, 44.4% have non-metallic and 0.9% have metallic foreign bodies. 3.4% have both metallic and non-metallic foreign bodies. There was no significant association between numbers of foreign bodies with age, sex and pregnancy condition. Kahn and Mays (2008) stated that aspiration pneumonia is a pulmonary infection characterized by inflammation and necrosis caused by inhalation of foreign material. The severity of the inflammatory response depends on the material aspirated, the type of bacteria aspirated, and the distribution of aspirated material in the lungs. Aspiration of vomitus or attempts by animals to eat or drink while partially choked can result in aspiration pneumonia as well. It may be unilateral or bilateral. In early stages, the lungs are markedly congested with areas of interlobular edema. Bronchi are hyperemic and full of froth. The pneumonic areas tend to be cone-shaped with the base toward the pleura. Suppuration and necrosis follow, the foci becoming soft or liquefied, reddish brown, and foul smelling. There usually an acute fibrinous pleuritis, often with pleural exudate. FSIS (2009) reported that pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lungs that may be caused by infectious agents, parasites, physical trauma, or foreign material inhalation. Ghurashi et al. (2009) stated that the prevalence of foreign bodies is most likely due to the increased pollution of grazing lands, and may be attributed to the fact that most of the animals are grazing freely, also may be due to the shortage of forages in the dry seasons. **Parasitic infestation: Mange: Demissie et al. (2000) said that mange of sheep and goats is estimated to have killed about 60% of the diseased small ruminant stock (69.3% of sheep and 57.3% of goats). Among small ruminants, goats were found to be more susceptible to the disease than sheep (59.6 and 11.8% of cases, respectively). However, once they are infested, sheep are known to suffer more seriously than goats. Fthenakis et al. (2000) reported that mange mites are the notorious ectoparasites of sheep and are responsible for great economic losses due to damaged skin and

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wool, anemia, poor physical condition, decreased milk and meat production and suboptimal lambing and growth rates. Radostits et al. (2000) stated that Sarcoptes spp. is an important cause of mange in sheep that leads to itch, dermatitis and loose general body condition. Later on, vesicles and papules appear, skin becomes thickened, covered with pale scabs and wool is lost. Falconi et al. (2002) reported that sheep scab, caused by the mite Psoroptes ovis, is a notifiable disease in Switzerland. González-Candela et al. (2004) recorded an outbreak of sarcoptic mange between 1991 and 1995 in Spain; there was a higher infection rate in males (21.9%) than in females (16.6%). The most common locations of lesions were the neck, head, and back. Sargison (2005) stated that sheep scab is a highly contagious and rapidly progressive disease of sheep of all ages, caused by infestation with the non-burrowing mite Psoroptes ovis. Sheep scab usually occurs as a flock outbreak with 100% morbidity. Aatish et al. (2007) detected higher prevalence of mange mite in sheep < 6 month old (6.9%). In mite infested animals, total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin and packed cell volume, was found to be lower, while erythrocyte sedimentation rate and total serum proteins were higher as compared to healthy animals. Additionally, eosinophilia was also observed in infested sheep. Tasawar et al. (2007) recorded that the sex or age of sheep had no effect on prevalence of Psoroptes ovis. Barhoom and Abu Bakr (2008) recorded an outbreak of Sarcoptes scabiei mange occurred in a flock of sheep in Palestine during April to August 2007. Skin lesions were confined to the lips, nostrils, ears and face and characterized by pruritus, erythema, papule, alopecia and formation of scabs. Animals were suffering from emaciation, weakness and reduced milk production. The morbidity rate was 100%. Rahbari et al. (2009) recorded that Sarcoptes scabiei infestation was diagnosed in 278 sheep. The sheep presented crusted skin lesions initially appear on the lips or nostrils, the lesion on nostrils also extend towards around the eyes, the supraorbital fossae and in some cases over entire face. The infested male lambs by mating

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behavior in fatling flocks caused transmitting the infection to fat tail area and scrotum. Barmon et al. (2010) recorded the prevalence of ectoparasites of sheep in Bangladesh from July 2007 to November 2008. Out of the total 120 sheep examined, 95(79.2%) were infested with one or more species of ectoparasites, among them Psoroptes ovis was identified and recorded in rate of 7(5.8%). Cysticercus ovis: Richter and Elmarsdottir (1997) stated that Taenia ovis cysticerci were occasionally found in sheep in Iceland during (1984, 1985, and 1987) but have not been observed since 1992. Adult worms were never found in dogs. FSIS (1998) identified animal infectious conditions that do not render foods unsafe to humans or are unlikely to be transmitted to humans, including C. ovis. They recommended to remove lesion if localized and passes unaffected carcass, while generalized case is condemned or treated to render non-infective. El-Metenawy (1999) studied an abattoir survey at Bureida abattoir, Saudi Arabia. The prevalence of C. ovis was 8(0.64%) out of 3,045 sheep slaughtered. FAO (2000) stated that in heavy infestations of ovine cysticercosis the carcass is condemned. It is commonly considered that an animal is heavily infested if lesions are discovered in two of the usual inspection sites including the masseter muscle, tongue, esophagus, heart, diaphragm or exposed musculature and in two sites during incision into the shoulder and the rounds. Carcasses with C. ovis infestations may not be acceptable for export. Cabrera et al. (2003) carried diagnostic surveys in National slaughtering plants in Uruguay in 1998 on sheep (Ovis aries). 2035 sheep were examined, 1.7% of the animals presented larvae of Taenia ovis in the cardiac muscle. Coates (2004) described C. ovis in slaughtered lambs as numerous white, shiny nodules in heart muscle, masseter muscle, and in random foci of skeletal muscle. Microscopic examination of these structures revealed C. ovis, the intermediate stage of Taenia ovis, which has the dog (rarely, cats) as its final host. In dogs, the ingested tapeworm cysts in muscle tissue develop into the intestinal worms that will later mature and shed eggs.

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Love (2004) reported that sheep measles (C. ovis) are parasitic cyst that can occur in the muscles, especially the heart and diaphragm, of sheep and goats, apparently without ill-effect. These cysts are the larval form of particular tapeworm, Taenia ovis, which occur in the small intestine of dogs. Sheep is intermediate host and become infected when they eat pasture contaminated by feces from dogs carrying the adult form of the tapeworm. Egg can survive on pasture for several months. Dogs are the final or definitive hosts and they are infected by eating raw meat or offal from sheep or goat with sheep measles. Sheridan (2007) stated that C. ovis is the intermediate or larval cystic stage of the parasite, Taenia ovis, which is a common tapeworm of dogs and wild canine species (primary hosts) with sheep and goats being the intermediate hosts. C. ovis cysts are usually found in the heart, diaphragm, esophagus, tongue, head muscles and or in the carcass. The cysts may appear active (clear fluid-filled) or as degenerated firm nodules with a scar/calcified tissue. C. ovis is not transmissible to humans. On routine inspection, the presence of a C. ovis cyst is discovered in the viscera, tongue or carcass, the carcass and head (where present) must be retained for more detailed inspection. The viscera may be condemned or retained and then passed or condemned with the carcass. Abu-Elwafa and Al-Araby (2008) studied the existence of tissue parasites among slaughtered animals in Mansoura abattoir in Dakahlia Province, Egypt. A total number of 133 sheep were examined during the period extended from September 2005 till the end of August 2006. The overall tissue parasites prevalence was 22.56%. Examination of sheep carcasses revealed C. ovis (8.27%). AL-Qureishy (2008) recorded the prevalence of tapeworm infections among sheep slaughtered in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from February 2007 to March 2008. The examination of muscle samples from rump, shoulders and thigh of 1001 sheep revealed Cysticercus ovis in 120 sheep (12%). The highest infection rate (17.5%) was in autumn, and the lowest one (6.2%) was in summer. Christodoulopoulos et al. (2008) investigated the epidemiological status of cysticercosis in sheep and the production practices of sheep farmers that increase the risk of exposure of sheep to infesting agent of this disease in central Greece during 2002–2006. A total of 700 hoggets (sheep up to the age of 1 year) and 1500 adult sheep were examined randomly at an abattoir survey and the prevalence of cysticercosis was found 29.41%. Hoggets had significantly lower prevalence cysticercosis compared to adult sheep. The most common production practices identified in a questionnaire survey of sheep farmers that may increase the risk of exposure of sheep to cysticercosis were the improper disposal of dead animals, the

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access of farm dogs to offal of slaughtered sheep, the carelessness of farmers to treat farm dogs with anthelmintics, and the grazing of flocks in fields where stray dogs have free access. Ibrahim et al. (2008) recorded the prevalence of helminth population in Al-Baha area, Saudi Arabia. A total of 1144 sheep were examined. The prevalence of Cysticercus ovis was (2.97%). Cysticerci were distributed in the shoulders, thigh muscles and rump. Jibat et al. (2008) found that out of 1152 sheep examined at HELMEX abattoir, Ethiopia, 214 (7.9%) hearts and 188 (7%) carcasses were condemned. One of the major causes of condemnation was Cysticercus ovis in rate of 5.6%. OIE (2008) said that Taenia ovis adults in the intestine of dogs and wild canines reach 1–2 meters in length. Commonly detection of up to 2–5 cysts results in trimming and the carcass is passed. Some authorities may require that the meat be boned, trimmed and frozen or cooked. In heavy infections the carcass is condemned. Sissay et al. (2008) studied the prevalence and seasonal incidence of cestode parasite infections of sheep in Eastern Ethiopia for 2 years (May 2003-April 2005). During this period, viscera including liver, lungs, heart, kidneys and the gastro-intestinal tract were collected from 655 sheep slaughtered at four abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya. At the abattoirs the abdominal, thoracic and pelvic cavities as well as the muscle surfaces of all animals were visually examined for the presence of larval (cystic) stages of cestode parasites. The viscera were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University and were examined for larval and adult cestodes. One of the most prevalent metacestodes (larval cestodes) was Cysticercus ovis (Taenia ovis). In sheep, the overall prevalence was 26% for C. ovis. The results of the survey also implies that infections of small ruminants with this metacestodes are responsible for condemnation of substantial quantities of affected organs and muscles and therefore of direct economic importance. Woube (2008) determined C. ovis in Ethiopian sheep hearts at a rate of 6(5.3%), including adult 3(5.3%) and young 3(2.6%). Abu-Elwafa et al. (2009) examined a total number of 151 sheep by the routine meat inspection. They found that the total prevalence of metacestodes infecting sheep carcasses was 31.79%. The prevalence of Cysticercus ovis was 11.26%. Concerning the seasonal dynamics of the revealed parasites, C. ovis reached its

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maximum during summer (17.14%). Heart was the most predilection site for C. ovis infection (82.35%). With respect to age groups, C. ovis is found to infect all investigated animal groups, where the majority of infection is observed in the age group of 1-2 years old (14.56%), followed by animals over 2 years old (5.56%), while younger animals (6-12 months) are found harboring the lowest incidence (3.33%). Concerning sex, males are found more liable to infection with C. ovis than females (11.54 and 9.52%, respectively). Forsythe (2009) said that Taenia ovis eggs can survive from three to six months in the environment and are ingested by sheep while grazing on pasture or while consuming contaminated stored feeds. Lesions in the muscle (Cysticercus ovis) can show up as early as 13 days. FSIS (2009) stated that Cysticercus ovis is not transmissible to man; the definitive hosts are wild carnivores. Grossly carcasses affected with ovine cysticercosis will contain live, dead, or degenerated cysts in the heart, tongue, esophagus, or muscles. The live cyst will appear as a vesicle or small bladder (balloon) filled with fluid. In most cases, the cyst will be dead and degenerated to some extent and will appear as small foci (small localized bodily infection) of fibrotic (hard, thick) tissue that may or may not be calcified and gritty in texture. In addition to these lesions, the associated muscle tissue may be watery or discolored. Jansen et al. (2009) reported that once a lamb is infested there is no treatment that will remove the cysts. The most important control measure is deworming the dog (working, guard or pet) once a month if cysts have been found in sheep carcasses. Additional preventative measures include not feeding raw sheep meat back to dogs. Sheep meat can be frozen at -10°C for 7 days or cooked thoroughly at 72°C to destroy tapeworms in cysts. Producers should also ensure that all dead stock is disposed of properly on-farm to prevent scavenging. Jackman and Hathaway (2010) said that in New Zealand the prevalence of C. ovis detected by meat inspection staff in adult sheep was 2% with only 0.82% of these detained carcasses having sufficient numbers of cysts throughout the musculature to warrant condemnation. Cysticercus tenuicollis: Abu-Elwafa and Al-Araby (2008) detected C. tenuicollis in 14.29% out of 133 sheep slaughtered in Mansoura abattoir in Dakahlia Province, Egypt. Jibat et al. (2008) recorded C. tenuicollis in (5.2%) of sheep in Ethiopia.

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Payan-Carreira et al. (2008) stated that C. tenuicollis is the larval stage of the canine tape worm Taenia hydatigena, the presence of which has been reported in wild and domestic ruminants all over the world. C. tenuicollis is generally seen attached to the omenta, the mesenteries or also found in the liver. In the ewe, tissue lesions have been associated with degenerative cysts or with oncosphere migrations. Unusual locations of the cysticerci of T. hydatigena have been described. The most frequent unusual locations are in the lungs, the kidneys and the brain. Less common locations have been reported to occur in the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina. Senlik (2008) said that the intensity of C. tenuicollis infestations in sheep may be influenced by host breed and sex. Moreover, infested sheep was acquired immunity to reinfection by Taenia hydatigena. The incidence of C. tenuicollis infections in sheep in Bursa, Turkey was (24.1%). The predominant predilection site of cysticerci in infected sheep was omentum (76.9%). Sissay et al. (2008) studied the prevalence and seasonal incidence of cestode parasite infections of sheep in Eastern Ethiopia for 2 years (2003- 2005). During this period, viscera including liver, lungs, heart, kidneys and the gastro-intestinal tract were collected from 655 sheep slaughtered at four abattoirs. One of the most prevalent metacestodes (larval cestodes) was C. tenuicollis (T. hydatigena). In sheep, the overall prevalence was 79% for C. tenuicollis. Woube (2008) observed C. tenuicollis in liver at rate of 10(8.8%) out of 114sheep slaughtered at HELIMEX abattoir in Ethiopia, including adult 7(70%) and young 3(30%). Abu-Elwafa et al. (2009) found C. tenuicollis in (19.21%) out of 151 sheep by the routine meat inspection in Mansoura abattoir, Egypt. Concerning the seasonal dynamics of the revealed parasites, autumn season was the highest season for infection with C. tenuicollis (28.95%); omentum was the most predilection site (65.52%). Concerning sex, female animals were more liable, than male ones (42.86% and 15.38%, respectively). Kara et al. (2009) carried out an abattoir survey on 1,763 sheep slaughtered and examined for the certain helminths in Malatya province, Turkey. In postmortem examinations, the prevalence rate of C. tenuicollis was (12.13%). The larvae are responsible for morbidity and mortality in sheep.

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Jackman and Hathaway (2010) stated that C. tenuicollis cyst is characterized by a long necked fluid filled sac that is usually attached to the abdominal wall, omentum, mesentery or organs especially the liver. It is always subserous and never intramuscular. C. tenuicollis has very occasionally been reported as attached to the diaphragm and is easily observed. Nath et al. (2010) stated that C. tenuicollis is the metacestode of T. hydatigena found attached to different visceral organs such as liver, spleen, lung, omentum, kidney, etc. of sheep. They added that migration of cysticerci in the liver may cause hepatitis cysticercosa leading to hemorrhagic and fibrotic tracts and peritonitis. In heavy infestation the migrating larvae destroy the hepatic cells with eosinophilic infiltration and sever inflammation proves to be fatal. Hydatid cysts: Morris and Richards (1992) stated that Echinococcus granulosus is a parasite of the dog and wolf. Its larva is a Hydatid cyst in sheep and man, and is found in a wide range of anatomical sites such as the lungs, liver, heart, and brain. Oge et al. (1998) recorded the prevalence of Hydatid cysts in a total of 2,484 sheep slaughtered and examined in 3 abattoirs in Ankara province, Turkey. The rate of Hydatid cysts was (5.9%). El-Metenawy (1999) studied an abattoir survey at Bureida abattoir, Saudi Arabia, through the year of 1997, & revealed that 14.9% of 3,045 sheep found to be infested with metacestodes. The prevalence of Hydatid cysts was 65(2.13%). WHO (2001) stated that cystic hydatidosis growth as individual cyst may reach up to 30 cm in diameter and occur most frequently in liver and lungs, but may develop in other internal organs. Capoglu et al. (2002) stated that in animals, Hydatid cyst may be found in almost any part of the body but most often in the liver and lungs. Other organs may include brain, muscles, kidneys, bones, heart and pancreas. Cabrera et al. (2003) detected the prevalence of larval echinococcosis was 7.7% in lambs and 18% in adults. The overall prevalence in the liver was 8.5% and in the lungs 8%. In younger animals 29% of the lesions were calcified, and 71% were hyaline, while in older animals the proportions were 34.4% calcified versus 65.6% hyaline.

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Umur and Kaaden (2003) studied the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered sheep in Turkey. A total of 218 sheep were examined for the cystic echinococcosis. It was found that 26.6% of sheep were infected with this disease. Cysts were mostly found in livers. Omer et al. (2004) reported that in Sudan, sheep seem to harbor calcified or infertile cysts of Echinococcus granulosus. Maraqa (2005) studied and examined the livers of 5,596 sheep (443 local, 473 Romanian and 4,680 Australian) slaughtered in Amman central abattoir during November-December 1999 in routine meat inspection procedures. Local sheep were infected with Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst (20.3%). Australian sheep exhibited a prevalence of 0.6% for E. granulosus. Azlaf and Dakkak (2006) found that the majority of infected sheep (52.1%) had Hydatid cysts in both liver and lungs. the liver was more infected than lungs. Animals more than 5 years old were the most infected. Fadladdin (2006) recorded the prevalence of the cystic echinococcosis in sheep slaughtered in Al-Madina Al- Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia in two years. In the year 1423HD the prevalence was (2.6%) for both local and imported livestock while in year 1424HD the prevalence of the cystic echinococcosis was (1.9%). Echinococcosis remains an international public health challenge. Haridy et al. (2006) recorded the prevalence of hydatidosis in Egyptian official abattoirs (from August 2000 to August 2005) was 0.3% sheep. Lahmar et al. (2007) studied 1,039 sheep in Tunisia in order to assess their infestation with Echinococcus granulosus. The results showed a prevalence of about (40%). Meltem and Erkut (2007) recorded that in Thrace (Turkey), Hydatid cysts were found in 2.64% of 720 lambs (<1 year old) and in 31.8% of 22 sheep (between 1-6 years old). Bell (2008) reported that approximately 70% of Hydatid cysts in sheep are found in the lungs; these lesions are then partially embedded in the lung tissue. Christodoulopoulos et al. (2008) studied the epidemiological status of hydatidosis in sheep in central Greece during 2002–2006. The prevalence of hydatidosis was found (39.32%).

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Ibrahim et al. (2008) examined a total of 1,144 sheep for helminth population in Al-Baha area, Saudi Arabia. Echinococcus granulosus was the most prevalent parasite 17.03% in the Liver, mesenteries and lungs. Jibat et al. (2008) found rate of condemnations due to hydatidosis as 3.4% in sheep slaughtered at HELMEX abattoir, Ethiopia. It was higher in the lungs (3.3%) than in the liver (0.9%). Kadir and Rasheed (2008) studied a total of 40,233 sheep slaughtered in Kirkuk slaughterhouse, Iraq in 2003. The prevalence of Hydatid cyst was (1.17%). In addition to that there was seasonal fluctuation; Hydatid cysts were highest in autumn (1.97%). Sissay et al. (2008) studied the prevalence and seasonal incidence of cestode parasite infections of sheep in Eastern Ethiopia for 2 years (May 2003-April 2005). One of the most prevalent metacestodes (larval cestodes) was Hydatid cysts in rate of (68%). Abu-Elwafa et al. (2009) studied and examined a total number of 151 sheep by the routine meat inspection. The prevalence of Hydatid cyst was (0.66%). Concerning the seasonal dynamics of the revealed parasites, winter season was the highest season for infection with hydatidosis (2.44%). Hydatid cyst is only recovered from liver. Dealing with the prevalence of the revealed parasites in different ages, Hydatid cyst was only detected in aged animals. Concerning sex, the only recorded case of hydatidosis was in a female. Kara et al. (2009) studied a total of 1,763 sheep slaughtered and examined for the certain helminths in Malatya province, Turkey. In postmortem examinations, the prevalence of Hydatid cyst was (9.1%). Nigatu et al. (2009) studied the status of hydatidosis in sheep from May 2005 to December 2006 in Bahir Dar Abattoir, Ethiopia. Hydatid cyst was detected in 36(10.6%) out of 340 sheep slaughtered. Osman et al. (2009) developed a nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay, for detection of intact and calcified Hydatid cysts. Yang et al. (2009) studied hydatidosis in sheep. E. granulosus prevalence appeared to increase with age. In 2004, seventeen sheep aged 10–12 years were necropsied. Within this older-age group, there were 6 animals with infertile cysts and 6 animals

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with fertile cysts having protoscolices. There was an average of 5.8 cysts per infected animal. The fertile cysts were only found in sheep around the age of 10-12 years, possibly because the drop in immunity associated with aging allows the cysts to mature and develop protoscolices. Getaw et al. (2010) recorded the prevalence of hydatidosis in sheep slaughtered at Adama abattoir, Ethiopia from November 2007 to April 2008. A total of 92 sheep were inspected following slaughter. Hydatidosis was prevalent in (29.3%) sheep. In sheep, Hydatid cysts were recovered from 22(55.0%) of the lung, 16(40.0%) of the liver and 2(5.0%) of the spleen while none of the heart and kidney were recorded positive. Ibrahim (2010) studied a total of 6,525 sheep slaughtered and inspected for Hydatid cysts in Al Baha region, Saudi Arabia. The prevalence of infection was 12.61% in sheep. The prevalence of the parasite varied significantly in relation to site, season and host age classes and sex. Spring showed the highest prevalence. The oldest age class was significantly more likely to be infected. A positive correlation was found between intensity of cystic echinococcosis and host age. The most commonly infected organs were liver and lungs which constituted 48.75% and 32.83%, respectively. The higher percentages of fertile cysts were in sheep (47.67%) indicating that sheep is the most important intermediate hosts for E. granulosus. Cysts size ranged from 1 to 8cm in diameter. Fascioliasis: Abu Zinada (1999) recorded prevalence of 40%, 26% and 2% Dicrocoelium dendriticum in Somali, Turkish and Saudi sheep, respectively. This may suggest that D. dendriticum became established among local sheep in Saudi Arabia due to extensive sheep imports. Edwards et al. (1999) inspected 6,732 lambs in Great Britain in 1995/6. One of the most common abnormalities found during postmortem inspection was liver fluke (27%). Liver fluke infestation increased in old aged sheep. Haridy et al. (1999) stated that fascioliasis is now imposing itself as a zoonotic disease in sheep and cattle, during the years 1994 to 1997 the overall slaughtered animals in Egyptian abattoirs was 2,003,200 sheep and goats. The rate of fascioliasis was 2.02% for sheep and goats. Okewole et al. (2000) stated that sheep and goat are very susceptible to acute fasciolosis and the damage results from the immature flukes tunneling through the

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liver parenchyma with extensive tissue damage and hemorrhage that culminate in severe clinical disease and high mortality in the grazing sheep in Africa. Boch (2000) stated that infested livers are unsuitable for human consumption, resulting in the loss of an important source of protein. El-shazly et al. (2002) stated that fascioliasis is an important zoonotic disease. Infected animals are the main source for human fascioliasis. Sheep are the main reservoir host for environmental pollution and human fascioliasis. Lotfy et al. (2002) stated that reports on the species of Fasciola present in the Nile Delta, Egypt, appear controversial. Some authors reported the presence of both Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica; others reported F. gigantica only and mentioned that F. hepatica was found only in imported animals. Morphoanatomic data proved the presence of both species of Fasciola flukes collected from locally bred animals, and isoelectric focusing of fluke soluble protein confirmed the presence of both F. gigantica and F. hepatica in Egypt. Mitchell (2002) linked disease caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica in sheep in Great Britain to summer rainfall which favors fluke development and provides an optimum habitat for the intermediate host, the mud snail Lymnaea truncatula. Theodoropoulos et al. (2002) incriminated Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum in 22% of the total condemned organs in Greece. Cabrera et al. (2003) found that 80(3.9%) liver infested by Fasciola hepatica out of 2,035 sheep inspected during a diagnostic survey carried in National slaughtering plants in Uruguay in 1998. Dittmar and Teegen (2003) reported that Fasciola has relatively high pathological significance. In small ruminants the pathogenesis is partly attributable to the invasive stages in the liver and the blood feeding in the bile ducts by the adults. Njeruh et al. (2004) recorded the prevalence and economic importance of fasciolosis in sheep in Kenya. Out of 1,700,281 sheep slaughtered, 61,955 sheep (3.6%) was infected with Fasciola. The economic loss due to condemnation of infected liver from sheep was US$ 61,995. El-shazly et al. (2005) investigated a total of 4,180 sheep obtained from different localities at Dakahlia, Egypt for Fasciola. The infection rate was the highest in El-Manzalla Center (15.75%) and the lowest was in Mansoura Center (3.25%).

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Maraqa (2005) studied the livers of 5,596 sheep (443 local, 473 Romanian and 4680 Australian) slaughtered in Amman central abattoir during November-December 1999 using routine meat inspection procedures. Sheep originating from Romania showed prevalence rates of (3.2%) for Fasciola hepatica, and (57.5%) for Dicrocoelium dendriticum. Thus, quarantine regulations should address the regulations and careful inspections of live animals to avoid the introduction of exotic parasites. Saba and Korkmaz (2005) stated that fascioliasis can occur worldwide, F. hepatica predominantly lives in the temperate zone, and F. gigantica mainly found in tropical regions. Soundararajan and lyue (2005) recorded an outbreak of pulmonary fasciolosis in sheep due to Fasciola gigantica in lungs of Nilagiri sheep in India. Ansari-Lari and Moazzeni (2006) determine the prevalence of liver fluke disease among 577,090 sheep slaughtered in Iran during 1999 to 2004. Fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis were responsible for (54% and 21%) of total liver condemnations, respectively. The prevalence of liver condemnations due to fasciolosis was decreased from (3.20%) in 1999 to (0.59%) in 2003. Mungube et al. (2006) estimated the prevalence and economic losses caused by F. gigantica in sheep in Kenya. Liver condemnation rate was (5.2%). Boray (2007) stated that there is no evidence of any acquired resistance to Fasciola hepatica in sheep. Acute and chronic fasciolosis can occur at any age. Chronic fasciolosis is the most common form of liver fluke infection in sheep. It occurs when the parasites reach the bile ducts in the liver. The fluke ingests blood, which produces severe anemia & chronic inflammation and enlargement of the bile ducts. da Cunha et al. (2007) recorded the prevalence of Fasciola hepatica among sheep in Brazil, for years 2000 to 2005. Liver condemnation amounted to 14.57% in 2000, 10.14% in 2001, 10.96% in 2002, 9.96% in 2003, 5.42% in 2004, and 2.27% in 2005. The overall prevalence of liver condemnation due to F. hepatica corresponded to 8.87%. El-Dakhly et al. (2007) examined 487 sheep liver in Beni-Suef slaughterhouse, Egypt. 2% of liver were infested with adult Fasciola gigantica. Most of the infested livers were dark brown in color, hard and tough in consistency.

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Ibrahim et al. (2008) studied a total of 1,144 sheep for helminth population for in Al-Baha area, Saudi Arabia. The prevalence of fascioliasis in liver was 48(4.2%).The prevalence of Fasciola hepatica was 0.17 % while the prevalence of Fasciola gigantica was 4.02 % in the livers. Jibat et al. (2008) reported that Fasciola spp. was responsible for 48.6% of liver condemnation at HELMEX abattoir, Ethiopia. Kadir and Rasheed (2008) recorded the prevalence of liver flukes in 40,233 sheep slaughtered in Karkuk slaughterhouse, Iraq in 2003. The prevalence of liver flukes was (0.5%). In addition to that there was seasonal fluctuation; the prevalence of liver flukes was highest in winter (0.88%). Movassagh-Ghazani et al. (2008) recorded in Iran the prevalence rate of F. hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum as 8.57% and 20%, respectively. Woube (2008) determined fasciolosis in liver of sheep at a rate of 7% in HELIMEX abattoir, Ethiopia. Kara et al. (2009) observed the prevalence of Fasciola hepatica was 4.42% and the prevalence of D. dendriticum was 3.85% among 1,763 sheep slaughtered in Turkey. Kumar et al. (2009) recorded two outbreaks of fasciolosis in sheep in Punjab. Out of 675 animals at the farm, 275 were critically ill and 155 reported dead. Clinically, sheep were with signs of icterus, submandibular edema and some of the animals had diarrhea. Fecal sample examination was positive for Fasciola eggs. Necropsy revealed slightly pale carcass, severe hepatic changes including traumatic destruction of the liver parenchyma, hemorrhages and necrosis. Fasciola gigantica immature flukes were seen in the cut surface of the liver. Ahmadi and Meshkehkar (2010) reported liver fluke infestations over 9 years (1999–2008) in Iran. The prevalence was 28.7% out of 2,490,742 sheep slaughtered. High prevalence in sheep slaughtered during winter. Alawa et al. (2010) detected fascioliasis in 16.2 % out of 1,763 sheep slaughtered in the period (2000–2005) in Nigeria. Amer et al. (2010) identified Fasciola spp. in sheep in Egypt. The results indicated that sheep were prone to Fasciola hepatica (8 out of 10 animals) more than Fasciola gigantica infection.

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Baird (2010) reported that severe, chronic fasciolosis was diagnosed in a ten-month-old Suffolk lamb. At necropsy the lamb was very thin and the abdomen was distended by more than 20 liters of clear, yellow fluid. The liver appeared to be loosely wrapped in multiple layers of fibrin and was small, pale, distorted and firm. The surface of the liver was irregular with scattered foci of hemorrhage. Hussein and Khalifa (2010) stated that F. hepatica has not encountered in sheep in Qena governorate, Egypt. Migrating parasites: Gillespie and Hawkey (1995) stated that lambs can be infected with Toxocara canis larvae as a paratenic host. The larvae reach the liver and are dormant in the liver parenchyma. They move slowly from place-to-place within the liver, or migrate to the lungs and other tissues, which is called as visceral larva migrans. Kaufmann (1996) reported that migration of Cysticercus tenuicollis cysticerci in the liver parenchyma may cause hemorrhagic-fibrotic lesions and peritonitis. Kaufmann (1996) reported that Stilesia hepatica, a cestode occur occasionally in the bile duct of small ruminants. Heavy burdens were associated with cirrhosis. Herschel and Carpenter (1998) said that the migrating parasites may physically introduce bacteria into the biliary tree during their migration from the duodenum. Shalaby et al. (1999) reported that when the eggs of the tapeworm E. granulosus are ingested by the intermediate hosts like sheep and human, the larva migrate through the intestinal wall and penetrate the organs, mostly liver and lungs. Safioleas et al. (2000) stated that E. granulosus eggs liberate their larvae in the duodenum of the intermediate host (sheep or human). The larvae cross the intestinal wall and via the portal system migrate to the liver, where they are transformed into cysts. Thus, the liver is the organ most frequently infected by this parasite (50%-90%). Some larvae may pass through the liver and settle in the lungs and other organs (central nervous system, bones). Samuel et al. (2001) reported that migration tracks were found in the liver infected with Taenia hydatigena migrating larvae.

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Kara (2005) stated that C. tenuicollis the larval stage of T. hydatigena; during the life cycle, the oncosphere penetrates the small intestine and migrate to soft tissues such as the omentum and lungs. During its migration, the cyst damages the visceral organs, especially the liver resulting in condemnation during meat inspection. Yildirim et al. (2006) recorded a case of acute hepatitis cysticercosa and pneumonitis cysticercosa in a lamb caused by migrating C. tenuicollis, the intermediate stage of T. hydatigena, in the liver and lung tissue of intermediate hosts like sheep. Parasitological and pathological examinations were performed on the liver and lung tissue samples of a one month old lamb that had died in a herd of Karadayi village, Kayseri (Turkey). After the examination, hepatitis cysticercosa and parasitic verminous pneumonia (Pneumonitis cysticercosa) were diagnosed. Boray (2007) reported that young flukes penetrate the liver capsule and migrate through the liver tissue for six to seven weeks before entering the bile ducts to become adult flukes. El-Dakhly et al. (2007) examined a total number of 487 livers of sheep in Beni-Suef slaughterhouse, Egypt. Ten sheep were infected with adult Fasciola gigantica. Microscopically, all Fasciola-infected livers showed different grades of biliary cirrhosis in the main and the neighboring bile ducts and bile ductules. Kaya et al. (2007) found that in gross finding of fascioliasis, the liver was shrunken, firm and light brown. The liver capsule was thickened and pale greyish-white in color. Numerous yellowish-white migratory tracks were observed on the surface and cut surface of the liver. There was common fibrosis and diffuse cirrhosis. The liver was heavily infected with F. hepatica. There were numerous young flukes of different sizes in the parenchyma and adults in the main bile ducts. Southwell et al. (2008) reported that the damage to organs is caused by migration of the parasite through the various tissues. Damage may only be temporary but sometimes permanent problems occur. Often tissue damage leads to invasion by foreign bacteria such as the clostridials. Salam et al. (2009) reported that migration of flukes results in thrombus formation in hepatic veins that leads to ischemia. Webber (2009) stated that Fasciola hepatica (sheep liver fluke) migration and residence in the liver cause extensive damages, leading to fibrosis and cirrhosis of sheep liver.

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Jackman and Hathaway (2010) reported that parasitism of adult sheep by Fasciola hepatica is not uncommon in New Zealand and the immature flukes reach the liver after migrating via the intestinal wall and peritoneal cavity. Nath et al. (2010) stated that migration of cysticerci in the liver may cause hepatitis cysticercosa leading to hemorrhagic and fibrotic tracts and serofibrinous peritonitis. In heavy infection the migrating larvae destroy the hepatic cells with eosinophilic infiltration and sever inflammation proves to be fatal. In some cases peritonitis is also seen with the usual consequence like ascites, high temperature and ultimate death. Ahmadi et al. (2010) stated that Dicrocoelium dendriticum is common parasites of herbivores in many parts of Iran. In chronic infections, this parasite causes biliary cirrhosis in liver of sheep and leads to economic losses. Eosinophilic myositis: Jensen et al. (1986) recorded and evaluated seven ovine carcasses condemned due to eosinophilic myositis. The ovine carcasses had multiple, small, disseminated lesions in tongue, esophagus, heart, diaphragm and skeletal muscles. Mugera (2000) stated that eosinophilic myositis, a diffuse chronic inflammation with fibrosis seen in individual muscles or entire muscle group. The muscles are enlarged, feel very firm and exhibit streaky greyish-white areas, or in many case a light green coloration. The regional lymph nodes are swollen. The cause of the condition is not known but is usually associated with sarcosporidial cysts. Van Dijk et al. (2007) stated that postmortem finding of eosinophilic myositis included elevated, pale greenish areas, indicative of infiltration of many eosinophilic granulocytes. Kahn and Mays (2008) reported that eosinophilic myositis in Sheep, a focal myonecrosis associated with large numbers of eosinophilic granulocytes. Sudden deaths in cattle and sheep may involve concurrent myocarditis. The cause is unknown in some instances, but the presence of degenerate Sarcocystis spp. in the center of some of the necrotic lesions suggests that they may be implicated. FSIS (2009) stated that eosinophilic myositis is characterized by large numbers of eosinophilic granulocytes associated with myonecrosis. The cause of the condition has not been determined although two theories could explain the condition, Sarcocystis spp. and allergic reaction.

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**Renal affections: Confer and Panciera (1995) stated that renal infarcts are areas of coagulative necrosis that result from ischemia due to vascular occlusion due to thrombosis or septic emboli. Wilson and Griffith (1997) found that chronic infarcts of the kidney in sheep as a sequel of mycotic thrombosis in sheep implanted with biomedical cardiac devices. Cheville (1999) stated that infarction is a local area of necrosis caused by ischemia due to obstruction in the arterial supply or venous drainage. At necropsy, infarctions of the kidney are usually white (ischemic) and are clearly demarcated from the surrounding normal tissue. Edwards et al. (1999) studied a total of 6,732 lambs from 30 different farms in Great Britain. One of the most common abnormalities found during postmortem inspection was nephritis in rate of 1,818(27%). Radostitis et al. (2000) stated that embolic nephritis occurs after septicemia or bacteremia when bacteria lodge in renal tissue. Mathur et al. (2001) stated that administration of fumonisin, group of naturally occurring mycotoxins produced primarily by two fungi, Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum, induces hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in sheep. Scott et al. (2001) recorded urinary retention caused by a vaginal stricture following dystocia in a Scottish ewe. Postmortem finding included severe purulent cystitis and marked hydronephrosis in both kidneys. Han and Canpolat (2003) studied urinary system disorders in sheep in Turkey.109 out 800 sheep (12%) were determined to possess urinary system disorders which was determined to cause the loss of the productivity of meat and milk in the sheep. The rate of uroliths; hydronephrosis; pyelonephritis and ruptured urinary bladder were 27%; 9%; 9% and 3%, respectively. Ansari-Lari (2007) recorded the condemnation rate of sheep kidneys in an abattoir in Shiraz, Iran during March 1999 to March 2004. A total of 577,090 sheep were slaughtered and 1.1% kidneys were condemned. Nephritis was responsible for 25% of total condemned kidneys.

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Bani Ismail et al. (2007) studied a 2-year-old Suffolk ram with ruptured urethra due to complete obstruction by calculi. At necropsy the carcass was in fair body condition. Both kidneys were enlarged up to twice the normal size. The capsule of the right kidney was tightly adhered to the renal cortex and both capsules were thickened. Both kidneys contained multifocal, raised, hemorrhagic infarcts extending wedge-shaped into the medulla. The pelvis of both kidneys was distended with large amounts of purulent fluid (hydronephrosis and pyelonephritis). Duhlmeier et al. (2007) state that urinary calculi formation (calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, silica and struvite stones) usually results from a combination of physiological, nutritional and management factors, and is mainly attributed to excessive or imbalanced intake of minerals. Aggregation of minerals and development of uroliths can occur in the kidneys, the ureters, the urethra and the urinary bladder. Ramin et al. (2007) stated that diarrhea, renal failure and pregnancy toxemia cause clinical uremia. Jibat et al. (2008) determined out of 1,152 sheep examined, 184 (6.8%) kidneys were condemned. One of the major causes of kidney condemnation was nephritis (48.4%). Kahn and Mays (2008) stated that kidney infection (pyelonephritis) is usually due to ascending bacteria, although hematogenous spread is possible. Renoliths and ureteroliths, which impede the normal flow of urine out of the renal pelvis, are a common cause. The most common causative agents are the Corynebacterium renale group of bacteria, including C. renale, C. cystitidis, and C. pilosum, as well as Escherichia coli. The latter is most often seen in chronic cases and may be an opportunist following the corynebacterial infection. Other organisms that may be involved include, but are not limited to, staphylococci and streptococci. Riet-Correa et al. (2008) reported that urolithiasis is a common disease in the Brazilian semiarid in rams fed with grains, mainly with low Ca: P ratio. From 28 rams with urolithiasis sent to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Paraíba, 19 died and 9 survived. At necropsy the main lesions were hydronephrosis, urinary bladder rupture and renal rupture. The severity of the lesions is responsible for the high case fatality rate as a result of uremia.

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Woube (2008) observed nephritis at a rate of 12(10.5%) out of 114 sheep slaughtered in HELIMEX abattoir, Ethiopia. Nephrosis was observed also at a rate of (1.8%). Daoust (2009) stated that renal infarcts have a typical triangular (wedge) shape due to thrombosis/thromboembolism of renal vessels result in the renal tissue undergoes coagulative necrosis; this can be accompanied by suppuration and abscessation if the material causing thrombosis is infected. The size of the infarct depends on the size of the affected vessel. FSIS (2009) described pyelonephritis as ascending infection resulting in accumulation of pus in the ureters, renal pelvis, medulla and/or cortex; while nephritis is an inflammatory condition of the kidneys. Etiologies may include infectious agents, parasites, or toxins. Postmortem findings may include inflammation, enlargement, pathological hemorrhage, color change or multiple abscesses of entire kidney. They added that uremia is an intoxication caused by the accumulation of waste materials in the blood which is normally excreted through the kidneys. Muscles have uriniferous odor. Mozaffari et al. (2009) recorded that an outbreak of industrial chronic copper poisoning in Iranian fat-tailed sheep in a region of Southeast Iran. At least 10,000 out of 75,000 sheep (13.3%) originating from 50 flocks died over a period of 3 years. The copper concentrations in water and pasture plant samples around the factory were very high. They suggested that water and pasture plants were the sources of intoxication. The environmental pollution by a copper smelter factory in the region was the source of intoxication. Chronic copper intoxication through inhalation and ingestion may result in severe economic losses and a public health hazard. Necropsy finding included black cortex of the kidney in hemolysis crisis, capsule thickening, glomerulonephritis and brown pigment of lipofuscin due to hemolysis. Oruc et al. (2009) found that necropsy findings in chronic Cu toxicosis include tissues that are discolored by methemoglobin, gunmetal-colored kidneys as manifestations of the hemolytic crisis. Philbey et al. (2009) found that in postmortem examination of renal dysplasia, the kidney was small, pale and firm, with marked fibrosis and sometimes contraction of the capsule.

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Alawa et al. (2010) studied a total of 1,763 sheep slaughtered in the period (2000–2005) at the Zango abattoir, Nigeria. One of the disease conditions encountered was nephritis in the rate of 0.05%. Baird (2010) recorded a case of pyelonephritis and hydronephrosis in Scottish blackface male lamb. On postmortem examination, both kidneys were markedly enlarged with dilated renal pelvises and purulent material in the medullary areas. It was considered that the pyelonephritis may have been secondary to an obstruction due to urinary calculi. However the hydronephrosis could have followed an obstruction caused by purulent material from the pyelonephritis. Jackman and Hathaway (2010) said that hydronephrosis is a condition that results from mechanical obstruction to the flow of urine through the ureter which results in dilation of the ureter and renal pelvis, with the formation of a large thin-walled cyst containing urine. Almost all cases of hydronephrosis detected are unilateral and of no consequence to the disposition of the carcass. Regarding uremia, it may be a consequence of nephritis, usually detected by a strong urinous carcass odor and will result in condemnation of the carcass and viscera. Jackman and Hathaway (2010) stated that abnormal color is occasionally seen and most involve an almost black kidney which is believed to be an accumulation of bilirubin. VinodhKumar et al. (2010) stated that urolithiasis is a common disease of ruminants caused by formation calculi in the urinary tract with subsequent blockage to urine outflow consequently leading to uremia and death. The highest occurrence of urolith in male may be due to anatomical feature of urinary tract (urethral process). **Hepatic affections: Black et al. (1988) reported that in sheep, cobalt or vitamin B12 deficiency may result in a clinical syndrome termed white liver disease. Ulvand (1990) said that sheep with white liver disease, the liver is diffusely pale, tan to gray and becomes firm. Kennedy et al. (1994) stated that in ovine white liver disease the livers of the lambs become pale, swollen and friable through the accumulation of lipids.

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Jones et al. (1997) reported that postmortem finding of C. perfringens type A (yellow lamb disease), lesions include friable and enlarged liver. Ogilvie (1998) stated that massive exposure to aflatoxin causes hepatocellular necrosis. Beasley (1999) reported that Aflatoxins, secondary mold metabolites, produced by some strains of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus are potent hepatotoxins and hepatocarcinogens. Gross hepatic lesions, in subacute toxicity was friable liver, while in chronic toxicity liver showed fibrosis. Gracey et al. (1999) stated that cavernous hemangioma (plum pudding liver) is very common in old cows. Affected livers present circumscribed, bluish-black areas, irregular in shape and varying in size from pinpoint to several centimeters scattered throughout the liver parenchyma. The lesions consist of dilated sinusoids filled with blood and lined with epithelium. They are depressed beneath the surrounding liver tissue and, on section, appear as cavities with network of residual stroma. The condition has been observed in sheep. The etiology is obscure but a feeding factor combined with Fusarium necrophorus has been suggested. Slightly affected livers may be passed for food after trimming but severely affected one must be condemned. Herenda et al. (2000) stated that telangiectasis in liver found in cattle, sheep and horses. It is more frequent in older cows. The liver lesions are bluish black and irregular with depressed surfaces and dilated blood filled hepatic sinusoids. A cause of hepatic telangiectasis is thought to be local ischemia. For judgment, slightly affected liver is approved after appropriate trimmings, while extensively affected liver requires condemnation. Herenda et al. (2000) found that in rift valley fever in lambs, the liver had necrosis (liver may be mottled grey or reddish-brown to bright yellow in color). Radostitis et al. (2000) reported that gross pathology of gossypol poisoning in sheep revealed generalized edema, included high protein fluid in all serous cavities, and hepatomegaly. Fan (2001) reported that sheep appear to be more susceptible to poisoning by herbicide. Gross necropsy showed swollen and friable livers.

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Sargison et al. (2001) reported that cobalt deficiency is a common problem in hill lambs in UK, and has been associated with white liver disease which is characterized by the presence of fatty liver changes. Crawford (2002) stated that cirrhosis is the end-stage of chronic hepatitis and is defined as a diffuse process characterized by fibrosis of the liver and the conversion of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules, and the presence of portal-central vascular anastomosis. Pérez et al. (2002) stated that liver fibrosis is characterized by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components, which lead to the impairment of the hepatic function. West et al. (2002) reported that infection by Salmonella spp. causing an enlarged fatty liver with an extended gall bladder. Valentine and McDonough (2003) recorded an old ewe with B-cell leukemia; postmortem findings included a diffusely enlarged dark-red friable liver. Menzies et al. (2004) stated that Cobalt deficiency, vitamin E deficiency, pregnancy toxemia, toxicosis and negative energy balance were recorded as causes of hepatic lipidosis in sheep. Pulina and Bencini (2004) found that postmortem lesions in pregnancy toxemia include friable liver. Bishop (2005) said that administration of corticosteroid may result in hepatomegaly with concurrent raised serum-hepatic enzyme concentration. Kusiluka and Kambarage (2006) stated that acute fasciolosis is characterized by the presence of a blood-tinged fluid in the peritoneal cavity, fibrinous exudate covering the liver surface and hepatomegaly. Aitken (2007) found that post mortem finding in acute lupinosis (plant poisoning) include enlarged friable fatty liver. In subacute and chronic cases, liver cirrhosis was evident. Aslani et al. (2007) stated that pathological finding of sheep which is intoxicated with castor bean revealed severe gastroenteritis, cardiac and hepatic necrosis and acute tubular necrosis in kidneys.

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El-Dakhly et al. (2007) stated that the parasite facilitates the way to the secondary bacterial infection with the end results of hepatic tissue degeneration and necrosis. Such bacteria are Enterococci, Staphylococci, and Escherichia. Warner et al. (2007) stated that in cirrhosis of the liver, the end-stage of progressive liver fibrosis, the architecture of the liver is disrupted due to the replacement of normal tissue with scar tissue and the growth of regenerating nodules. This results in major changes to hepatic perfusion, increased resistance to portal blood flow and impaired liver function. Kahn and Mays (2008) reported that leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease of domestic animals and wildlife, caused by spirochete bacteria; Necropsy included swollen, pale, and friable liver with minute areas of focal necrosis. Mostaghni et al. (2008) induced hypothyroidism in12 Iranian sheep by giving thiourea 50 mg/kg body mass daily for 4 weeks. Necropsy finding included friable liver. Romich (2008) found that in acute fascioliasis, there is extensive liver damage and the liver becomes friable. While in chronic cases, fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver tissues and calcification of bile ducts were noticed. Woube (2008) observed liver calcification at a rate of 14% in Ethiopian sheep slaughtered at HELIMEX abattoir. ADSN (2009) reported that vitamin B12 deficiency and ovine white liver disease was diagnosed as the cause of death in 30 lambs in Australia. Postmortem examination showed emaciated carcass and pale friable liver. Histologically, there was diffuse hepatic lipidosis. Connolly et al. (2009) stated that hepatic fibrosis occurs during most chronic liver diseases and is driven by inflammatory responses to injured tissue. Mamak and Aytekin (2009) recorded fatal adverse reactions of enterotoxaemia (Cl. perfringens type D-producing E-toxin) vaccine in Awassi sheep flock in Turkey. Grossly, all ewes and lambs had similar changes. The dead animals had good body condition. In necropsy the liver was friable & contained multiple, small, randomly distributed foci of necrosis. Oruc et al. (2009) found that in necropsy findings of chronic Cu toxicosis the liver is usually enlarged and friable.

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Alawa et al. (2010) studied a total of 1,763 sheep slaughtered in the period (2000–2005) in Nigeria. Liver cirrhosis was detected in rate of 2.08%. Jackman and Hathaway (2010) stated that generalized conditions such as bacteremia, septicemia and toxemia will often result in parenchymatous degeneration. Changes in size, color, consistency and structure are important indicators when differentiating between localized and systemic conditions. The liver may exhibit cloudy swelling or even fatty degeneration with more severe injury. There are often many small foci of infection and in severe cases; the liver may be soft and pulpy with numerous areas of necrosis. OIE (2010) stated that in rift valley fever in sheep lesions included enlargement and discoloration of liver with focal or generalized hepatic necrosis. Talwani et al. (2011) said that liver plays an important role in host defense against invasive microorganisms. The effect of microbial pathogens on the liver can vary greatly, presenting with a wide variety of manifestations from asymptomatic, increases in aminotransaminases, acute liver failure, hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. **Pulmonary disorders: Green et al. (1995) inspected 3,718 lambs from three flocks in Southwest England. Pneumonia was the most frequent lesion observed with 10–15% of the lung tissue affected in the majority of lambs observed in thoracic organs. Cutlip et al. (1996) found that lesions induced by Pasteurella haemolytica in sheep consisted primarily of pulmonary hyperemia, edema, and hemorrhage in ventral parts of all lobes of the lungs, with fibrinous pleuritis and pericarditis in some lambs. Some had an estimated 10-50 ml of serous fluid in the thoracic cavity. Mediastinal and bronchial lymph nodes were enlarged 2-3 times and edematous. Martin (1996) reported that Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica is the most commonly isolated microorganism in cases of ovine pneumonia in both adults and lambs. This microorganism is considered responsible for acute fibrinous pleuropneumonia, sometimes in combination with viral agents (Parainfluenza virus type 3). In subacute or chronic forms Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae can be also involved.

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Edwards et al. (1999) said that, pneumonia was one of the most common abnormalities found in postmortem inspection of 6,732 lambs slaughtered in Great Britain. Scott (2000) recorded extensive fibrinous pleurisy associated with Streptococcus dysgalactiae mastitis in two ewes. Alley (2002) stated that acute pneumonia has also been referred to as acute fibrinous pneumonia, acute necrotizing pneumonia, acute exudative pneumonia or pneumonic pasteurellosis. On postmortem examination fibrinous exudates are present in the thoracic cavity with variable amounts of swollen, dark red consolidation occurring mainly in the cranioventral lobes. The remainder of the lung becomes congested and may contain hemorrhages. Bruere et al. (2002) reported that chronic non-progressive pneumonia is a subclinical form of pneumonia occurring more commonly in lambs or hoggets between 3 and 10 months of age and caused by Pasteurella haemolytica. West et al. (2002) reported that parasitic pneumonia is generally recognizable in sheep with Dictyocaulus filaria usually causing small brown areas of bronchopneumonia. These lungworms usually affect the diaphragmatic or caudal lobes whereas enzootic pneumonia is mainly confined to the anterior and ventral lobes. Goodwin-Ray (2006) stated that pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura resulting in fibrous adhesions between the lung and the chest wall. He added that pleurisy lesions never resolve completely and permanent fibrous scars remain on the lungs and the parietal pleura. Odugbo et al. (2006) studied 126 (9.4%) out of 1,335 pneumonic lung samples of sheep collected over a 4-year period were positive for Pasteurella multocida. Ettorre et al. (2007) studied lungs of 156 sheep age less than 12 months during the period from December 2002 to April 2003 at the Teramo abattoirs, Italy. Anatomopathological lesions were interstitial pneumonia and reddish areas of atelectasis. Microbial isolation revealed the presence of Mycoplasma spp. in 15 cases (9.6%). Of these, 5 were also positive for M. haemolytica. Most of the remaining samples presented aspecific microbial flora or were sterile. 15 cases were positive M. ovipneumoniae.

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Ezzi et al. (2007) studied a total of 10,129 lung tissue of sheep slaughtered at the Ziaran abattoir, Iran during 2005-2006, and found that 257 (2.54%) were pneumonic. Bell (2008) reported that in parasitic pneumonia, potentially pathogenic lungworms that can be found in sheep include Dictyocaulus filaria; Protostrongylus rufescens and Muellerius capillaris. Goodwin-Ray et al. (2008) recorded lesions of moderate-to-severe pneumonia in 1,899,556 lambs submitted to three New Zealand abattoirs between December 2000 and September 2001. The average prevalence of pneumonia ranged between (7% and 13%), by abattoir. Jibat et al. (2008) studied the rate of organs and carcasses condemned at HELMEX abattoir in Ethiopia from December 2005 to June 2006. One of the major causes of condemnation was pneumonia 63.2%. Woube (2008) determined pneumonia at a rate of 48(42.1%), including adult 7(6.1%) and young 27(24%). Alawa et al. (2010) studied a total of 1,763 sheep slaughtered in Nigeria. Disease conditions encountered included pneumonia 0.14% and pleuropneumonia 0.01%. El-Tahawy (2010) said that the prevalence of pneumonia in lamb in Egypt was 18%, and the condition was particularly prevalent during autumn. Kerr (2010) stated that vomiting, improper oral administration of medications or any other situation that causes foreign objects to enter the airway may result in pneumonia. Marrie (2010) defined pneumonia as the major manifestation of Q fever in some countries. It is mild to moderate in severity, and mortality is unusual. It can occur as sporadic or outbreak cases. Mellau et al. (2010) determined pneumonia as the main leading cause of lung condemnations at the rates of 2.43% in sheep. Panayotova-Pencheva and Alexandrov (2010) investigated lungs of 15 sheep from Bulgaria with natural small lung worm infestations. Lung lesions in the sheep with Muellerius capillaris infection are rarely nodular and represent extensive, diffusely congested, grey areas.

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**Black leg & Pulpy Kidney: Richardsona et al. (1996) said that clostridial infections represent the most important bacterial diseases in sheep. Payne and Oyston (1997) reported that epsilon toxin is the most potent clostridial toxin produced by Cl. perfringens types B and D mainly isolated from sheep and lambs. They are responsible for producing severe and rapidly fatal enterotoxaemia: Cl. perfringens type B enterotoxaemia infection of lambs causes lamb dysentery while type D enterotoxaemia causes pulpy kidney disease in sheep and lambs. Mortality rates in both diseases can be as high as 100% and their outbreak is of great economic importance wherever animals are raised intensively. Neither disease is transmissible, but sporadic outbreaks occur when the microbial balance of the gut is disrupted, for example after antibiotic treatment or by changes in diet. Pulpy kidney disease is often associated with a change from a poor to a rich diet, accompanied by excessive eating. Such overeating causes considerable quantities of undigested, starch rich food to pass from the rumen into the small intestine. The nutritious, anaerobic environment generated allows the multiplication of Cl. perfringens, resulting in up to 10 viable clostridia per gram of ileal contents and the production of high levels of e-toxin. di Genaro et al. (1999) reported that Clostridium chauvoei is an anaerobic and sporulated bacterium which produces blackleg in sheep and other ungulates. Herenda et al. (2000) stated that postmortem findings in blackleg disease of sheep included subcutaneous edema particularly noted around head. Affected muscle is dark brown, dry and sponge like or moist. A pungent odor is noted. Less gas is formed than in cattle. Tongue, heart muscle and/or diaphragm may be blackish red. Serosanguineous and hemorrhagic fluid in body cavities and pericardial sac, and edema of lungs. Herenda et al. (2000) stated that postmortem findings in pulpy kidney disease of sheep included large amount of clear, straw colored pericardial fluid, petechial hemorrhages of the heart muscle, congestion of the abomasal and intestinal mucosae and liver, soft pulpy kidneys a few hours after death is characteristic of this disease, overload of the rumen and abomasum with concentrate, hemorrhage and edema in sheep brain, and rapid decomposition of the carcass. Pugh (2002) stated that clostridial myonecrosis is not contagious, but often occur in outbreaks in sheep because the predisposing conditions affect many animals

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simultaneously. Infection is usually associated with wounds from castration, dehorning, tail docking, shearing, dystocia, or injection. Cl. chauvoei is ubiquitous and present in the soil and is frequently identified in the gastrointestinal tract. Robinson and Huxtable (2003) stated that blackleg in sheep is more frequently associated with wounds such as those from shearing, docking and wounds associated with fighting. The lesion in muscle is a necrotizing myositis following the elaboration of hemolytic necrotizing exotoxins by Clostridium chauvoei. The affected area in muscle is dark red-brown to black and often contain small gas bubbles. There is often much edema fluid present at the periphery of the lesion. Uzal (2004) reported that Cl. perfringens produces disease in sheep, goats and other animal species, most of which are generically called enterotoxemias. This micro-organism can be a normal inhabitant of the intestine of most animal species including humans, but when the intestinal environment is altered by sudden changes in diet or other factors; Cl. perfringens proliferates in large numbers and produces several potent toxins that are absorbed into the general circulation or act locally with usually devastating effects on the host. Kusiluka and Kambarage (2006) stated that at necropsy in pulpy kidney disease, the carcass is in good condition and no gross changes are observed in the peracute disease. The acute syndrome is characterized by presence of a clear straw colored fluid in the pericardial sac which rapidly clots on exposure to air, patchy congestion of the abomasal and intestinal mucosa and, presence of custard ingesta in the intestines. Diffuse petechial hemorrhages occur on the peritoneal surface of the abomasum and intestines. Petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages also occur in the muscles of the flank, muscular portion of the diaphragm, epicardium and in the thymus. There is rapid decomposition of the carcass and purple discoloration of hairless areas of the body. The small intestine is distended with gas. A dark congested liver with hemorrhagic spots on its surface and gelatinous or blood-tinged pericardial fluid are observed a few hours after death. The kidney has a mottled appearance, soft consistency and the cortex is jelly-like or semi-fluid (pulpy kidney). Nephrosis, congestion of the renal cortex and rupture of capillaries occur. In young animals terminal rupture of the abomasum has been reported. Useh et al. (2006) said that high annual rainfall has been associated with increased outbreaks of the blackleg disease in ruminants. Gokce et al. (2007) examined 260 dead sheep in Kars province, Pakistan with suspected enterotoxemia, (84.61%) of sheep were positive for Cl. perfringens toxins using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

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Kahn and Mays (2008) reported that necropsy may reveal only a few hyperemic areas on the intestine and a fluid-filled pericardial sac. This is particularly the case in young lambs. In older animals, hemorrhagic areas on the myocardium may be found as well as petechiae and ecchymosis of the abdominal muscles and serosa of the intestine. Bilateral pulmonary edema and congestion frequently occur but usually not in young lambs. The rumen and abomasum contain an abundance of feed, and undigested feed often is found in the ileum. Rapid postmortem autolysis of the kidneys has led to the popular name, pulpy kidney disease; however, pulpy kidneys are by no means always found in affected young lambs and are seldom found in affected goats or cattle. Sathish and Swaminathan (2008) stated that Clostridium chauvoei is the etiologic agent of black leg, a high mortality rate disease affecting mainly cattle and sheep. Carcasses of animals affected by the disease are the chief source of soil infection and considered as an ever-present threat to livestock health. These microorganisms may be a potential contaminant of carcasses and widespread in soil of abattoir environments. The information of area-specific distribution of Cl. chauvoei strains and its toxin characteristics may give an efficient program in protecting ruminants. Javed et al. (2009) recorded 10 dead animals including eight in lambs, one in goat kid and one in calf during subtropical summer at a local farm. The weather was hot and humid with rain occurring during the period. The history suggests an association of weather and concentrate/lush green diet/fodder with occurrence of the disease. The most consistent clinical signs reported were no interest in feeding, herding in a corner with head down, and diarrhea of low degree. At postmortem examination, the most consistent findings were swollen soft kidneys, hydropericardium, congested and edematous lungs, congested liver, myocardial hemorrhages and ballooning of intestines. The deaths in these animals were probably due to enterotoxaemia type D. Useh et al. (2010) reported that blackleg is an endemic disease in both developed and developing countries and is a well-known cause of financial loss to raisers in many parts of the world. The disease is prevalent in the United States of America, India and other parts of Asia and Europe, Latin America, and Africa. **Tumors: Damjanov and Linder (1996) reported that possible etiologic factors, as hereditary, parasites, plant poisons, chemical carcinogens, viruses and mycotoxins (aflatoxin) have been implicated in the causes of hepatocellular carcinoma.

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Herenda et al. (2000) stated that a tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue which grows without control and uncoordinated with the tissue or organs of origin or those nearby. It arose either by pressure or by replacement of normal functional tissue. Tumor cells resemble healthy cells however serve no useful purpose. The spread of malignant tumors via lymphatics or hematogenous spread to another area not directly connected with the original site is called metastasia. Mac Lachlan and Cullen (2002) reported that hepatocellular carcinomas are uncommon in all domestic animals but occur more frequently in ruminants, particularly sheep. Meuten (2002) stated that, sheep that age less than one-year-old can develop cholangiocarcinoma. Sundarasiva (2002) stated that hepatic epithelial tumors may arise either from the hepatic cells or from the bile ducts. The former are called hepatomas or carcinoma hepatocellulare and the latter cholangiocellular adenomas or carcinoma cholangiocellulare. Gholami et al. (2006) reported a case of hepatocellular carcinoma in a 6-yaer-old ewe with systemic necropsy masses of grayish-white color neoplasms were seen in liver and metastasis of tumors were evident on mesenteric, pharyngeal, mediastinal lymph nodes, lung, kidney and spleen. Mohajeri et al. (2008) studied the incidence, age distribution & histopathologic characteristics of hepatic tumors in 3,000 slaughtered sheep, in Iran. Two livers were encountered tumoral (0.06%). It was found that 0.074% of slaughtered ewes had hepatic neoplasia. That is, the prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocellular carcinoma in aged ewes was equally 0.037%. **Granuloma: El-Metenawy (1999) estimated the prevalence of granulomas as 317(10.41%) in Saudi Arabia, through the year of 1997, out of 3,045 sheep infested with metacestodes. Daugschies and Joachim (2000) stated that in many parasitic infections, host pathology involves granuloma formation, secretory diarrhea and fever.

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Samuel et al. (2001) said that hepatic granuloma probably provoked by a degenerating larva of Taenia hydatigena. Hamir and Smith (2002) found that the circular mineralized nodules in liver consisted of granulomatous inflammation with intralesional parasitic ova surrounded by fibrous connective tissue. Morphologically, the ova were compatible with those of Fasciola hepatica. Mahmoud et al. (2002) stated that the macroscopic lesions of paratuberculosis (John’s disease) in sheep included hepatic granuloma. Ezzi et al. (2004) studied the experimental pathology of Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum is a trematode that lives in the mesenteric veins of sheep. In postmortem examination granulomatous nodules were revealed in the liver. Kusiluka and Kambarage (2006) stated that the damaged parenchyma becomes indurated and flukes may be seen in the bile ducts with granulomata often being observed around fluke remnants. Sharma (2006) stated that granulomas are composed of discrete aggregates of epithelioid cells. Epithelioid cells are transformed macrophages that have abundant cytoplasm, rich in endoplasmic reticulum and with fewer phagolysosomes than macrophages. These characteristics are consistent with a secretory function for epithelioid cells. In contrast, macrophages are primarily phagocytic. The purpose of a granuloma is to destroy or contain an injurious agent that cannot be disposed of either directly or indirectly by the humoral limb of the immune system. The injurious agent may be intracellular, as in Mycobacterium, extracellular as in schistosomiasis, or unknown as in sarcoidosis. Anthony et al. (2007) said that granuloma can occur around the parasite in the tissue which stops the worm migration and development. The granuloma is composed of eosinophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes with an increasingly fibrotic extracellular matrix. Johnson (2007) stated that the most common cause of disseminated granulomas in sheep is C. pseudotuberculosis. When the disease is isolated to the lymph nodes, it is known as caseous lymphadenitis. While C. pseudotuberculosis was isolated from the lymph node, Rhodo. equi was identified as the cause of the other granulomas.

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Movassagh-Ghazani et al. (2008) stated that the major changes in livers of sheep infected with F. hepatica were fibroplasias and cellular infiltration of Glisson’s capsule, accompanied by granulomas in the parenchyma beneath the parietal surface. Fitzgerald (2011) stated that parasites may induce a wide variety of pathology in their host tissues. These changes vary from inapparent, to frank necrosis, grossly visible granulomas in various tissues. 6-Public health significance of sheep affections: Acha and Szyfres (1987) reported that neither of C. pseudotuberculosis nor C. pyogenes regarded as a meat-borne zoonosis. Jobre et al. (1996) reported the occurrence of hydatidosis in man in Southwest Ethiopia. Boch (2000) stated that in human the migration of Fasciola is accompanied by an intense inflammatory reaction with prominent eosinophils. The chronic form of the infection is more frequent. After long standing infections, health is seriously affected. Bile duct hyperplasia, pericholangitis, periportal fibrosis, and obstruction may be found. Demissie et al. (2000) said that in spite of the huge economic losses that mange is causing, about 18.5% of the cases affects humans. Abu-Hasan et al. (2002) investigated the surgical incidence of cystic echinococcosis due to E. granulosus in Palestinian hospitals. The highest incidence was found in age groups 11-20 and 21-30 years, at 27.4% and 21.5% of the total number of cases, respectively. There was no significant gender difference. The liver was the most common site of Hydatid cysts in 69.9% of cases. Lung cysts were predominant in younger age groups (20 years or less). Chadly et al. (2004) reported that echinococcosis is a frequent parasitic human infection in sheep-farming areas. It is caused by the larval or the cyst stage of a tapeworm, namely E. granulosus. Humans can be infected by ingesting tapeworm eggs, from which cysts will be developed mostly in the liver and the lung. Cardiac involvement of echinococcosis is rare and its clinical evolution is silent till the complication stage. A young adult died suddenly. Death was imputed to a right ventricular Hydatid cyst rupture with pulmonary artery embolism.

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Coates (2004) stated that the ingested eggs of T. ovis may occasionally infect man as an aberrant host; the intermediate Cysticercus stage of T. ovis as seen in the muscle tissue of these sheep has been reported in the spinal cord of man. Kandeel et al. (2004) determined the annual clinical incidence of human cystic echinococcosis in 14 Egyptian hospitals between January 1997 and December 1999. From 492,353 records examined, 133(0.027%) new human cases were recorded. Of these, 50(37.6%) were from Alexandria and Matrouh hospitals, 33(24.8%) from Giza Chest Hospital and 50 from other regions. Matrouh governorate had the highest annual clinical incidence (1.34-2.60 per 100,000) followed by Giza governorate (0.80-1.16 per 100,000). About a third of those affected were aged < or = 20 years. Liver and lungs were the organs most affected. Although human cystic echinococcosis is of low endemicity in Egypt, it may represent a public health concern in Matrouh and Giza governorates. Curtale et al. (2005) stated that fasciolosis is a chronic helminthic disease predominant in domestic ruminants. It is now emerging as an important chronic disease of humans due to consumption of raw and undercooked vegetables to retain the natural taste. Fasciolosis is endemic in the five continents and has become a food borne infection of public health importance in many parts of the world such as the Andean highlands of Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru, the Nile delta of Egypt, Turkey and Northern Iran. Eslami (2005) stated that human Hydatid cyst infection is caused from mouth due to eating green, food, and drinking water that contains dung of a dog infected to the E. granulosus. Mas-Coma et al. (2005) reported that the incidence of human fasciolosis has been increasing in 51 countries of the five continents. Qureshi et al. (2005) investigated the epidemiological aspects of fasciolosis in human beings by fecal examination in six different areas of Lahore, Pakistan. All infected persons were below the age of 20 years and showed significantly higher infestation rate. Goodwin-Ray (2006) stated that pleurisy is not a known public health risk, but a carcass may be downgraded if it has been detained and required removal of the rib cage due to pleurisy. Join-Lambert et al. (2006) recorded a case of a 12-year-old girl with C. pseudotuberculosis necrotizing lymphadenitis. Awareness of this disease is critical

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for the diagnosis given that corynebacteria are often considered as skin contaminants. The isolate was highly susceptible to antibiotics but only ciprofloxacin, rifampin and gentamicin exerted bactericidal activity. Marcos et al. (2006) stated that human fascioliasis in Peru should be suspected in patients from livestock-rearing areas, who present with recurrent episodes of jaundice and who have a history of consumption of alfalfa juice or aquatic plants, or have eosinophilia. Naresh et al. (2006) reported a very rare condition of fasciolosis, in an uncommon region (in the breast). A 56-year-old man with a previous history of liver abscess presented with a painful breast mass. He underwent a mastectomy and was well. The pathological findings revealed chronic granulomatous mastitis with Fasciola spp. ova. Peake et al. (2006) reported that the first report of Staph. aureus subsp. anaerobius from a human was in a patient presenting with septicemia, septic arthritis, and multiple pulmonary abscesses to an emergency department in South Australia. The patient reported that he had worked on a strawberry farm for the 2 months prior to the illness. His job was to harvest the strawberries and prepare the soil with sheep manure. Safioleas et al. (2006) reported that hydatidosis remains a continuous public health problem in endemic countries. The liver is the most common site for Hydatid cysts (75% of cases), followed by lungs (15%), spleen (5%) and other organs (5%). Craig and Ito (2007) stated that the when a human swallows the eggs, oncospheres hatch in the intestine and, larvae may migrate from the intestines to other organs, such as the liver, spleen, and lungs, where they form Hydatid cysts. Elshazly et al. (2007) studied human hydatidosis in Egypt; patients were from Mansoura University's Hospitals and Dakahlia Public Health Hospitals. Hydatidosis was higher in females but without statistically significant difference. Also there was no age predilection difference. Hoa Le et al. (2007) reported two cases of aberrant migration by the liver fluke Fasciola gigantica in humans. In both cases, sub-adult worms emerged through the skin. The identity of the worms was confirmed from their DNA sequences.

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Jibat et al. (2008) reported that the presence of large number of stray dogs with the long standing habit of feeding condemned offal to dogs exacerbates the problem of hydatidosis. Love (2008) reported that sheep measles is not a human health hazard. The parasite does not develop in humans. But it is considered unacceptable, and carcass condemnation at slaughter is recommended. Moghadami and Mardani (2008) reported a case of human fascioliasis with obstructive jaundice in 73-year-old man, farmer in Iran. Romich (2008) reported that fascioliasis in humans is characterized by fever, eosinophilia, and abdominal pain, although many people are asymptomatic. Humans are incidental hosts for F. hepatica. He added that, infection occurs by ingestion of plants with metacercariae attached to them. The most common plants that have metacercariae attached are watercress, water lettuce, mint, parsley, khat, and other vegetables grown in water. Drinking surface water containing floating metacercariae can also lead to infection. Infection can also occur from eating raw liver containing immature liver flukes. Elshazly et al. (2009) used ultrasonography & showed well-circumscribed cystic masses in the liver of four patients referred to Mansoura University Teaching Hospital in Egypt suffering from abdominal pain and gastrointestinal manifestations. Diagnosis of Hydatid cysts was confirmed by computed tomography. Forsythe (2009) stated that in spite of C. ovis is not a zoonotic disease in humans whole carcasses are condemned due to its appearance in the meat. Kebede et al. (2009) found three out of 18 stray dogs in North Ethiopia harboring the adult parasite E. granulosus in their small intestine. Yang et al. (2009) said that human cystic echinococcosis is highly endemic in China, where most families keep guard dogs and where there are considerable numbers of stray dogs, beside the strong Buddhist beliefs do not allow for elimination of stray dogs. Alghoury et al. (2010) determined the magnitude of the problem of hydatidosis in Yemen. Among the 66 cystic echinococcosis patients, 67% were females and 33% males. Liver was the most common involved organ. Single cyst was more

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frequently detected than multiple cysts and approximately 94% of the cysts were ≥5 cm. Jackman and Hathaway (2010) stated that neither Cysticercus ovis nor Sarcocystis spp. have any public health significance. Marrie (2010) reported that Q fever is a disease found in both humans and animals, caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. The epidemiology of Q fever is that of the animal reservoirs of the infection including both direct and indirect contact and use of a variety of products from such animals as cattle, sheep and goats. Demissie (2011) stated that septicemic carcasses are unfit for human consumption as it may be associated with entry of pathogenic organisms into the systematic circulation and pyrexia which lead to imperfect bleeding, together with alkalinity of the meat, impairing its keeping quality and render it unmarketable.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study Animals:

A total of 57223 sheep admitted to El-Basateen abattoir ovine slaughter hall were

slaughtered and inspected. The slaughtered sheep were 39582 Saidi, 17367 Barki,

54 Ossimi, 31Rahmani, and 189 Imported breeds (162 Romanian, 27 Ethiopian).

Recording of data:

The numbers of slaughtered sheep, during the period from January to December

2006, were recorded every day, and collected into months then into seasons as

follows:

o Winter (January, February, March).

o Spring (April, May, June).

o Summer (July, August, September).

o Autumn (October, November, December).

Abattoir Survey:

Antemortem inspection:

Antemortem inspections were conducted on individual animals, while the animals

were entering into the lairage in mass. Both sides of the animals were inspected at

rest and in motion. Moreover, the general behavior of the animals, nutritional

status, cleanliness, signs of diseases, and abnormality of any type were registered

according to the standard antemortem inspection procedures (Gracey, 1986).

Following the judgments passed by FAO (1994), animal fit for human

consumption were allowed for slaughter.

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The breeds of sheep were recorded according to their morphology and locality

including native breeds and imported breeds. The genders of sheep were recorded.

Estimation of the age of sheep from incisor teeth:

The age of sheep were recorded referred to dentition and had been classified into

two age groups, young age group involved sheep that had replaced up to two pairs

of incisors into permanent teeth; while the old age group involved sheep that had

replaced more than two pairs of incisors.

Postmortem examination:

Postmortem inspection should provide necessary information for the scientific

evaluation of pathological lesions pertinent to the wholesomeness of meat.

Professional and technical knowledge must be fully utilized by:

o Vision, incision, palpation and olfaction techniques.

o Classifying the lesions into one of two major categories - acute or chronic.

o Establishing whether the condition is localized or generalized, and the extent

of systemic changes in other organs or tissues.

o Determining the significance of primary and systemic pathological lesions

and their relevance to major organs and systems, particularly the liver,

kidneys, heart, spleen and lymphatic system.

o Coordinating all the components of antemortem and postmortem findings to

make a final diagnosis.

Teeth condition Age

Up to 2 pairs young

> 2 pairs Old

72

o Submitting the samples to the laboratory for diagnostic support, if abattoir

has holding and refrigeration facilities for carcasses under detention.

Laboratory test:

Feed or plants with high carotene content may cause animals to have very yellow

fat. This yellow fat is normal and must be distinguished from the yellow fat caused

by icterus. The Rapid Phase Test is used to differentiate icteric & yellow fatted

carcasses (Bergh, 2007).

** The Rapid Phase Test:

a. Place 2 g of kidney fat (free from connective tissue and blood) in a test tube.

b. Add 5 ml of a 5% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

c. Heat slowly and carefully over the flame. Boil for 1 minute until all the fat

has dissolved.

d. Cool down the contents of the tube by holding the tube under running tap

water until the tube can just be comfortably held in the hand without

burning.

e. Slowly add 5 ml of di-ethyl ether and shake carefully.

f. Allow the suspension to stand for a few minutes until the phases have

separated, i.e. a water soluble phase at the bottom of the test tube and an

ether soluble phase on top.

g. If bile salts was present in the fat, it will form a water soluble salt in the

bottom phase which will then be greenish-yellow in color.

h. If the fat was yellow due to plant pigments (mainly carotene) the ether phase

on top will show a yellowish discoloration because plant pigments are

insoluble in water.

i. Plant pigments in the fat do not justify condemnation of the carcass.

73

j. If both the ether and water soluble phases show a yellow discoloration, both

plant pigments and bile salts was present in the fat and condemnation of the

carcass is then justified because of the presence of bile salts.

Judgment:

Carcasses and organs were evaluated for their fitness for human consumption on

the base of gross pathology findings and judgments were done according to the

Egyptian Official Code # 517 for Meat inspection presented in the (El-Wakaa El-

Masria, 1986). Only wholesome carcasses were approved for human consumption;

and otherwise carcasses or organs in which macropathological findings or

abnormal conditions that hindering their fitness for human consumption were

conveyed to the necropsy room prior to condemnation in incinerator where they

were examined again. Moreover, borderline carcasses as well as carcasses

presented with unusual normal conditions that may be confused with other

abnormalities were also investigated.

** The official Egyptian judgment includes:

o Approved for human consumption & stamped before release to market.

o Restricted approval (after boiling, freezing …etc. If not available

condemnation is recommended).

o Total condemnation of the carcass (carcass, organs & skin).

o Condemnation (Carcass only without organs &skin).

o Partial condemnation (trimming, whole or part of organ condemnation).

Photographing:

Photographing is done for each gross finding by taking many shoots. Selected

organs were placed on white or blue background for contrast details; knife sections

74

were made for deeper tissue details. Zoom- in and macrophotograph options were

used for extra details.

Photographing had been done using digital OLYMPUS camera have these options:

o CAMEDIA C-480 ZOOM

o DIGITAL COMPACT CAMERA

o 4.0 MEGAPIXEL, OLYMPUS LENS

o 3X optical zoom lens (equiv. to 38-114mm)

o AF ZOOM 6.3-18.9 mm 1:2.8-4.9

o Super macro up to 2 cm

o 4.6 cm LCD monitor

o Bright lens 1:2.8 (wide) – 4.9 (tele)

Data Management and Statistical Analysis:

Data generated from antemortem and postmortem meat inspection were recorded.

Descriptive statistics was used to determine the level of organs and carcass

condemnation rates and its relation to the breed, age, sex and seasons. The

prevalence equation is used to determine the percentage of affections revealed at

necropsy. The prevalence is the proportion of a population found to have a

condition. It is arrived at by comparing the number of cases found to have the

condition with the total number of population studied (Friis and Sellers, 1999).

________________ population size

Prevalence = number of cases

%

RESULTS

75

RESULTS

Table (1) Prevalence of affections necessitated total condemnation of sheep carcasses slaughtered in El-Basateen abattoir in Cairo in the

period from January to December 2006. Total number of inspected sheep carcasses = 57223

Cause of condemnation Numbers %

Sex Age Photo

No. ♂ ♀ ♂ +

Young Old

Imperfect bleeding 4 10.26 4 - - 4 - 27-33 Avital slaughter 4 10.26 3 - 1 4 - 34-41

Emaciation 2 5.13 1 1 - 1 1 42-49 Delayed

evisceration 1 2.56 1 - - 1 - 50-55

Jaundice 9 23.09 9 - - 9 - 56-65 Pseudotuberculosis 1 2.56 - 1 - - 1 66-69

Pyemia 5 12.82 5 - - 5 - 70-95 Uremia 3 7.69 3 - - 3 - 96-98

Old fracture 1 2.56 1 - - 1 - 99-103 Cysticercus ovis 3 7.69 3 - - 3 - 104-108

Eosinophilic myositis 2 5.13 2 - - 2 - 109-111

Suppurative pleuropneumonia 1 2.56 1 - - - 1 112-116

Pulpy kidney 1 2.56 1 - - 1 - 117-121 Blackleg 2 5.13 2 - - 2 - 122-125

Total 39 100 36 2 1 36 3

76

T

able

(2) P

reva

lenc

e of

Avi

tal s

laug

hter

& Im

perf

ect b

leed

ing

shee

p ca

rcas

ses s

laug

hter

ed in

El-B

asat

een

abat

toir

in C

airo

in th

e pe

riod

from

Jan

uary

to D

ecem

ber

2006

. To

tal n

umbe

r of i

nspe

cted

shee

p ca

rcas

ses =

572

23

Pre

vale

nce

= 0.

014%

Aff

ectio

ns

Numbers

Prevalence Se

ason

s Se

x

Age

Sum

mer

A

utum

n W

inte

r Sp

ring

♂

♀

♂

┼

You

ng

Old

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

Avi

tal

slau

ghte

r 4

0.00

7 1

25

0 0

1 25

2

50

3 75

0 0

1 25

4 10

0

0 0

Impe

rfec

t ble

d 4

0.00

7 0

0 1

25

3 75

0

0 4

100

0

0 0

0 4

100

0 0

Tota

l 8

0.01

4 1

12.5

1

12.5

4

50

2 25

7

87.5

0

0 1

12.5

8

100

0 0

♂

87.5

%

♀

0%

♂┼

12

.5%

Fig

(1) P

reva

lenc

e of

Avi

tal s

laug

hter

&

Impe

rfec

t ble

edin

g ac

cord

ing

to se

x

Youn

g

100%

Old

0%

Fig

(2) P

reva

lenc

e of

Avi

tal s

laug

hter

&

Impe

rfec

t ble

edin

g ac

cord

ing

to a

ge

Sum

mer

12

%

Autu

mn

13%

Win

ter

50%

Sprin

g 25

% Fi

g (3

) Pre

vale

nce

of A

vita

l sla

ught

er &

Im

perf

ect b

leed

ing

acco

rdin

g to

seas

ons

77

Tab

le (3

) Pre

vale

nce

of P

oorn

ess &

Em

acia

tion

amon

g ex

amin

ed sh

eep

carc

asse

s sla

ught

ered

in E

l-Bas

atee

n ab

atto

ir in

C

airo

in th

e pe

riod

from

Jan

uary

to D

ecem

ber

2006

. To

tal n

umbe

r of i

nspe

cted

shee

p ca

rcas

ses =

572

23

Pre

vale

nce

= 0.

02%

Aff

ectio

ns

Numbers

Prevalence

Seas

ons

Sex

A

ge

Sum

mer

A

utum

n W

inte

r Sp

ring

♂

♀

You

ng

Old

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

Poor

ness

9

0.01

6 2

22.2

0

0 2

22.2

5

55.6

9

100

0 0

9 10

0 0

0

Emac

iatio

n

2 0.

003

0 0

0 0

2 10

0 0

0 1

50

1 50

1

50

1 50

Tota

l 11

0.

02

2 18

.2

0 0

4 36

.4

5 45

.4

10

90.9

1

9.1

10

90.9

1

9.1

♂

91%

♀

9% Fi

g (4

) Pre

vale

nce

of P

oorn

ess &

Em

acia

tion

acco

rdin

g to

sex

Youn

g

91%

Old

9%

Fig

(5) P

reva

lenc

e of

Poo

rnes

s &

Emac

iatio

n ac

cord

ing

to a

ge

Sum

mer

18

%

Autu

mn

0%

Win

ter

36%

Sprin

g 46

%

Fig

(6) P

reva

lenc

e of

Poo

rnes

s &

Emac

iatio

n ac

cord

ing

to s

easo

ns

78

T

able

(4) P

reva

lenc

e of

Abn

orm

al c

olor

s am

ong

exam

ined

shee

p ca

rcas

ses s

laug

hter

ed in

El-B

asat

een

abat

toir

in C

airo

in th

e pe

riod

from

Jan

uary

to D

ecem

ber

2006

. To

tal n

umbe

r of i

nspe

cted

shee

p ca

rcas

ses =

572

23

Pre

vale

nce

= 0.

05%

♂

100%

♀

0% Fi

g (7

) Pre

vale

nce

of A

bnor

mal

colo

rs a

ccor

ding

to se

x

Youn

g

100%

Old

0%

Fig

(8) P

reva

lenc

e of

Abn

orm

al

colo

rs a

ccor

ding

to a

ge

Sum

mer

7%

Autu

mn

34%

W

inte

r 28

%

Sprin

g 31

% Fi

g (9

) Pre

vale

nce

of A

bnor

mal

colo

rs

acco

rdin

g to

seas

ons

Aff

ectio

ns

Number

Prevalence

Seas

ons

Sex

A

ge

Sum

mer

A

utum

n W

inte

r Sp

ring

♂

♀

You

ng

Old

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

Phys

iolo

gica

l ye

llow

col

or

10

0.02

2

20

3 30

0

0 5

50

10

100

0 0

10

100

0 0

Jaun

dice

19

0.

033

0

0 7

36.8

8

42.1

4

21.1

19

10

0 0

0 19

10

0 0

0

Tota

l 29

0.05

2

6.9

10

34.5

8

27.6

9

31 29

100

0

0 29

100

0

0

79

Table (5)

Condemned organs & trimming in different seasons

Table (6)

Condemned organs

Organ

Numbers

%

Condemned part Whole organ

Part

Liver 12273 88.12 1347 10926 Heart 771 5.54 771 -

Omentum 281 2.02 281 - Head 18 0.13 18 -

Fatty tail 14 0.10 14 - Kidney 339 2.43 *bilateral

254 *unilateral

85 Lung 222 1.59 *bilateral

29 *unilateral

193 Testis 10 0.07 *bilateral

3 *unilateral

7 Total 13928 100% 2717 11211

% - - 19.5 % 80.5%

Organ

Num

bers

Condemned part Summer Autumn Winter Spring

Who

le

orga

n

Part

Who

le

orga

n

Part

Who

le

orga

n

Part

Who

le

orga

n

Part

Liver 12273 306 1512 470 3091 330 3132 241 3191

Heart 771 163 - 238 - 196 - 174 - Omentum 281 59 - 104 - 58 - 60 -

Head 18 2 - 8 - 5 - 3 - Fatty tail 14 4 - 6 - 4 - 0 - Kidney 339 91 - 115 - 63 - 70 -

Lung 222 55 - 74 - 47 - 46 - Testis 10 2 - 4 - 2 - 1 -

80

T

able

(7) P

reva

lenc

e of

Rou

gh h

andl

ing

inju

ries

am

ong

exam

ined

shee

p ca

rcas

ses s

laug

hter

ed in

El-B

asat

een

abat

toir

in

Cai

ro in

the

peri

od fr

om J

anua

ry to

Dec

embe

r 20

06.

Tota

l num

ber o

f ins

pect

ed sh

eep

carc

asse

s = 5

7223

P

reva

lenc

e =

0.17

5%

Aff

ectio

ns

Numbers

Prevalence

Seas

ons

Sex

A

ge

Sum

mer

A

utum

n W

inte

r Sp

ring

♂

♀

You

ng

Old

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

Bru

isin

g

66

0.11

5

10

15.2

17

25

.8

13

19.7

26

39

.3

66

100

0 0

65

98.5

1

1.5

Frac

ture

12

0.

021

3

25

4 33

.3

2 16

.7

3 25

12

10

0 0

0 12

10

0 0

0

Lace

rate

d w

ound

1

0.00

2

1 10

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 1

100

0 0

1 10

0 0

0

Inje

ctio

n si

te

13

0.02

3

1 7.

7 3

23

1 7.

7 8

61.6

13

10

0 0

0 13

10

0 0

0

Fore

ign

bodi

es

8 0.

014

3

37.5

2

25

0 0

3 37

.5

6 75

2

25

6 75

2

25

Tota

l 10

0 0.

175

18

18

26

26

16

16

40

40

98

98

2

2 97

97

3

3

♂

100%

♀

0%

Fig

(10)

Pre

vale

nce

of B

ruis

ing

acco

ring

to se

x

Youn

g

98.5

%

Old

1.

5% Fi

g (1

1) P

reva

lenc

e of

Bru

isin

g ac

cord

ing

to a

ge

Sum

mer

15

%

Autu

mn

26%

Win

ter

20%

Sprin

g 39

%

Fig

(12)

Pre

vale

nce

of B

ruis

ing

acco

rdin

g to

seas

ons

81

T

able

(8) P

reva

lenc

e of

Abs

cess

atio

n am

ong

exam

ined

shee

p ca

rcas

ses s

laug

hter

ed in

El-B

asat

een

abat

toir

in C

airo

in th

e pe

riod

fr

om J

anua

ry to

Dec

embe

r 20

06.

Tota

l num

ber o

f ins

pect

ed sh

eep

carc

asse

s = 5

7223

P

reva

lenc

e =

1.24

%

Aff

ectio

ns

Numbers

Prevalence

Seas

ons

Sex

A

ge

Sum

mer

A

utum

n W

inte

r Sp

ring

♂

♀

You

ng

Old

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

Pyem

ia

5 0.

009

1 20

0

0 2

40

2 40

5

100

0 0

5 10

0 0

0

Cas

eous

ly

mph

aden

itis

38

0.06

6 0

0 3

7.9

35

92.1

0

0 21

55

.3

17

44.7

21

55

.5

17

44.7

Abs

cess

es

659

1.15

11

1 16

.8

189

28.7

22

7 34

.5

132

20

636

96.5

23

3.

5 63

6 96

.5

23

3.5

Orc

hitis

9

0.01

5

2 22

.2

4 44

.5

2 22

.21

11.1

9 10

0

- -

9 10

0

0 0

Tota

l 71

1 1.

24

114

16

196

27.6

26

6 37

.4

135

19

671

94.4

40

5.

6 67

1 94

.4

40

5.6

Youn

g

96.5

%

Old

3.

5% Fi

g (1

4) P

reva

lenc

e of

Ab

sces

s acc

ordi

ng to

age

Sum

mer

17

%

Autu

mn

29%

Win

ter

34%

Sprin

g 20

%

Fig

(15)

Pre

vale

nce

of A

bsce

ss

acco

rdin

g to

seas

ons

Fig

(13)

Pre

vale

nce

of A

bsce

ss

acco

rdin

g to

sex

82

Tab

le (9

) Abs

cess

es in

diff

eren

t org

ans &

seas

ons

Aff

ectio

n N

umbe

r O

rgan

N

umbe

rs

%

Seas

ons

Sum

mer

Aut

umn

Win

ter

Spri

ng

Abs

cess

66

8

Live

r C

arca

ss L

.n &

fa

scia

H

ead

Test

is

Lung

H

eart

58

2 56

13

9 7

1

87

.12

%

8.38

%

1.

95 %

1.35

% 1.

05 %

0.15

%

Num

bers

113

19

3

229

13

3

%

16.9

2%

28

.9%

34.2

8%

19.9

%

83

T

able

(10)

Pre

vale

nce

of M

ange

am

ong

exam

ined

shee

p ca

rcas

ses s

laug

hter

ed in

El-B

asat

een

abat

toir

in C

airo

in th

e pe

riod

from

Jan

uary

to D

ecem

ber

2006

. To

tal n

umbe

r of i

nspe

cted

shee

p ca

rcas

ses =

572

23

Pre

vale

nce

= 0.

012%

Aff

ectio

ns

Numbers

Prevalence

Seas

ons

Sex

A

ge

Sum

mer

A

utum

n W

inte

r Sp

ring

♂

♀

You

ng

Old

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

Man

ge

7 0.

012%

0

0 5

71.4

2

28.6

0

0 7

100

0 0

7 10

0 0

0

♂

100%

♀

0%

Fig

(16)

Prev

alen

ce o

f Man

ge

acco

rdin

g to

sex

Youn

g

100%

Old

0%

Fig

(17)

Pre

vale

nce

of M

ange

ac

cord

ing

to a

ge

Sum

mer

0%

Autu

mn

71%

Win

ter

29%

Sprin

g 0%

Fig

(18)

Pre

vale

nce

of M

ange

acc

ordi

ng

to se

ason

s

84

T

able

(11)

Pre

vale

nce

of P

aras

ites a

mon

g ex

amin

ed sh

eep

carc

asse

s sla

ught

ered

in E

l-Bas

atee

n ab

atto

ir in

Cai

ro in

the

peri

od fr

om

Janu

ary

to D

ecem

ber

2006

. To

tal n

umbe

r of i

nspe

cted

shee

p ca

rcas

ses =

572

23

Pre

vale

nce

= 9.

73%

Aff

ectio

ns

Numbers

Prevalence

Seas

ons

Sex

A

ge

Sum

mer

A

utum

n W

inte

r Sp

ring

♂

♀

You

ng

Old

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

Cys

ticer

cus o

vis

643

1.12

13

7 21

.3

182

28.3

18

1 28

.2

143

22.2

64

0 99

.5

3 0.

5 64

0 99

.5

3 0.

5 C

ystic

ercu

s te

nuic

ollis

12

64

2.21

25

5 20

.2

392

30.9

33

2 26

.3

285

22.6

12

61

99.8

3

0.2

1260

99

.7

4 0.

3

Hyd

atid

cys

t 19

95

3.49

20

6 10

.3

613

30.7

46

9 23

.5

707

35.5

19

76

99.1

19

0.

9 19

79

99.2

16

0.

8

Fasc

iola

68

6 1.

2 14

7 21

.4

297

43.3

16

8 24

.5

74

10.8

65

1 94

.9

35

5.1

652

95.1

34

4.

9

Larv

ae

mig

ratio

n ta

cks

981

1.71

13

6 13

.9

197

20.1

37

1 37

.8

277

28.2

98

0 99

.9

1 0.

1 98

0 99

.9

1 0.

1

Tota

l 55

69

9.73

88

1

15.8

16

8130

.2

1521

27

.3

1486

26

.755

08

99 61

1 55

11

99 58

1

♂

99%

♀

1%

Fig

(19)

Pre

vale

nce

of P

aras

ites

acco

rdin

g to

sex

Youn

g

99%

Old

1%

Fig

(20)

Pre

vale

nce

of P

aras

ites

acco

rdin

g to

age

Sum

mer

15

.8%

Autu

mn

30.2

%

Win

ter

27.3

%

Sprin

g 26

.7%

Fig

(21)

Pre

vale

nce

of P

aras

ites a

mon

g se

ason

s

85

Cysticercus ovis

Fasciola

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Summer Autumn Winter Spring

Fig (22) Prevalece of C. ovis, C. tenuicollis, Fasciola & Hydatid cyst through seasons

Cysticercus ovis Cysticercus tenuicollis Fasciola Hydatid cyst

%

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Cysticercus ovis Cysticercustenuicollis

Fasciola Hydatid cyst

Fig (23) Prevalence of C. ovis, C. tenuicollis, Fasciola & Hydatid through sex

♂

♀

%

86

Tab

le (1

2) P

reva

lenc

e of

Liv

er A

ffec

tions

am

ong

exam

ined

shee

p ca

rcas

ses s

laug

hter

ed in

El-B

asat

een

abat

toir

in C

airo

in th

e pe

riod

from

Jan

uary

to D

ecem

ber

2006

. To

tal n

umbe

r of i

nspe

cted

shee

p ca

rcas

ses =

572

23

Pre

vale

nce

= 8.

2%

Aff

ectio

ns

Numbers

Prevalence

Seas

ons

Sex

A

ge

Sum

mer

A

utum

n W

inte

r Sp

ring

♂

♀

You

ng

Old

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

Live

r nec

rosi

s

3527

6.

16

394

11

.2

1092

30

.9

1068

30

.3

973

27

.6

3506

99

.4

21 0.

6

3517

99

.7

10 0.

3

Hep

atic

fibr

osis

10

80

1.89

16

9

15.6

25

5

23.6

24

9

23.1

40

7

37.7

10

77

99.7

3

0.3

10

77

99.7

3

0.3

C

hola

ngiti

s

30 0.

05

6 20

10 33

.3

5 16

.7

9 30

27 90

3 10

27 90

3 10

Fatty

live

r

9 0.

02

0 0

1 11

.1

7 77

.8

1 11

.1

7 77

.8

2 22

.2

7 77

. 8

2 22

.2

Hep

atic

con

gest

ion

11

0.02

0

0 2

18.2

2

18.2

7

63.6

11

100

0

o 11

100

0

0 Fr

iabl

e liv

er

12 0.

02

1 8.

3

5 41

.7

5 41

.7

1 8.

3

11 91

.7

1 8.

3

11 91

. 7

1 8.

3

Whi

te li

ver

3

0.01

0

0 2

66.7

1

33.3

0

0 3

100

0

0 3

100

0

0

Bla

ck d

isco

lore

d liv

er

3 0.

01

0 0

0 0

3 10

0

0 0

2 66

.7

1 33

.3

2 66

.7

1 33

.3

Live

r ano

mal

ies

33

0.06

20

60.6

7

21.2

1

3 5

15.2

33

100

0

0 33

100

0

0

Tota

l

4708

8.

23

590

12

.5

1374

29

.2

1341

28

.5

1403

29

.8

4677

99

.3

31 0.

7

4688

99

.6

20 0.

4

♂

99.3

%

♀

0.7%

Fig

(24)

Pre

vale

nce

of Li

ver

affe

ctio

ns a

ccor

ding

to se

x

Youn

g

99.6

%

Old

0.

4%

Fig

(25)

Pre

vale

nce

of Li

ver a

ffect

ions

ac

cord

ing

to a

ge

Sum

mer

12

%

Autu

mn

29%

W

inte

r 29

%

Sprin

g 30

% Fi

g (2

6) P

reva

lenc

e of

Liv

er a

ffect

ions

ac

cord

ing

to se

ason

s

87

Tab

le (1

3) P

reva

lenc

e of

Ren

al A

ffec

tions

am

ong

exam

ined

shee

p ca

rcas

ses s

laug

hter

ed in

El-B

asat

een

abat

toir

in C

airo

in

the

peri

od fr

om J

anua

ry to

Dec

embe

r 20

06.

Tota

l num

ber o

f ins

pect

ed sh

eep

carc

asse

s = 5

7223

P

reva

lenc

e =

0.6%

Aff

ectio

ns

Numbers

Prevalence

Seas

ons

Sex

A

ge

Sum

mer

A

utum

n W

inte

r Sp

ring

♂

♀

You

ng

Old

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

No.

%

N

o.

%

Nep

hriti

s 27

5 0.

48

79

28.7

92

33

.5

46

16.7

58

21

.1

273

99.3

2

0.7

271

98.5

4

1.5

Ren

al c

yst

4 0.

007

1 25

2

50

0 0

1 25

4

100

0 0

4 10

0 0

0

Ren

al in

farc

tion

5 0.

009

1 20

4

80

0 0

0 0

5 10

0 0

0 5

100

0 0

Ure

mia

3

0.00

5 0

0 1

33.4

1

33.3

1

33.3

3

100

0 0

3 10

0 0

0

Ren

al a

gene

sis

9 0.

02

0 0

4 44

.4

5 55

.6

0 0

9 10

0 0

0 9

100

0 0

Ren

al h

ypop

lasi

a 20

0.

035

10

50

2 10

5

25

3 15

18

90

2

10

17

85

3 15

Ren

al c

alcu

li 12

0.

02

0 0

8 66

.8

2 16

.6

2 16

.6

12

100

0 0

12

100

0 0

Tota

l 32

8 0.

57

91

27.7

11

3 34

.5

59

18

65

19.8

32

4 98

.8

4 1.

2 32

1 97

.9

7 2.

1

♂

99%

♀

1% Fi

g (2

7) P

reva

lenc

e of

Ren

al

affe

ctio

ns a

ccor

ding

to se

x

Youn

g

98%

Old

2%

Fig

(28)

Pre

vale

nce

of R

enal

Affe

ctio

ns

acco

rdin

g to

age

Su

mm

er

28%

Autu

mn

34%

Win

ter

18%

Sprin

g 20

% Fig

(29)

Pre

vale

nce

of R

enal

Affe

ctio

ns

acco

rdin

g to

seas

ons

88

Table (14) Prevalence rates of the most common affections among examined sheep carcasses slaughtered in El-Basateen abattoir in

Cairo in the period from January to December 2006. Total number of inspected sheep carcasses = 57223

Affection % Season Age Sex

Cysticercus ovis 1.12 Autumn / Winter Young ♂

Cysticercus tenuicollis 2.21 Autumn Young ♂

Hydatid cyst 3.49 Spring Young ♂

Fasciola 1.20 Autumn Old ♀

Mange 0.012 Autumn Young ♂

Jaundice 0.033 Autumn / Winter Young ♂

Rough Handling injuries 0.175 Spring Young ♂

(Pyogenic lesions) Abscesses 1.24 Winter Old ♀

89

Egyptian sheep breeds admitted to the abattoir 3

3 1 2 1, 2, 3 The Saidi sheep Saidi sheep breed present in Upper Egypt, & characterized by its large body size, large head, convex nose & large barrel fatty tail reaches to the hock joint. 6 4 5 4, 5, 6 The Barki sheep (Dernwi, Mriouti) Barki sheep is present in Northern coast & the Western desert of Egypt. It is adapted to live in desert & characterized by its medium body size, small head, straight nose & small triangular fatty tail that does not reach to the hock joint. 7 7 The Rahmani sheep Rahmani sheep breed referred to Rahmania city, Behara governorate, Delta province. Characterized by its dark brown fleece, large head size, large ovoid fatty tail reaches to the hock, & the ear may be pendulous, medium or absent in some of them. 8 The Fallahi sheep 8 Fallahi sheep breed referred to the farm areas in the Delta. Actually it is an interbred of Ossimi, Rahmani and other breeds. Characterized by its large triangular fatty tail reaches below the hock.

90

Imported (foreign) sheep breeds admitted to the abattoir 9 10 9, 10 The Tsigai sheep Tsigai sheep originated in Southeast Europe & is distributed in Eastern and Central Europe where they are raised for dual-purpose (meat and milk). It is a rustic breed with high resistance to disease & weather. Sheep were imported from Romania. 11 11 The Sekota sheep Sekota sheep the Ethiopian breed also named Tigray. Characterized by short, fat tail turned-up at end & fused with main part; hair coat;

medium-sized; predominantly plain brown or white coat, few blacks with brown belly; semi-pendulous or

rudimentary ears. It is adapted to heat, feed & water Shortage & long trekking; good meat yield; fatty meat.

The genders in Sheep

12 1 13

12 Male (Ram lamb, Ram) 13 Cryptorchid Normal couple of testes & Both testicles were retained inside normal pizzle. the abdominal cavity.

14 1 15

14 Female (Gimmer, Ewe) 15 Castrated (Wether) Note the fatty tissue at the The testes were removed (Testecomy) area of the udder. Carcass & replaced by fat. Pizzle is present. was symmetrical in shape.

16 17

16, 17 Hermaphrodite The carcass showed two small rudimentary testes just below

the anus, a very small primitivefibrous structure corresponds to rudimentary pizzle.

91

92

Dentition in Sheep 18 1 21 18 Milky incisors The incisors were full milky from birth to one year age. Carcass stamp: young. 19 1 21 Rectangular red stamp T This stamp is used for stamping C carcasses of young lamb. 19 Eruption of permanent central incisors (One pair of permanent teeth) Carcass stamp: young. 20 20 Eruption of permanent medial incisors (Two pairs of permanent teeth) Carcass stamp: young.

93

Dentition in Sheep 24 22 22 Eruption of permanent lateral incisors. (Three pairs of permanent teeth) Carcass stamp: old. 23 2 24 Triangular red stamp T This stamp is used for stamping older sheep C carcasses that have changed more than two P pairs of incisors to permanent teeth. 23 Eruption of permanent corner incisors Full permanent (4 pairs). Carcass stamp: old. 25 2 26 3 26 Adventitious red stamp T This stamp is used for stamping carcasses N of native breeds that were slaughtered due T to a casual reason. 25 Hexagonal violet stamp This stamp is used for stamping carcasses of imported breeds.

94

Cases necessitated total condemnation A case of imperfect bleeding - lamb 27 27 Imperfect bleeding –

fascia The fascia showed reddish in color. Incision revealed

bloody due to severe congestion of subcutaneous blood vessels.

28 29 28 Congestion – liver & kidney 29 Congestion – lungs The liver & kidneys showed dark red in Lungs showed bloody & highly color, on incision blood oozed due to congested. Incision revealed severe congestion. deep red parenchyma due to engorgement of blood. 30 31 30 Congestion – flesh 31 Congestion – intercostal veins The flesh was dark red and watery Intercostal veins were clearly prominent in consistency. due to engorgement with blood.

95

Continue

32 32 May’s test – axillary space The axillary space showed engorgement of the blood vessels with blood. The axillary lymph node was soaked in blood which filled the axillary space resembled lake of blood.

33 33 May’s test – axillary space The axillary space showed no signs of imperfect bleeding, no congestion of the axillary blood vessels & the axillary lymph node was normal.

96

A case of avital slaughter (Adulteration) – lamb

34 35 34 Vital slaughter cut 35 Avital slaughter cut This skin piece presents a slaughter cut of This skin piece presents a slaughter cut of sheep that had been slaughtered while it sheep, had been slaughtered after death was alive (Halal slaughter). Note, the cut or end moribund state. The cut of slaughter of slaughter is the lowermost of the photo, (lower of photo) showed corrugated & pale showed straight & red hyperemic as the non-hyperemic as the blade induced blade induced inflammation in its lips. nothing in dead tissue. 36 37 36 Vital slaughter cut 37 Avital slaughter cut Macrophotograph of vital wound lip, Macrophotograph of avital wound lip, non- hyperemic due to inflammation; straight hyperemic due to absence of inflammation; due to vitality & tensile strength of the corrugated due to loss of vitality & tensile cutaneous tissue that lead to gap strength of the cutaneous tissue that was between the lips of the wound. flaccid, thus corrugate the lips and no gap Indicate that lamb had lost its life between the lips of the wound. Indicate that by the sticking process itself. lamb had lost its life before & otherwise the sticking process.

97

Continue 38 38 Congestion – omentum The blood vessels of the omentum were engorged with blood due to imperfect bled carcass of avital slaughtered lamb. 39 39 Congestion – intercostal veins The intercostal veins were easily

discernible due to engorgement with blood. 40 40 May’s test – axilla The axillary blood vessels were engorged with blood, & the axillary L.n was soaked in a lake of blood. 41 41 Congestion – flesh Dark red flesh with wet touch.

98

Cases of emaciation – Barki lamb & poorness (leanness) – Saidi lamb 42 43

42, 43 Emaciation – Barki lamb carcass General wasting of the carcass noticed in thinning of fatty tail which was flabby; loss of the subcutaneous fat with highly prominent vertebral column. 44 45

44, 45 Poorness – Saidi lamb carcass The normal stamped carcass contrast the white carcass which showed leanness & less adipose content all over the carcass noticed in the back of the carcass where the vertebral column easily seen; & the fatty tail was very thin & flabby.

99

Continue 46 47 46 Poorness – fatty tail 47 Normal fatty tail The fatty tail which belongs to Saidi lamb carcass showed very thin & flabby (photo 46) contrasted the normal one (photo 47). The volume of the fatty tail in poor carcass was diminished. 48 49 48 Poorness – omentum 49 Poorness – perirenal fat The omentum was small The perirenal fat was very & diminished in size. few & diminished.

100

A case of emergency slaughter & delayed evisceration – lamb 50 50 Delayed evisceration, jaundice & imperfect bleeding – carcass A lamb had been slaughtered as emergency on truck during trip, & was not eviscerated soon after slaughter, showed this carcass of mix colors of yellow & red corresponded to jaundice & congestion, respectively; with a gray hue of putrefaction. 51 51 Delayed evisceration –

carcass The carcass showed grayish hue plus yellowish & reddish

discoloration. The wall of abdominal cavity,

kidneys, muscles & fat were decadent, soft, friable & pasty

in texture, with foul odor of putrefaction, corresponded

to delayed evisceration. 52 52 Delayed evisceration –

kidneys Zoom-in photo, showed

massive decomposition of perirenal fat. The renal capsules & kidneys were decadent & dissolved.

101

Continue 53 53 Congestion – thigh The fascia, deep fascia and all carcass tissues were stained red due to congestion & extravasation of blood. 54 54 Congestion – thorax

Engorgement of the Intercostal veins and subpleural hemorrhages.

55 55 May’s test – axilla The axillary lymph node soaked in a lake of blood; engorgement of the blood vessels.

102

A case of jaundice – Barki lamb 56 57 56 Jaundice – carcass 57 Jaundice – eye The white normal carcass (left) contrast the The sclera, periocular fat & palpebral yellow carcass (right) that showed turmeric- skin showed turmeric-yellow color of yellow coloration of hyperbilirubinemia. jaundice. The same color was noticed in the hide. 58 59 58 Jaundice – pluck 59 Jaundice – spleen The trachea, lungs, coronary fat & tunica The ligament & capsule were yellow in color. intima of the aorta showed turmeric-yellow coloration of hyperbilirubinemia. 60 60 Jaundice – viscera The omentum & liver showed turmeric-yellow color of icterus. The gall bladder was highly

distended with bile.

103

61 Continue 62 61, 62 Jaundice – liver Swollen liver, firm & turmeric-yellow in color due to jaundice. The gall bladder was highly distended with bile juice & extended beyond its margin, correspond to hepatopathy.

63 63 Jaundice – kidneys The kidneys showed deep

yellow color in perirenal fat, cortex, medulla & pelvis. The medulla showed congested, corresponded to nephropathy.

64 65 64 Jaundice – ligamentum nuchae 65 Rapid phase test The nuchal ligament was deep yellow in The result confirmed the presence of color due to hyperbilirubinemia. both icterus (lower sodium hydroxide layer), & carotenoids (upper diethyl- ether layer).

104

66 A case of pseudotuberculosis - ewe 66 Pseudotuberculosis – lungs Numerous beads like swellings of

variable sizes spread all over the lungs & its lymph nodes. Incision revealed caseated purulent material greenish-yellow in color

correspond to pseudotuberculosis. 6 67 68 3 68 Pseudotuberculosis –

macrophotograph Note the onion shape of the sectioned abscess of pseudotuberculosis. 67 Pseudotuberculosis – liver, omentum & diaphragm Many nodules of various sizes spread within the tissue of the liver & omentum, & seen over the liver surface & beneath the diaphragmatic aponeurosis which was adhered to the liver. Incision of the nodules revealed greenish-yellow caseated pus in laminated layers of onion-shape, due to sequenced layers of caseated pus & fibrous tissue, a characteristic of C. pseudotuberculosis infection. 69 69 Pseudotuberculosis – I inner abdominal wall The inner surface of the

abdominal wall showed many small abscesses contained caseated greenish-yellow pus. The arrows point to

the lesions.

105

A case of pyemia (multiple abscesses) – lamb 70 71 72 70, 71, 72 Abscesses – lymph nodes The submandibular lymph nodes (photo 70)

showed two large rounded swellings in the size of child head, soft on palpation, the left parotid L.n was also swollen but hard in texture. Incision of submandibular L.n (photo 71) revealed thick & pasty yellow-green pus.

Incision of parotid lymph node (photo 72) revealed organized abscess as ball of fibrous tissue with an inspissated purulent core. 73 74 73 Abscess – popliteal lymph node 74 Abscess – prefemoral lymph node The popliteal lymph node was swollen The prefemoral lymph nodes were swollen & soft on palpation. & soft. Incision revealed yellow-green pus.

106

75 A case of pyemia – lamb 76

75, 76 Epicarditis & endocarditis The heart showed epicarditis, on incision revealed a large size caseated, thick pasty

material greenish-yellow in color involved the myocardium and the endocardium.

77 78

77 Lymphadenitis Inflamed carcass lymph nodes. 79 78 Hepatopathy T The liver showed hepatomegaly with yellow & red T tiny zones spread all over the liver parenchyma. 80 79 Splenomegaly 80 Nephropathy Enlargement of the spleen Easily removed capsule revealed tiny pale yellowish with opaque capsule. necrotic foci scattered through the cortical surface.

107

A case of pyemia & Zenker’s necrosis – Saidi lamb 81 3 82 81 Abscess – head 82 Lymphadenitis The parotid lymph node showed swollen. The lymph nodes showed swollen Incision revealed large abscess contained & reddish-yellow zones of immune thick greenish-yellow pus. response. 83 84 83, 84 Lymphadenitis Cutting through the lymph nodes revealed weepy (photo 83). A yellowish-white exudate appeared on the blade of the knife & on the paper. The lymph nodes also showed reddish zones of congestion, & greenish-yellow focal pus (photo 84). 85 86 85, 86, 87 Nephropathy 87 The kidneys were swollen, easily removed capsule revealed pale cortex (photo 85) with minute pale yellowish foci spread all over the cortical surface (macrophotograph 86)

correspond to micro-abscesses of the glomeruli resulted from hematogenous pyogenic infection. Incision revealed the

pale foci involved the cortical thickness, & congested medulla (photo 87).

108

Continue 88 89 88, 89 Hepatopathy The liver was pale & soft pasty in texture (photo 88). Macrophotograph (photo 89) showed whitish arborescent zones in the parenchyma correspond to degeneration & hepatopathy.

90 90 Zenker’s necrosis - muscles The skeletal muscles allover the

carcass showed pale yellowish unstained zones of variable sizes resembled fish-flesh correspond

to Zenker’s necrosis (hyaline degeneration).

91 91 Zenker’s necrosis – muscles

Macrophotograph of (photo 90) Zenker’s necrosis showed the affected muscles with unstained pale yellowish degenerated zones, correspond to muscular dystrophy.

109

Continue 92 93

92, 93 Zenker’s necrosis – forelimb muscles Incision in forelimb muscles revealed lesions of Zenker’s necrosis involved some muscles where there were diffuse large areas of degeneration, pale yellowish in

color correspond to muscular dystrophy. 94 95

94, 95 Zenker’s necrosis – chest wall muscles Incision in chest wall muscles revealed lesions of Zenker’s necrosis involved some

muscles where there were diffuse areas of pale yellowish coloration, & the muscle had lost its normal morphology & presented with whitish streaks correspond to

muscular degeneration.

110

A case of Uremia – lamb 96 96 Uremic carcass - lamb The carcass was uriniferous in odor & showed congested organs due to uremia. 97 97 Hydronephrosis The kidneys were swollen & soft.

Incision revealed very thin cortex & degenerated reddish medulla which was diminished by widening of the renal calyces due to the back

pressure of the retained urine resulted from obliterated urinary

passage correspond to irreversible hydronephrosis.

98 98 Uroperitonitis - pelvis The pelvic and abdominal

cavities were reddish in color due to severe inflam- mation of the peritoneum consequent to the released urine from ruptured urinary

bladder. The lymph nodes showed lymphadenitis. Incision of the muscles of the carcass revealed pungent urinous smell resulted from increased

blood urea level (uremia).

111

A case of old fractures & myonecrosis 99 100 101 99,100,101 Old fracture & myonecrosis – left hindquarter

Congestion of the muscles, incision revealed large area

of yellow, brown, red and blackish-red colors (photo 99)

& hard texture. More incision deeply revealed a fractured femur (photo 100).The facture

was not healed & the ends of the fractured bones were not fixed together, large callous

masses were formed (photo101) correspond to old fracture &

hemorrhages. Muscles showed pale areas of necrosis & fibrous

tissue formation. 102 103 102 Old fracture – right hind quarter 103 Necrosis – forequarter muscles Also the right femur showed an old Muscles of the right forequarter showed unhealed fracture with callous formation. diffused whitish pale areas of degeneration The muscles around the fracture were & necrosis corresponds to chronic myositis. pale & showed myonecrosis.

112

A case of ovine cysticercosis (Sheep measles) – lamb 104 105 104, 105 Cysticercus ovis – heart, esophagus & tongue.

Heavy infestation by C. ovis involved the heart, esophagus & the tongue. Cysticerci varied in sizes from pin-head to pea size. Cysts appeared

superficially and /or deep into the muscles of the infested organs. 106, 107 Cysticercus ovis – intercostal muscles & diaphragm The cysticerci in the intercostal muscles & the muscular part of the diaphragm. 108 Cysticercus ovis – muscles of fore & hind quarters

Heavy infested carcass, incision of the muscles revealed numerous cysts of C. ovis in the skeletal muscles of the shoulder (left) & thigh (right). The cysts were randomly

distributed in the flesh being concentrated in highly active muscles that receive extra blood supply. Cysticerci were degenerated, caseated or calcified.

107 106

108

113

A case of eosinophilic myositis – lamb 109 109 Eosinophilic

myositis – heart & diaphragm

110 110 Eosinophilic myositis – F flesh Numerous small pale

greenish foci spread in all muscles of the carcass and easily seen through the perimysium. The foci were randomly distributed and found within the

myo-fibers and cannot be dissociated from the myo-fibers. Incision of the

muscles revealed the foci spread deeply in whole muscle thickness. The

foci looked as aggregates of inflammatory cells (Eosinophilic granulocytes). 111 111 Eosinophilic myositis – F flesh Macrophotograph showed the myofibers harboring the foci of eosinophilic granules. The foci found within the

myofibers & cannot be dissociated from the myofibers.

114

A case of Suppurative Pleuropneumonia – ram 112 113 114 112, 113, 114 Fibrinopurulent pleurisy- T thorax Wall of thoracic inlet & covered with grayish-green fibrinopurulent layer. Most of the layer was peeled out by butchers during evisceration. 115 116 115 Fibrinopurulent pleuropneumonia – 116 Degeneration – liver & kidneys diaphragm & lung trim The liver & kidneys showed waxy in texture corresponds to amyloidogenic degenerative changes consequent to the inflammation. No gross lesion noticed in the heart.

115

A case of pulpy kidney – Saidi lamb 117 118

117, 118 Pulpy kidney (Enterotoxaemia) The right kidney showed brick-red color, foul rancid smell and friable texture. Incision (photo 118) revealed lysed parenchyma due to toxins of Cl. perfringens (welchii) type D. 119 120

119, 120 Necrosis – perirenal fat The perirenal fat was lysed & showed diffused areas of necrosis of reddish-gray color, slimy soft texture & foul rancid odor (photo 119). Incision (photo 120) revealed lysed slimy fat, different colors of necrosis (yellowish, greenish, brownish, reddish and grayish). 121 121 Degeneration – liver The liver which was adjacent to the lysed kidney showed decomposed,

friable, pale, lysed & of foul rancid smell. The pale brown area on the

surface of the liver referred to area of contact with the lysed kidney.

116

A case of Blackleg – lamb 122 123 2 122, 123 Blackleg – thigh The left thigh showed swollen, dark red & congested. Incision revealed hemorrhages & clotted blood spread between the muscles, diffused greenish areas of necrosis & serous bloody exudates of rancid smell. The muscles were soft & easily torn, lymphadenitis. This was due to toxins of Cl. chauvoei a soil born bacteria. 124 124 Blackleg – thigh The right thigh showed greenish

areas of myonecrosis. Lesions were less severe than the left thigh. 125 125 Toxemia – liver & kidneys The liver and kidneys were

affected by the circulating toxins of Cl. chauvoei. The liver was congested. And

the kidneys were swollen, soft and edematous;

incision revealed purplish inflamed medulla and

hemorrhages in the renal calyces and renal pelvis.

117

Cases of yellow fatted carcass – Saidi lamb 126 126 Yellow fatted Saidi carcasses The color of fatty tails, fascia and omentum was canary-yellow due to carotenoid concentration in adipose tissue, contrasted with the color of

fascia & omentum (photo 127) of the same breed which showed the regular faint yellowish-white color of adipose tissue. The differences in carotenoid concentrations in adipose tissue are referred to the carotenoid content of herbage, the grass intake level, and the breed. The finding

correspond to yellow fatted sheep. 127 127 Regular color – adipose tissue The fascia & omentum showed the

regular faint yellowish-white color of adipose tissue.

118

Affections necessitated trimming or partial condemnation Bruises 128 129

128, 129 Bruising – body The fatty tail and fascia of the back & flank area showed widely spread red areas of hemorrhages due to bruising.

130 131

130, 131 Bruising – fatty tail The fatty tail showed diffuse reddish areas of hemorrhages of traumatic origin.

119

Continue 132 133 134

132 Fracture – foreshank 133 Fracture – hindshank The foreshank & hindshank showed severe reddish areas of hemorrhages & clotted blood in between & around the muscles due to bone fracture. 134 Amputated limb The right hind limb is absent 135 below the knee. Accidental F fracture and amputation was S suggested. 1 136 135 Lacerated wound 136 Injection site – muscle Jagged wound in silverside of the thigh. The gluteal area showed bulged, incision The wound involved the fascia, sub- revealed necrotic & fibrosed mass. fascia & superficial muscles. Parts of muscles were lacerated, clotted blood & hemorrhages around the muscles.

120

Continue 137 138

137, 138 Bruising – kidneys & perirenal fat The perirenal fat showed massive blood clot hematoma of traumatic origin. The kidneys showed large red areas of hemorrhages spread over the cortex. On incision, the cortex

of both kidneys showed diffuse hemorrhagic areas involved the whole cortical thickness, the corticomedullary junction & the renal calyces.

139 140

139 Foreign body in liver 140 Foreign body in liver A swelling on the liver surface, Incision A swelling on the liver surface. Incision revealed a hard object hindered the knife's revealed an abscess with hard object blade, it was a sewing needle surrounded hindered the knife. It was a sewing by fibrous tissue. needle surrounded by pasty greenish pus in a fibrous capsule adhered to the omentum.

121

2 141 Skeletal deformities 142 141 Rickets – ribs The costochondral junctions were widen & swollen due to weak mineralization of cartilaginous matrix & osteoid overgrowth. 143 1 142 Lordoscoliosis T The vertebral column showed more C convexity at the thoracic part as the S spinal processes of the thoracic V vertebrae were more prominent. 143 Joint deformity - knee Bone deformity of right knee & asymmetry of the two limbs, suggesting rickets. 1 145 2 144 144, 145 Hernia – scrotum The scrotum (photo 144) was highly swollen &

pendulous. Incision revealed scrotocele. Hernial content (photo 145) were part of the visceral

adipose tissue that bulged out into the scrotum, corresponds to scrotal hernia.

122

Abscesses 146 147

146, 147 Abscess – kidney The kidney was swollen (photo 146), on incision revealed greenish-yellow thick pus (photo 147) surrounded by a fibrous capsule. 148 149

148, 149 Abscess – lung A large swelling in a size of child head beneath the tracheal bifurcation, on incision revealed greenish-yellow creamy pus. 150 151 150 Hepatic abscess 151 Multiple hepatic abscesses The liver showed circumscribed swelling. The liver surface (left) showed numerous Incision revealed an abscess contained small abscesses. Incision (right) revealed greenish-yellow inspissated pus enclosed thick greenish-yellow gelatinous pus in a fibrous capsule. Abscesses attached surrounded by fibrous tissue. also to the diaphragm.

123

Continue 152 153 152 Abscess – subcutaneous fascia 153 Abscess – inguina Subcutaneous swelling at the hind quarter. The inguinal region showed bulged Incision revealed greenish- yellow pasty pus swelling, on incision revealed an enclosed in a thick fibrous capsule suggesting abscess involved the superficial a sequel of contaminated injection site. inguinal lymph node. 154 2 155 154 Abscess – base of the Neck 155 Abscesses – head During dressing a swelling at the base of Two swelling at the cheeks; incision the neck revealed greenish creamy pus. revealed two abscesses contained Abscess involved large area in the tissue yellowish-green gelatinous pus. beneath the neck. 157 156 156 Abscess – brisket 157 Orchitis The brisket showed a soft swelling; incision The lower normal testis contrasted the revealed a very thick, caseated yellowish- upper testis which showed swollen. On green pus surrounded by a fibrous capsule. incision revealed yellowish-green extended to three ribs as osteitis. gelatinous pus.

124

Pseudotuberculosis 158 158 Pseudotuberculosis – lung A hard swelling in the lung tissue, on incision revealed inspissated pus with laminated circular layers of caseated pus & fibrous tissue

onion-shape, corresponds to abscess pseudotuberculosis.

159 160

159, 160 Pseudotuberculosis – kidney The kidney showed a white swelling at its pole (photo 159), incision revealed small abscesses separated by fibrous tissue (photo 160); some abscesses contained gelatinous greenish pus, others were organized into circular laminated onion-shape layers, correspond to infection by C. pseudotuberculosis. 1 162 161 161 Pseudotuberculosis – perirenal fat 162 Pseudotuberculosis – liver trim The perirenal fat showed an abscess A swelling on the liver surface, on incision contained inspissated pus in circular revealed solidified pus in circular laminated laminated layers of onion shape. layers of onion-shape.

125

Parasitic infestation Mange 163 163 Mange – head The ear was totally covered by a very thick layer of scales due to infestation by mange; the lesion also involved other areas in the head. 164 164 Mange – head The skin of the face showed alopecic scaly areas due to mange infestation.

126

Cysticercus ovis

165 166

167

165, 166, 167 C. ovis – heart C. ovis may appear superficially in the epicardium or deep in the

myocardium, either single cyst or more than one according to the degree of infestation. Cyst

may be viable, degenerated, caseated or calcified.

168 168 C. ovis – diaphragm trim The muscular part of the

diaphragm showed pearl-like, pea size, degenerated cyst of C. ovis.

127

Cysticercus tenuicollis 170 169

169, 170 C. tenuicollis – liver Vesicles contained clear fluid & scolex attached to the peritoneum cover of the liver.

correspond to C. tenuicollis. 171 1 172 171 C. tenuicollis – liver trims 172 C. tenuicollis – diaphragm 1 174 173 1 174 C. tenuicollis – omentum 173 C. tenuicollis – abdominal & pelvic cavities

128

Hydatid cysts 175 176

175, 176 Liver hydatidosis Numerous circumscribed swellings found in the surface & parenchyma of the liver. On incision (photo 176) revealed vesicles containing clear or turbid yellowish fluid surrounded by fibrous tissue capsule, corresponded to Hydatid cysts. 177 177 Hydatid cyst – kidney 1 179 178 178 Hydatid cyst – diaphragm 179 Hydatid cyst – omentum

129

Fascioliasis 180 181

180, 181 Fascioliasis – liver of ewe Hepatomegaly & liver cirrhosis with whitish tortuous cords visible under the capsule of chronically inflamed biliary ducts (photo 180) due to the irritant action of flukes, correspond to parasitic hepatitis. Incision of the liver (photo 181) revealed corded

& thickened biliary ducts filled with dark foul odor biliary fluid & flukes. 182 183

182 Fascioliasis – liver Fasciola infestation with distended gall bladder and biliary ducts; incision revealed motile flukes and dark bile juice. 183 Fascioliasis – liver The liver showed light pale zones of degenerative changes in the hepatocytes with fibrous tissue formation; and brown zones of normal hepatic tissue.

130

184 Larvae migration tracks 185 184 Larvae migration tracks - liver 185 Larvae migration tracks – liver trims The liver showed irregular streaks due to Sporadic lesions of larvae migration passage of parasites during migration, tracks on the liver surface only.

186 187 186, 187 Larvae migration tracks - liver

The liver showed irregular hemorrhagic streaks due to passage of parasites during migration. Incision (photo 187) showed the lesions of parasitic migration, irregular streak formed of destroyed hepatocytes mixed with inflammatory cells & blood clots due to hemorrhages.

188 189 188, 189 Fasciola migration tracks – liver

The surface showed different sizes dark leaf-shaped stabbed areas had lighter contour corresponded to Fasciola migration tracks. Macrophotograph (photo 189), direction of

the migration tracks are uniformly.

131

Hepatic disorders 190 191

190 Black discoloration - liver 191 Hepatic tumor The liver was dark & blackish in color, The liver trim (left) showed mushroom-like (contrasted by normal liver piece), neoplastic mass over its parietal surface. suggesting hemosiderosis, met- Incision (right) revealed hepatic parenchymal hemoglobinemia or lipofuscinosis. tissue enriched with blood sinusoids. 192 193

192, 193 Cholangitis – liver

Inflammation & enlargement of the biliary ducts, on incision revealed thick wall and yellow stained biliary ducts.

132

Continue 194 195 194, 195 Anomaly – liver The right & left lobes were fused together. 197 196 196, 197 Anomaly – liver

Complete atrophy of the left lobe (photo 196), which was represented by a very small protrusion viewed at the visceral surface (photo 197).

198 199 198, 199 Anomaly – liver Malformation which consisted on atrophy & typical cirrhosis of the left lobe with compensatory hypertrophy of the right & caudate lobes.

133

Continue 200 201 200 Anomaly – liver 201 Anomaly – liver The left lobe was tighten by the adjacent Supernumerary lobe was formed viscera & ill developed, compensated by between the right & left lobes. hypertrophy of the remaining part of the liver. 202 202 Anomaly – liver The liver was distorted and hard. A supernumerary lobe protruded from the left lobe; and the right lobe was swollen; note, the

malformation and liver cirrhosis. 203 203 Anomaly – liver Distortion and cirrhosis of the liver. A pale diffuse zone of

degeneration (left). Hard texture and opaque capsule due to fibrosis.

134

Continue 204 204 Telangiectasis – liver The surface of the liver was highly irregular due to multiple small purple depressed areas. They were well circumscribed of varying size consisted of

cavernous dilation of groups of sinusoids.

205 205 Telangiectasis – liver Incision of the liver (photo 204), same change was noticed deep in the parenchyma.

206 206 Telangiectasis – liver Macrophotograph of the liver, note the cavernous dilation of groups of sinusoids.

135

207 Continue 207 White liver The liver was pale, enlarged and with fine texture due to

malnutrition, (contrast by normal liver piece).

208 209 208, 209 Fatty liver

The liver (photo 208) was pale yellowish in color & greasy in texture. The deposition of large amount of fat gave it a shiny appearance. On incision

(photo 209) revealed shiny & greasy parenchyma. 210 211 210 Congestion – liver 211 Friable liver The liver was dark red in color; slightly The liver was very soft in texture & with enlarged & engorged with blood as a easily detached capsule leaving a very result of inflammatory reactions. friable hepatic parenchyma.

136

Continue 212 213

212 Calcification of biliary tree – liver 213 Calcification of biliary tree – liver The surface of the liver showed multiple Macrophotograph of the liver (photo 212), granulomas of different sizes spread section revealed gritty masses on incision over the capsule. through a calcified bile ducts. They were chalky yellow bars of different sizes correspond to pipe-stem liver. 214 215

214 Calcification of biliary tree – liver 215 Calcified bile duct – liver trim Calcified granulomas found over the surface Liver trim showed white spot on the of the liver; incision revealed gritty calcified surface, on incision revealed calcified biliary ducts, correspond to pipe-stem liver. single bile duct in the parenchyma.

137

Continue 216 217

218 218

216, 217, 218 Liver cirrhosis The liver was infiltrated by fibrous

tissue that gave it firm texture, pale color & corrugated surface.

219 220 219 Hepatomegaly - liver 220 Hepatomegaly - liver The liver showed enlargement in size Enlargement of the liver with deposition with normal parenchyma. of fibrous tissue in the liver edges.

138

Continue 221 222

221, 222 Necrosis – liver

Large areas of necrosis of variable shapes & sizes seen all over the liver surface (photo 221), & deep within the parenchyma (photo 222). The necrotic areas

were pale yellowish in color surrounded by red zone of hemorrhages.

223 224 223, 224 Necrosis – liver

Numerous yellowish necrotic foci and streaks with petechial hemorrhages (photo 223) randomly distributed on the surface & within the parenchyma correspond to piercing & migration tracks of larvae. Peeling of the Glisson’s capsule (photo 224) revealed the

yellowish necrotic foci & tracks underneath the capsule. The capsule was turbid & lost its clear aspect due to infiltration by inflammatory cells.

225 225 Granulomas – liver Yellowish white nodules of different sizes

spread over the surface & embedded in the hepatic tissue.

139

Urinary disorders 226 227

226, 227 Unilateral renal atrophy (renal hypoplasia) The kidney showed abnormal volume due to atrophy (photo 226). Note, the primitive structure of the kidney (photo 227); the renal cortex was few millimeters thickness.

228 228 Unilateral atrophy &

Compensatory hypertrophy – kidneys The atrophied kidney showed

abnormal volume of both cortex and medulla which were few millimeters in

thickness. In contrast to the heterolateral kidney that showed a compensatory

hypertrophy.

2 230 229

229, 230 Renal calculi Several calculi of various dimensions were located at the renal pelvis, which

was widened due to hindered urine evacuation & back pressure.

140

Continue 231 232 231, 232 Nephritis

The kidneys were swollen, purplish color, with dark zones of severe congestion spread in the cortex (photo 231). On incision (photo 232) revealed congested cortex & medulla & dark red streaks of congestion radiating within the cortex & medulla; with clotted blood

filled the renal calyces & pelvis. 233 234 235

233, 234 Nephritis 235 Pyelonephritis Swollen kidneys with easily removed capsule leaved fine Swollen kidney, on incision whitish spots spread over the cortical surface. Incision of revealed very wide renal kidneys (photo234) revealed radiating pale streaks of calyces and pelvis filled degeneration & radiating reddish streaks of inflammation with yellowish purulent in the cortex; the medulla showed severe congestion exudate, pale cortex & & reddish streaks of inflammation. reddish medulla.

141

Continue 236 237 238

236, 237, 238 Renal cyst The Kidney showed a voluminous swelling sac-like with a very thin membrane-like wall,

(photo 236). Incision, half of the kidney was sac-like & contained urine (photo 237). The wall of the sac was made of the capsule & a very thin layer of fibrous tissue due to complete degradation of both cortex & medulla in this half (photo 238). The remained

half of the kidney showed very thin cortex & medulla due to the back pressure resulted from the accumulation of the urine due to obstruction of the renal ducts.

239 240 239, 240 Hydronephrosis

The kidney was comma-shaped (photo 239). On incision, urine oozed out. The medulla showed a cavity corresponded to a widened renal calyx (photo 240) as

a urine cyst which rendered the kidney swollen in one pole. Part of the cystic wall showed diminished medullary tissue while other part showed free of the

medullary tissue and with very thin cortical tissue.

142

Continue 241 242 241, 242 Infarct – kidney

A pale depressed zones shown in the cortex on removal of the renal capsule (photo 241). Incision revealed pale wedge-shaped area in the cortex and deep to the medulla (photo 242) corresponded to necrosis, usually caused by end artery embolism.

243 244

243, 244 Black discoloration - kidneys

The kidneys were dark & deeply purplish-black in color (photo 243) due to infiltration of pigments, suggesting methemoglobin, lipofuscin or hemosiderin. Incision

(photo 244) revealed blackish cortex and purplish medulla, suggesting hemoglobinuric nephrosis resulted from hemolysis.

143

Pulmonary disorders 245 246 245, 246 Pneumonia – lung

The lung tissue showed diffuse bright red colored areas where extravasation of blood occurred with dilatation of blood vessels, without loss of the normal spongy texture of

the lung. Note, congestion involved entire of the lung lobe; some rosy areas correspond to the normal lung tissue.

247 248 247, 248 Pneumonia – lung

The lung showed focal bloody stained areas of congestion of variable sizes contrasted by rosy normal lung tissue. The normal spongy texture of the lung unchanged.

249 250 249 Pneumonia – lung 250 Pneumonia – lung Incision in a congested lung showed The right lung showed congested & the bloody congested area involved the left lung showed mostly normal unless deep tissue of the lung. small patch showed congested.

144

Continue 251 252 251, 252 Pleuropneumonia – lungs & thorax

The left lung (photo 251) showed very large dark red consolidated area of red hepatization. The surface of the lung showed yellowish-white layer of

coagulated fibrinous exudate which adhered the lung to the chest. The right lung was grossly normal (photo 252).

253 254 253, 254 Aspiration pneumonia (Drenching pneumonia) – lung

A circumscribed swelling beneath the tracheal bifurcation on incision revealed a ruminal contents (ingesta) faulty choked into the airway; the choked material was

enclosed in a thick fibrous capsule, the inner wall of the fibrous capsule was blackish due to putrefaction (photo 254).

DISCUSSION

145

DISCUSSION

Egyptian sheep breeds are characterized by extended breeding seasons, high

fertility, and low prolificacy( Almahdy, et al. 2000).Their total populations exceed

4 million heads and are raised mainly for meat production, contribute 6% of the

total red meat produced in Egypt, and carpet sheep wool as a secondary product

(Galal, et al. 2005).

There are several sheep breeds raised in Egypt:

o Saidi breed (Photo 1-3) are found in southern Egypt looks black or brown,

Fat-tailed, coarse wool (wavy wooled) and have better tolerance to high

temperatures (Porter and Mason, 2002).

o Barki breed (Photo 4-6) is found at the west coast, usually brown or black

head, male horned, female polled fatty tail, and is well adapted to the desert

condition ( El Nahas, et al. 2008).

o Rahmani breed (Photo 7) is mainly at the Nile delta. The breed is named

after Rahmania, a village in the Beheira. Their color is brown, which fades

with age. This breed is believed to have some resistance to internal parasites

(Sheep info 2010).

o Ossimi breed is in central Egypt, white with a brown head , its carcass

significantly excelled that of Barki and Rahmani breeds in total fat stores

and dressing percentage, about 56.2%, (Abdel-Moneim, 2009).

In the current study, about 189 imported Romanian Tsigai sheep (Photo 9, 10)

and Ethiopian Sekota sheep (Photo 11) beside 57034 sheep of native breeds (39582

Saidi, 17367 Barki, 54 Ossimi & 31 Rahmani) were admitted to El-Basateen

abattoir ovine slaughter hall to be slaughtered and inspected, during the year 2006

in order to estimate the prevalence of most common abnormalities and affections

demonstrated in sheep carcasses in relation to age, sex and seasons.

146

Dentition & sex differentiation:

According to the Egyptian Official Code # 517 for Meat inspection, ovine

carcasses are classified into two age groups, young age group involved sheep that

had replaced up to two pairs of incisors into permanent teeth (Photos 18-20); while

the old age group involved sheep that had replaced more than two pairs of incisors

(Photos 22, 23).

Regarding sex, young female are not permitted for slaughter. Castration seems

to be common among male rams but lambs may often reach slaughter weight

before sexual maturity making castration unnecessary. In addition, there may be

some production benefits in leaving male lambs, entire male lambs (Photo 12)

grow faster; achieve higher weaning weights, finish earlier and produce leaner

carcasses than castrated (Photo 15) lambs (Dwyer and Lawrence, 2008 and

Hanrahan, 2010).

In the current study, during postmortem inspection, both testes were found

inside the abdominal cavity (Cryptorchidism) in 24 sheep instead of the scrotum.

They were retained in the abdomen & not descended into the scrotum (Photo 13).

Also 11 cases of Hermaphrodite (Table 8) where the carcass showed two small

rudimentary testes, & just below the anus, a very small primitive fibrous structure

corresponds to rudimentary pizzle (Photos 16 & 17). The prevalence of

hermaphroditism in sheep during the survey was 11(0.02%) out of the total 57223

sheep slaughtered. This result was lower than that recorded by (Dennis, 1979)

0.75%. True hermaphrodites are rare (have both ovarian and testicular tissue and

exhibit anomalies of the external genitalia). Pseudohermaphrodites are more

common; they have one or the other type of gonad and an anomaly of the external

genitalia that resembles, to some degree that of the opposite sex (Kahn and Mays,

2008).

147

Stamping:

In the abattoir, only carcasses that have been passed postmortem inspection for

human consumption are stamped by a special governmental stamp using harmless

edible colored ink (carmoisine).There are three main types of stamps including:

o The rectangular stamp used in stamping native young carcasses (Photo 21).

o The triangular stamp used in stamping native old carcasses (Photo 24).

o The hexagonal stamp used in stamping imported breeds carcasses of any

age (Photo 25).

In addition to these main stamps there is special type of stamp named the

adventitious stamp (Photo 26). This stamp is used for stamping carcasses of

native breeds that were slaughtered due to a casual reason such as emergency

slaughter; animals not fulfill the rules of slaughter such as young females not

allowed to slaughter unless unfit for reproduction, or suffering an incurable disease

condition & hermaphrodites.

Carcasses should be stamped after the completion of the postmortem inspection

and sonly after removing of the excess water in the fascia to allow optimum

fixation of the colored ink.

Every edible dressed carcass or part of a carcass that has passed inspection

must be legibly stamped with the inspection legend before refrigeration (Ontario,

2011).

Abattoir Survey:

During the current study many affections and abnormalities were emerged.

They are categorized according to their official judgment decision into:

I. Cases necessitated total condemnation.

II. Cases necessitated trimming or partial condemnation.

148

I. Cases necessitated total condemnation: Thirty nine carcasses out of 57223 ovine carcasses inspected during the year

2006 representing 0.068 % were condemned (Table 1 & Appendix 2). The main

causes of condemnation were : Jaundice (9 cases) ; Pyemia (5 cases) ; Ill bleeding

(4 cases); Avital slaughter (4 cases); Uremia (3 cases); C. ovis (3 cases);

Eosinophilic myositis (2 cases); Emaciation (2 cases) & one case in each of Delay

evisceration; Pseudotuberculosis; Old fracture; Suppurative pleuropneumonia;

Pulpy kidney and Black leg.

Imperfect bleeding:

It could be encountered in many disease conditions (Fernandes, 2009) or

stressful conditions (Wilson et al., 2005) or due to mechanical causes. In the

current study 4 young male carcasses out of 39 cases totally condemned were due

to ill bleeding 10.26% (Table 1) manifested by pyrexia and systemic changes.

Imperfect bleeding could be observed while the slaughtering process. The

slaughtered animal showed weak blood stream from the severed blood vessels at

the slaughter cut. Also the slaughtered animal exhibited weak struggling that

increased the amount of blood remained in the carcass. The fascia appears red in

color (Photo 27). Incision show severe congestion of subcutaneous blood vessels.

The liver & kidneys (Photo 28) were dark red in color, oozed blood on incision due

to severe congestion. Lungs (Photo 29) were congested with deep red parenchyma

due to engorgement of blood. The axillary space (Photos 32) showed engorgement

of the blood vessels with blood. The axillary lymph node was soaked in blood

which filled the axillary space resembled lake of blood. The flesh (Photo 30) was

dark red and watery in consistency. Intercostal veins (Photo 31) were clearly

prominent and engorged with blood.

149

Avital slaughtered sheep:

Some butchers cheaters slaughter dead animals and introduced them to

abattoirs for stamping and approving, falsely claiming the animal was alive but in

moribund state or has accident. In the present study 4 young (3 males & one

hermaphrodite) dead sheep were emergency slaughtered and brought to abattoir for

postmortem inspection & stamping, all were detected and rejected. The most

prominent feature was the pale corrugated & non-hyperemic slaughter cut (Photos

35 & 37). The blood vessels of the omentum (Photo 38) were engorged with blood,

intercostal veins were easily discernible (Photo 39), the axillary blood vessels were

engorged with blood, & the axillary lymph node soaked in a lake of blood (Photo

40). The flesh was dark red with wet touch (Photo 41).

Emaciation:

Emaciation is a common condition of food animals characterized by loss of fat

and flesh. It is associated with gradual diminution in the size of organs and

muscular tissue as well as edema in many cases. In sheep and other domestic

ruminants emaciation were observed in vitamin B12 (ADSN, 2009) or cobalt

(Radostits et al., 2000) deficiency, indigestible foreign bodies’ impaction

(Igbokwea et al., 2003) or parasitic infestation (Barhoom and Abu Bakr, 2008) or

in the course of long standing debilitating condition or general physical wasting

caused by chronic disease (Kahn and Mays, 2008).

The prevalence of emaciation in the current study (Table 3) reveal only two

cases, young male Barki lamb and old Saidi ewe (Fig.4&5), both appears in winter

(Fig.6). The carcass showed general wasting noticed in thinning of fatty tail which

was flabby; loss of the subcutaneous fat with highly prominent vertebral column;

smelling of acetone odor correspond to excessive lipolysis (Photos 42 & 43).

Leanness (Poorness) is often observed in case of poor quality pasture and

young growing animals which have had protein deficient diet. The animals are

150

physiologically normal and the reduced fat deposits of the animal carcass are

normal in color and consistency. The reduced muscle tissue is firm and of normal

consistency (Herenda et al., 2000 & FSIS, 2009). In the current study, 9 cases of

poorness among young rams (Fig.4 & 5) were detected, 55.6% of them were

detected in spring (Fig.6). All cases of poorness considered fit for human

consumption and considered of little public health significance and passed as

inferior quality (Photos 44-49).

Delayed evisceration:

Evisceration means the removal of the viscera or internal organs from the

carcass, and should be performed within two hours after bleeding. Within a few

hours of slaughter, distention of the stomach and intestines makes their removal

without rupture difficult, and bile may stain the liver and surrounding tissue if

rumen distention squeezes bile from the gall bladder (Fernandes, 2009). Only one

case of delayed evisceration (2.56%) was recorded out of the 39 totally condemned

sheep (Table 1). And it was one out of 8 emergency slaughtered sheep recorded

during this survey. This case of delayed evisceration was recorded during spring

season among young Saidi ram sheep arrived from Upper Egypt and had been

slaughtered as emergency on truck during trip, & was not eviscerated soon after

slaughter. Grossly, it showed jaundice & congestion, with a gray hue of

putrefaction (Photos 50-55).

Jaundice:

Jaundice (Icterus) is the result of an abnormal accumulation of bile pigment,

bilirubin. Jaundice is divided into three main categories. Prehepatic jaundice

occurs following excessive destruction of red blood cells. Hepatic jaundice occurs

due to direct damage to liver cells. Obstructive jaundice occurs when the drainage

of the bile pigment bilirubin is blocked from entry into the intestine (Herenda et

al., 2000). The prevalence of jaundice in sheep was 19(0.033%) out of the 57223

151

total sheep slaughtered (Table 4). This result was lower than the finding recorded

by (Woube, 2008) 2% in Ethiopia.

Among seasons, the highest rate was in winter followed by autumn. There were

no cases of jaundice recorded in summer (Table 4 & Fig.7-9).

Out of the 19 cases of jaundice 10 were of light degree of jaundice and

approved for consumption after setting in detention room under chilling and

disappearance of the yellowish discoloration and after local condemnation of

affected organs (liver and kidneys), and 9 carcasses were of high degree of

jaundice and were totally condemned as unfit for consumption. Confirmation was

justified by applying rapid phase test (Photo 65).

Jaundice could be encountered in many disease conditions included chronic

copper toxicosis (Castro et al., 2007; Headley et al., 2008; Giadinis et al., 2009

and Oruc et al., 2009); poisoning plant (Nobre et al., 2005; Aitken, 2007 and

Nazifi et al., 2008); Mycotoxicosis (Agag, 2004 and Kahn and Mays, 2008);

diaphragmatic hernia in lamb (Edwards and Schock, 2010)& liver flukes

infestation (Taheri et al., 2007 and Kaur et al., 2009).

In this survey, postmortem finding of advanced icteric carcass show lemon-

yellow color of the fascia and entire of the carcass fat including subcutaneous fat,

fatty tail (Photo 56), sclera of the eye (Photo 57), trachea, lungs, coronary fat

(Photo 58), spleen (Photo 59), omentum (Photo 60). The liver was highly affected

and of turmeric-yellow color. In some cases the gall bladder was swollen and

distended due to cholecystitis and stagnation of bile (Photos 61 & 62). Perirenal fat

(Photo 63) & all carcass ligaments (especially ligamentum nuchae - Photo 64),

synovial fluids, tendons, all viscera and muscles were stained yellow.

It is noticeable that there was a condition known as yellow fat sheep occurred

in some individuals due to certain physiologic conditions and might be confused

with light degree of jaundice. Sheep carcasses with yellow fat are sporadically

152

observed at slaughterhouses. This phenomenon is known to be inherited as a

recessive trait, and is caused by accumulation of carotenoids in adipose tissue

(Vage and Boman, 2010). In the present study, 10 cases of physiological yellow

colored fat (0.02%) were detected (Table 4). All cases were among young Saidi

rams and most of them were in spring (Fig.7 & 8) and approved for human

consumption. Grossly, they showed regular faint yellowish-white color of adipose

tissue. The differences in carotenoid concentrations in adipose tissue are referred to

the carotenoid content of herbage, the grass intake level, & the breed (Photos 126

& 127).

Caseous lymphadenitis:

Caseous Lymphadenitis is a worldwide chronic contagious disease

characterized by formation of abscesses caused by Gram-positive, facultative,

intracellular coccobacillus bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

affecting mainly sheep and goats this disease is also called pseudotuberculosis or

contagious abscesses, “cheesy gland” or “boils” (Fontaine and Baird, 2008). In

the current study, caseous lymphadenitis was found in rate of 38(0.1%) out of the

total 57223 sheep slaughtered (Table 8). This result agree with that recorded in

Argentina 0.09% by (Belchior et al., 2011) and lower than that recorded in

Uruguay 3% by(Cabrera et al., 2003) and in Turkey 3.5% by (Cetinkaya et al.,

2002). In the field and among herds the prevalence was much higher, it was 15.3%

in Jordan (Al-Rawashdeh and Al-Qudah, 2000); 26% in Australia (Paton et al.,

2003). In Egypt, the incidence of infection was 6.78% in Assuit (Mubarak et al.

1999), 13.16% in Sharkia governorate (Abou-Zaid, 2001), 23.33% in Gharbia and

Kafr El-Sheikh (Al-Gaabary et al, 2009) and 10.8% in El-Fayom (El-Oksh Amal,

2009).

Among the 38 cases of caseous lymphadenitis 35 cases (92.1%) were detected

in winter (Table 8). No cases had been recorded during summer and spring.

153

Postmortem inspection revealed total condemnation of only one case which

was Saidi old ewe with capsulated swellings of different sizes. Cutting through the

swelling revealed greenish white-yellow caseous exudate, which tends to become

dry and granular, cross-sections of lesions contain remnants of connective tissue

capsules resembles the concentric rings seen on the cut surface of an onion (Photo

68). Similar finding recorded by (FSIS, 2009 and Al-Gaabary et al., 2010).

Several abscesses developed in lungs & its lymph nodes (Photo 66), liver,

omentum and beneath the diaphragmatic aponeurosis (Photo 67) and inner surface

of the abdominal wall (Photo 69).

Pyemia:

Pyemia is a condition of public health significance resulting from the active

circulation of pyogenic organisms in the blood. It is typically characterized by the

development of acute suppurative lesions throughout the carcass tissues and organs

(FSIS, 2009).

Only 5 cases of pyemia (0.01%) out of 57223 total sheep slaughtered were

recorded during this survey (Table 8). All cases were in young Saidi rams (Table

1) representing 12.82% out of 39 totally condemned ovine carcasses. Staph. aureus

was suspected to be the main cause of the pyemic abscesses, other pyogenic

microorganisms may be involved (Vautor et al., 2005 and Kahn and Mays, 2008).

The main gross lesions were abscess in submandibular (Photo 70 & 71),

parotid (Photo 72), popliteal (Photo 73), prefemoral (Photo 74). Other carcass, the

heart showed epicarditis, on incision revealed a large size abscess contained a thick

and pasty pus greenish-yellow in color involved the myocardium and the

endocardium (Photos 75 & 76). The lymph nodes showed inflammatory reactions

(Photo 77). The liver showed hepatomegaly (Photo 78) and the spleen showed

enlargement & opaque capsule (Photo 79). The kidneys showed tiny pale

yellowish necrotic foci scattered throughout the cortex beneath easily removed

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capsule (Photo 80). The skeletal muscles all over one of the carcasses showed pale

yellowish unstained zones of variable sizes resembled fish-flesh correspond to

(hyaline degeneration) Zenker’s necrosis (Photos 90-95) beside a very large

abscess in the parotid lymph node (Photo 81), swelling of the carcass lymph nodes

(Photos 82-84) and the kidneys (Photos 85-87), while the liver was pale & soft

pasty in texture (Photos 88 & 89).

Uremia:

Uremia is a toxic condition caused by the accumulation of urinary waste

products in the blood which is normally excreted through the kidney (FSIS, 2009).

The prevalence of uremia in sheep was 3(0.01%) out of the 57223 total sheep

slaughtered and 7.69% of the 39 totally condemned ovine carcasses (Table 1) and

0.9% out of 328 cases of renal affections recorded during the current study (Table

13). These results were lower than the finding recorded by (Han & Canpolat,

2003) 3%. Most renal lesions are subclinical and they might have remarkably

higher frequencies than expected. It is possible that the blood-saliva-rumen cycling

mechanism of urea may have a role in the prevention of clinical uremia in

ruminating animals with renal lesions (Nour et al., 2010). Uremia may be a

consequence of nephritis, characterized by a strong urinous carcass odor and will

result in condemnation of the carcass and viscera (Jackman and Hathaway, 2010).

The biochemical profile of lambs clinically affected with uremia showed

significant higher serum urea and creatinine (VinodhKumar et al., 2010).

All cases of uremia were recorded in young Saidi rams, the postmortem finding

includes uriniferous odor carcass (Photo 96). The kidneys (Photo 97) were swollen

& soft. Incision revealed very thin cortex. The pelvic & abdominal cavities (Photo

98) were reddish in color due to severe inflammation of the peritoneum consequent

to the released urine from ruptured urinary bladder.

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Old fracture:

During this survey, a generalized case of broken legs (old fractures) was

recorded in a young Saidi ram during winter season (Table 1). It necessitated total

condemnation representing 2.56% out of the 39 carcasses condemned during the

course of the present study. The main gross finding at postmortem inspection

includes congestion of left hind quarter muscles (Photo 99), deep incision revealed

fractured femur (Photo 100). The fracture was not healed & the ends of the

fractured bones were not fixed together with a large callous mass (Photo 101);

correspond to old fracture & hemorrhages. Muscles showed pale areas of necrosis

& fibrous tissue formation. Also the right femur (102) showed an old unhealed

fracture with callous formation. The muscles around the fracture were pale &

showed myonecrosis. Muscles of the right fore quarter (Photo 103) showed

diffused whitish pale areas of degeneration & necrosis corresponds to chronic

myositis.

Fractures non-union is a frequent consequence, and lead to chronic disability

(Moulder and Sharma, 2008). Major complications of fracture repair include

osteomyelitis, delayed union, non-union, malunion (Jackson and Pacchiana,

2004). It was proved that interfragmentary movements of fractured bone led to the

development of a hypertrophic non-union (Schell et al., 2008). Interfragmentary

movements affect the quality and quantity of callus formation (Klein et al., 2003).

Ovine cysticercosis:

Although C. ovis not infects man through consumption of infested ovine meat,

aesthetic total condemnation is recommended when the cysts were found in both

organs and muscles or treated to render non-infective (FSIS 1998).

In the current study 3 young Saidi rams (0.01%) out of 57223 slaughtered

sheep were heavily infested and totally condemned during autumn, representing

7.69% of the 39 condemned carcasses (Table 1). Heavy infestation by C. ovis

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involved the heart, esophagus (Photo 104) & tongue (Photo 105), intercostal

muscles (Photo 106) & diaphragmatic muscle (Photo 107). Incision of the muscles

revealed numerous cysts of C. ovis in the skeletal muscles of the shoulder & thigh

(Photo 108).

Eosinophilic myositis:

Eosinophilic myositis is a collective term used in meat inspection to designate

diseases of clinically healthy animals that have focal, green colored muscular

lesions of unknown origin and most cases were detected during a routine

postmortem inspection (Wouda et al., 2006). The most frequently affected tissues

are striated skeletal muscle, esophagus and heart. Carcasses of animals exhibiting

eosinophilic myositis must undergo trimming of affected tissue prior to entering

the food chain. Severely affected carcasses are condemned (Jensen et al., 1986).

The cause of the condition has not been determined although two theories are

Sarcocystis spp. and allergic reaction may be involved (Kahn and Mays, 2008).

In the current survey, 2 cases of eosinophilic myositis were detected, in young

rams representing 5.13 % out of the 39 totally condemned ovine carcasses (Table

1), and condemned due to massive distribution of the lesions all over the carcasses

(Photos 109-111) so considered heavily affected and impractical to trim.

Suppurative pneumonia:

Suppurative pneumonia or septic pneumonia indicates any pneumonia

associated with the formation of pus and destruction of pulmonary tissue.

Necropsy examination of suppurative pleuropneumonia in sheep revealed effusion

between the pleura and the lung of foul-smelling odor. Cytologic and bacteriologic

examination revealed large numbers of neutrophils and Actinomyces pyogenes

organisms (Braun et al., 1995).

In this survey a case of suppurative pleuropneumonia recorded in aged ram

(Table 1). Postmortem finding revealed extensive thick greenish gray layer of

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fibrinopurulent exudates covered the parietal pleura of the thoracic cage and the

visceral pleura of the lungs of foul smelling odor and adhered the lung with the

thoracic wall and diaphragm (Photos 112-115). The lung tissue showed

pneumonic. There was systemic reaction encountered in lymph nodes and visceral

organs. The liver showed hepatomegaly, friable with inflammatory and

degenerative changes appeared through the slightly turbid Glisson’s capsule as

dark colored patches. The kidneys presented inflammatory changes as reddish

medulla (Photo 116). No gross lesions could be detected in the flesh & heart. The

carcass was totally condemned representing 2.56% of the carcasses totally

condemned during the study.

Pulpy kidney:

Clostridium perfringens type D “enterotoxaemia” causes pulpy kidney disease

in sheep and lambs. Mortality rate can be as high as 100% and outbreak is of great

economic importance wherever animals are raised intensively (Payne and Oyston,

1997). The disease is not transmissible, but sporadic outbreaks occur when the

microbial balance of the gut is disrupted, for example after antibiotic treatment or

by changes in diet. Pulpy kidney disease is often associated with a change from a

poor to a rich diet, accompanied by excessive eating. Such overeating causes

considerable quantities of undigested, starch rich food to pass from the rumen into

the small intestine .The nutritious, anaerobic environment generated allows the

multiplication of Cl. perfringens, which can be a normal inhabitant of the intestine,

resulting in its proliferation in large numbers and production of several potent

toxins that are absorbed into the general circulation or act locally with devastating

effects on the host (Uzal, 2004).

Only one cases of pulpy kidney (0.002%) out of the total sheep slaughtered

57223 were recorded during this survey, among young Saidi ram, the postmortem

finding showed putrid odor of the perirenal fat (Photos 119-120). The right kidney

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showed brick red in color, highly congested, highly friable, of foul smelling and

decomposed (Photos 117-118). The liver was also friable and showed degenerative

changes especially at the contact area with right kidney (Photo 121). Although the

carcass was in a very good condition the judgment was total condemnation

representing 2.56% of the condemned carcasses during the current study (Table 1).

Black leg:

Blackleg is an infectious disease of cattle and sheep caused by the bacterium

Clostridium chauvoei, also known as Clostridium feseri. In sheep it is more

common to relate the disease with wounds associated with lambing, docking,

castration, and shearing, but ingestion may be an important source of infection,

especially for animals grouped together in paddocks (Useh et al., 2003). The name

Blackleg is descriptive of the lesions in muscle which develop as almost black

colored and crepitant areas of infected tissue usually occurring in the area of the

hind quarters. The organism is world-wide in its distribution in soil and pastures

where it can remain viable for years (Robinson and Huxtable, 2003).

Only 2 cases of black leg (0.004%) out of the 57223total sheep slaughtered

were recorded during this survey, 1(0.003%) out of Saidi 39582 and 1(0.006%) out

of Barki 17367, both were in lambs and in spring season after rain fall with rate of

(0.02%) of the total carcasses inspected during spring season. High annual rainfall

has been associated with increased outbreaks of the disease in ruminants (Useh et

al., 2010). The occurrence of black leg in these breeds that represent in Upper

Egypt and Lower Egypt, denote a pockets of infection and the spread of

Clostridium chauvoei all over the country. Carcasses of animals affected by the

disease are the chief source of soil infection and considered as an ever-present

threat to livestock health. These microorganisms may be a potential contaminant of

carcasses and widespread in soil of abattoir environments (Sathish and

Swaminathan, 2008).

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The left thigh (Photos 122, 123) showed swollen, dark red & congested.

Incision revealed hemorrhages & clotted blood spread between the muscles,

diffused greenish areas of necrosis & serous bloody exudates of rancid smell. The

muscles were soft & easily torn. The lymph nodes showed lymphadenitis. The

right thigh (Photo 124) showed greenish areas of myonecrosis. The popliteal

lymph node showed lymphadenitis. Lesions were less severe than the left thigh.

The liver & kidneys (Photo 125) were affected by the circulating toxins of

Clostridium chauvoei. The liver was congested. The kidneys were swollen, soft,

fragile & edematous; incision revealed purplish inflamed medulla & hemorrhages

in the renal calyces & renal pelvis.

II. Cases necessitated trimming or partial condemnation:

Among the 57223 inspected ovine carcasses, 13928 (24.3%) need trimming or

condemnation of organs or part of the organ (Table 6) due to one of the following

conditions:

Injuries due to rough handling:

Rough handling of sheep in the farm, during transportation and in the abattoir

plays an important role in the quality of produced ovine carcasses. Many injuries

may arise ranging from bruises, wounds or even bone fractures. Partial

condemnation or trimming of the affected parts results in great economic losses.

Carcass quality can be adversely affected due to, reducing yield as well as

downgrading and the coast of this downgrading may be greater than the value of

the trimmed meat itself (Warriss, 2010).

In the present study the prevalence of rough handling injuries among examined

carcasses (Table 7) showed that 100(0.175%) out of 57223 have injuries (66

bruises, 12 fractures , 1 lacerated wound, 13 cases of injection site fibrosis and 8

metallic foreign bodies in liver).

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Bruising:

Is one of the most frequent causes of carcass rejection (Green et al., 1995). It is

defined as a broken blood vessel hemorrhaging under the hide, into the muscle

(Chambers and Grandin, 2001). Hemorrhage is seen at slaughter in various

organs, mucous and serous membranes, skin, subcutaneous tissue and muscles. It

may be caused by trauma (Herenda et al., 2000); beating of animals during

transportation (Grandin, 2010); wool grapping and rough handling (Richardson,

2008), and even when animals struggle during shackling (Herenda et al., 2000)

and slaughtering (Gracey et al., 1999).

In this survey, the highest prevalence was in spring and autumn among young

rams (Fig.12) due to suitable environment temperature and high activity of the

animals. Bruises most observed on the back of carcasses (Photos 128-129), fatty

tail (Photos 130-131), and kidneys and perirenal fat (Photos 137-138).

Fractures:

Broken legs are generally the most obvious of injuries in sheep due to rough

handling. The restoration of bone continuity and bone union are complex processes

(Adamiak and Rotkiewicz, 2010). The prognosis for broken legs depends on the

location, the age of the sheep and the severity. If the bone is showed through the

skin and it is contaminated with dirt, mud or manure, butchering is the correct

action (Goelz, 2006).

During this survey, 12 cases of broken legs (11 Saidi & 1 Barki) were recorded

either in the forelegs (Photo 132) or the hind legs (Photo 133). Grossly, the broken

limb showed dark red hematoma and extensive hemorrhages in the surrounding

musculatures. With blood clots filled the spaces between tendons, ligaments and

intramuscular spaces. The broken leg was trimmed and the carcass was approved

for consumption. Amazing case of three legs carcass met during the abattoir

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postmortem inspection, the right hind limb was absent below the knee. Accidental

fracture & amputation was suggested (Photo 134).

Lacerated wound:

Laceration is a cut that results in a jagged wound in the skin (Rubin, 1998). It

may be superficial or affect deep tissues, such as tendons, muscles, ligaments,

nerves, blood vessels, or bone (Hollander and Singer, 2006). Animals can get

wounded at the farm, during transportation, or at the abattoir by getting strike

against some hard object, kicked by another animal or by goads (Chaudhry, et al.

2011).

Only one case (1%) out of the 100 injuries cases recorded during this survey

(Table 7) was observed in Saidi lamb during summer season (Photo 135). In fact

the length of the wound was large indicating the lamb was exposed to a hard

metallic object.

Injection site fibrosis:

Injection site fibrosis usually found in the thigh of sheep carcass during

inspection while the carcass is hanged on the rail line. Common sites for injection

damage are the prescapular region of the neck, the shoulder and gluteal muscle

groups. It is not easily detected as it presented as lack of symmetry in the muscle,

or very slight swelling or even unapparent swelling beneath the fascia (Gracey et

al., 1999).

In fact the stamp sealer help detecting the lesion during stamping as the stamp

roller reflect hard sensation of the fibrosed area different from other normal

musculature. In this survey, 13(11 Barki & 2 Saidi) cases of injection site fibrosis

were detected (Photo 136). This result is lower than the finding of (Eppleston,

2005) 18% for mutton and 65% for lamb carcasses in New Zealand.

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Foreign bodies:

In this survey foreign bodies (metallic object: sewing needle, piece of wire or

nail), were recorded in the liver of 8(%) out of the 57223 total sheep slaughtered.

This result is lower than the finding of (Hailat et al., 1997) 18.5% in Jordan;

(Igbokwea et al., 2003) 7.4% in Nigeria and (Saied et al., 2007) 0.9% in Iran. The

prevalence of foreign bodies is most likely due to the increased pollution of

grazing lands, and may be attributed to the fact that most of the animals are grazing

freely, also may be due to the shortage of forages in the dry seasons (Saied et al.,

2007 and Ghurashi et al., 2009). Foreign bodies can reach to the liver by one of

three routes: direct penetration through the abdominal wall, migration from the

gastrointestinal tract, or via the blood stream. Peritonitis or a localized abscess was

most common presentations (Crankson, 1997). Sequelae of perforation by

swallowed sharp foreign bodies, multiple abscesses can be seen both in abdominal

and thoracic organs (El-Sebaie, 1994).

Among breeds Saidi showed higher prevalence than Barki (7:1). Dealing with

sex, the rate was 7(0.012%) out of 56540 male and 2(0.3%) out of 672 female.

Female showed higher rate than male, similar finding recorded by (Igbokwea et

al., 2003). Grossly, the affected liver showed an abscess. The abscess either soft

(filled of liquid pus), or hard organized abscess (pus was inspissated). During

trimming off the abscess and to discover what was hidden. A sewing needle was

found lodged inside the abscess or even found its way to protrude out (Photos 139-

140).

Skeletal deformities:

Rickets is a disease of the developing skeleton caused by a failure of proper

cartilage mineralization. Vitamin D deficiency is the most common cause, but

rickets may occur as a result of deficiencies in phosphorus and calcium (Pugh,

2002 and Mearns et al., 2008). Vitamin D may be available in a good level in the

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body but a defect in end-organ responsiveness to 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D is the

likely mechanism of inherited rickets in sheep (Thompson et al., 2007 and Dittmer

et al., 2009). The clinical signs resemble rickets and include decreased growth rate,

thoracic lordosis and angular limb deformities (Dittmer et al., 2009).The disease is

characterized by abnormal endochondral ossification and defective bone formation

(Mearns et al., 2008). Gross lesions included enlarged costochondral junctions,

bilateral irregularity of articular surfaces (Thompson et al., 2007).

Bone abnormalities detected during the current survey were only 6 young rams

(5 Saidi and 1 Barki). It was proved that rickets occur most common in young

sheep (Bonniwell et al., 1988; Pugh, 2002 and Mearns et al., 2008). The 6 cases

of bone abnormalities involved 3 cases of rosary formation in ribs (Photo 141), 1

case of thoracic lordoscoliosis (Photo 142) and 2 cases knee deformity (Photo

143).

Hernia:

Hernias usually emerge through preformed or acquired defects or weak areas

of the abdominal wall unprotected by muscle or aponeurosis (Bendavid et al.,

2001). The incidence of abdominal hernia was higher in females and the incidence

of inguinal hernia was higher in males (Al-Sobayil and Ahmed, 2007).

The prevalence of hernia in sheep was 6(0.01%) out of the 57223 total sheep

slaughtered (3 Saidi & 3 Barki). All cases of hernia were in lambs 6(0.01%) out of

56526. Agree with (Aitken, 2007) who found that inguinal and scrotal hernias are

most common in lambs rather than older sheep. Most cases of hernias in this

survey were scrotal and inguinal hernias.

Inguinal hernias are usually a consequence of raised intra-abdominal pressure,

as might occur among lambs on artificial or highly fermentable diets. The pressure

is believed to force intestinal loops through the inguinal ring to become visible as a

swelling at the groin and inner thigh (Aitken, 2007).

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Grossly, the scrotum was highly swollen & pendulous (Photo 144). Incision

revealed scrotocele. The hernial content (Photo 145) consisted of part of the

visceral adipose tissue that bulged out into scrotum, corresponds to scrotal hernia.

Pyogenic affections:

Pyogenic affection includes any affection characterized by development of

abscess, defined as a localized, “walled off” area of pus which is a liquid

inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called Liquor purist (FSIS,

2009). Abscess disease causes downgrading of sheep carcasses and restriction of

importation (Paton et al., 1994).

In this survey, the prevalence of abscessation (Table 8) was 711 (1.24%) out of

the 57223 total sheep slaughtered, similar finding recorded in Nigeria 1.04% by

(Alawa et al., 2010). Among breeds the rate of abscesses were 327(0.8%) out of

39582 Saidi; 326(1.9%) out of 17367 Barki and 15(7.9%) out of 189 Imported

breeds. The highest rate was in imported breeds, thus strict hygienic measures

should be applied to avoid the introduction of exotic diseases.

The rate of distribution of abscesses in different organs and tissues (Table 9)

was 582(87.12 %), 56(8.38 %), 13(1.95%), 9(1.35%), 7(1.05%), and 1(0.15%) in

the liver, carcass lymph nodes & fascia, head, testis, lung and heart, respectively.

The highest rat was in liver, which is particularly susceptible to abscesses because

it receives blood from several sources (Ghadrdan-Mashhadi et al., 2006).

The prevalence of abscesses was higher in female 3.4% than male 1.12%

(Fig.13). Dealing with age, the rate was higher in old age group 23(3.9%) than

young age group 645(1.12%); agree with the results of (Edwards et al., 1999 and

Woube, 2008). Dealing with season, the greatest prevalence of the abscesses was

in winter (Fig.15), disagree with the finding recorded by (El-Tahawy, 2010) who

found the greatest prevalence was in spring season.

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Abscess may develop anywhere e.g. kidneys (Photos 146, 147); lungs (Photos

148, 149); liver (Photos 150, 151); contaminated injection site (Photo 152);

inguinal (Photo 153); base of the neck (Photo 154); Head (Photo 155); Brisket

(Photo 156) and testicle results in orchitis (Photo 157).

Pseudotuberculosis was observed in 38 carcasses, most of them (37 cases) were

judged as a local condition necessitate condemnation of the affected part as lungs

(Photo 158); Kidneys (Photos 159, 160); perirenal fat (Photo 161) and liver (Photo

162).

Parasitic infestations:

Head mange:

Sheep are susceptible to many types of mange. Each type of mange has its

characteristic lesions and area of infection. Sarcoptes scabiei var ovis affects the

non-wooly skin (González-Candela et al., 2004).

The prevalence of mange in sheep head was 7(0.012%) out of the 57223 total

sheep inspected (Table 10). This result is lower than the finding recorded by

(Yakhchali and Hosseine, 2006) 0.2% in Iran; (Aatish et al., 2007) 6% in Pakistan

and (Barmon et al., 2010) 5.8% in Bangladesh.

All cases recorded were in young rams (Fig.16-18) and 71.4% were recorded in

autumn. The highest rate autumn agrees with (Lewis, 1997 and Sargison, 2005)

who stated that winter housing may contribute to the incidence of the disease by

providing a suitable environment for the parasite and facilitating transmission

between animals.

Sheep affected with mange showed significant increase in neutrophil counts

and decline of hemoglobin and prolactin (Broom and Corke, 2002). Thus, affected

sheep are responsible for great economic losses due to damaged skin and wool,

anemia, poor physical condition, decreased milk and meat production and

suboptimal lambing and growth rates (Fthenakis et al., 2000).

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Grossly, the head affected by mange (Photos 163, 164) showed alopecic patchy

areas together with scabs formation and increased thickness of the skin as a result

of hyperkeratosis and inflammation. Condemnation of affected heads was

recommended.

Cysticercus ovis:

C. ovis is the intermediate larval stage of the canine adult tapeworm Taenia

ovis, infects the muscle of sheep. It is a silent disease, not detectable until

slaughter. Cysts are typically found in the heart, diaphragm, and masseter (cheek)

muscle but also commonly occur throughout the meat, in heavily infested cases,

making the entire carcass unacceptable for human consumption and total

condemnation is recommended.

In the present study the prevalence of ovine cysticercosis was 643(1.12%) out

of the total 57223 sheep slaughtered (Table 11). This result is lower than the

findings recorded by (Cabrera et al., 2003) 1.7% in Uruguay; (Jackman and

Hathaway, 2010) 2% in New Zealand; (Ibrahim et al., 2008) 2.97% in Saudi

Arabia; (Jibat et al., 2008) 5.6% in Ethiopia; (Abu-Elwafa and Al-Araby, 2008)

8.27% in Egypt and (Christodoulopoulos et al., 2008) 29.41% in Greece, but

higher than the finding recorded by (El-Metenawy, 1999) 0.64% in Saudi Arabia.

Heart was the most predilection site (635 cases) for C. ovis infection (Abu-Elwafa

et al., 2009 and Jackman and Hathaway, 2010). Cyst may appear superficially in

the epicardium or deep in the myocardium (Photos 165-167) or in the muscular

part of the diaphragm (Photos 168); either single cyst or more than one according

to the degree of infestation. Cyst may be viable (contained clear fluid with visible

scolex), degenerated (thick capsule contained grayish fluid), caseated (thick

capsule contained greenish caseated materials) or calcified (thickened capsule

contained hard gritty mass).

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Among seasons the rate of C. ovis infection was (21.3%, 28.3%, 28.2% and

22.2%) in summer, autumn, winter and spring, respectively (Table 11). This result

showed that the prevalence of infection is available all over the year but winter and

autumn showed slightly the highest in rate (Fig 21, 22). In contrary with (Abu-

Elwafa et al., 2009) who found C. ovis reached its maximum during summer.

Cysticercus tenuicollis:

C. tenuicollis cyst is characterized by a long necked fluid filled sac that is

usually attached to the peritoneum in the abdominal wall, omentum, mesentery and

organs especially the liver. C. tenuicollis are responsible for morbidity and

mortality in sheep (Radfar et al., 2005).

The prevalence of Cysticercus tenuicollis was 1264 (2.21%) out of the 57223

total sheep slaughtered (Table11). This result agrees with that recorded by (El-

Metenawy, 1999) 2.1% in Saudia Arabia, and lower than the findings recorded by

(Samuel and Zewde, 2010) 40% in Ethiopia; (Senlik, 2008) 24.1% in Turkey;

(Abu-Elwafa and Al-Araby, 2008) 14.29% in Egypt; (Radfar et al., 2005) 12.87%

in Iran and (Cabrera et al., 2003) 5.1% in Uruguay, and higher than the result

recorded by (El-Dakhly et al., 2007) 1.4% in Egypt. Carcasses were not heavily

infested and had been approved after removal of cysticerci from the serosal

surfaces of the abdomen and pelvis and the perirenal fat(Photo 172) and diaphragm

(Photo 173) and after condemnation of liver (Photos 169-171), and omentum

(Photo 174) if their affection rate necessitated that.

Among breeds the rate of Cysticercus tenuicollis was 950(2.4%) out of 39582

Saidi, 311(1.8%) out of 17367 Barki, 1(1.9%) out of 54 Ossimi and 2(1.1%) out of

189 Imported breeds. The highest prevalence was in Saidi, while Barki and Ossimi

were similar in rate. This result indicated that Cysticercus tenuicollis is

predominant in Upper Egypt than Lower Egypt according to the geographical

distribution of the breeds. Imported breeds had recorded the lowest in rate.

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Dealing with sex (Fig.19 & 23), the rate was 1261(2.2%) out of 56540 male

and 3(0.45%) out of 672 female. Male showed higher rate than female. Disagree

with the finding of (Abu-Elwafa et al., 2009) that found female were more liable

to the infection with C. tenuicollis than male.

Dealing with age (Fig.20), young age group showed higher prevalence

1260(2.2%) out of 56622 than old age group 4(0.7%) out of 590. Disagree with the

finding of (Abu-Elwafa et al., 2009; and Samuel and Zewde, 2010) that found C.

tenuicollis were revealed from old age group than young one.

Among seasons (Fig.21 & 22), the rate was (2.1%, 2.3%, 2.2% and 2.2%) in

summer, autumn, winter and spring, respectively. There was no significant

difference in rate between seasons indicated that Cysticercus tenuicollis is a

common pathologic and hygienic problem found in slaughterhouses of Egypt all

over the year. Liver was the most predilection site for Cysticercus tenuicollis

followed by omentum. (Cabrera et al., 2003) found the most predilection site was

the liver, while it was the omentum with (Radfar et al., 2005; Senlik, 2008; Abu-

Elwafa et al., 2009 and Samuel and Zewde, 2010). Cysticerci are most commonly

found attached to the omentum, mesentery, liver, kidney, heart and peritoneum, it

is always subserous and never intramuscular (Schinieder, 2006; Payan-Carreira et

al., 2008; Jackman and Hathaway, 2010; Nath et al., 2010).

Hydatidosis:

Echinococcus granulosus is a parasite of the dog and wolf. Its larva is a

Hydatid cyst in sheep and man, and is found in a wide range of anatomical sites

such as the lungs, liver, heart, and brain (Capoglu et al., 2002). The cyst may reach

up to 30 cm in diameter (WHO, 2001). The improper disposal of dead animals, the

access of farm dogs to offal of slaughtered sheep, the carelessness of farmers to

treat farm dogs with anthelmintic, and the grazing of flocks in fields where stray

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dogs have free access were the most common factors increase the risk of exposure

of sheep to hydatidosis (Christodoulopoulos et al., 2008).

In the present study the prevalence of Hydatid cyst was 1995 (3.49 %) out of

the total 57223 sheep inspected (Table 11).This result was lower than that recorded

by (Ibrahim et al., 2008) 17.03% in Saudi Arabia; (Nigatu et al., 2009) 10.6% in

Ethiopia; (Kara et al., 2009) 9.1% in Turkey and (Oge et al., 1998) 5.9% in

Turkey. But similar to the result recorded by (Jibat et al., 2008) 3.4% in Ethiopia.

And higher than the finding recorded in Saudi Arabia by (El-Metenawy, 1999)

2.13% in Al-Qassim and (Fadladdin, 2006) 2.6% in Al-Madina; (Haridy et al.,

2006) 0.3% in Egypt and (Kadir and Rasheed, 2008) 1.17% in Iraq.

Cyst may appear in liver (Photos 175-176), kidney (photo 177); diaphragm

(photo 178) and omentum (photo 179). Liver was the most prevalent site (1981

cases) for Hydatid cyst infection than other organs (Cabrera et al., 2003; Umur

and Kaaden, 2003; Azlaf and Dakkak 2006 and Ibrahim, 2010).

Dealing with sex, (Fig 23) males are found more liable to infection with

Hydatid cyst than females (3.5% and 2.8% respectively), disagrees with the finding

recorded by (Abu-Elwafa et al., 2009).

Among seasons the rate of Hydatid cyst infection was (10.3%, 30.7%, 23.5%

and 35.5%) in summer, autumn, winter and spring, respectively (Table 11). The

most prevalent seasons (Fig 21 & 22) were spring (Ibrahim, 2010) and autumn

(Kadir and Rasheed, 2008). In contrary with (Abu-Elwafa et al., 2009) found

Hydatid cyst reached its maximum during winter.

Fascioliasis:

Fasciola flukes is the trematodes worms infesting the liver and known as the

liver flukes. Sheep are the main reservoir host for environmental pollution and

human fascioliasis (El-shazly et al., 2002). It is one of the largest flukes (30 mm x

13 mm) and is leaf shaped with a pointed posterior end and a wide anterior end

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(Romich, 2008). Sheep are the main reservoir host for environmental pollution and

human fascioliasis (El-shazly et al., 2005). Fasciolosis is prevalent in sheep and

represent a major cause of economic losses, as a result of condemnation of infested

livers (Mungube et al., 2006; da Cunha et al., 2007; Ahmadi and Meshkehkar,

2010 and Mellau et al., 2010). Moreover when the parasites reach the bile ducts in

the liver. The fluke ingests blood, which produces severe anemia and chronic

inflammation and enlargement of the bile ducts (Boray, 2007).

The prevalence of liver flukes was 686 (1.2%) out of the total 57223 sheep

slaughtered (Table 11).This result was lower than the finding recorded by(Alawa et

al., 2010) 16.20% in Nigeria; (da Cunha et al., 2007) 8.87% in Brazil; (Woube,

2008) 7 % in Ethiopia; (Mungube et al., 2006) 5.2% in Kenya; (Kara et al., 2009)

4.42% in Turkey; (Ibrahim et al., 2008) 4.2% in Saudi Arabia; (Cabrera et al.,

2003) 3.9% in Uruguay and (El-shazly et al., 2005) 3.25% in Egypt. But higher

than the finding recorded by (Kadir and Rasheed, 2008) 0.5% in Iraq.

Infested liver appear enlarged, dark brown in color, hard and tough in

consistency. Other livers were shrunken, firm and light brown. The liver capsule

was thickened and pale greyish-white in color (Photos 180-183).

Dealing with sex, (Fig.23), females are found more liable to infestation with

Fasciola spp. than males (5.2% and 1.15%, respectively). Dealing with age, old

age group 34(5.8%) out of 590 showed higher prevalence than 562 (1%) out of

56622 young age group. Similar finding recorded by (Edwards et al., 1999).

Among seasons the rate of Fasciola spp. infection was (21.4%, 43.3%, 24.5%

and 10.8%) in summer, autumn, winter and spring, respectively (Table 11).

The most prevalent season was autumn (Fig 21 & 22), followed by winter,

agree with (Kadir and Rasheed, 2008 and Ahmadi and Meshkehkar, 2010). This

result indicated that rainfall which favors fluke development and provides an

optimum habitat for the intermediate host, the mud snail (Mitchell, 2002).

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Larvae migration tracks in liver:

Inside the host’s body certain parasites migrate as a part of their life cycle pass

through different stages & searching for the target organs or tissues, resulting in

damage of organs. Damage may only be temporary but sometimes permanent

problems occur (Southwell et al., 2008 and Webber, 2009).

Sheep are very susceptible to acute fasciolosis and the damage results from the

immature flukes tunneling through the liver parenchyma cause extensive tissue

damage and hemorrhage results in severe clinical disease and high mortality in the

grazing sheep in Africa (Okewole et al., 2000).The immature flukes reach the liver

after migrating via the intestinal wall and peritoneal cavity (Jackman and

Hathaway, 2010). Young flukes penetrate the liver capsule and migrate through

the liver tissue for six to seven weeks before entering the bile ducts to become

adult flukes (Boray, 2007). Migration of flukes results in thrombus formation in

hepatic veins that leads to ischemia (Salam et al., 2009). All Fasciola-infected

livers showed different grades of biliary cirrhosis in the main and the neighboring

bile ducts and bile ductules (El-Dakhly et al., 2007 and Webber, 2009). In gross

finding of fascioliasis, the liver was shrunken, firm and light brown. The liver

capsule was thickened and pale greyish-white in color. Numerous yellowish-white

migratory tracks were observed on the surface and cut surface of the liver (Kaya et

al., 2007).

Fasciola is not only the causative parasite of this pathological condition but

other parasites are also incriminated (Nath et al., 2010). Migration tracks were

found in the liver infested with Cysticercus tenuicollis, the larval stage Taenia

hydatigena. The migrating larvae penetrate the small intestine and migrate to soft

tissues such as the liver, omentum and lungs (Samuel et al, 2001; Kara, 2005;

Yildirim et al., 2006 and Jackman and Hathaway, 2010).

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Lambs can be infected with Toxocara canis larvae as a paratenic host. The

larvae reach the liver and are dormant in the liver parenchyma. They move slowly

from place-to-place within the liver, or migrate to the lungs and other tissues,

which is called as visceral larva migrans (Gillespie and Hawkey, 1995 and

Aldawek et al., 2002).

In this survey, the prevalence of larvae migration tracks in sheep liver was

981(1.7%) out of the 57223 total sheep slaughtered Among seasons the rate was

(1.1%, 1.2%, 2.4% and 2%) in summer, autumn, winter and spring, respectively

(Table 11). Postmortem finding of sheep liver affected by larvae migration tracks

degree of the spread of lesions in livers was different. Some liver presented with

confined lesions that required trimming. Other livers were extensively affected and

required condemnation of whole liver. However, the affected liver grossly showed

irregularly curved lines resembled worm movement corresponded to migration

tracks appeared via a clear Glisson’s capsule or whitish turbid Glisson’s capsule

due to inflammation (peritonitis). These migration tracks were of different length

and width and showed yellowish, greenish, reddish and/or whitish in color.

Yellowish and/or greenish color was due to infiltration by lymphocytes,

macrophages, eosinophils and neutrophils. Reddish color was due to hemorrhages

and thrombosis. Whitish color was due to scar formation. The migration tracks

were either raised in acute lesions or depressed in chronic lesions. The lesions

found on the liver surface and deep in the liver parenchyma. Some lesions showed

gritty by knife cutting due to mineralization as a defense mechanism of the body.

Migration tracks of liver flukes were filled of dark brown paste of metabolic waste,

blood and necrotic hepatocytes as well as clotted blood thrombi. These findings

agreed with the findings recorded by (Behm and Sangster, 1999; Kara, 2005;

Salam et al., 2009 and Jackman and Hathaway, 2010). Photos (184-189)

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Hepatic alterations:

Liver is the largest and one of the most important organs represents 1-2% of

the animal body weight. It has many functions like synthesis of nitrogenous by

products, storage of glycogen, secretion of bile and detoxification by inactivation

or converting toxic substances to water soluble materials.

In the current study, out of 57223 sheep slaughtered, the liver of 12273 sheep

show lesions or alterations, (Table 5) , necessitate condemnation of the whole liver

in 1347 cases and just trimming by removal of the lesion and its surrounding

tissue s in 10926 cases (Table 6). Most of these affections found in young ram

(Fig.24 & 25).

Among the alterations met during inspection were black liver (Photo 190) in

three cases in winter (Table 12). Black discoloration of liver is attributed to either a

senile factor (Seehafer and Pearce, 2006), or a pathological condition as chronic

copper toxicity lead to hemosiderosis resulting from massive hemolysis (Ilha et

al., 2001and Oruc et al., 2009). Contrarily, another 3 cases of pale or white liver

(Photo 207), two in autumn and one in winter (Table 12) were detected. , recorded

cases of white liver in such rain season of the year explained by (West et al., 2002)

that referred the condition to a mycotoxicosis, which only causes lesions in cobalt

deficient areas.

Hepatic tumors is an abnormal mass of tissue which grows without control

and uncoordinated with the tissue or organs of origin or those nearby (Herenda, et

al. 2000). It was recorded in 3cases out of the 57223total sheep slaughtered; and all

were found in male Saidi breed. This result indicated that such lesions are rare.

And its occurrence may be due to a number of toxic oncogenic factors incriminated

in the etiology of liver cancer, hereditary, viruses, mycotoxins, substances used in

agriculture, parasites, toxic agents from plants and other factors with slow, chronic

174

action and/or combinations of these risk factors (Damjanov & Linder, 1996; Baba

& Câtoi, 2007 and Santos, et al. 2007).

Grossly, the liver piece showed mushroom- like neoplastic mass over its

parietal surface with part of the diaphragm was attached underneath the mass.

Incision revealed hepatic parenchymal tissue enriched with red arborescent zones

of blood sinusoids. No other gross lesions were noticed anywhere (photo 191).

Cholangitis means inflammation of the biliary ducts. The term cholangitis

summarizes a spectrum of inflammatory diseases of the biliary tree, both infectious

and non-infectious (Rodes et al., 2007).

Out of the total 57223 sheep slaughtered 30(0.05%) liver were condemned due

to cholangitis (Table 12), included 24(0.06%) out of 39582 Saidi, 4(0.02%) out of

17367 Barki and 2(1%) out of 189 Imported breeds. The highest prevalence was in

imported breeds. Among native breeds Saidi showed higher rate than Barki.

Dealing with sex, the rate was 3(0.45%) out of 672 female and 27(0.05%) out

of 56540 male. Female showed higher prevalence than male. Dealing with age, old

age group 3(0.5%) was higher in prevalence than young age group 27(0.05%).

Among seasons, the rate was (0.05%, 0.06%, 0.03% and 0.07%) in summer,

autumn, winter and spring, respectively. In this survey it was observed that most

cases of cholangitis associated with liver fluke. Similar finding recorded by

(Herschel and Carpenter, 1998 and El-Dakhly et al., 2007). All Fasciola-infected

livers showed different forms of cholangitis (El-Dakhly et al., 2007).

Grossly, an inflammation and enlargement of the biliary ducts (photos 192,

193). On incision revealed thick wall & yellow stained biliary ducts, due to

stagnation of bile juice which filled the lumen of bile ducts.

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Liver anomalies:

Sheep liver consists of 3 lobes, the right lobe, the left lobe with umbilical

fissure in between, and the caudate lobe. Any deviation from this normal anatomy

assumed as anomaly.

Congenital defects, abnormalities of structure or function present at birth, may

be caused by genetic or environmental factors or a combination of both and in

most cases the cause is unknown. Developmental defects may be lethal, semi-

lethal, or compatible with life causing aesthetic defects or having no effect on the

animal (Johnson et al., 1985).

The prevalence of liver anomalies was 33(0.06%) out of the 57223total sheep

slaughtered (Table 12). Among breeds the rate of liver anomalies was 16(0.03%)

out of 39582 Saidi and 17(0.1%) out of 17367 Barki. The highest rate of was in

summer 20(0.2%). All cases were in male and young age group.

Grossly, liver anomalies showed as:

Complete fusion between the left & right lobe (photos 194, 195), complete

atrophy of the left lobe (photo 196) which was represented by a very small

protrusion viewed at the visceral surface (photo 197).

Malformation (photos 198, 199) which represented by atrophy & typical

cirrhosis of the left lobe with compensatory hypertrophy of the right & caudate

lobes.

The left lobe was tighten by the adjacent viscera & ill developed, compensated

by hypertrophy of the remaining part of the liver (photo 200).

Supernumerary lobe (photo 201) was formed between the right & left lobes.

The liver was distorted & hard; a supernumerary lobe protruded from the left

lobe; & the right lobe was swollen (photo202), note, the malformation & liver

cirrhosis.

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Distortion & cirrhosis of the liver (photo 203). A pale diffuse zone of

degeneration (left). Hard texture & opaque capsule due to fibrosis.

Hepatic telangiectasis or cavernous hemangioma (plum pudding liver), are

circumscribed, bluish-black irregular areas, of varying sizes scattered throughout

the liver parenchyma, consisted of dilated sinusoids filled with blood. They are

depressed beneath the surrounding liver tissue and, on section, appear as cavities

with network of residual stroma (Gracy et al., 1999 and Herenda et al., 2000).

Only one case of hepatic telangiectasis in this survey was recorded in Barki

breed. Grossly, the surface of the liver was highly irregular due to multiple small

purple depressed areas. They were well circumscribed of varying size consisted of

cavernous dilation of groups of sinusoids (photo 204). Section of the liver (photos

205, 206) revealed the same change was noticed deep in the parenchyma.

Fatty liver disease is a complex metabolic disease histologically characterized

by hepatic lipidosis (ADSN, 2009). Fatty liver was found in rate of 9(0.02%) out of

(57223) sheep slaughtered (Table 12). The highest prevalence was in Imported

breeds, female and in winter.

Grossly, the liver was pale yellowish in color (photo 208) & greasy in texture.

The deposition of large amount of fat gave it a shiny appearance. Incision of the

liver (photo 209) revealed shiny & greasy parenchyma.

Congestion is a sign of inflammation in which the tissue or organ is engorged

with blood consequent to inflammatory reactions.

During the survey, 11 cases of liver congestion were recorded (Table 12).

Among breeds the rate was 7(0.02%) out of 39582 Saidi and 4(0.02%) out of

17367 Barki. Both breeds were similar in prevalence. All cases were recorded in

lambs (0.02%). Among seasons the rate was (0.01%, 0.01% and 0.05%) in autumn,

winter and spring, respectively. Although there was no significant difference in

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rate between seasons spring was the highest in rate and no case of liver congestion

was recorded during summer.

Grossly, the liver was dark red in color; slightly enlarged & engorged with

blood as a result of inflammatory reactions (photo 210).

Friable liver means loss of the normal hepatic texture as the liver becomes

doughy and easily fragmented, ruptured or perforated by finger. Many disease

conditions can be associated with friable liver, including acute fascioliasis

(Romich, 2008), Chronic Cu toxicosis (Oruc et al., 2009), C. perfringens type A

infection (Jones et al., 1997), pregnancy toxemia (Pulina and Bencini, 2004),

Post-vaccine reaction of enterotoxaemia Clostridium perfringens type D (Mamak

and Aytekin, 2009), Hypovitaminosis (Green et al., 1995and Baird, 2006),

Hypothyroidism (Mostaghni et al., 2008), subacute Aflatoxicosis (Beasley, 1999).

Poisoning by simazine herbicide (Fan, 2001), Leptospirosis (Kahn and Mays,

2008) and in generalized conditions such as bacteremia or septicemia and toxemia

(Jackman and Hathaway, 2010).

The prevalence of friable liver was 12(0.02%) out of the total 57223 sheep

slaughtered (Table 12). Including 9 Saidi, 2 Barki and 1out of 189 imported

breeds. The highest prevalence was in imported breeds. Both native breeds were

nearly similar. Dealing with sex, the rate was 11(0.02%) out of 56540 male and

1(0.15%) out of 672 female. Female showed higher rate than male. All cases of

male were in lambs while the case recorded in female was in ewe. Thus, the rate of

friable liver was higher in old age group 1(0.2%) out of 590 than young age group

11(0.02%) out of 56622. Also autumn and winter (rainy seasons) were similar in

prevalence and they were higher in prevalence than spring and summer.

Grossly, the liver was very soft in texture with easily detached capsule leaving

a very friable hepatic parenchyma (photo 211).

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Hepatic fibrosis occurs during most chronic liver diseases and is driven by

inflammatory responses to injured tissue (Connolly et al., 2009). Fibrosis is

characterized by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components,

which lead to the impairment of the hepatic function (Pérez et al., 2002).

Cirrhosis of the liver, the end stage of progressive liver fibrosis, the

architecture of the liver is disrupted due to the replacement of normal tissue with

scar tissue and the growth of regenerating nodules. This results in major changes to

hepatic perfusion, increased resistance to portal blood flow and impaired liver

function (Warner et al., 2007).

In this survey 1080 cases of liver fibrosis were recorded (Table 12). Among

breeds the rate liver fibrosis was 738(1.9%) out of 39582 Saidi, 339(2%) out of

17367 Barki and 3(1.6%) out of 189 Imported breeds. Similar rate showed in Saidi

and Barki breeds. Dealing with sex, the rate was 1077(1.9%) out of 56540 male

and 3(0.44%) out of 672 female. Male showed higher rate than female. Dealing

with age, young age group showed higher prevalence 1077(1.9%) out of 56622

than old age group 3(0.44%) out of 590. Among seasons the highest prevalence

was in spring.

Grossly, the surface of the liver showed multiple granulomas of different sizes

spread over the capsule (photo 212). Macrophotograph, (photo 213), sectioned

liver revealed gritty masses on incision through calcified bile ducts & liver

parenchyma, they were chalky yellow bars of different sizes correspond pipe-stem

liver.

Calcified granulomas found over the surface of the liver; incision revealed

gritty calcified biliary ducts, correspond to pipe-stem liver. (Photo 214), the lesion

was also seen localized in a liver trim (photo 215). The liver (photos 216-218) was

infiltrated by fibrous tissue that gave it firm texture, pale color & corrugated

surface.

179

Hepatomegaly means enlargement of the liver mass. Many disease conditions

can be associated with hepatomegaly, including gossypol poisoning (Radostitis et

al., 2000); fascioliasis (West et al., 2002; Kusiluka and Kambarage, 2006 and

Romich, 2008), histoplasmosis (Kahn and Mays, 2008) & toxicity by salinomycin

(Tafti et al., 2008).

Grossly, the liver showed enlarged with normal parenchyma (photo219).

Enlargement of the liver with deposition of fibrous tissue in the liver edges (photo

220).

Liver necrosis:

Hepatocytes may be killed by various insults including hypoxia, toxins,

microorganisms, immunological events and severe metabolic disturbances (Cotran

et al., 2000).

In this survey 3527 cases of liver necrosis were recorded (Table 12). Among

breeds the rate liver necrosis was 2933(7.4%) out of 39582 Saidi, 578(3.3%) out of

17367 Barki, 2(6.5%) out of 31 Rahmani, 3(5.6%) out of 54 Ossimi and 11(5.8%)

out of 189 Imported breeds. Saidi showed the highest prevalence. Dealing with

sex, male showed higher rate than female. Dealing with age, young age group

showed higher prevalence 3517(6.2%) out of 56622 than old age group 10(1.7%)

out of 590.regarding seasons the lowest rate was in summer (3.3%), & the highest

was in spring (7.3%). Thus, it was clearly observed that cool weathers favored

good environment for liver necrosis causative agents. Suggesting that certain

etiologic agents had flourished up during the rain period.

Grossly, large areas of necrosis of variable shapes & sizes seen all over the

liver surface (photo 221), & deep within the parenchyma (photo 222). The necrotic

areas were pale yellowish in color surrounded by red zone of hemorrhages.

Numerous yellowish necrotic foci & streaks with petechial hemorrhages

(photo223) randomly distributed on the surface & within the parenchyma

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correspond to piercing & migration tracks of larvae; peeling of the Glisson’s

capsule (photo224) revealed the yellowish necrotic foci & tracks underneath the

capsule, the capsule was turbid & lost its clear aspect due to infiltration by

inflammatory cells.

Granuloma is a pathological growth of scar tissue. It is composed of

eosinophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes with an increasingly fibrotic

extracellular matrix; the purpose of a granuloma is to destroy or contain an

injurious agent that cannot be disposed of either directly or indirectly by the

humoral limb of the immune system (Sharma, 2006; Anthony et al., 2007 and

Fitzgerald, 2011).

The prevalence of granulomas in sheep liver was 2473(4.32%) out of the total

57223 sheep slaughtered (Appendix 3). This result is lower than the finding

recorded by (Mellau et al., 2010) 7.3% in Tanzania and (El-Metenawy, 1999)

10.41% in Saudi Arabia.

In the different breeds studied the rate of granulomas in liver was 1684(4.25%)

out of 39582 Saidi, 785(4.52%) out of 17367 Barki and 4(2.12%) out of 189

Imported breeds. Although there were no significant difference between both

native breeds the highest prevalence was in Barki.

Dealing with sex, the rate was 2450(4.3%) out of 56540 male and 23(3.4%) out

of 672 female. Male showed higher rate than female. Dealing with age, the

prevalence was 2449(4.32%) out of 56622 young age group and 24(4.07%) out of

590 old age group. Both age groups were nearly similar.

Among seasons the rate was (4%, 3.9%, 4.4% and 5%) in summer, autumn,

winter and spring, respectively. The highest prevalence was in spring followed by

winter. Both summer and autumn were similar in rate. The indicated that

granulomas were available throughout the year.

181

Grossly, yellowish white nodules of different sizes spread over the surface &

embedded in the hepatic tissue. The nodules were not separated from the

parenchyma by any particular reaction. Suggesting calcified parasitic cysts.

Hepatic lymph nodes were not reactive. Lesions involved whole of the liver (photo

225).

Renal affections:

Renal affections were estimated as 328 cases (0.6%) out of the 57223 total

sheep slaughtered and included:

Nephritis is an inflammatory condition of the kidney. Etiologies may include

infectious agents, parasites, or toxins (FSIS, 2009).

Nephritis has many etiologies and the inflammatory lesions may involve either

the glomeruli and tubules or the interstitial tissue. The pathological process is

likely to be, either, acute or subacute, suppurative or non-suppurative and focal or

diffuse (Jackman and Hathaway, 2010). All of them occur as a part of bacterial and

viral systemic disease or following consumption of certain irritant substances or

poisons (Ansari-Lari, 2007).

The prevalence of nephritis was 275(0.5%) out of the 57223 total sheep

slaughtered (Table 13). Out of the 275 cases of nephrosis 6 cases were

pyelonephritis. Among breeds the rate of nephritis was 190(0.5%) out of 39582

Saidi, 86 (0.5%) out of 17367 Barki, 1(1.9%) out of 54 Ossimi and 2(1.06%) out of

Imported breeds. The highest rate was in Ossimi. There was no great difference in

rates between other breeds. Dealing with sex, the rate was 273(0.5%) out of 56540

male and 2(0.3%) out of 672 female. Male showed higher rate than female.

Dealing with age, both age groups were nearly similar in rates. The rate was

271(0.5%) out of 56622 young age group and 4(0.7%) out of 590 old age group.

Among seasons the rate was (0.7%, 0.54%, 0.3% and 0.44%) in summer, autumn,

winter and spring, respectively. The highest rate was in summer followed by

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autumn and spring, while winter was the lowest. In summer the animal lost more

water through sweating due to hot weather, consequently rendered the urine

concentrated and decreased urination rate and increased renal problems.

Grossly, the kidneys were swollen, purplish in color, with dark zones of severe

congestion spread in the cortex (photo 231). On incision (photo 232) revealed

congested cortex & medulla & dark red streaks of congestion radiating within the

cortex & medulla; with clotted blood filled the renal calyces & pelvis

Swollen kidneys with easily removed capsule leaved fine whitish spots spread

over the cortical surface involved the glomeruli & small areas of the surrounding

parenchyma correspond to sclerosis (photo 233). Incision of kidneys (photo 234)

showed the renal cortex with radiating pale streaks of scars & radiating reddish

streaks of inflammation; the medulla showed severe congestion & reddish streaks

of inflammation involved the renal tubules.

Swollen kidney, on incision revealed very wide renal calyces & pelvis filled

with yellow purulent exudate. The cortex was pale & the medulla was reddish.

Correspond to hydronephrosis & pyelonephritis (photo 235).

The kidney was comma-shaped. On incision, urine oozed out. The medulla

showed a cavity corresponded to a widened renal calyx as a urine cyst which

rendered the kidney swollen in one pole. Part of the cystic wall showed diminished

medullary tissue while other part showed free of the medullary tissue & with very

thin cortical tissue (photos 239, 240).

Renal cyst is a malformation in which the kidney presented as sac containing

urine. The condition is consequent to hydronephrosis.

The prevalence of renal cyst in sheep was 4(0.01%) out of the 57223 total

sheep slaughtered (Table 13). All cases of renal cyst were unilateral. Among

breeds the rate was 1(0.003%) out of 39582 Saidi and 3(0.02%) out of 17367

Barki. Barki showed higher rate than Saidi. All cases were in lambs 4(0.01%) out

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of 56526. Among seasons the rate was similar (0.01%, 0.01% and 0.01%) in

summer, autumn and spring, respectively.

Grossly, the Kidney showed a voluminous swelling sac-like with a very thin

membrane-like wall, contained urine (photo 236), on incision, half of the kidney

was sac-like & contained urine (photo 237). The wall of the sac was made of the

capsule & a very thin layer of fibrous tissue due to complete degradation of both

cortex & medulla in this half (photo 238); the remained half of the kidney showed

a very thin cortex & medulla due to the back pressure resulted from the

accumulation of the urine due to obstruction of the renal ducts. The heterolateral

kidney showed compensatory hypertrophy.

Renal infarction is an area of coagulative necrosis resulting from ischemia

due to end artery occlusion. (Cheville, 1999) stated that infarction is a local area of

necrosis caused by ischemia due to obstruction in the arterial supply or venous

drainage. At necropsy, infarctions of the kidney are usually white (ischemic) and

are clearly demarcated from the surrounding normal tissue.

During this survey 5 (0.01%) cases of renal infarcts out of the 57223total sheep

slaughtered were recorded (Table 13). All cases were in Saidi 5(0.01%) out of

39582; and in lambs 5 (0.01%) out of 56526. Among seasons the rate was (0.01%,

0.02%) in summer and autumn, respectively. Autumn showed higher rate than

summer.

Grossly, a pale depressed zones shown in the cortex on removal of the renal

capsule (photo241). Incision revealed pale wedge-shaped area in the cortex & deep

to the medulla (photo242) corresponded to necrosis, usually caused by end artery

embolism.

Renal agenesis means absence of kidney. Unilateral or bilateral renal agenesis

is associated with developmental failure of one or both ureteric buds. As a

consequence of this failure, induction of the metanephric mass. Which is required

184

for the formation of renal tubules, does not occur. Survival is not threatened by

unilateral renal agenesis, whereas bilateral renal agenesis is incompatible with life

(McGeady et al., 2006). In unilateral renal agenesis, the remaining kidney may be

enlarged (Hiraoka et al., 2002).

The prevalence of mono-kidney in sheep was 9 (0.02%) out of the 57223 total

sheep slaughtered (Table 13). Saidi showed higher prevalence than Barki. All cases

were recorded in lamb. Among seasons the rate was (0.02% and 0.03%) in autumn

and winter, respectively. Both seasons were nearly similar in rate. No cases

recorded in summer or spring.

At post mortem the carcass presented with only one normal solitary

functioning kidney and complete absence of the contralateral kidneys which fail to

form (unilateral renal agenesis). The functioning solitary kidney is hypertrophied.

Agree with finding of (Meyer et al., 1996 and Coats, 2010).

Renal hypoplasia or atrophied kidney means incomplete development of the

kidney result in abnormal small kidney. This condition may be due to renal

dysplasia include heredity, viral infections, hypovitaminosis A, and physical

occlusion of ureters (O’Toole et al., 1993).

The prevalence of renal hypoplasia in sheep was 20 (0.035%) out of the 57223

total sheep slaughtered (Table 13). Among breeds the renal hypoplasia was

18(0.05%) out of 39582 Saidi and 2(1%) out of 189 Imported breeds. Saidi was the

only native breed in which cases of renal hypoplasia in sheep was recorded.

Dealing with sex, the rate was 18(0.03%) out of 56540 male and 2(0.3%) out

of 672 female. Female showed higher rate than male. Dealing with age, old age

group showed higher prevalence 3(0.5%) out of 590 than young age group

17(0.03%) out of 56622.

Grossly, the kidney showed abnormal volume due to atrophy (photo 226), with

primitive structure of the kidney (photo 227); the renal cortex is few millimeters

185

thick. The atrophied kidney (photo 228) showed abnormal volume of both cortex

& medulla which were few millimeters thick. In contrast to the heterolateral kidney

that showed a compensatory hypertrophy.

Urinary calculi or uroliths mean the presence of sand or stones in the urinary

passage.

The prevalence of uroliths in sheep was 12(0.02%) out of the 57223 total sheep

slaughtered (Table 13). This result is lower than that recorded by (Han and

Canpolat, 2003) 27%. Among breeds the rate uroliths was 11 (0.03%) out of

39582 Saidi and 1(0.01%) out of 17367 Barki. All cases of uroliths were recorded

in young males. The highest occurrence of urolith in male may be due to

anatomical feature of urinary tract, the urethral process (VinodhKumar, et al.,

2010). Among seasons the rate was (0.05%, 0.01% and 0.02%) in autumn, winter

and spring, respectively. autumn was the highest in prevalence. No cases were

recorded in summer.

Grossly, several calculi of various dimensions were located at the renal pelvis,

which was widened due to hindered urine evacuation & back pressure (photos 229,

230).

Black kidneys (Photos 243, 244) in 2 cases recorded in Saidi lambs, 1 during

autumn and 1 during winter. Black discoloration of kidney is attributed to either a

senile factor (Seehafer and Pearce, 2006), or a pathological condition as chronic

copper toxicity lead to hemosiderosis resulting from massive hemolysis (Ilha et

al., 2001and Oruc et al., 2009).

Pulmonary affections:

Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lungs. Caused by infectious

agents, foreign material inhalation (foreign substances in the lung), or physical

trauma.

186

The prevalence of pneumonia in sheep was 213(0.4%) out of the 57223 total

sheep slaughtered (Appendix 3).

This result is lower than the finding recorded by (Edwards et al., 1999) 53% in

Great Britain; (Goodwin-Ray et al., 2008) 50.5%% in New Zealand; (Jibat et al.,

2008) 63.2% in Ethiopia; (El-Tahawy, 2010) 22% in Egypt; (Mellau et al., 2010)

2.43% in Tanzania. But higher than the finding recorded by (Alawa et al., 2010)

0.14% in Nigeria.

Among breeds, the rate of pneumonia was 106(0.3%) out of 39582 Saidi,

106(0.6%) out of 17367 Barki and 1(0.5%) out of Imported breeds.

Dealing with sex, the rate was 212(0.4%) out of 56540 male and 1(0.15%) out

of 672 female. Male showed higher rate than female. Dealing with age, the rate

was similar in both age groups with rate of 211(0.4%) out of 56622 young age

group and 2(0.34%) out of 590 old age group. In contrary, higher rate of lungs

were condemned in old age groups than the young age groups (Edwards et al.,

1999 and Jibat et al., 2008).while (Woube, 2008) found higher rate in young than

old age groups.

Among seasons, winter and spring recorded the highest rate.

Pleurisy or pleuritis is an inflammation of the pleura resulting in fibrous

adhesions between the lung and the chest wall.

The prevalence of Pleurisy in sheep was 5(0.01%) out of the 57223 total sheep

slaughtered (Appendix 3). This result is lower than that recorded by (Edwards et

al., 1999) 53% in Great Britain. But similar rate recorded by (Alawa et al., 2010)

0.01% in Nigeria.

All cases were recorded in males. Dealing with age, old age group showed

higher prevalence, Agrees with finding of (Green et al., 1995). Among seasons,

summer showed higher rate than spring. Cases of pleurisy were neither recorded in

autumn nor winter.

187

Carcass may be downgraded if it has been detained and required removal of the

rib cage due to pleurisy.

Gross finding of pneumonia & pleurisy in the current study:

The lung tissue showed diffuse bright red colored areas where extravasation of

blood occurred with dilatation of blood vessels, without loss of the normal spongy

texture of the lung (photos 245, 246). The lung showed focal bloody stained areas

of congestion of variable sizes contrasted by rosy normal lung tissue. The normal

spongy texture of the lung unchanged (photos 247, 248). Incision in a congested

lung showed bloody congested area involved the deep tissue of the lung (photo

249). The right lung showed congested while the left lung showed mostly normal

unless small patch showed congested (photo 250).

Fibrinous Pleuropneumonia (photo 251), the left lung showed very large

dark red consolidated area corresponds to red hepatization. The surface of the lung

showed yellowish-white layer of coagulated fibrinous exudate which adhered the

lung to the chest. The right lung was grossly normal (photo 252). Large amount of

the coagulated fibrinous exudation adhered the visceral & parietal pleurae together.

The parietal pleura adjacent to the affected lung was opaque white instead of

translucent. A yellowish-white layer of coagulated fibrinous exudate covered the

thoracic surface adjacent to the affected lung corresponds to fibrinous pleurisy.

The finding of the lung & thorax correspond to pleuropneumonia.

Aspiration pneumonia or Drenching pneumonia, only one case of foreign

body in lung out of the total 57223 sheep slaughtered was detected (photos 253,

254). It was a rare case revealed at necropsy of the respiratory tract of Saidi lamb

during autumn season.

Grossly, circumscribed swelling beneath the tracheal bifurcation on incision

revealed a ruminal contents (ingesta) faulty choked into the airway; the choked

188

material was enclosed in a thick fibrous capsule, the inner wall of the fibrous

capsule was blackish due to putrefaction.

Pleuritis, the parietal pleura lining the thorax (photos 112-114) showed opaque

white pleura instead of normal translucent one, in addition to the presence of

grayish-green fibrinopurulent layer attached the parietal & visceral pleurae

together (photo 115).

Public health significance of sheep affections:

According to the condemnations encountered in this survey the public health

significance of sheep affections cannot be ignored. Among these affections,

Hydatidosis:

Echinococcosis is a frequent parasitic human infection in sheep-farming areas

(Chadly et al., 2004 and Safioleas et al., 2006). Hydatidosis in man was reported

in Ethiopia, Palestine, Egypt, China and Yemen (Jobre et al., 1996; Abu-Hasan et

al., 2002; Kandeel et al., 2004; Elshazly et al., 2009; Yang et al., 2009and

Alghoury et al., 2010). In Egypt, human hydatidosis was found in many regions,

with the highest annual clinical incidence in Matrouh followed by Giza

governorate (Kandeel et al., 2004). Hydatidosis was higher in females but with no

age predilection difference (Elshazly et al., 2007and Alghoury et al., 2010).

Humans get infested from mouth due to eating green food, and drinking water

contain dung of a dog infected by E. granulosus from which cysts will be

developed (Chadly et al., 2004 and Eslami, 2005). The presence of large number

of stray dogs with the long standing habit of feeding condemned offal to dogs

exacerbates the problem of hydatidosis (Jibat et al., 2008). When a human

swallows the eggs of E. granulosus, oncospheres hatch in the intestine and, larvae

may migrate from the intestines to other organs, such as the liver, spleen, and

lungs, where they form Hydatid cysts (Craig and Ito, 2007). The liver & lungs

were the most common sites of Hydatid cysts (Abu-Hasan et al., 2002; Chadly et

189

al., 2004 and Safioleas et al., 2006). While cardiac involvement of echinococcosis

is rare and its clinical evolution is silent till the complication stage. A young adult

died suddenly. Death was imputed to a right ventricular Hydatid cyst rupture with

pulmonary artery embolism (Chadly et al., 2004).

Pseudotuberculosis:

Neither of C. pseudotuberculosis nor C. pyogenes regarded as a meat-borne

zoonosis (Acha and Szyfres, 1987). But awareness of this disease is critical for the

diagnosis given that corynebacteria are often considered as skin contaminants; a

case of C. pseudotuberculosis necrotizing lymphadenitis was recorded in a 12-

years-old girl (Join-Lambert et al., 2006).

Fascioliasis:

Fasciolosis is now emerging as an important chronic disease of humans due to

consumption of raw, undercooked vegetables to retain the natural taste, alfalfa

juice or aquatic plants; drinking surface water containing floating metacercariae

can also lead to infection. Infection can also occur from eating raw liver containing

immature liver flukes (Curtale et al., 2005; Mas-Coma et al., 2005; Marcos et al.,

2006 and Romich, 2008). Fasciolosis is endemic in the five continents and has

become a food borne infection of public health importance in many parts of the

world such as the Andean highlands of Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru, the Nile delta of

Egypt, Turkey and northern Iran (Curtale et al., 2005; Mas-Coma et al., 2005;

Marcos et al., 2006). All infected persons were below the age of 20 years and

showed significantly higher infestation rate (Qureshi et al., 2005).

In human the migration of Fasciola is accompanied by an intense

inflammatory reaction with prominent eosinophils. The chronic form of the

infection is more frequent (Boch, 2000), although many people are asymptomatic

(Romich, 2008).

190

After long standing infection, health is seriously affected, as bile duct

hyperplasia, pericholangitis, periportal fibrosis and obstructive jaundice (Boch,

2000; Moghadami and Mardani, 2008).

Very rare conditions of fasciolosis, in uncommon regions, in the breast a 56-

years-old man with a previous history of liver abscess presented with a painful

breast mass. He underwent a mastectomy and was well. The pathological findings

revealed chronic granulomatous mastitis with Fasciola spp. ova (Naresh et al.,

2006). And 2 cases of aberrant migration by the liver fluke Fasciola gigantica in

humans. In both cases, sub adult worms emerged through the skin. The identity of

the worms was confirmed from their DNA sequences (Hoa Le et al., 2007).

Mange:

In spite of the huge economic losses that mange is causing, about (18.5%) of

the cases affects humans (Demissie et al., 2000).

Ovine Cysticercosis:

Sheep measles is not a human health hazard. The parasite does not develop in

humans. But it is considered unacceptable and carcass condemnation at slaughter is

recommended due to its appearance (Love, 2008; Forsythe, 2009; Jackman and

Hathaway, 2010). But occasionally ingested eggs of T. ovis may infect man as an

aberrant host; the intermediate Cysticercus stage of T. ovis as seen in the muscle

tissue of these sheep has been reported in the spinal cord of man (Coates, 2004).

Other affections:

The first report of Staph. aureus ssp. anaerobius from a human was in a patient

presenting with septicemia, septic arthritis, and multiple pulmonary abscesses to an

emergency department in South Australia. The patient reported that he had worked

on a strawberry farm for the 2 months prior to the illness. His job was to harvest

the strawberries and prepare the soil with sheep manure (Peake et al., 2006).

191

Q-fever is a disease found in both humans and animals, caused by the

bacterium Coxiella burnetii. The epidemiology of Q-fever is that of the animal

reservoirs of the infection including both direct and indirect contact and use of a

variety of products from such animals as cattle, sheep and goats. Pneumonia is the

major manifestation of Q-fever (Marrie, 2010).

Septicemic carcasses are unfit for human as food for 2 reasons: the condition

may be associated with entry of pathogenic organisms in to the systematic

circulation and consumption is therefore dangerous; and the congestion of the

carcass as a result of pyrexia and imperfect bleeding, together with alkalinity of the

meat, so impair its keeping quality as to render it unmarketable (Demissie, 2011).

Sarcocystosis has not any public health significance (Jackman and Hathaway,

2010).

Pleurisy is not a known public health risk, but a carcass may be downgraded if

it has been detained and required removal of the rib cage due to pleurisy

(Goodwin-Ray, 2006).

CONCLUSION

AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

192

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This survey has helped to illustrate the usefulness of meat inspection records in monitoring disease situations that have public health hazard and aesthetic value and consequently of economic significance, and demonstrating possible long term trends. According to the result of this study, parasitic infestations (C. ovis, C. tenuicollis, Hydatid cyst & Fasciola spp.), jaundice, pyogenic affections, hepatitis, nephritis, pneumonia and injuries due to rough handling are the most and major causes for respective organs and carcass of sheep to be condemned.

Also it provides an atlas of macroscopic lesions in organs and carcasses of

sheep that makes this thesis as a reference to every veterinarian interested in abattoir works and gross pathology finding and judgments of sheep carcasses and offal in relation to the national and international rules of routine inspection in meat hygiene science.

In order to obtain wholesome meat, the following listed standard measures & recommendations must be followed:

� Animal nutrition: good quality feed & fresh water only should be offered. And must be clean & free from disease causing agents & from foreign bodies.

� Cleanup of the environment would substantially reduce the prevalence of foreign body-pica syndrome in sheep.

� Vaccination programs & medication courses: should be applied to decrease losses in abattoir & to produce meat of good quality and save guard the consumers. Injection sites should not be in valuable parts.

� Welfare of the animals: must be ensured during handling, loading transportation, unloading and lairage. All types of violence toward animals must be prohibited and prevented. Wool pulling & excessive use of sticks must be prohibited.

� Antemortem inspection: each food animal must be properly inspected before slaughtering.

193

� Emergency slaughter: must be done in a separate room. And in the presence of official veterinarian.

� During evisceration puncture of the gastrointestinal tract must be avoided and ligation of the esophagus and rectum is necessary to avoid leakage of its contents which contaminate meat and premises.

� Proper space between carcasses must be available to avoid cross contamination by contact.

� Postmortem inspection: carcass must be presented with its vital organs naturally attached to the carcass. And should be done by authorized persons only without any stress and intervention of the butchers or owners.

� Suspected carcass must be carried to a special room for detailed postmortem inspection.

� Experiments necessary for detecting abnormal color and aroma (e.g: Rapid phase test & Boiling and Roasting test) should be applied.

� Sufficient fluorescent light must be available everywhere in the abattoir. � The knives must be cleaned and disinfected continuously. � Unfit carcasses and organs must be hygienically isolated in a special

room until hygienically disposed in incinerator for condemnation. � Regular deworming of dogs and elimination of stray dogs should be

practiced. � Eradication programs of snails should be practiced to break the life cycle

of certain parasitic diseases. � Different workshops should be prepared to enhance the awareness of the

animal attendants, farmers, customers, abattoir workers and butchers concerning the public health significance of the diseases, and proper disposal of condemned offal and carcasses.

� All official veterinarians work in abattoirs and inspection sector must be authorized by law and carrying judicial seizure badge.

� New modern abattoirs should be established in all cities and governorates in Egypt.

� Abattoirs must be supported with laboratories, chemicals and tools to aid perfect conclusion, consequently right control plan will be applied.

� The stamping method, shape, and secret ink must be changed and developed to another new technique to counteract adulteration.

� The use of contaminated offal as pet’s feed should be prohibited by law.

194

� Slaughtering of animals outside the abattoirs is very common in Egypt and constitutes a high risk to the human health and must be prohibited.

� Further studies should be carried out in small ruminants that are going to be slaughtered in different abattoirs of the country and introduce preventive measures to reduce unnecessary financial losses encountered in the industry.

� Appropriate measures are necessary for the improvement of the health status of sheep and a reduction in the numbers of emergency slaughter, in particular, aimed at the prevention of diseases of miscellaneous etiology and musculoskeletal diseases in sheep.

� Imported breeds should be regulated and controlled to avoid entrance of

diseased animals to our country. Quarantine regulations should address

the regulations and careful inspections of live animals to avoid the

introduction of exotic diseases.

SUMMARY

195

SUMMARY

Red meat is a prime source of high quality protein that rich in essential amino acid necessary for the human body growth and cells repair. And sheep meat can be considered the supreme as more desirable, juicier, tender & flavorful than other meat. Sheep spreads in Egypt and reach 5.5 million head in population. The three major Egyptian sheep breeds are: Barki, Ossimi and Rhamani, representing 65% of the total population, in addition to Saidi breed. Egyptian sheep breeds are characterized by extended breeding seasons, high fertility, and low prolificacy. Sheep were commonly used for sacrifice & celebrations as (Eid-el Adha & aqiqah).

Ovine meat is called lamb when from younger animals and mutton when from older ones.

Meat is a perishable commodity, and poor handling can exert both public health and economic toll on any nation. Thus marketing and sale of meat require that animals be inspected, that meat hygiene service functions in such a way as to satisfy consumers and at the same time safeguard public health and animal hygiene. Meat inspection is split into an antemortem and postmortem inspection and aiming to:

o Remove any grossly abnormal, inedible products from the human food chain.

o Prevent the distribution of contaminated meat to humans.

o Assist in the eradication of specific diseases in livestock.

And the responsibility for achieving these objectives lies primarily with the relevant public health authorities who are represented by veterinarians and meat inspectors at the abattoir stage & meat catering places.

The present study was planned to fulfill the following:

1. Demonstrate & illustrate with colored photo illustration the characteristics of the gross pathological finding of the different abnormal conditions revealed during the postmortem inspections of the slaughtered sheep.

196

2. Monitoring the incidence of organs and carcasses condemnation of sheep slaughtered at El Basateen modern abattoir & their prevalence regarding breeds, sexes, ages and seasons.

3. Evaluating the economic losses due to condemned carcasses & organs.

4. Discussing the public health significance & zoonotic importance of recorded affections.

Study Animals:

The majority of sheep slaughtered in the ovine slaughter hall (#2) at El-

Basateen abattoir in Cairo during the year 2006 were inspected. A total of

57223 sheep carcasses were inspected, included 39582 Saidi, 17367 Barki,

54 Ossimi, 31Rahmani, and 189 Imported breeds (162 Romanian & 27

Ethiopian).

Judgment:

Carcasses and organs were evaluated for their fitness for human consumption on the base of gross pathological findings and judgments were done according to the Egyptian Official Code # 517 for Meat inspection presented in the (El-Wakaa El-Masria, 1986). Only wholesome carcasses were approved for human consumption.

Abattoir Survey:

I. Cases necessitated total condemnation:

Thirty nine carcasses out of 57223 ovine carcasses inspected during the year 2006 representing 0.068 % were condemned. The main causes of condemnation were: Jaundice (9cases); Pyemia (5cases); Ill bleeding (4cases); Avital slaughter (4cases); Uremia (3cases); C. ovis (3cases); Eosinophilic myositis (2 cases); Emaciation (2 cases) & one case in each of Delay evisceration; Pseudotuberculosis; Old fracture; Suppurative pleuropneumonia; Pulpy kidney and Black leg.

197

II. Cases necessitated trimming or partial condemnation:

Trimming or partial condemnation is applied on carcasses presented with limited lesion that is confined to one organ or more organs, and the conclusion of wholesomeness of such meat not necessitating the total condemnation of the carcass, but only the condemnation of the affected organ, organs, part of organs or part of the carcass. The remaining wholesome parts are approved for human consumption. Among the 57223 inspected ovine carcasses, 13928 (24.3%) necessitated trimming or partial condemnation due to one of the following conditions:

Injuries due to rough handling of sheep as Bruising, Fractures, Lacerated wound, Injection site fibrosis, Foreign bodies in liver (nails-pins), Skeletal deformities (Rickets), Hernia, Pyogenic affections, Parasitic infestations (Head mange, Sheep measles, C. tenuicollis, Hydatidosis, Fascioliasis, Migrating parasites in liver), Hepatic changes as: Cirrhosis, Necrosis, Cholangitis, Fatty liver, Congestion, Friable liver, White liver, Black discoloration of liver, Anomalies; Renal affections as Nephritis, Renal cyst, Infarction, renal agenesis, renal hypoplasia), Pulmonary affections (pneumonia, pleuropneumonia).

The significance of the abattoir finding among slaughtered sheep in this survey regarding the public health significance & zoonotic importance of the recorded affections & the economic losses due to condemned carcasses & organs have been discussed.

APPENDEX

198

App

endi

x (1

)

نة لس

ي آلل

ن ااتي

بس ال

زرمج

ن بضأ

للئية

جز ال

ولية

الكت

اماعد

لإلي

نولس

ر اري

لتقا

2006

ع نو

تحا

بومذ

ال

دد ع

ت انا

يولح

احة

بومذ

ال

نيةيدا

ت دصال

ويح

ديدان كبدية

حويصالت مائية بالكبد

لي ك

دامإع

ئي

جزام

عدإ

خراج كبدي

إحتقان كبدي

أمراض كلى

جثث

قلوب

رؤوس

حمى

يرقان

قلة إدماء

تسمم صديدي

تسمم بولي

تنكرز كبدي

تليف كبدي

إحتقان رئوي

أنض

ال

189,

047

33

2,68

449

2,64

157

5

45 22

36 9

12 83

6

1,31

961

1

583

11

7

292

199

Appendix (2) Cases necessitated total condemnation

Case breed sex age PM finding photo 3 Saidi ♂ Y Imperfect bleeding: severe congestion of muscles

& organs, collected blood in axillary space. 27-33 1 Barqi ♂ 3 Saidi ♂ Y Avital slaughter 34-41 1 Saidi H 1 Barqi ♂ Y Emaciation: scarcity of adipose tissue. 42-43 1 Saidi ♀ old

1 Saidi ♂ Y Delayed evisceration: all tissues & organs were decadent & foul on smell.

50-55

8 Saidi ♂ Y Jaundice: lemon-yellow color in fatty tail, fascia,

ligaments, tendons, sclera, coronary fat.

56-65 1 Barqi ♂

1 Saidi ♀ old Pseudotuberculosis: numerous nodules spread all over the lungs, liver, omentum & diaphragm.

66-69

3 Saidi ♂ Y

Pyemia: abscesses in head & carcass L.n. *Pyemia & Zenker’s necrosis: lymphadenitis, hepatocholangitis muscle degeneration fish flesh

70-95 2

3 Saidi ♂ Y Uremia: uriniferous odor, swollen & soft kidneys with thin cortex & degenerated medulla.

96-98

1 Saidi ♂ Y Old fracture: fractured femur, changes in muscle.

99-103

3 Saidi ♂ Y Cysticercosis: heavy infestation by C. ovis in heart, esophagus ,diaphragm & all muscles of the carcass.

104-108

2 Saidi ♂ Y Eosinophilic myositis: numerous small greenish- yellowish foci on heart muscles & diaphragm.

109-111

1 Saidi ♂ Y Suppurative pleuropneumonia: fibrinopurulent pleurisy & adhered the lung with the diaphragm, the liver & kidneys showed degenerated.

112-116

1 Saidi ♂ Y Pulpy kidney: kidney brick-red in color, foul rancid odor.

117-121

1 Barqi ♂ Y

Blackleg: thigh muscles appear swollen, dark red congested with greenish areas of myonecrosis. Congested liver swollen & friable, kidneys.

122-125

1 Saidi 39 total

* Y= young H = hermaphrodites

200

Appendix (3) Affections in different organs & seasons

Affections

Num

bers

Organ

Num

bers

Seasons Summer Autumn Winter Spring

Abscess 711 Liver Lung Head

Carcass Testis

Kidney

615 10 13 62 9 2

114

196

266

135

Anomalies

62

Liver

Kidney

33 29

30 20 10

13 7 6

11 1

10

8 5 3

Sex anomalies 35 Gonad Testis

11 24

10 1 9

3 2 1

8 8 0

14 0

14 Avital slaughter 4 Carcass 4 1 0 1 2 Discoloration 34

Liver (black) Kidney(black) Carcass(normal

yellow) Carcass (jaundice)

3 2 10 19

0 2 0

1 3 7

4 0 8

0 5 4

Blackleg 2 Carcass 2 0 0 0 2 Bruising & fractures

79 Carcass Kidney

Tail Carcass(fracture) Carcass(wound)

47 5 14 12 1

14 3 1

21 4 0

15 2 0

29 3 0

Cysticercus ovis 643 Head

Dermal Heart

Diaphragm Muscle Carcass

7 4

635 36 10 47

137 182 181

143

Cysticercus tenuicollis

1264 Lung

Omentum Heart

Diaphragm Carcass Liver

1

251 1 12 14

985

255 392 332 285

201

Emaciation & Poorness

11 Carcass(emaciatio

n) Carcass(poor)

11 2 9

2 0 2

0 0 0

4 2 2

5 0 5

Cardiomyopathy 5 Heart 5 0 3 1 1 Cholangitis 30 Liver 30 6 10 5 9 Congestion 36 Liver 11 5 12 9 10 Eosinophilic

myositis 7 Muscle 7 2 1 3 1

Epicarditis 43 Heart 43 13 14 8 8 Fasciola 686 Liver 686 147 297 168 74

Fatty liver 9 Liver 9 0 1 7 1 Fibrosis 1150

Liver Heart

Carcass

1080

57 13

177 169

7 1

283 255 25 3

257 249 7 1

433 407 18 8

Foreign body 8 Liver 8 3 2 0 3 Friable liver 12 Liver 12 1 5 5 1 Granulomas 2473 Liver 2473 485 656 668 664 Hemorrhages 49

Liver Heart

28 21

11 7 4

25 11 14

5 3 2

8 7 1

Hernia 6 Carcass 6 3 2 1 0 Hydatidosis 1995 Liver 1995 206 613 469 707

Hydronephrosis 52 Kidney 52 16 22 9 5 Imperfect bleeding 4 Carcass 4 0 1 3 0 Larvae migration

tracks 981 Liver

981 136 197 371 277

Mange 7 Head 7 0 5 2 0 Necrosis 3532

Liver Heart

3527

6

394 394

0

1095 1092

2

1070 1068

2

973 973

2 Nephritis 275 Kidney 275 79 92 64 58 Pleurisy 5 Pleura 5 3 0 0 2

Pneumonia 213 Lung 213 53 68 46 46 Pulpy kidney 1 Kidney 1 0 0 1 0 Renal calculi 12 Kidney 12 0 8 2 2

Renal cyst 4 Kidney 4 1 2 1 Renal infarction 5 Kidney 5 1 4 0 0

Rickets 6 Carcass 6 1 0 3 2 Tumors 3 Liver 3 0 2 1 0

Telangiectasis 2 liver 1 0 0 1 0 Uremia 3 Carcass 3 0 1 1 1

White liver 3 Liver 3 0 2 1 0 Zenker's necrosis 1 Carcass 1 0 0 1 0

REFERENCES

202

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:ات الكليةحاالت اإلعدام

. وذل��ك ٢٠٠٦ذبيح��ة أغن��ام ت��م فحص��ها خ��الل ع��ام ٥٧٢٢٣% م��ن إجم��الي ٠,٠٦٨ذبيح��ة ٣٩ت��م إع��دام

٤ذب�ح غي�ر حي�وي ( ،ح�االت) ٤إلدم�اء (قل�ة ا ،حاالت) ٥( تسمم صديدي ،حاالت) ٩إلصابات اليرقان (

Eosinophilic)ت داء العض��ال ،ح��االت) ٣اليرق��ات الديداني��ة ( ،ح��االت) ٣تس��مم ب��ولي ( ،ح��االت)

myositis كس�ر ق�ديم ،الس�ل الك�اذب ،وحالة واحدة لك�ل م�ن ت�أخر التجوي�ف ،)حالتينالهزال ( ،)حالتين،

.)Black legالساق السوداء ( ،)pulpy kidneyالكلى الهالمية ( ،التهاب رئوي بلوري تقيحي

حاالت اإلعدامات الجزئية:

،للح�وم إع�دام الذبيح�ة بالكام�لجزئية وال يستلزم الحكم على صالحية ا فيها بعض الحاالت تكون اإلصابة

ويس�مح لب�اقي األج�زاء ،يح�ةيتم إعدام العضو أو األعض�اء المص�ابة أو أج�زاء منه�ا أو أج�زاء م�ن الذب بل

%) ذبيح�ة ٢٤,٣( ١٣٩٢٨، فحص�هاذبيح�ة أغن�ام ت�م ٥٧٢٢٣م�ن إجم�الي .دم�يلالس�تهالك اآلالصالحة

استلزم إعدامها جزئيا بسبب اإلصابات االتية:

مك�ان تتليف�ا -الج�روح -الكس�ور -اإلصابات الناجمة عن الممارس�ات العنيف�ة م�ع الحي�وان مث�ل الك�دمات

إصابات طفيلية ،الخراريج ،الفتاق ،هات هيكلية (كساح)تشو ،أجسام غريبة بالكبد (ابر و دبابيس) -الحقن

-) C. tenuicollisاليرق�ات المثاني�ة ذات الرقب�ة ( -) C. ovisاليرق�ات الديداني�ة ( -مث�ل ج�رب ال�رأس

،إصابات الكبد الناتج�ة ع�ن هج�رة اليرق�ات الديداني�ة -) Hydatidosisالقنفذية ( اليرقات -الديدان الكبدية

الكب��د -) cholangitisالته��اب القن��وات المراري��ة ( -التنك��رز الكب��دي -التل��ف الكب��دي مث��ل: الكب��د تغي�رات

،تش��وهات كبدي��ة -) اس��ود ،(اب��يضتغي��ر ل��ون الكب��د -) friableالكب��د اله��ش ( -االحتق��ان الكب��دي -ال��دهني

الكلى (وج�ود العي�وب الخلقي�ة ب� –اإلنفركش�ن -الحويصالت الكلوي�ة -الكلوية تإصابات كلى مثل االلتهابا

عدم اكتمال نمو كلية واحدة). ،كلية واحدة

ت بش�أن اإلص��ابات والتوص�يا االس�تنتاجاتو زراالمكتش�فة بالمج� األغن�امت�م مناقش�ة أهمي�ة أص�ابات وق�د

وأهميتها على الصحة العامة. عليها المترتبة االقتصاديةوإعدامها والخسارة المكتشفة

١

األساس�ية ميني�ة األ باألحم�اض ةالغني ات عالية الجودةمن المصادر الغذائية الهامة للبروتين الحمراء اللحوم

المرغوب�ة ع ه�ذه اللح�ومم�ن أفض�ل أن�وا األغنام موتعتبر لحو. الخالياوتجديد اإلنسان مالالزمة لنمو جس

٥,٥حي�ث يبل�غ تع�دادها ح�والي ر األغنام في مص�ر وتنتشلذيذة. وعصارة وطراوة نكهة مميزة ذات ألنها

% م��ن ٦٥تش��كل ووالرحم��اني ،ويوج��د ث��الث س��الالت رئيس��ة ه��ي البرق��ي و األوس��يمي ،ملي��ون رأس

وتمتاز األغنام بطول فترة التكاثر .باإلضافة الى سالالت اخرى مثل الصعيدي ،إجمالي األغنام المصرية

عي��د واالحتف��االت (راء األغن��ام خاص��ة ف��ي المناس��بات الديني��ة العالي��ة ويزي��د اإلقب��ال عل��ى ش��والخص��وبة

األضحى و العقيقة).

.ر) يإلى (لحم ضأن صغير) و(لحم ضأن كب -حسب عمر الحيوان -ويمكن تقسيم لحوم األغنام

ل�ذلك .ف�ي أي دول�ة اقتص�اديةو ةخسائر ص�حيوعدم العناية بها يكبد ،لتلفل قابلةتعتبر اللحوم من السلع ال

س�المةحية على اللحوم لمن خالل أخصائي الرقابة الص اتحوذبمتسويق وبيع اللحوم يتطلب فحص ال فإن

ال�ى ( كش�ف قب�ل ال�ذبح الكشف على اللحوم وينقسم وحماية الصحة العامة والصحة الحيوانية. ،المستهلك

بهدف : و كشف بعد الذبح)

o من السلسلة الغذائية لإلنسان. إزالة جميع التغيرات الغير طبيعية والغير قابلة لألكل

o .منع تداول اللحوم الملوثة

o .مكافحة األمراض في الثروة الحيوانية

عاتق السلطات المختصة بالرقابة الص�حية عل�ى اللح�وم والممثل�ة ف على اهداأل تحقيق هذه ةمسؤوليوتقع

في األطباء البيطرين بالمجازر واألطباء البيطرين بالتفتيش على اللحوم.

يأتي:تناولت الدراسة ما وقد

اثن�اء اكتش�افها المختلف�ة والت�ي ت�م الصفة التشريحية الباثولوجية إلص�ابات األغن�ام وشرح عرض .١

تفص��يليا و توض��يحها ،٢٠٠٦ خ��الل ع��ام اآلل��ي بالق��اهرة نالكش��ف بع��د ال��ذبح بمج��زر البس��اتي

.باأللوان الرقمي التصوير الفوتوغرافي باستخدام

مدىو لذبائح األغنام المذبوحة بمجزر البساتين اآللي اإلعدامات الكليةاألعضاء ورصد إعدامات .٢

و الموسم. ،العمر ،الجنس ،انتشار اإلصابات فيما يتعلق بالساللة

تقييم الخسائر االقتصادية الناجمة عن إعدامات األعضاء واإلعدامات الكلية لذبائح األغنام. .٣

.ة العامةمناقشة أهمية مخاطر هذه اإلصابات على الصح .٤

الملخص العربي

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محمود عادل محمود أحمد مصطفى : االسم

١٣/٨/١٩٧٧ :تاريخ الميالد

القاهرة :جهة الميالد

مصري : الجنسية

الماجستير في العلوم الطبية البيطرية :الدرجة

الرقابة الصحية على اللحوم ومنتجاتها : التخصص

ا.د/ عادل محمد ابراهيم :المشرفون

د/ حسن شفيق عثمان

أهمية اإلصابات المكتشفة باألغنام المذبوحة بالمجازر :عنوان الرسالة

مستخلص الرسالة

بمجزر البساتين اآللي وذلك أهمية أصابات األغنام المكتشفة بالمجازر لدراسة أجريت هذه الرسالة

خروف ٣٩٥٨٢منها ،ذبيحة ضأن ٥٧٢٢٣عدد . حيث تم فحص اجمالي ٢٠٠٦خالل عام بالقاهرة

خراف مستوردة ١٨٩خروف رحماني و ٣١ ،أوسيميخروف ٥٤ ،خروف برقي ١٧٣٦٧ ،صعيدي

طبقا لقواعد فحص ذبائح الضأنبعد الذبح على قبل و وبإجراء الكشف اثيوبي). ٢٧روماني و ١٦٢(

.١٩٨٦لسنة ٥١٧المتبع في مصر بالقرار الوزاري المذبوحات

إعدامها جزئيا أوكليا لضمان صالحية اللحوم لزمالتي ي تحديد اإلصابات الباثولجية التشريحية تم

لكل الصفة التشريحية الباثولوجية إليضاح وتسجيل أعدادها و تصويرها فتوغرافيالإلستهالك االدمي.

.إصابة

.بالنسبة للساللة و العمر والجنس نتهومقار ،نتشار لهذة اإلصابات الموسميدراسة معدالت اإلتم

لمترتبة ا االقتصاديةالخسائر و وتأثيرها على الصحة العامة وتم دراسة االهمية الصحية لهذه االصابات

.والحد من انتشارها والطرق الصحية لحماية اللحوم من التلوث بهذه االصابات ،اعدامها علي

صور. ،الصفة التشريحية ،كشف بعد الذبح ،إعدام ،مجزر ،أعضاء ،ذبائح ضأن ،أغنام مات الدالة:الكل

جامعة القاهرة كلية الطب البيطرى

قسـم الرقابة الصحية على األغذية

المذبوحة األغنامب المكتشفة صاباتاإلأهمية بالمجازر

رسـالة مقدمة من مصطفى أحمد / محمود عادل محمود .ب. ط

٢٠٠١القاهرة جامعة -يوس العلوم الطبية البيطريةالور بك

جة الماجستير في العلوم الطبية البيطريةر لحصول على دل الرقابة الصحية على اللحوم ومنتجاتها

تحت إشــراف

دكتور/ عادل محمد إبراهيمال

ومنتجاتها أستاذ الرقابة الصحية على اللحوم جامعة القاهرة -يكلية الطب البيطر

دكتور/ حسن شفيق عثمانال

المجازرللصحة العامة و المركزية دارةالرئيس ا بالهيئة العامة للخدمات البيطرية

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