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T H E D E P A R T M E N T O F B I O E N G I N E E R I N G

The UCSD Bioengineering Program was initiated in 1966 by Drs. Y.C. Fung, MarcosIntaglietta, and Benjamin Zweifach within the Department of AeronauticalMechanics and Engineering Science. In August 1994 the UC Office of thePresident approved our request to form a Department of Bioengineering, the firstin the UC System. It is wonderful that our Department is celebrating the tenthanniversary of its establishment. While an age of 10 years is young, we had agestation period of 28 years, which are covered in this book together with the last10 years. At this momentous occasion, I wish to express my sincere thanks to allmy colleagues: faculty, research scientists, staff and students, for their wonderfulwork as a team in making the Department such a marvelous place to be, bothscientifically and interpersonally. On behalf of the Department, I also wish to takethis opportunity to thank the generous support and strong encouragement by ourfriends everywhere in the country and our administration at UCSD and the UCsystem. Our friends and colleagues are extremely precious, much more than thediamond on the cover of this book*, which is a symbol that represents the tenthanniversary.

Sincerely,

Shu ChienChair, Department of Bioengineering

* The preparations for this book and the celebration on August 14, 2004, have been madepossible by the outstanding work by the following members of UCSD central administration,Jacobs School External Relations Office, and Department of Bioengineering (listed alphabetically):Kelly Briggs, Suzie Dandos, Chandra Ewell. Jennifer Griffin, Denine Hagen, Irene Jacobo, PaulLaperruque, Beth Maples, Carolyn Post-Ladd, Jeff Sanchez, and Loretta Smith. Their marvelouscontributions are gratefully acknowledged.

T R I B U T E S

FACULTY 17Marcos Intaglietta, Amy G. Tsai, and Pedro CabralesDavid GoughGeert W. Schmid-SchönbeinAndrew D. McCulloch and Irene Hom JacoboL. Amy SungJeffrey OmensRobert SahBernhard PalssonSangeeta BhatiaGary A. HuberWayne GilesGabriel A. Silva

PREFACE 5David MillerRobert W. ConnFrieder Seible

FELLOWS AND RESEARCHERS 45Peter C.Y. ChenRoland KaunasCarlos J. VeraYingxiao Wang

INTRODUCTION 8Y. C. FungShu Chien

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ALUMNI 40Thomas C. SkalakRobert SchinaglFariborz (Faffi) MoazzamDouglas ChangWalt BaxterShila JalaliMohammad SotoudehGang JinKaren D. May-NewmanReza MazhariMelissa Kurtis Micou

IN MEMORY OF 57Benjamin W. ZweifachRichard SkalakSidney SobinDrahoslav LimGraduate Students

FACULTY HONORS 63

PH.D.S GRANTED 67

CURRENT STUDENTS 56Song LiVicki ChinGeoffrey von MaltzahnShirley Lee and Eun Hee Han

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DAVID MILLERUniversity of California, San DiegoActing Senior Vice Chancellor, Academic Affairs

It is hard to believe that it has been ten years since asmall group of distinguished faculty in bioengineeringsplit off from the then AMES department and formedone of the few Departments of Bioengineering in thecountry. I was serving as chair of AMES at the timewhen much of the discussion occurred. Thebioengineering section of our department was alwaysone of the most focused and visionary groups,zealous about the quality of faculty and researchersrecruited to join them. At the time there were only sixladder rank faculty, and only the quality of theprogram could overcome the traditional ‘critical mass’arguments about the minimum size of a viabledepartment. We had mixed emotions about theirseparation because they added strength to ourbroader programs in engineering science, interactedwith colleagues in several areas of mechanics, andattracted large numbers of outstanding students atboth the graduate and undergraduate levels.However, it was clear that they would bring evenmore stature and viability to the School ofEngineering and to UCSD if they became anindependent department. Of course one of theprincipal issues was resources, new faculty positionsand space. I believe the final approval waited for thearrival of Dean Robert Conn who quickly understoodhow important such a development would be to thegrowth and stature of the school. After reviewingtheir well-developed growth plans involving expansioninto biomolecular and biochemical areas, with themessuch as “tissue engineering”, he endorsed the new

A F O U N D A T I O N F O R E X C E L L E N C E

department andallocated sufficientfaculty positions toensure its success. I dorecall that the spaceand operationalbudgets were quitemodest but theenthusiasm of thefaculty made it allwork. At that time it was envisioned that thebioengineering department would mature atsomething like 15 faculty, while the latest planscall for them to grow to about 25 faculty. Anyleader at UCSD would be proud of what thisyoung department has accomplished, and I surelyam. They are ranked as one of the top threedepartments in the country, they enroll more than200 undergraduates and 30 graduate studentseach year, their research funding exceeds $800Kper faculty, they have been received privatefunding to build their own building, the Powell-Focht Bioengineering Hall, and they havecontinually been leaders and/or contributed toseveral interdisciplinary initiatives on the campuswhich have involved the natural sciences, theSchool of Medicine, and other engineeringdepartments. On this 10th anniversary, I offer mycongratulations and appreciation to thedepartment, its faculty, staff, and students.

THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOENGINEERING: A FORMER DEAN’S PERSPECTIVE

ROBERT W. CONN, PH.D.Former Dean,Jacobs School of Engineering (1994-2002)

The first major decision I faced during my tenureas Dean of Engineering at UCSD waswhether or not to support the formation of aDepartment of Bioengineering within the School ofEngineering. After accepting the appointment asDean in mid-1993, the Chancellor and ViceChancellor informed me that the campus wasconsidering a proposal to form a new Departmentof Bioengineering, and that they felt it important tohave my recommendation before proceeding. Thatwas very considerate of them, but it also meantthat I had to become informed very quickly aboutan area I knew relatively little about.

So I spent that Fall of 1993, while still formally atUCLA, getting introduced to bioengineering as afield, and meeting with the faculty who weresupporting the formation of this new department.Two things became immediately apparent - 1) thiswas an extraordinary group of faculty, and 2) thiswas the only area of engineering at the time atUCSD that was ranked among the top 5 programsin the country.

But something else emerged equally clearly,something deeper, namely, that Bioengineeringwould emerge as the new engineering field for the21st century. It would for the first time map anengineering field to the science of biology -something that amazingly had never happenedbefore, at least not in a formal way. It wasimmediately clear that the potential to lead in thisnew area would represent, on UCSD's part, anopportunity for vision and leadership - and the timefor this had come. Approval of the faculty'sproposal followed in short order.

The department's success in its first decade hasproven the rightness of the faculty's vision and thecampus's decision to move ahead. I wish thedepartment and its faculty, staff and students allthe best in the decades to come - and I know thatthey will continue to provide vision and leadershipto this critical field.

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FRIEDER SEIBLE. PH.D.Dean, Jacobs School of Engineering

As we celebrate the 10-year anniversary of our greatDepartment of Bioengineering and the manyaccomplishments of our faculty and students, it is alsoa time to look forward to all that is to come.

Since taking on the responsibilities of Dean of theJacobs School in 2003, some of my most excitinginteractions have been with the biomedical community,discussing how we as engineers can contribute toimproving health care and medical sciences. It is notjust an opportunity, but an obligation, for engineeringto explore new ways in which advances in technologycan provide better monitoring, diagnosis, andtreatment of medical conditions. These complexchallenges can only be solved through a trulyinterdisciplinary approach, and this will be the focus ofmany of the new initiatives involving ourbioengineering department, as well as all thedepartments of the Jacobs School in the next decadeand beyond.

The sequencing of the human genome is spawning anew field dedicated to understanding living systems asa whole in a quantitative and integrative perspective.Systems biology not only has the potential torevolutionize drug development, but could also helpadvance medical care through personalized diagnosisand treatment. Our Bioengineering Department,working together with many others on campus,launched one of the first educational programs inbioinformatics, now considered a model for thecountry. And in 2004, our bioengineering facultydeveloped a new course sequence in systems biology.With our incredible depth of faculty in this field, UCSDis and will lead this emerging field.

BIOENGINEERING AS A CATALYST FOR NEW ENGINEERING INITIATIVES

It is one of our declared goals to lead research onthe life sciences with engineering solutions formedical innovation. Breakthroughs in these areasare driven by ever smaller sensors and actuators,frequently referred to as nanotechnology, and ourengineering work now starts with smaller andsmaller building blocks (at the cell or atomic level)to develop new materials with new mechanical,biological, and chemical processes, for the designand shaping of the final product. With UCSD’sstrength in the biological, physical, and healthsciences, it is imperative for UCSD to not justcontribute to, but lead this general area ofbiotechnology and medical devices. OurBioengineering Department is positioned to be aleader in this area as we move forward.

UCSD is one of the youngest, yet fastest rising,research universities in the world, andbioengineering at UCSD has not just contributedto, but led this advancement. Faculty luminariessuch as Y.C. Fung and Shu Chien have inspired andmotivated young minds on this campus and wellbeyond, and have truly defined the field ofbioengineering. With our incredible facultyexpertise across the campus, our wonderfulneighboring scientific institutions, and with ourregional biotechnology industry, now described asthe strongest in the nation, biomedical engineeringwill be the cornerstone to some of the mostexciting and significant contributions that UCSD willmake in the years ahead.

Y.C. FUNG

The bioengineering adventure in UCSD began in 1965.Thirty years later, in an evaluation of all Ph.D programsin the United States by the U.S. National Academy ofEngineering published in 1996, the UCSD Bioengineeringwas rated as number 1 in Program and number 2 inFaculty in the category of Bioengineering. We are proudof this evaluation because it gives a nod to our hardwork. To explain our experience, however, is a littlecomplicated, because the UCSD experience was a bitunconventional, and some explanations are needed.

THE BIRTH OF THE PROGRAM

The beginning of bioengineering at UCSD was thus: Oneday in June1965, Ben Zweifach, after visiting HaroldWayland and me at the California Institute ofTechnology for a year, was ready to go back to NewYork. Before leaving, I wanted to show him aroundSouthern California. We decided to come to La Jolla tovisit our friend Pete Scholander, a legendary naturalist atthe Scripps Institute of Oceanography. MacosIntaglietta,who was a postdoc Fellow at Caltech at thetime, and had worked with Pete in one of hisexpeditions, met us at Scripps. After a pleasant visitwith Pete in the afternoon, we dropped in on Sol Penner,the Chair of the Department of AMES. Dr. Penner was aformer colleague at Caltech. He asked us what we weredoing. We said Bioengineering. Penner immediatelycalled Joe Stokes, the Dean of the School of Medicine.Dr Stokes said:“Don’t let them go home. Ask them togive a seminar.” I could not, because I must begin mytrip to Michigan the next morning. Ben and Marcos didstay, gave a seminar, and Sol started the recruitmentprocess.

I went to Ann Arbor, Michigan to search my heart for ananswer to the question whether I wanted to devote100% of my time to bioengineering or not. If myanswer was yes, then I should give up my career atCaltech and my interest in aeroelasticity and aerospace.By Christmas time my mind was made up. I wantedbioengineering 100% of my time. In January 1966 Ireturned to California and told Dr. Penner. Three weekslater Dr Penner gave me an appointment letter signedby Chancellor John Galbraith. I was named explicitly a

T H E B E G I N N I N G A N D E A R LY Y E A R S O F B I O E N G I N E E R I N G AT UCSD

professor of bioengineering. Ben, Marcos, and I cameto UCSD in July, 1966.

THE UNIQUE SYSTEM OF EARLY UCSDThe University of California allows each campus todevelop its own approach. In 1966, bioengineeringwas what the Dean of the School of Medicine JosephStokes wanted. He made 3 FTE’s available to theDepartment of Ames, in which the bioengineeringstudents and faculty were located. At that time,Chancellor Galbraith of UCSD has a Dean of the Schoolof Medicine, but no other deans. There were twoengineering Departments, the APIS (Applied Physicsand Information Science), and the AMES(AppliedMechanics and Engineering Science). Bioengineeringbelonged to AMES. The Ph.D certificates of ourstudents would read as “Doctor of Philosophy inEngineering Science with Specialization inBioengineering.” The first dean of Engineering wasappointed in 1982. Thereafter other deans appeared inUCSD. This system lasted until 1994, whenBioengineering was separated out as a Department.Soon APIS and AMES were reorganized into manyDepartments, and the frontiers’ days were gone.

It was fortunate that the bioengineering faculty wasone of the earliest faculties recruited by the School ofMedicine. By luck we participated in the recruitment ofthe School of Medicine faculty. This gave us anadvantage to know the new medical faculty naturally,and no barrier between clinical faculty andbioengineers got in the way. Thus Professor EugeneBernstein, M.D., a famous cardiovascular surgeon andartificial heart researcher, became our best friend.Professor Richard Peters, M.D., a famous thoracicsurgeon, cooperated with us intimately. One day I gota phone call from a neurologist Profesor RobertTschirgi, telling me that NIH was entertaining asurgery-bioengineering training grant. I called GeneBernstein, and together we wrote and obtained asurgery-bioengineering pre- and post-doctoral traininggrant in 1971. This grant was renewed again andagain, and is still being funded in 2004. It must haveset a record of longevity!

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OUR STUDENTS AND FACULTY

As soon as the Bioengineering Program started atUCSD, we sent out flyers to recruitstudents. The firstthree graduate students arrived were Elliot Flicker, FrankYin, and Evan Evans. Elliott was Dr Zweifach’s student atNYU. Frank Yin came from MIT with a master’s degreein mechanical engineering. Evan Evans was anaerospace engineer in San Diego who wanted tochange. The first post-doc was Jen-Shih Lee, who gothis Ph.D. from Caltech. Could anybody wish for betterstudents anywhere? Today, Frank Yin is the Chair of theBioengineering Department of the WashingtonUniversity at Saint Louis, Missouri. Evan Evans is a worldfamous cell membrane mechanics authority, a professorat the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, and theBoston University. Jen-Shih Lee was the Chair of theDepartment of Biomedical Engineering of the Universityof Virginia, in Charlottesville, VA for more than twentyyears, and has retired to La Jolla to market andmanufacture some of his inventions. They shine bright!

Many graduate students succeeding them areoutstanding too. And we have many outstanding andsuccessful undergraduate students. Year after year, wegot the best students.

Bright students need outstanding teachers. Let medescribe briefly how did we gather the stars.

The first new faculty we recruited was Professor ArnostFronek, who got his M.D. from Charles University inPrague and Ph D from the Institute of Physiology of theCzechoslovakian Academy of Science. He is well knownfor his research on non-invasive diagnosis, especiallyfamous for his establishing the use of post-occlusivereactive hyperemia and pulse-reappearance time as thegold standard for the diagnosis of arterial diseases.

We recruited Dr Kitty Fronek, MD, PhD. as a ResearchPhysiologist. Her extensive knowledge about in vivoexperiments was a great resource for our students andfaculty.

The next faculty member we recruited was ProfessorDavid Gough, who got his PhD from University of Utah.Dr Gough is interested in the implantable glucosesensors for diabetes. Because his research was morebasic than others, he was uniquely successful in hisinvention and manufacturing of his devices.

Then we attracted Dr Geert Schmid-Schonbein, ourown Ph. D, to come back to our faculty fromColumbia University. Geert is a bright star inresearch on inflammation.

The next star we enticed was Dr Andrew D.McCulloch from Aukland, New Zealand. We knewhis teacher and read his thesis on the mechanicalproperties of heart muscle. In his thesis werecognized a genius.

In 1988, we were fortunate to have succeeded inpersuading two stars to join us. Professor Shu Chienand Richard Skalak of Columbia University agreed tocome to La Jolla. This legendary success gave usconfidence in our future.

Then Professors Lanping Amy Sung, Kuo-Li PaulSung, Robert L. Sah, John Frangos, Bernhard O.Palsson, Shankar Subramaniam, Sangeeta Bhatia,Gary A. Huber, Wayne Giles, Jeff Hasty, MichaelHeller, Xiaohua Huang, Trey Ideker, Gabriel Silva,and John Watson joined our faculty. Our faculty isnow truly star-studded.

Our faculty is further amplified by AdjunctProfessors Michael Berns, Charles Cantor, Paul C.Johnson, Deidre A. MacKenna, Lou K. Waldman,and Affliated Faculty Professors Pao C. Chau,Kenneth R. Chien, Jim W. Covell, Mark H. Ellisman,Anne Hoger, Rick L. Lieber, Jeff H. Omens, PeterD. Wagner, and John B. West.

In addition , we have Professional Research StaffDoctors Dale Baker, Peter C. Chen, Y.L.Hu, WeiHuang, Julie Y.H. Li, Jeff Price, Amy Tsai, ShunichiUsami, and Yihua Zhao.

Such strength! It must be an envy of any institutionof the world.

THE BIG HELP OF THE WHITAKER FOUNDATION

In the late 1980’s, when the need for our bioengi-neering group to grow was the greatest, the Stateof California was in a severe financial crisis. It wasat this juncture that the generous help of theWhitaker Foundation enabled us to survive, to growand to develop exactly as we wanted. The rigorousevaluation process of the Whitaker Foundation was

an inspiration. The astute advices we received from theWhitaker Foundation told us always to aim high, topursue perfection, and to have confidence in ultimatesuccess. The Whitaker Foundation helped us building upthe faculty. When we found an ideal faculty candidate,the Whitaker Foundation was willing to pay his/hersalary until the State of California can take over. It isfortunate that the State is always optimistic toward thefuture, and has never failed to take over any promisedburden.

THE WHITAKER FOUNDATION HELPED

US TO ESTABLISH OUR DEPARTMENT

The separation of the bioengineering group out of theAMES Department was based on the approval of allmembers of the AMES Department. Everybody in AMESrecognized the support of the Whitaker Foundation, anddecided that it was good.

OUR ACADEMIC PROGRAM

Our academic program followed the Caltech model. Oncourses, we put emphasis on fundamentals and rigor.On research, we put emphasis on excellence. Theundergraduate curriculum emphasizes applied math-ematics, continuum mechanics, electronics, and design.Graduate courses had two objectives: to emphasize thebasics, and to air the specialties of the instructor. Sincebioengineering renews itself rapidly, graduate coursesare renewed frequently.

REACHING OUT TO THE NATIONAL AND

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY

We thought that it was good to expose our students tothe national and international community. So weorganized a number of national and internationalmeetings on campus. At the meeting time, Gene Mead,our technician, was the marshal. He organized thestudents to meet the participants at the airport, deliv-ered them to the hotels or the residential halls oncampus. Every meeting included a picnic and a firesideentertainment at our famous La Jolla beach. Participantssoon became a big family.

Thus we held a Symposium on Biomechanics on campuson July 29-31, 1970, the proceedings of which werepublished as a book by Prentice Hall under the title

Biomechanics: Its Foundations and Objectives. Weheld the Third International Congress on Biorheologyon campus on Aug 28-Sept 1, 1978. We held theSecond World Congress on Microcirculation on campuson July 25-27 1979.

A glorious meeting was held on campus in July 1984.This was the Frontiers in Biomechanics meetingorganized by Professors Geert Schmid-Schonbein,Savio L-Y Woo, and Benjamin W. Zweifach. Theproceedings were published in a book of 395 pages bySpringer Verlag, New York.

In 1990,the First World Congress on Biomechanics washeld at UCSD for 5 days from Aug.30 to Sept 4. In thismeeting, the World Council was formed, giving apermanent structure to that organization.

Our faculty members and students had also organizedmeetings off campus. Examples are: The 1966 ASMEBiomechanics Symposium at the Winter Annual, NewYork. The July 1972 meeting on Thin Shell Structures:Theory, Experiment, and Design, (Prentice- Hall,615pp, 1974),held on the campus of Caltech, Pasa-dena. The October 1973 ASME Biomechanics Sympo-sium held in Georgia Tech. The May 9-13 1983 China-Japan-USA Symposium on Biomechanics held inWuhan, China (Biomechanics in China, Japan, USAScience Press 1984, 526pp). The Sept 28-Oct 2, 1987Japan-China-USA meeting in Osaka (Progress andNew Directions of Biomechanics, Mita Press,Tokyo,444pp.) and the October 1997 Biomedical EngineeringSociety Fall Meeting. On the horizon, the 35th Con-gress of the International Union of PhysiologicalSciences, March 31-April 5, 2005, San Diego, and the12th World Congress of the International Society ofBiorheology, Chongqing, China, May 30-June 3, 2005,both with Shu Chien as the Chair.

GETTING READY FOR THE FUTURE

This article is meant to sketch a bit of our past history.The entire past history of the UCSD Bioengineering isabout looking toward the future. At this 10th Anniver-sary of the formation of our Department, we arelooking further, and wider, and thinking of the next 10years, 100 years, and 1000 years.

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SHU CHIEN

I feel very fortunate to be a part of Bioengineeringat UCSD. At this wonderful occasion of the TenthAnniversary of the establishment of the Department,it is my great pleasure to recall many marvelousmemories, appreciate the wonderful present, andlook forward to the exciting future. Yuan-cheng(Bert) Fung, one of the founders of our UCSDBioengineering Program in 1966, has written anexcellent article dating back to the inception of theProgram. What I write here covers mainly theperiod starting from 1988 when I came fromColumbia University to join UCSD.

THE MOVE TO UCSD IN 1988In 1986, I was asked by Ben Zweifach and Bert tojoin UCSD as a faculty in Bioengineering in theDepartment of Aeronautical (later changed toApplied) Mechanics and Engineering Science(AMES). Because I had a large research group atColumbia, my wife K.C. had a full-time job as apediatrician, and our children were in New York, wehad difficulty deciding even after several visits to LaJolla. In the summer of 1987, when I was onsabbatical leave at the Institute of BiomedicalSciences (IBMS) in Academia Sinica in Taiwan, Benphoned me at 6 AM Taipei time and asked whether Iwould come to La Jolla. Half asleep, I answered"Yes". I am glad that I had the right mind to acceptthe position even though only half awake. I didexpress my concern about my collaboration withlong-time colleagues – particularly Dick Skalak.UCSD responded by also recruiting Dick to SanDiego. Amy and Paul Sung, Jerry Norwich, and laterShunichi Usami also joined us in La Jolla fromColumbia.

The move to UCSD made it possible for us toincorporate molecular biology into our researchprogram and led to our current research on themolecular basis of the modulation of signaltransduction and gene expression by mechanicalforces.

P A S T , P R E S E N T A N D F U T U R E O F B I O E N G I N E E R I N G AT UCSD :C E L E B R AT I O N O F T H E D E P A R T M E N T ’ S 1 0 T H A N N I V E R S A R Y

Now, sixteen years later, it is clear that themove was a great decision. I am very grateful toUCSD for giving me the opportunity andprivilege to work with such wonderfulcolleagues, including faculty, research scientists,staff and students.

THE PROGRAM PROJECT GRANT (PPG)Based on the excellent foundation establishedby founders of UCSD Bioengineering, Iorganized a research team, as I did at Columbiaand IBMS, and submitted a PPG application on"Biomechanics of Blood cells, Vessels and theMicrocirculation" to the NIH. This was funded in1990. The project leaders were Bert, Amy,Geert, Schmid-Schönbein and myself at UCSDand Larry Sklar at the Scripps Research Institute(Now Jeff Omens). We had Core Facilities onadministration, ultrastructure (Geert),computation (Andrew McCulloch),instrumentation (Shunichi) and cell culture (BobHoffman, later Bob Sah). Bioengineering atUCSD had always been very strong, but this PPGwas the first time a team effort succeeded inreceiving research funding after peer review.That was a big breakthrough, and it positionedus for later developments. We succeededbecause of the strong scientific foundation atUCSD, the cooperative efforts of all participants,and the experiences at Columbia and IBMS. Iam very pleased that Geert is doing an excellentjob after taking over as the P.I. for the PPG in2000.

THE INSTITUTE FOR BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

After receiving the PPG and subsequentlyrenewing the NIH training grant, which hadbeen started by Bert with Eugene Bernstein ofSurgery in 1971, we began to address theidentity of our Bioengineering program, whichhad been a part of AMES since its inception in1966. AMES was helpful in fostering activitiesrelated to bioengineering, but as one of six

groups in a large department we had limitedresources and did not have a clear identity to theoutside. It took more than one year for the idea ofhaving a separate department to be unanimouslyaccepted by all Bioengineering faculty, and thisprovided the driving force for the initiative.

Because of the time required to form a department,we worked first to establish the Institute forBiomedical Engineering (IBME) as an OrganizationResearch Unit (ORU). More than thirty facultymembers from schools of medicine, biology, andengineering, and the Scripps Institution ofOceanography, joined in this effort. At a retreat inSeptember 1991, we adopted Tissue EngineeringScience as a common research theme. Tissueengineering is a term coined by Bert in the early1980s.

After the establishment of IBME in November 1991,we prepared a brochure that summarized all theInstitute members and their research activities,including an index based on research topics. Thisbrochure received considerable publicity in andoutside the university. The U.S. News and WorldReport annual survey ranked us number 5 for thefirst time in 1993, and this has risen to number 2 in2004. The comprehensive survey done everydecade by the National Research Council ranked usnumber 1 in graduate education and number 2 infaculty quality in their most recent survey publishedin 1995.

In 1993 we established an Industrial Advisory Board(IAB), with 20 industrial members. The Board hasworked effectively with the Institute to fosterresearch collaboration, hold symposia andworkshops, facilitate student internship placement,provide advice and consultation on curriculum ofeducational programs relevant to industry, andsponsor Bioengineering graduate student activitiessuch as Breakfast with Industry, Annual Symposium,etc.

THE WHITAKER FOUNDATION DEVELOPMENT AWARD

Shortly after the formation of the IBME in 1991, theWhitaker Foundation announced the request forproposals for the Development Award ($5 million forsix years) to develop biomedical engineering. The

formation of IBME and our identification of thetheme on Tissue Engineering Science prepared us tosubmit a pre-proposal, together with 62 othersubmissions. Our pre-proposal was selected for thesubmission of a full proposal and we were one offive chosen for site visit. In September 1993, wewere one of three institutions (together with GeorgiaInstitute of Technology and University of Utah) thatreceived the Award, which allowed us to recruit fouroutstanding faculty (John Frangos, BernhardPalsson, Amy Sung, and Sangeeta Bhatia) and setup excellent core facilities. The Award was alsovaluable in helping us to form the Department.

THE FORMATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOENGINEERING

The UCSD administration, including ChancellorRichard Atkinson, Vice Chancellor Marjorie Caserio,and Deans of Engineering (Lea Rudee and RobertConn), Medicine (Gerard Burrows and GeorgePalade) and Office of Graduate Studies and Research(Richard Attiyeh), was strongly supportive for theformation of the Department. I had many groupmeetings and individual discussions with ourcolleagues in AMES (then Chaired by David Miller),the AMES faculty voted to allow Bioengineering toform a new department. Following thoroughevaluations and positive recommendation by theAcademic Senate, the University of Californiaformally approved the formation of the Departmentof Bioengineering at UCSD on August 20, 1994, andappointed me as the Chair effective July 1, 1994.

The governing of the Department of Bioengineeringhas always been by consensus of faculty members.The term of our Chair is three years, with thepossibility of a two-year extension. After serving myfull 5-year term after the extension, I was pleasedthat David Gough agreed to accept the Chairship inJuly 1999. Dave did an excellent job from 1999 to2002. When he did not wish to continue, my col-leagues elected me to be the Chair again in July2002.

THE WHITAKER FOUNDATION LEADERSHIP AWARD AND THE

POWELL-FOCHT BIOENGINEERING HALL

In spring 1997, the Whitaker Foundation announcedthe availability of a new Leadership Award programto support Biomedical Engineering infrastructure at alevel higher than the Development Award. Our

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application was site visited on September 23-24,1998 by Foundation's Governing Committee (ChairBurtt Holmes, Past Chair Ruth Whitaker Holmes,Portia Whitaker Shumaker and James Kelley),Executives (President Miles Gibbons, Jr., ExecutiveVice President Peter Katona, and Vice President JackLinehan), and scientific consultants (Allen Cowley,Jr., Dominique Durand, Don Gibbons, HowardMorgan, and Buddy Ratner). We made thoroughpreparations and extensive rehearsals for the visit.The presentations involved Bioengineering facultyand graduate students, faculty from the School ofMedicine, the San Diego Supercomputer Center(SDSC) and the Salk Institute, alumni, and industrialcolleagues, as well as leaders from UCSDadministration. We did extremely well as a groupduring the site visit. This particular event wasunbelievably successful; everything just clicked. Itwas obvious that the Whitaker Foundation’s sitevisitors were very impressed and got involved in theexciting and electrifying atmosphere.

In our written application we requested $13.8million, including $0.8 million for faculty recruitment.We arrived at this amount because (a) we did notwant to risk losing it by asking for too much, and (b)we were limited by the amount we can raise for 1 to1 matching. Dean Conn obtained a gift of $3 millionfrom the Powell Foundation, which later decided togive us an additional $5 million because of our highranking in various surveys. Without being asked,Chairman of the Board Herbert Kunzel called BobConn to tell him that the gift was raised to $8million. (Herb unfortunately passed away in 1999and was succeeded by Joel Holiday, who hascontinued the wonderful support by the PowellFoundation). The remainder of the matchingrequired was provided by the Jacobs School ofEngineering (JSOE) and UCSD. The $13.8 million werequested from the Whitaker Foundation, togetherwith the matching funds, would allow us to constructa building to accommodate about 3/4 of theDepartment, with 1/4 remaining in the EBU1building. When the site visitors asked why we didnot include everyone in the new building, I repliedthat we were concerned that the amount to berequested would be too large. The committee askedme to submit a supplemental proposal based on anestimate for constructing a building that would

include the entire Department. After consultingwith Chancellor Dynes, Vice Chancellor forDevelopment Jim Langley, and Dean Conn, Isubmitted a request to the Foundation for anadditional $4.2 million, with university matchingof another $4.2 million. A month later, theGoverning Committee of the Foundationapproved the Leadership Award in the amountof $18 million. It was fantastic that theFoundation increased the funding amount aboveour initial request.

The Whitaker Foundation is magnanimous in thesupport of bioengineering. Despite its largeshare of support for the new bioengineeringbuilding at UCSD, the Foundation agreed toname it the Powell-Focht Bioengineering Hall, inrecognition of the Powell Foundation gift and thelate Judge Focht who played a major role in thePowell Foundation. To recognize thetremendous contributions by the WhitakerFoundation, UCSD changed the name of IBME to"Whitaker Institute of Biomedical Engineering(WIBE)".

During the period of the Leadership Award, werecruited additional outstanding faculty to theDepartment. They include Gary Huber andShankar Subramaniam in 1999; Michael Heller in2001 (joint appointment with ECE Department);Wayne Giles (joint with Medicine-Cardiology),Jeff Hasty, and Xiaohua Huang in 2002; and TreyIdeker, John Watson, and Gabriel Silva (Jointwith Ophthalmology) in 2003. Thus,Bioengineering core faculty has tripled duringthe ten years since the establishment of theDepartment.

In addition to the core faculty, the Departmenthas eleven affiliated appointments with otherdepartments on campus, 12 Adjunct faculty fromAcademia and Industry, 15 [??] researchscientists (Table I). Together, the faculty andscientists in UCSD Bioengineering form amarvelous team for research and education atthe forefront of Bioengineering.

In early 2002, JSOE received a generous gift of$10 million (including $2 million for the

construction of the PFBH) from the von LiebigFoundation to establish the William J. von LiebigCenter for Entrepreneurism and TechnologyAdvancement. Through John Watson’s suggestion,Linda Hamilton and Jean Goggins of the Foundationhad visited UCSD, and Bob Conn and Joe Bear(current Director of the von Liebig Center) hadvisited the Foundation in Naples, FL to plan for theseinitiatives.

The construction of the PFBH began in early 1999,with Anshen and Allen Los Angeles (AALA) as thearchitect and was completed in November 2002.The Department moved in during the next month.Every one in the Department is extremely pleasedwith the wonderful facilities and resources in thisstate-of-the-art building.

THE CURRENT STATE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF

BIOENGINEERING

The theme for research and education for ourDepartment is Integrative Bioengineering, Thisincludes the integration of research activities at alllevels of the biological hierarchy (from genes andmolecules to the whole organism), the collaborationof engineering and biomedical sciences, thecoordination of research and education, the buildingof partnerships between academia and industry, andinteraction between UCSD and its neighboringinstitutions. Under the overarching theme ofIntegrative Bioengineering, we have major areas ofgenomic bioengineering, molecular biomechanics,cell and tissue engineering, and systems biology/bioengineering. The completion of the new Powell-Focht Bioengineering Hall has allowed integrateddevelopment of these frontier areas and five corefacilities, viz. Biofabrication, Biotechnology,Information Technology, Instrumentation(Nanotechnology and Imaging, and In VivoTechnology. These cores provide importantinfrastructure to support the research activities andhands-on training for student education (Fig. 1).

Research activities under Genomic Engineeringinclude genomic research on the regulation of signaltransduction and gene expression in the heart, bloodvessels, blood, liver and other organs/tissues withthe use of bioengineering approaches and with theaid of the information technology and in vivo

technology cores, The novel concepts of geneticcircuitry and in silico biology have been developedto treat genes and signaling molecules asinteracting elements in a network, with the aim ofmodeling and predicting their interactions on thebases of experimental data. This approach providesan important link with the research in SystemsBiology.

In Molecular Biomechanics, a combination ofexperimental and theoretical approaches are usedto establish the molecular basis of mechanicalbehaviors of cells and tissues, e.g., thedetermination of stress-strain relationships of cellsand molecules, the use of surface molecularcharacteristics to manipulate and characterize cells,dynamic tracking of cell cycle, experimental andtheoretical studies on cytoskeleton dynamics, etc.The facilities in the Instrumentation Core areparticularly valuable for these studies.

Cell and Tissue Engineering encompasses studieson the mechanisms of control of tissue growth,adaptation and repair, and the development ofbiological substitutes to restore or improve tissuefunctions by controlling cell phenotype. Research isdirected at tissue engineering of the liver, pancreas,cartilage, cardiac tissues, blood vessels, and bloodto provide a solid foundation for the translation topractical application of regenerative medicine. Thefacilities in the biotechnology and biofabricationcores are especially important for theseinvestigations.

To meet the grand challenge of elucidating thefunctional roles of genes interacting as a networkposed by the sequencing of the human genome,the Department has taken the lead to fosterinterdisciplinary research and education in the newfrontier of Bioinformatics, Systems Biology andSystems Bioengineering. The recruitment ofoutstanding faculty in this area has created thenucleating force to synergize the activities in theDepartment and the whole campus. This approachhas provided the intellectual framework forinvestigating living systems as whole entities andforms an important element of IntegrativeBioengineering.

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Since the establishment of the Department,Bioengineering has processed its own graduateadmission and charting its graduate curriculum, andwe have made excellent progresses in both graduateand undergraduate education (see article by IreneJacobo and Andrew McCulloch). The quality of theentering students is superb, and their performancehas been outstanding. In addition to their excellentacademic accomplishments, the student bodies havebeen very active in promoting many valuable groupactivities organized by the UCSD Chapter of theBiomedical Engineering Society (BMES) forundergraduates and the Bioengineering GraduateStudent Group (BEGS).

The Industrial Advisory Board of the WIBE hasworked closely with the Institute and theDepartment in the implementation of the verysuccessful internship program for the junior andsenior undergraduates and the M.Eng. students,with the support of the Internship Award from theWhitaker Foundation.

A list of the Ph.D. graduates from UCSDBioengineering is given in Table II. These graduateshave made outstanding contributions to biomedicalengineering, and many of them have assumedleadership positions in academia and industry. Thesuperb accomplishments by our graduate andundergraduate students are most rewarding. Theeducation of the next generation of bioengineeringleaders is one of the most important missions of ourDepartment. Our graduates’ contributions play amajor role in the outside recognition of the strengthof our Department.

The faculty of the Department has received manyoutstanding awards and honors (See Table III). Dr.Fung has written the most definitive textbooks onbiomechanics, as well as editing a book onIntroduction to Bioengineering. Drs. Palsson andBhatia wrote the first textbook on TissueEngineering, with a Teaching Materials Award fromthe Whitaker Foundation, and Dr. Palsson isembarking on a textbook on Systems Biology.

The Department has a long history of fruitfulcollaboration with the Department of Medicine incardiovascular and other areas and with the

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery onorthopaedic bioengineering. There have beenmany joint research projects and research grantsand collaborative education programs. Mostrecently, there have been several newinterdisciplinary initiatives being developed withthe School of Medicine.

The Departments of Bioengineering andRadiology have initiated collaboration in severalways in the past two years, includingcooperation in the Functional MagneticResonance Imaging (fMRI) Center, holding ofjoint annual symposia on Biomedical Imagingand Bioengineering, and initiation ofcollaborative research and education.

The Department has worked with the Institute ofNonlinear Sciences, the Division of BiologicalSciences and the Department of Neuroscience toinitiate a joint education program inNeurotechnology/Neuroengineering. There willalso be increased research collaborationbetween Bioengineering and Neurosciences.

Nanotechnology involves the creation and use ofmaterials and devices at the level of moleculesand atoms. Bioengineering faculty collaboratewith colleagues in Electrical and ComputerEngineering, Mechanical and AerospaceEngineering, Physics, Chemistry & Biochemistry,and School of Medicine in research onnanoscience, nanotechnology andNanomedicine. Examples are manufacture ofsmall biosensors, design and fabrication of nano-structures, electric field assisted self-assemblyfor nanofabrication, and biomimetic catalyticchemo-mechanical nanostructure,microelectronic DNA arrays and lab-on-a-chipdevices for research studies and clinicaldiagnosis high accuracy and reliability. Incooperation with other departments in JSOE,Bioengineering is pursuing an initiative to recruitfaculty in the field of Biochemical Engineering.Nanoscience and nanotechnology is one of themajor emphases in this recruitment.

The Department of Bioengineering has initiatedinterdisciplinary collaborations with several other

units in the School of Medicine, including theDepartments of Surgery and the Cancer Center, andthe newly established School of Pharmacy andPharmaceutical Sciences,

The Department of Bioengineering will also enhanceit collaboration with other departments in JSOE andDivisions of Natural Sciences and Biological Sciences,as well as other units on campus, e.g., the CaliforniaInstitute of Telecommunication and InformationTechnology [Cal-(IT)2] and SDSC.

UCSD Bioengineering took the lead in coordinatingthe ten campuses in the UC system to form a Multi-campus Research Unit (MRU) on bioengineeringentitled “Bioengineering Institute of California(BIC)”, which was formally approved by the UCOffice of the President in August 2003. BIC hasorganized Annual System-wide BioengineeringSymposia that rotate among the ten campuses andhas initiated the cooperative teaching programthrough the development of web-based teachingmaterials in various aspects of bioengineering.

FUTURE PLANS

We will endeavor to fully achieve the goals andmission of conducting high-quality interdisciplinaryresearch at the forefront of bioengineering andeducating the next generation of leaders inbioengineering. The specific plans include thefollowing:

• Recruitment of new faculty to strengthen ourcurrent fields and to initiate new areas such asnano-science/technology/medicine, neuralengineering, and cancer bioengineering, under theoverarching theme of integrative bioengineering.

• Enhancement of the educational programs atgraduate and undergraduate levels. Increase ofhands-on experience for students by using thelaboratory facilities and resources in PFBH.

• Strengthening the collaborations and interactionswith the School of Medicine, Division of NaturalSciences, Division of Biology, other Departments in

JSOE, SDSC, Cal(IT)2 and other units on campus,as well as neighboring institutions and othercampuses in the UC system through the multi-campus Bioengineering Institute of California.

• Enhancement of collaboration with industry, withthe goal of recruiting industrial affiliates not onlyin San Diego area, but also nation-wide andamplifying the internship program. Fosteringtechnology transfer and entrepreneurship incollaboration with the Industrial Advisory Boardand the von Liebig Center.

• Establishment of endowment for the Departmentfor uses as student fellowship, faculty start-upsupplement, special equipment required for timelynew initiatives, and other important needs foreducation and research not met by regular stateand federal funding mechanisms. Establishmentof endowed chairs for the recruitment andretention of outstanding faculty.

• Construction of a new Bioengineering Building tohouse the new faculty to be recruited, as thePFBH is already almost fully occupied.

• Full utilization of our facilities and resources toadvance bioengineering research and educationwith a cooperative and integrative approach.

At this wonderful occasion of our 10th Anniversary Iwish to express our most sincere thanks, on behalfof the Department, to all our friends and colleagueseverywhere for their marvelous support andcooperation which has made it possible for us toachieve our goals during the first decade of theDepartment. We pledge to redouble our effort tofully accomplish our missions of excellence ineducation, research and translation in biomedicalengineering, with the ultimate aim of benefiting thehealth and well being of our people. The future isbright for Bioengineering at UCSD and forBioengineering as a discipline!

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LA B O R AT O R Y F O R M I C R O H E M O D Y N A M I C S

Design and development of oxygen carrying bloodsubstitutes coincided with the establishment of theDepartment of Bioengineering at UCSD, as our groupjoined forces with Prof. Robert M. Winslow of the UCSDSchool of Medicine, Department of Medicine. Theprincipal joint academic activity was a course in theform of an international symposium dealing with bloodsubstitutes under the auspices of the NIH, the MedicalSchool and our Department. This activity took placeduring the years 1995, 1996, and 1997. Faculty,scientists and clinicians from UCSD, NIH, FDA, the Army,the Navy, industry and Universities throughout the worldwere active participants. The courses were attended onthe average by 250 participants, and were freelyaccessible to our faculty and students. Three tutorialbooks were published, and this course has since 1997been merged with the meetings of the InternationalSociety for Blood Substitutes.

Microcirculation and blood substitutesDevelopment of blood substitutes at UCSD has focusedon understanding the biology and physics of themicrocirculation, a system at the interface between theenvironment and each cellular component of theorganism, and the location of critical mechanical andenergy interactions. At the time of the formation of theUCSD Bioengineering Department, theMicrohemodynamic Laboratory had already acquiredworld status, being recognized for having developed theprincipal tools for analyzing transport at the microvascu-lar level and in particular for the optical measurement ofthe partial pressure of oxygen at microscopic localitiesof the tissue.

Research at UCSD Bioengineering led to the revision ofmany of the functions that had been attributed to themicrocirculation and established the operational premisethat the priority in capillary function is that of maintain-ing flow, or “functional capillary density”. This realiza-tion had profound implications in designing a bloodsubstitute, because it means that it is necessary toknow if the properties of blood are related to opencapillaries, and if this is the case the substitute product

must be designed to posses this property. Allpreviously designed blood substitutes focused onthe capacity of delivering oxygen, and ignoredtheir potential for insuring a mechanically openmicrocirculation. The efficacy of the UCSDdesigned artificial blood resides in the recognitionof this necessity.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF PAUL C. JOHNSON

Professor P.C. Johnson joined our Department andour laboratory and was fully operational, carryingout basic physiological research at the time of thefoundation of our Department after his retirementfrom the Chairmanship of the Department ofPhysiology at the University of Arizona, Tucson.

Prof. Johnson was and is for our group the keyreference point in cardiovascular physiology, andvascular and microvascular regulation. His deepand encyclopedic understanding of circulatoryphysiology, manifested by being in charge of thecardiovascular portion of our major graduatephysiology course, culminated by co-authoring inour group a chapter in Physiological Reviews titled“Oxygen gradients in the microcirculation”, wherethe concept of blood vessels being major oxygensink was systematized. This hypothesis had againmajor repercussions in the design of artificialblood.

THE UCSD CONNECTION WITH SANGART INC.Prof. R.M. Winslow capitalizing on the UCSDdiscoveries and related patents translated theacademic achievements from his and our laborato-ries into a science based company, Sangart Inc.,which pursues the commercial development of theUCSD generated “artificial blood”.

The mechanical understanding of what functionsare performed by capillaries, and how this func-tionality is maintained is at the heart of Sangart’sdevelopment of a form of artificial blood thatinsures the vital functions of the microcirculation

10 YEARS OF DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL BLOODBASED ON STUDIES IN THE MICROCIRCULATIONAMY G. TSAI, PEDRO CABRALES AND MARCOS INTAGLIETTA

are maintained or enhanced. The remarkable andcounter intuitive discoveries embodied in Sangart’sblood substitute were achieved by introducing in thecirculation a high molecular viscosity oxygen carrier thatalso has high oxygen affinity, and therefore targetsoxygen delivery to anoxic areas of the tissue.

The new conceptualization of artificial blood emergingfrom this unique academic-industrial-science basedpartnership developed a material that is now in clinicaltrials. This work was generously supported by severalNIH R01 grants to R.M.W., M.I. and A.G.T. A Bioengi-neering Research Partnership also funded this endeavor.Dr. Winslow is currently Adjunct Professor of theBioengineering faculty.

AN INTERDISCIPLINARY, NATIONAL AND

INTERNATIONAL CONNECTION

Medical care, medicine and blood have no nationalboundaries and our Department has been extraordinar-ily hospitable to investigators from the internationalcommunity. Their contribution is amply reflected inpublications from our group and all members of theDepartment. In the field of resuscitation and artificialblood we particularly recognize the direct contribution ofthe following list of individuals who have and areactively participating in the work and publications fromour laboratory:

Marko Turina, 1970-to date, Professor and Chairman,Cardiac Surgery, Universitatspital Zurich

Konrad Messmer, 1978-to date, Former Professor andHead, Experimental Surgery, University of Munich,Germany

Bengt Fagrell, 1980-to date, Former Head of InternalMedicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

Silvia Bertuglia, 1984-to date, Professor, Instituto diFisiologia Clinica del CNR, Universitá di Pisa, Italy

Rubén Argüero, 1986-to date, Director, Hospital deCardiología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social,Mexico City

Eishun Tsuchida, 1997-to date, Emeritus Professor,Department of Polymer Chemistry - Advanced ResearchInstitute for Science and Engineering, WasedaUniversity, Tokyo, Japan

Juan Carlos Briceño, Professor of MechanicalEngineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá,Colombia

Barbara Friesenecker, Head of Anesthesiology,University Hospital of Innsbruck, Austria

Heinz Kerger, Head of Anesthesiology, EvangelischesDiakoniekrankenhaus, Freiburg, Germany

Hiromi Sakai, Department of Polymer Chemistry -Advanced Research Institute for Science andEngineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

Reto Wettstein, Division of Plastic and ReconstructiveSurgery, Inselspital University Hospital, Berne,Switzerland.

REFERENCES

Tsai, A.G., Friesenecker, B., McCarthy, M., Sakai, H. andM. Intaglietta. “Plasma viscosity regulates capillaryperfusion during extreme hemodilution in hamster skinfold model”. Am. J. Physiol. 275:(Heart. Circ. Physiol.44):H2170-H2180, 1998.

Tsai, A.G., Johnson, P.C. and M. Intaglietta. “Oxygengradients in the microcirculation”. Physiol. Rev. 83:933-963, 2003.

Tsai, A.G., Cabrales, P. and M. Intaglietta. “Oygen-carrying blood substitutes: a microvascular perspective”.Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 4:1147-1157,2004.

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T H E T E N T H A N N I V E R S A R Y O F T H E B I R T H O F T H E

D E P A R T M E N T O F B I O E N G I N E E R I N G : A R E N A I S S A N C E

DAVID GOUGHProfessor of Bioengineering

Bioengineering at UCSD had its birth in 1966 under thedirection of its founders, Professors Y. C. Fung, Ben-jamin Zweifach and Marcos Intaglietta. For thefollowing decades, Bioengineering grew as a Programwithin the Department of AMES (or Applied Mechanicsand Engineering Sciences) and developed an interna-tional reputation for excellence. This growth and riseto prominence occurred at a time in which UCSDdeveloped as a campus and grew in national recogni-tion as a leading research university, and at a time inwhich Bioengineering itself developed into a vigorousand independent engineering discipline. Then in 1994,a new Department of Bioengineering was born atUCSD, for which we celebrate the Tenth Anniversary.

In many ways, the birth of the new Department ofBioengineering at UCSD was actually a rebirth, orrenaissance, of Bioengineering. Like the EuropeanRenaissance of the 15th Century, the UCSD Bioengi-neering Renaissance led to a flourishing of science andthe arts (i.e., technology), it was brought forth by thecreative energies of many contributors and theirapprentices, new buildings were erected to sustain theachievements, the efforts were supported by visionarypatrons, and advances spread rapidly.

The Faculty. At the time of its founding, the Depart-ment had six faculty, two emeritus professors, and anumber of associate faculty. The founding facultyincluded Shu Chien, Y.C. Fung (Emeritus), DavidGough, Marcos Intaglietta, Andrew McCulloch, RobertSah, Geert Schmid-Schoenbein, Richard Skalak andBenjamin Zweifach (Emeritus). Affiliates included:Arnost and Kitty Fronek, Peter Wagner, John West andothers. Faculty joining in the subsequent years were:Professors Sangeeta Bhatia, John Frangos, WayneGiles, Jeff Hasty, Michael Heller, Gary Huber, XiaohuaHuang, Trey Ideker, Bernhard Palsson, Gabriel Silva,Shankar Subramaniam, Amy Sung, and John Watson.Associated faculty and affiliates in the last ten yearshave included: Michael Albisser, Chris Armour, DaleBaker, Michael Berns, Lars Bjursten, Peter Butler,

Charles Cantor, Pao Chau, Albert Chen, PeterChen, Ken Chien, Paul Citron, John Dobak, MarkEllisman, David Galas, Anne Holger, Wei Huang,Tony Hugli, Paul Johnson, Jen Shih Lee, Y. Julie Li,Drahoslav Lim, Michael Lutz, Milan Makale, DeidreMacKenna, Hui Miao, Anushka Mihaylova, JeffOmens, John Pinto, Jeff Price, Erkki Ruoslahti,Sidney Sobin, Paul Sung, Pin Tong, Amy Tsai,Sunichi Usami, Taras Usyk, Dmitri Volfson, NanpingWang, Robert Winslow, Yihua Zhao and others.

Advances in Education and NationalRankings. New undergraduate majors have beeninitiated during the last ten years to complimentthe long-standing Bioengineering and Pre-Medicalmajors. The new Biotechnology and Bio-informatics majors provide new options for stu-dents and represent the diversity of Bioengineer-ing. The undergraduate population grew fromunder 400 in 1994 to over 950 in 2004. Thegraduate student population went from 76 in 1994to 120 in 2004. At both the undergraduate andgraduate levels, the academic qualifications ofincoming students have soared. As to nationalreputation, UCSD Bioengineering was tied for firstplace in graduate education by the NationalAcademy of Sciences study and consistentlyranked in the top two or three programs nationallyby US News.

Powell-Focht Bioengineering Hall. A promi-nent symbol of Bioengineering at UCSD is Powell-Focht Bioengineering Hall. The first privatelysupported departmental home on campus, Powell-Focht was funded by a Leadership Award from theWhitaker Foundation and generous gifts from thePowell Foundation, the von Liebig Foundation andmany individuals. The building has many noveland innovative features that support the full rangeof activities of the Department of Bioengineering,including: the Fung Auditorium, named in honor ofProfessor Y.C. Fung; the Zweifach Library named in

honor of Professor B.W. Zweifach; the novel von LiebigCenter for Entrepreneurism and Technology Advance-ment that fills a unique role in the translation ofmedical technologies to industry and the public; theUndergraduate Teaching Lab where students can learnin a “hands on” setting; and the Graduate StudentComputing Facility. In addition to common researchfacilities, Powell-Focht Bioengineering Hall containsstate-of-the-art research laboratories individuallydesigned to meet the needs of faculty research.

Wide Influence. UCSD Bioengineering has had awide influence at many levels on the development ofBioengineering as a discipline. The UCSD WhitakerInstitute for Biomedical Engineering facilitates collabo-rations with over one hundred investigators from avariety of departments on campus. The IndustrialAssociates serve the important functions of providingadvice from an industrial perspective, helping tointegrate Bioengineering collaborations with the localindustrial community, and disseminating the fruits ofBioengineering to the public. During the ten-yearperiod since the inauguration of the Department, anumber of other departments of Bioengineering havebeen founded across the nation, many patterned afterUCSD. At the UC Systemwide level, the Bioengineer-ing Institute of California has recently been establishedwith UCSD as the lead campus to coordinate andencourage Bioengineering within the University ofCalifornia System. At the national level, the National

Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineer-ing was established as one of the National Insti-tutes of Health to further support Bioengineeringapproaches to advances in human health. At theinternational level, a number of other nations,particularly in Asia, have become aware of theimportance of Bioengineering and have initiatedBioengineering efforts. In each of these manyBioengineering developments, UCSD faculty haveplayed significant roles.

The Future. Many agree that the 21st Centurywill be the “Century of Biology,” much as the 20thCentury has been described as the “Century ofPhysics.” Seminal biological discoveries of therecent past will lead to broad innovations inmedical sciences that may overcome persistentdiseases, point new directions to sustaining health,and alter the very fabric of our society. Bioengi-neering, with its solid, integrative approach, and incollaboration with specialists from many disci-plines, is uniquely situated to provide the tools,conceptual framework and talented workforce todevelop these advances.

Like the European Renaissance, the founding ofthe new Department of Bioengineering and theUCSD Bioengineering Renaissance has set thestage for a bright and exciting future.

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10 YE A R S YO U N G A N D GO I N G ST R O N G

GEERT W. SCHMID-SCHÖNBEINProfessor of Bioengineering

While 32 years old and already enjoying ten years of a formalarrangement as a Department, Bioengineering at UCSD has aremarkable history. As a small program, embedded among aero-space and applied mechanics engineers, it transferred early into theunknowns of a new Medical School to make new friends, encounternew problems and face some of the greatest challenges in science.It was an experiment by our pioneers, Drs. Benjamin Zweifach,Yuan-Cheng Fung, and Marcos Intaglitta, that in the end wouldexceed the most daring expectations. It was possible on a newcampus. In fact UCSD had just about the most ideal growingground for Bioengineering with a new School of Medicine and anew Engineering Department. This mixture of strong traditionalengineering and modern medicine served it well ever since.

Today, Bioengineering’s greatest strength is that it embraces allfour basic sciences: biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics.Thus bioengineering touches all traditional engineering fields andfinds application to virtually all aspects of biology and medicine.We used to be focused on specific areas, like cardiovascular ororthopedic bioengineering. But that rapidly changed and westarted on a long expansion of our involvement in medicine. Thereare no more barriers between engineering and medicine. Engi-neers like to identify the essence of a problem, a way of thinkingthat I think is as useful in medicine as it is designing an airplane.Bioengineers are ready to take on the great challenges in humandiseases and help to improve and optimize medical practice.

What is it then that makes bioengineering at UCSD so special?Foremost our colleagues and the members of the campus adminis-tration, a truly outstanding group of graduate students and under-graduate students, our devoted staff members, and many col-leagues, friends and supporters in industry and private institutions,especially the Whitaker and the Powell Foundation. The field hasgrown in a network of warm collegiality across all parts of thecampus, from the School of Medicine, the Jacob School of Engineer-ing, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, to our neighboring Institu-tions and our industry partners. Their friendship and supportencourages us and we thank them.

The students are our most important products. We are extraordi-nary proud of them. Their achievements have been spectacularand far exceed our highest expectations. Their work touches innumerous ways the life of people across the world and they exceed

the highest expectations. Our students invented anddeveloped elegant treatments for diseases otherwisedifficult to treat. They discovered important molecu-lar and biological mechanisms in living tissues. Theyare developing an amazing array of medical equip-ment and software for difficult problems in biome-chanics, transport processes and systems biology.They have joined other universities, have becomeleaders and have opened up entire new directions ofinvestigation. They started new companies inbioengineering, created new divisions, and areserving as directors and managers in many compa-nies and in government. Many of our students havebecome practicing physicians, and they tell us thateven a little engineering thinking is helpful in Medi-cal School education and practice. We enjoy theirlife stories and like to share their triumphs andconcerns.

I have never regretted having chosen bioengineeringand am most grateful to be a member of the Depart-ment. The past ten years have been spectacular.We moved into our own Building that actually says

“Bioengineering” over the front entry. We grewand were fortunate to be joined by a number ofoutstanding colleagues with fascinating researchactivities. We introduced new academic pro-grams at both the undergraduate and graduatelevel and we continue to receive support,especially from the National Science Foundationand the National Institute of Health. The onlylimit is our own time and energy. We areflooded with important problems, far more thanwe can hope to solve in a lifetime. Basicprinciples in Biology are emerging and there arestill many opportunities for discovery of funda-mental mechanisms in many biological pro-cesses. Some of our current models havealready predictive power, and our understandingof complex processes in Biology is improving.Our models will make more and more predic-tions. This is when Medicine will benefit most.

Bioengineering at UCSD is here to stay. Itsfuture is bright. Happy Birthday.

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UCSD ’ S B I O E N G I N E E R I N G G R A D U AT E S T U D E N T S :A J O U R N E Y O F E X C E L L E N C E

ANDREW D. MCCULLOCHProfessor/Vice ChairIRENE HOM JACOBO

Director, Student Affairs

Throughout the history of Bioengineering at UCSD, we have seen impressive andsustained growth in educational opportunities, faculty, research, facilities and resources.In parallel with this growth, has been steady growth in the population of graduatestudents and their continuously expanding list of groundbreaking academic achieve-ments. In many respects, the history of Bioengineering at UCSD would not have beenshaped without the hard work and dedication of all graduate students that havetraveled with us in this journey of excellence. Although the road to success for gradu-ate students may have represented many sacrifices, the fruits of their labor have andcontinue to be evident in their personal and professional accomplishments.

Many have aspired to be part of this vibrant institution and ultimately have gone on toreceive educational and research training in our Ph.D., M.D./Ph.D., M.S., M.D./M.S. orM.Eng. degree programs. Since the inception of the Bioengineering Group as part ofthe Medical School in 1966, we have seen steady growth in graduate student popula-tion. In the first year of the program, we had one graduate student, Frank Yin and onepost-doctoral student, Jen-Shih Lee. Dr. Frank Yin, who successfully received his M.D./Ph.D. at UCSD, is currently Professor and Chair of Biomedical Engineering at Washing-ton University. Dr. Jen-Shih Lee became the Chair of Biomedical Engineering at theUniversity of Virginia. After a distinguished career, he is now retired and serves as aVisiting Professor of Bioengineering at none other than UCSD.

By the time we became a department in 1994, we had 26 entering graduate studentswith a total class size of 76. Today, we have a current enrollment of 120 students withan expected new class of 40 in Fall 2004. Along with the growth in student population,we have seen an impressive growth in the number of women students enrolled. From1990-1999, an average of 26% of the students enrolled were women, a number thathas now grown to 38% in 2003. Diversity has also played an important role in thegoals of our educational programs, and we continue to seek to expand the diversity ofthe graduate student body.

Graduate students have had the opportunity to obtain a high quality education in agraduate program that promotes innovative teaching approaches, fosters outreachactivities and conducts engineering research at the cutting edge of Bioengineering.This has been made possible by funding from the Whitaker Foundation, the NationalInstitutes of Health, the Jacobs School of Engineering, the Powell Foundation, theMedtronic Foundation, other private donor contributions, numerous faculty researchgrants and University commitments. The support provided by the Whitaker Foundationhas been especially instrumental in allowing graduate students to pursue their studiesat UCSD. We are proud to say, that UCSD was one of the first Bioengineering pro-

grams to receive an NIH Training Grant, which hassupported students continually during the past twentyyears. The training grant from the National Heart, Lungand Blood Institute currently supports 16 graduatestudents.

In recent years, Bioengineering graduate students havecontributed to the department’s overarching theme ofIntegrative Bioengineering. In the new Powell-FochtBioengineering Hall, focus areas of research in cell andtissue engineering, molecular biomechanics, systemsbiology and bio-nanotechnology and instrumentationhave been reinforced with state-of-the-art core facilitiesand teaching laboratories. Through the years, graduatestudents have been guided by faculty leadership in aneducational environment that promotes innovativescientific discoveries at the interface of engineering andbiomedical sciences that translate to industrial andclinical applications for the benefit of humankind.

The Bioengineering Graduate Student Group, BEGS, wasestablished by graduate students in the Fall of 1994 tocoincide with the establishment of the new department.BEGS has been instrumental in organizing Bioengineer-ing graduate students to communicate with industry,faculty, and new graduate students about student lifeand professional development issues. Most importantly,it has allowed graduate students to contribute activelyto faculty governance, by providing valuable input andfeedback on many departmental matters. One of theirmain events is the Annual Bioengineering GraduateResearch Symposium, in which graduate studentsshowcase their own innovative research to prospectiveand continuing students and guests from industry andacademia. The Bioengineering graduate students haveheld 18th annual symposia, most recently in March 2004.

Such innovative research has been recognized nationallywith a significant number of awards, such as, NationalScience Foundation Fellowships, Whitaker Fellowships,and other awards including the American Association ofUniversity Women, American Heart Association Pre-doctoral Fellowship, Arthritis Foundation Fellowship,Beckman Foundation Fellowship, National Consortiumfor Graduate Degrees for Minorities in Engineering andScience, Inc. (GEM) Fellowship, GATES Millennium

Fellowship, and the UC Biotechnology Research andEducation Program Fellowship.

Through the years, many students have graduatedand pursued a wide array of professional careers.Including Dr. Frank Yin, over 150 Ph.D. degreeshave been conferred since 1966. More than 80 M.S.degrees have been conferred since 1994 when theprogram became a department, and over 30M.Eng. degrees have been conferred since Fall 1999when students were first admitted into the Masterof Engineering program.

Many of our graduates have taken positions inuniversities, hospitals and academic researchinstitutes, biomedical, biotechnology and pharma-ceutical companies, the private business sectorincluding law and business management, andfederal and state government agencies. Somegraduates have become chairs and professors ofbiomedical programs across the nation such as Dr.Thomas Skalak, Professor and Chair of BiomedicalEngineering at the University of Virginia and Dr.Karen-May Newman, Professor and Chair of theMechanical Engineering Department at San DiegoState University. Also, Dr. Michael Yen, a professorat Memphis State University, formerly chaired theirBiomedical Engineering Department. A significantproportion of Ph.D. graduates have also furtheredtheir studies by receiving postdoctoral trainingpositions for 6 months to 3 years before assuming acareer position.

As we move forth in our educational and researchtraining, we look forward to crossing paths withgraduate students who continue to travel in thisjourney of excellence. We also remember thosegraduate students who have passed away but areremembered for their many contributions to thisexcellent institution. All have shaped the foundationof the Bioengineering Graduate Program at UCSD,“Excellence in research, education, and publicservice in bioengineering for the bettermentof health and quality of human life.”

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L. AMY SUNGAssociate Professor of Bioengineering

When the Department of Bioengineering wasestablished in 1994 I was working in the BasicScience Building (BSB). Back in 1988 when ShuChien moved from Columbia (College of Physiciansand Surgeons) to UCSD, I requested that he have alab in the School of Medicine. Not being able to getspace in the Center of Molecular Genetics (CMG), Iset up a Molecular Bioengineering Lab in BSB. Overthe years (1988-1996) I neighbored with severalwell-known laboratories including that of GeoffRosenfeld, Pamela Mellon, Flossie Wong-Staal andKen Chien. BSB is immediately next to the Biomedi-cal Library, and only a few steps away from CMG,which I joined as a member in 1989 after Shu.Initially I was preoccupied with setting up the lab,writing the PPG grant, and completing the cloningof human erythrocyte protein 4.2, so by the time Ivisited Russ Doolittle at CMG, who communicatedthe 4.2 paper for us, he had been wondering“Where was Amy?” My teaching of molecularbiology to bioengineering graduates students thenwas also interesting as many had mechanicalengineering background.

The lab in BSB 5025 was the Microcirculatory LabGeert Schmid-Schönbein had had before Bioengi-neering moved to Engineering Building One (EBU1)in 1988, and before then, Ben Zweifach since 1969.In those years, Arnost and Kitty Fronek were myonly Bioengineering colleagues close by on a dailybasis. I first shared the office with Arnost’s adminis-trative assistant Karen, who must have wonderedwhy I mumbled from time to time streams ofnonsense A-T-C-G with excitement. Later I moved afew doors down and really enjoyed an (carpeted)office with a view of waving treetops until one daySam Yen, then Chair of the Reproductive Medicine,stuck his head in. Soon, my office became that ofRoger Guillemin, a Nobel laureate in 1977 for hisneuroendocrinology studies, and who UCSD wastrying to recruit. [I actually did not feel badbecause I could joke that a Nobel laureate followedmy footsteps. Besides, I had been interviewing for

M O L E C U L A R B I O E N G I N E E R I N G I N BSB , EBU1 A N D PFBH

a professorship with several universities includingJohns Hopkins.]

Bernhard Palsson, myself, and John Frangos wererecruited in 1994/5; Sangeeta Bhatia, who joinedthe department in 1998, became the 4th facultyrecruited under the Whitaker Development Award.I designed laboratories in EBU1 for renovation andequipped them, not only for my own research in6037 but also for the Molecular Biology CommonFacility (MBCF) in 6014 for the department, whichhas a dual function of research and teaching.Without the Whitaker Foundation and the superbwork of every existing Bioengineering faculty thento earn the Award, I would not have been heretoday and for that I am truly grateful.

During the years in EBU1 (1996-2002) my labcharacterized the first tropomodulin genes andcreated the first E-Tmod knockout mice by tar-geted disruption of its gene in embryonic stemcells. My postdoc Xin Chu did most of the work. JuChen, a junior faculty in the School of Medicine,advised us in the targeting vector and analysis. Mygraduate student Carlos Vera conducted themechanical tests on E-Tmod null erythroblasts.The mechanical weakening was revealed by amicropipette aspiration technique guided by PaulSung, a colleague in Orthopedics and Bioengineer-ing. Integrating single cell mechanics with molecu-lar biology, taking full advantages of the revolu-tionary recombinant DNA technologies, was a longjourney I took, with thousands and thousands ofsmall steps along the way. Eventually we under-stand much better the molecular basis of cell andmembrane mechanics.

One day I received a letter from a high school girl.She wanted to know what it takes to develop acareer in Bioengineering and how I became aBioengineering Professor. The letter was onlyaddressed to “A Woman Professor in Bioengineer-ing” at UCSD. It went straight to me, as I was the

only (and the first) woman professor then in theentire Bioengineering Department. I told her theimportance of having a solid foundation of math andscience. I told her that bioengineering was a youngdiscipline that when I was doing my Ph.D. thesis onthe energies involved in cell-cell association anddissociation, I was not aware of this discipline. I alsotold her that I worked very hard for many years and Icompeted with male colleagues with my full strengthto earn my position as a professor. She replied, sodid her teacher, telling me that she was selected toread the letter to her class, and thanking me fortelling her my real story.

In December 2002 MBCF was relocated to PFBH andrenamed Biotech Core. As the Director, I drawassistance from my own lab and other participatinglaboratories (14) to train new users and maintaininstruments. I have always acknowledged theWhitaker Foundation and wish 40 some current usersdo the same in future grant applications and publica-tions.

My lab works on the molecular ruler that may meteroff actin filaments, and the timing mechanism by

which the lifespan of circulating erythrocytes maybe defined. For these hypotheses, Carlos Veraworked on the junctional complex (JC) and EdgarGutierrez the suspension complexes (SC) for theirPh.D. thesis. The addition of Ian Lian, Mike Tyler,and Jeff Blatnik as graduate students and PaulSche and Weijuan Yao as postdocs has allowedour research to expand.

I have allowed myself to sink deeply into longthinking process. Without it I would not havebeen able to propose the helix and ruler mecha-nisms by which actin protofilaments of 37 nmmay be generated. Without it, I would not havebeen able to propose the first 3-D mechanicalmodel for JC, together with Carlos, to address along-lasting mystery as to why the erythrocytemembrane skeleton consists of “spoked” hexa-gons.

As we celebrate the 10th anniversary of theDepartment, I am very hopeful that Bioengineer-ing at UCSD would continue its 38 years of legacyon campus to flourish, and flourish in all possibleways.

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A L I F E T I M E A T UCSD B I O E N G I N E E R I N G

JEFFREY OMENS, PH.D.Associate Adjunct Professor ofMedicine and Bioengineering

After 25 years, I’ve been involved with Bioengineering at UCSD formore than half of my lifetime: It all started when I was an under-graduate Bioengineering student in the Applied Mechanics andEngineering Sciences Department in 1979. I continued on at UCSDto get my Masters and PhD degrees under the guidance of Profes-sor Fung. After a post-doctoral fellowship in the UCSD Departmentof Medicine, I have worked toward an independent career inBioengineering as an Adjunct Faculty Member in the Department ofMedicine with a joint appointment in Bioengineering. My research isin cardiac mechanics, and I enjoy all of the collaborations I havewith faculty and students in Bioengineering and Medicine.

I have been given the opportunity to teach in the BioengineeringDepartment, an enjoyable experience for me (and hopefully for thestudents!) I have taught several of the courses that I actually tookas an undergraduate student. Sometimes when I’m teaching I thinkback to when I was in the class. I know that some of the materialwas difficult for me and my classmates, and I try to take extra timeto explain those concepts now when I teach. With respect to Dr.Fung and his teaching, some of the material was so difficult thatnow we just skip it! My personal familiarity with these courses hashelped me to tailor the lectures and labs to optimize the under-graduate student experience while learning the principles ofBioengineering.

I was lucky to have met my wife, Madonna Maxwell, at UCSDthrough Bioengineering. She was also a Bioengineer major, andused her education to become a successful engineer at a localmedical device company. I suppose there may be some Bioengi-neering genes passed on to our 2 boys, we’ll have to wait and see.I look forward to continuing my research and teaching in Bioengi-neering, and am thankful to all of the extraordinary people in theDepartment that have been a part of my life for all of these years.

ROBERT SAH, PH.D.Professor of Bioengineering

UCSD Bioengineering has been a constant source of inspirationfor my research on Cartilage Tissue Engineering. One of the firstchallenges I was confronted with, when starting as a facultymember at UCSD in 1991 and arriving in La Jolla in July 1992,was choosing a name for my lab. At the time, Professor Chienwas leading an effort to apply to the Whitaker Foundation for aDevelopment Award on Tissue Engineering Science. In thosedays, the core faculty, Shu Chien, Dave Gough, MarcosIntaglietta, Andrew McCulloch, Geert Schmid-Schonbein, andDick Skalak, together with emeritus faculty Bert Fung and BenZweifach, had deep discussions about both the science andengineering foundations for Tissue Engineering. I remembervividly the discussions we had in Engineering Building Unit Iabout Tissue Engineering, and hearing firsthand from Dick andBert about the 1st workshop on Tissue Engineering (atGranlibakken, Lake Tahoe, California, February 26-29, 1988)where they and others defined the field, and then reading theproceedings of that seminal workshop [5]. It became clear thatTissue Engineering, as defined by Fung and Skalak at thatmeeting, was an exciting field--one that had broad scientific andengineering foundations, yet targeted in nature. UCSD’s applica-tion for a Development Award on Tissue Engineering Science wasgranted. Cartilage Tissue Engineering was the natural choice forthe name of, and research direction for, my lab.

UCSD has provided a fertile environment for development of newideas in Bioengineering, seeding me with ideas since my startupdays as a faculty member. Articular cartilage has remarkablebiomechanical properties, and the complexity of these propertiesand their dependence on cartilage composition and structurecontinues to present challenges. The ideas for my BiomedicalEngineering Research Grant, Cartilage Tissue Engineering:Microscopic Imaging for Electromechanical Analysis (1993-1996)from the Whitaker Foundation, came in part from inspirations atUCSD. I remember becoming acquainted with the classic worksof Marcos Intaglietta on video dimensional imaging methods tomeasure deformation of soft tissues [6], as well as those ofProfs. Omens and McCulloch on tracking beads implanted in theheart wall [2]. With our interest in cellularity in cartilage andDNA-binding dyes, it became clear that cell nuclei, tagged with afluorophore, could be used as intrinsic “beads” within cartilage,and video imaging and analysis methods could be used tomeasure intra-tissue displacement and to deduce tissue-levelstrain. The grant from the Whitaker Foundation allowed us topurchase equipment and develop specialized instrumentation formaking such measurements. My first PhD student, Rob Schinagl,was able to develop this method and apply it to define at a new

A S O U R C E O F I N S P I R AT I O N

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level of detail some of the biomechanical properties ofarticular cartilage and the remarkable conformingproperties of the superficial zone of cartilage [3, 4].Rob’s work has led to more realistic biomechanicalmodels of cartilage [1] and our continuing interests inthe biomechanical properties of cartilage—of thelamina splendens at the articular surface, of thesuperficial, middle, and deep zones of uncalcifiedcartilage, and of the calcified region of cartilage.

UCSD Bioengineering and the Whitaker Foundationhave engaged in a synergistic partnership in Bioengi-neering education. The Whitaker Foundation has beena source of support for trainees to attend meetings.Many undergraduate and graduate students, andpost-doctoral fellows, working in my lab have beenfortunate to receive travel funds from the WhitakerFoundation to attend meetings. These types of fundsmake it possible for trainees at all levels to experi-ence the excitement of meetings at which newconcepts are communicated. More recently, being onthe organizing end of meetings (2003 CaliforniaTissue Engineering Meeting and 2004 Gordon Re-search Conference on Musculoskeletal Biology &Bioengineering), it was so gratifying to be able toapply and receive funding from the Whitaker Founda-tion to offer travel awards to encourage trainees andyoung faculty to attend the meeting. I think the fundswere well spent. The poster sessions and receptionsat both of these meetings were abuzz with excite-ment, especially as trainees interacted with moresenior investigators to discuss ideas and to developpersonal friendships. The Department of Bioengineer-ing has also made substantial regular commitmentsto train graduate students and post-doctoral fellows,and to help support trainees to attend meetings.

The undergraduate and graduate students in Bioengi-neering at UCSD are remarkable. These students arequick to embrace new opportunities and challenges.In addition to taking an active role in learning inclasses, UCSD students are eager and effective whenengaging in research or industry experiences. TheWhitaker Foundation sponsorship of the Bioengineer-ing Industrial Internship program at UCSD providedmany students with experiences in Bioengineeringindustry. The annual Research Symposium put on bythe Bioengineering Graduate Students is one of thehi-lights of the year for Bioengineering at UCSD. Iremember being able to visit UCSD as a prospectivefaculty member on a weekend of the Symposium, andbeing treated to uniformly outstanding presentationafter presentation. I remember the tremendouscontributions that undergraduate students have made

to our research efforts. I am amazed at howBioengineering Undergraduate and GraduateStudents worked so effectively to organize the2003 California Tissue Engineering Meeting.Students, and faculty, have enjoyed utilizing thewonderful new facilities in Powell-Focht Bioengi-neering Hall. Students and faculty will benefitfrom the integrated research, educational, andtranslational activities of the building for manydecades to come.

I marvel and treasure how UCSD Bioengineeringhas created such an outstanding environment,both professionally and personally. The students,fellows, research staff, administrative staff, andfaculty in UCSD Bioengineering work in harmonyin synergistic interactions to advance the frontiersof Bioengineering, to improve the diagnosis,prevention, and treatment of disease. I lookforward to many more decades of pushingforward the frontiers of Bioengineering at UCSD.

1. Chen AC, Bae WC, Schinagl RM, Sah RL:Depth- and strain-dependent mechanical andelectromechanical properties of full-thicknessbovine articular cartilage in confined compres-sion. J Biomech 34:1-12, 2001.

2. Omens JH, May KD, McCulloch AD: Transmuraldistribution of three-dimensional strain in theisolated arrested canine left ventricle. Am JPhysiol 261:H918-H928, 1991.

3. Schinagl RM, Gurskis D, Chen AC, Sah RL:Depth-dependent confined compressionmodulus of full-thickness bovine articularcartilage. J Orthop Res 15:499-506, 1997.

4. Schinagl RM, Ting MK, Price JH, Sah RL: Videomicroscopy to quantitate the inhomogeneousequilibrium strain within articular cartilageduring confined compression. Ann Biomed Eng24:500-512, 1996.

5. Skalak R, Fox CF, ed. Tissue Engineering:proceedings of a workshop held atGranlibakken, Lake Tahoe, California, February26-29, 1988. UCLA symposia on molecular andcellular biology, Vol. 107. 1988, Liss: New York.343.

6. Yin FC, Tompkins WR, Peterson KL, IntagliettaM: A video-dimension analyxer. IEEE TransBiomed Eng 19:376-81, 1972.

tive research program in my laboratory today. Many ofthe ideas that we are working on were formulatedwhile in Denmark following thorough thinking aboutthe impact of genomics. Taking well timed and placedsabbaticals is recommended.

Following my return to UCSD in fall 1996, I started tobuild my research group. When I spoke at the annualmeeting of the NAE in fall 1997, I outlined what Ithought was a cutting edge issue in Bioengineering,i.e., the reconstruction, simulation, and eventual designof what I called “genetic circuits;” i.e., multiple geneproducts have to come together, function in a coordi-nated manner according to some predetermined‘script’ to produce cellular functions. Today’s popularterm “systems biology” is essentially synonymous withthe “genetic circuits”.

The gene circuit idea was articulated in a commentaryin Nature Biotechnology in January 1997. In fall 1997,I circulated a document to the Department and JSOEto develop a “Center” or “Program” on genetic circuits,which had most of the elements of what we nowrecognize as Systems Biology and Bioengineering.

At the BECON meeting at the NIH in February 1998,one of the participants at the discussion panel I ranwas Shankar Subramaniam. He proved to be the mostproductive member of this panel and insisted that wewrite the summary of the discussion and formulate therecommendation right there and then following theconclusion of our deliberations—which we did. Orwhich he did, I should say. I was impressed by hisvision, determination and eagerness to move thedevelopment of bioengineering forward. I thought thatUCSD should pursue him as a faculty member, whichwe did and fortunately successively so. Shankar’smove nucleated the formation of Bioinformaticsprogram at UCSD.

Around this time I worked with you and AndrewMcCulloch on an application for the Whitaker Founda-tion Leadership Award that culminated in a vision forthe department that consisted of three key elements;biomechanics, tissue engineering, and genetic circuits.I thoroughly enjoyed this process and was verypleased to work intimately with the two of you and therest of our faculty on this proposal. I felt the vision,the energy, the determination, the collegiality and the

O N T H E T E N T H A N N I V E R S A R Y O F T H E

D E P A R T M E N T O F B I O E N G I N E E R I N G

BERNHARD PALSSON, PH.D.Professor of Bioengineering

Ten years ago, at the University of Michigan, I knewnearly nothing about UCSD and its BioengineeringProgram. As our conversations progressed, mypersonal interests grew. I ended up joining theBioengineering Department in fall 1995 as one of therecruitments enabled by the Whitaker FoundationDevelopment Award. While my move to UCSD wasenabled by the Development Award, it was theleadership of Shu Chien and Bob Conn that played akey role in my decision. Although space and financialresources would be much smaller at UCSD than whatI enjoyed at Michigan, I decided that the humanresources and growth potential that the new UCSDBioengineering Department offered were overridingfactors. History has proved my judgment to becorrect. I have continued to thoroughly admire mycolleagues at UCSD and fully enjoy my interactionswith them and the outstanding students in theDepartment.

I took a Fulbright leave in Denmark in the first half of1996. This proved to be time well spent intellectuallyand conceptually. The ideas and priorities that Ideveloped there have formed the basis for my re-search and educational activities at UCSD. One ofthem was the first outline to a tissue engineeringcourse. This triggered the writing of the TissueEngineering book that I was fortunate to be able towrite with a much admired colleague, SangeetaBhatia. We dedicated this book to Bert Fung and EdLightfoot, members of the “greatest generation” thathave inspired so many by their leadership and integ-rity. Bert was one of the founders of the UCSDBioengineering Program and has stood tall as asymbol of academic and educational leadership andachievement that the rest of us can only dream ofachieving.

The first full genome-sequence was published insummer 1995. Having worked on in silico models ofcells, I immediately realized the impact that suchinformation would have on building computer modelsof whole cells and how they would drive biologicaldiscovery. Opening the issue of Science where thepaper was published was a defining moment in mycareer and led to the generation of the very produc-

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academic quality of our faculty through thisprocess, and it re-confirmed my belief that thehuman resources of our Department were secondto none. A revised version of the proposal, champi-oned by you, was successful and we now enjoy thefruits of your labor every day in the Powell-FochtBioengineering Hall. The eventual move to thenew building in early 2003 was a major milestonein the history of our Department.

Following the establishment of the Bioinformaticsprogram, we continued the development ofintegrative or systems analysis in cell and molecu-lar biology, along the lines of the ‘genetics circuits’theme. Marcos Intaglietta challenged me to give adepartment seminar to emphasize the ‘engineer-ing’ component of the effort. The talk was wellreceived and helped me to define the engineeringstrengths needed to develop systems biology andbioengineering. Marcos has influenced my think-ing in more ways than he knows.

After a somewhat slow period in 2000 and 2001,we were successful in recruiting three talented andpromising young faculty members in SystemsBiology and Bioengineering. Jeff Hasty, XiaohuaHuang and Trey Ideker, giving us the nucleus tobuild an educational program. In fall 2003 weimplemented a three-quarter sequence on Sys-tems Biology and Bioengineering – the first of itskind in the world.All in all, my stay at UCSD in the BioengineeringDepartment has been a pleasant one, a scientifi-cally productive one, and an educationally reward-ing one. I have had the chance to work withpeople that I admire, whose collegiality I haveenjoyed, and had the environment that hasenabled me to grow as a researcher and educator.I am thankful to you and Bob Conn for giving methe opportunity to come here, to the faculty forproviding an intellectual environment par none, tothe outstanding students that I have had thepleasure of working with, and to the WhitakerFoundation for all the support that they haveprovided me and the department with. I onlyhope that through my efforts that I have been ableto repay in some small way all these favors andsupport that I have been so fortunate to enjoy.

SANGEETA BHATIA, M.D., PH.D.Professor of Bioengineering,Adjunct Professor of Medicine

A P L A C E T O G R O W

As the place that I ‘grew up’ as an independentscientist, UCSD Bioengineering provided unboundopportunities, an extended family, and an uncom-promising value for excellence. Below is a collec-tion of my memories of the department as itcelebrates its 10th birthday:

Y.C. Fung: Reading his book as an undergraduate,meeting him for the first time as a graduatestudent ten years later, celebrating his PresidentialMedal of Science, dedicating a textbook to himand his leadership, winning a medal that bears hisname and resemblance. What a privilege to havehim as a colleague. His grace, intellect, and spiritof service are inspirational.

Shu Chien: Being recruited under his leadership,watching him artfully gather people and resourcesto culminate in the construction of a Bioengineer-ing building, admiring his boundless energy andcommitment both to the department and the fieldof Bioengineering, respecting his ability to continu-ally innovate in research, getting career advice andalways feeling like I had a true advocate, andsharing his love of life and family. My heartfeltthanks to a role model and mentor.

A collection of firsts: first lab, first grant, firstpaper as senior author, first class, first outreach toSan Diego Girl Scouts, first tenure, first baby, firsttextbook, first hooding of doctoral students.

Colleagues, students, and staff: What an extraor-dinary group of people. A collegial, warm, brilliantgroup of individuals. The human capital of ourdepartment is, in my opinion, its biggest asset andlegacy. I’ve learned something from each andeveryone with whom I’ve interacted.

Happy 10th Birthday UCSD Bioengineering!

P U S H I N G A H E A D A N D

ST I L L L E A R N I N G

Often, I jokingly tell my students that I know a lotabout engineering and very little about biology. Likeseveral of the other professors, I come from a chemicalengineering background (along with a healthy dose ofcomputer science); I first became aquainted with thisdepartment while a post-doc in the UCSD Chemistrydepartment. At the time, the department was aiming tocontinue the tradition of biomechanics established byProf. Fung, while putting a new emphasis on molecular-level phenomena. I was extremely fortunate to beinvited to walk across campus and give a seminar, but Ididn't even know until two days before the talk that Iwas also being interviewed for a faculty position (al-though I had sent a CV).

To my even greater surprise, they eventually offered mea position.Since then, my group and I have been developingcomputer algorithms to simulate molecules at theatomic level and to use that information topredict and understand mechanical properties of largerstructures composed of many molecules. Like manynew professors, I thought I already knew quite a bit,but in many ways my first day here was like the firstday of kindergarten, as I learned about the fascinatingvariety of research carried out by my colleagues andstayed a step ahead of the students while teaching newcourses.

The first big strength of this department, in my experi-ence, is thefreedom to pursue novel and unusual approaches toresearch, which is vital in a rapidly growing and chang-ing field like bioengineering. The other big strength ispresence of faculty, staff, and students from a widevariety of backgrounds; there is no "standard issue"grad student such as one might see in other depart-ments. As someone from a background different frombioengineering, I am truly blessed to have been givenan opportunity to contribute to the future of such animportant field.

GARY A. HUBER, PH.D.Assistant Professor of Bioengineering

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10TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION

WAYNE GILES, PH.D.Professor of Bioengineering

Dr. Wayne Giles arrived at UCSD approximatelyseven months ago. He holds cross appointments inthe Departments of Bioengineering and Medicineand is also a member of the Institute for MolecularMedicine. Dr. Giles is a Cardiac Electrophysiologistwho studies the basis for excitability and repolariza-tion of the mammalian heart using both experimen-tal (channel biophysics) and theoretical (mathemati-cal modeling) approaches.

Dr. Giles writes:“I have thoroughly enjoyed my first year in SanDiego. This Department now consists of a group ofinternationally-recognized senior investigatorscomplemented with very impressive junior facultymembers, and a truly remarkable cadre of GraduateStudents and Postdoctoral Associates. Traditionalstrengths, and the well-focused common goals formultidisciplinary integrative research and bothundergraduate and graduate student training withinthe Department give confidence that past accom-plishments will continue to be sound basis for therequired major new developments and changes asthis Department evolves and continues to lead therapidly-growing discipline of Bioengineering. I amvery fortunate to be a member of this Department.

At the time of its 10th Anniversary, I sincerelycongratulate its founding members - both theacademic appointees, and the very effective admin-istrative and support staff”.

LOOKING TOWARDS THE FUTURE

GABRIEL A. SILVA, M.SC., PH.D.Assistant Professor of Bioengineeringand Ophthalmology

In November of 2003 I had the privilege tobecome the newest tenure track faculty memberin the Department of Bioengineering. I was oneof a recent rather large group of faculty (inrelation to the total number of faculty already inthe department) who joined the departmentwithin the last few years. When I was searchingfor faculty positions it was impossible not tosend in an application in response to an openfaculty search in the Department of Bioengineer-ing at UCSD, regardless of how small I thoughtmy chances were. Here was literally one of themost highly respected departments in thecountry actively expanding their number of corefaculty and openly inviting individuals to apply.(In my case it was particularly enticing since oneof the advertised positions was for a jointBioengineering and Ophthalmology facultyposition, the two areas I had done my doctoratein.) So, when I sent in my application in Novem-ber of 2002 I was fully aware of thedepartment’s stature and the quality of theirresearch. Much to my surprise and delight I wasinvited for an interview and to give a talk inJanuary of 2003, and after everything was saidand done officially started as a faculty memberin November of that same year. In the shorttime I have been here it has struck me howforward thinking the department is. For anacademic department to be one of the best andremain so it has to constantly re-define itselfand continuously evolve. Since I have been herea lot of thought has been put towards thedepartment’s future and where it is going, fromsystems biology, to nanotechnology, to tissueengineering. It will be a true pleasure towitness how the department will change for thebetter in the next ten years, which if its first tenare any indication will be truly something worthwaiting for.

BI O E N G I N E E R I N G AT UCSD MY EA R LY BSB DAY S (1969-1971)

PETER C.Y. CHEN, PH.D.Project Scientist, Bioengineering,University of California, San Diego

I came to UCSD in the Fall of 1968 after graduatingfrom high school in Hong Kong. There were 1,700students including 500 graduate students on thisrelatively new campus. I enrolled in Revelle Collegewhich boasted of a 7 to 1 male to female ratio. Tryingto figure out what to major in I went to the provostoffice and talked with Paul Saltman’s lovely assistantNancy. She suggested I should contact Dr. Zweifachregarding the new Bioengineering major. I went up tothe 5th floor of the new Basic Science Building and thefirst person I met in the department was Perne Whaley.With great difficulty I tried to pronounce Dr. Zweifach’sname. Perne smiled and gently said, “Dr. Zweifach isnot in but there is a Dr. Fung in the next office and heis just as nice.” Now I have no problem with that lastname. Soon after I realized Dr. Intaglietta is a co-founder of the department. That would have beenimpossible to pronounce. Dr. Fung was busy thenbecause while explaining what was required with theBioengineering major he was thumbing and glancingthrough manuscripts. At the end I asked if it would beeasy to find a job with this major. To this question Dr.Fung put down his documents, ‘laughed’, and said, “Ifyou are the best in your field, there is no problemfinding a job.”

The undergraduate Bioengineering curriculum at thattime consisted of courses in math, continuum mechan-ics, fluid mechanics, solid mechanics, thermodynamics,and a chemistry and biology sequence. At the end ofthe second year I got a summer job in Dr. Fung’s lab. Iwas given the task of designing a device for twodimensional stress strain tests on dog mesentery. Thefirst day I walked into the lab I was blocked by aseemingly intimidating huge figure sitting with his backagainst the door. This was no other than Gene Mead,Dr. Fung’s most innovative and unusual engineer, andwe became best friends in the years to come. Therewere a few graduate students working busily away,Frank Yin, Evan Evans, John Pinto, Hyland Chen andMike Yen. Dr. Fung did not have a big lab but everyonehas his own area. Graduate students worked mightylong hours those days because John would sleep in thelab while experiments were running and Hyland wouldcome in at wee hours of the night to check on hisspecimen. When they found out what I was supposed

to do everyone chipped and offered advice. Bioengi-neering has just moved over from Urey Hall andoccupied one wing on the fifth floor of the BasisScience Building. Next to Dr. Fung’s biomechanics labwas Dr. Zweifach’s microcirculation lab, then it was Dr.Fronek’s cardiovascular lab and Dr. Intaglietta’s labinvolving the development of instruments and animalmodels for microcirculation research. At the end of thehall was Dr. Bailey’s Radiology lab. He was from theMedical School. Since there were not too manypeople in the department and everyone was rightnext to each other we had plenty of opportunities tointeract academically and socially. Bioengineering wasone big happy family.

I continued to work for Dr. Fung after the summersession. This time I was sitting in his secretary’s officewith Barbara Johnson. My task was to help Tong Lingrun computer programs. This was 1970 and programswere entered with punch cards. Tong Ling would giveme an equation to program and I would present theresults to Dr. Fung. Computed output consisted ofpages and pages of numbers with no graphics. Onetime Dr. Fung took a cursory glance at a printout andtold me the answer was wrong. I am still amazed athow Dr. Fung can transform a sea of numbers into apicture.

When I was about to graduate Dr. Fung encouragedme to obtain a Ph.D. degree at UCSD and I have beenworking in the department since, meeting many newfriends, getting involved in moving twice to newbuildings and seeing the department grow by leapsand bounds to become the recognized leader in thefield today.

We are celebrating the department’s 10th anniversaryon this occasion but Bioengineering at UCSD has closeto a 40 year history in the pioneering efforts to definethis field and setting examples and standards forothers to follow. We can attribute the success to thevisionary leadership of the founders, the earnestcollaboration from our excellent faculty, the dedicatedsupport of the research and administrative staff, theever motivated students, and the strong backing fromcommunities. Together, UCSD Bioengineering will stayat her peak and maintain the one big happy familyimage.

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166K M I L E S A W A Y

CARLOS J. VERA, M.D., PH.D.Postgraduate Researcher,Department of Bioengineering, UCSDProfessor of Medicine,Universidad Autonoma de Baja California,Campus Tijuana, Mexico

I first tried to get into the bioengineering program in1985 after finishing my electrical engineering studies inMéxico. During that summer, I was working as avolunteer with Dr. Jorge Barroso, a postgraduateresearcher at Dr. Schmid-Schoenbein’s laboratory, inhemorrhagic shock. During the experiments, I realizedthe complexity of the biological systems and the need tohave a better background in biology and mathematics.Dr. Barroso recommended me to study medicine inMéxico and to improve my computational skills. Ifollowed his recommendation and 10 years later, Ifinished a specialization certificate in mathematics andmy M.D. degree.

I thought that I was ready to initiate my graduatestudies in bioengineering, but there was a missingpart…the money required to pay for the $13,250 tuitionand fees as an international student, and the proofs ofhaving at least $21,000 for the living expenses just forthe first year! To my fortune, I had a lot of good friends:Armando Muñoz deposited 21K for the living expenses,and Alfredo Escobedo together with Antonio Rosquillasoffered me part-time work during the evenings andweekends. I continued to look for financial supports andluckily the department has a Spanish-speaking profes-sor, Dr. Marcos Intaglietta. He recommended me toapply for a fellowship from the Mexican National Scienceand Technology Council (CONACYT). I applied butunfortunately did not get the fellowship that year. I hadthe option of either waiting until the next year, or findinga way to obtain the money required. I decided not towait for another year, so I organized a sale of myvaluable belongings, and used the money I saved frommy previous work to pay for the first quarter at UCSD.

Finally in Fall of 1996, I started my graduate studies! Iwas very happy with the classes, the excellent teachers,and the research environment. After an inspiring lecturegiven by Dr. Amy Sung about the erythrocyte membrane

A G O O D D E C I S I O N

ROLAND KAUNAS, PH.D.Postdoctoral Fellow,Department of Bioengineering &Whitaker Institute of Biomedical Engineering

I will always appreciate the advice of my formermentor, Dr. Shu Liu, when I was getting my Master’sdegree in Biomedical Engineering. Being a verysatisfied alum of UCSD, he often encouraged me toapply there for my PhD training. Coming to UCSD hasbeen one of my most rewarding decisions. Thedepartment has provided wonderful opportunities forme to broaden my graduate experience with accessto the best facilities, interaction with leaders in thefield and an active student body. When the daycomes to move on to new endeavors outside ofUCSD, I look forward to helping guide eager futurebioengineers toward the school which proved to beTHE place for bioengineering research.

skeleton, I decided to join the Molecular BioengineeringLab, here I started to learn the techniques of molecularbiology. As confirmed later during my training in theuse of the micropipette system by Dr. Paul Sung,patience is a key component in performing many of thebiomedical experiments.

The sudden sickness of my mother and the lack offinancial funds, forced me to apply for a leave ofabsence in Spring 1997. My mother always encouragedme to follow my dreams and helped me uncondition-ally; it was my turn to take care of her. Even in theillness, my mother encouraged me to continue mygraduate studies. During that summer, I came back toconduct research in Dr. Sung’s lab. Without the moneythen to continue my studies, I was sure that it wouldbe my last quarter as student at UCSD. But anotherunknown friend was waiting on the road! Thanks to thegenerosity of Dr. Shu Chien and the request of Dr. AmySung, I received the McNally Endowed BioengineeringFellowship. One year later, finally I got the long desiredUCMEXUS-CONACYT fellowship.

I always have a great time in the lab! Together with Dr.Amy Sung, we spent many long hours, thinking andlearning some of the secrets inside the structure of theerythrocyte membrane skeleton. The departmentalseminars are an excellent source of inspiration. In oneof those seminars, we met Dr. Robert Skelton fromMAE Department and his amazing tensegrity modelswhich resemble many biological structures. Togetherwith Dr. Bossens and Dr. de Oliveira from Skelton’s Lab,we developed mathematical models of the junctionalcomplex in the erythrocyte membrane skeleton toanalyze its nanomechanics. Now, we are developingmore complex models, trying to understand moredeeply the erythrocyte network dynamics, which willhave potential implications in membrane transport,mechanotransduction and nanotechnology.

Since my days as a graduate student, I have com-muted every day from my home in Tijuana to UCSD (Ihave crossed the San Ysidro international border at

least 2,080 times and have driven 166K miles in theseyears!). As I drove, I visualized the intense contrastbetween two different countries and cultures. Fromthe colonias in Tijuana to the clean and luxuriousstreets of La Jolla; from a Mexican university withincipient research to a world renowned researchuniversity, which is further surrounded by some of themost prestigious biomedical research institutes in theworld. There are some evident differences betweenthe two countries, but there are some common issuestoo.

As part of my UCMEXUS-CONACYT fellowship require-ments, I have to teach Molecular and Cell Biologyclass and lab to first year medical students in Tijuana.This activity, instead of being a burden of extra works,happens to be an invaluable opportunity. Everymorning in the classroom, I tried to motivate mystudents to study harder and deeply. They are assmart as medical students in USA, and even thoughthey don’t have well equipped labs or top researchersas teachers, they have the dedication and will to begood medical doctors. In both sides of the border,there are a lot of good and intelligent people workinghard to follow their dreams and to contribute to thehuman welfare; the only difference is the resourcesavailable to each of them.

UCSD is a unique place to do science, researchfacilities have cutting edge technology and equipmentbut more importantly, expertise and unique humanresources are always available. In the Department ofBioengineering, you can find expert opinions to helpyou design your experiments or solve any problemduring your research. The quality of the researchperformed in our department really supports thestatement that “We are creating the future”.

I am a fortunate man, with the generosity of manyknown and unknown friends and the support of myfamily, specially my wife Patricia, I was able to realizemy dreams. I have the moral obligation to help othersto reach theirs.

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A D E C A D E O F E X C E L L E N C E !YINGXIAO WANG, PH.D.Post-graduate Researcher,Department of Bioengineering

Before I came to UCSD for my Ph.D. study in 1996,my major was in fluid mechanics. Because the studyof my Master’s thesis in volves the computationalsimulation of cardiovascular fluid dynamics, I waslucky to get admitted into bioengineering graduateprogram in UCSD and was provided financialsupport from the department. The financial aid iscrucial for me to join the department. At that time,China was not as developed, therefore the tuitionand fees of UCSD is way beyond the capability ofmost Chinese families, including mine. Even today,sometimes I still wonder what my life would be likeif I had not been accepted by UCSD.

In 1996, Dr. Shu Chien was the chair of thedepartment. He served as the instructor for Cell andMolecular Biology, which Drs. Amy Sung and PaulSung co-instructed, a core course for all the firstyear bioengineering graduate students. It was thehardest class that I had ever had. In retrospect, Ithink there are two reasons: 1, My English was notgood enough to keep up with the speed of the class(we had to finish the heavy textbook within onequarter); and 2, I had not had any chemistry orbiology classes since high school and I would havedifficulty in understanding many terms even if theywere taught in Chinese. Therefore, before eachclass, I had to read all the chapters which would becovered. Finally, I got an A- for this class and itreally opened for me the world of mechanobiologywhich I am currently working on.

After one year of intensive course work, I decided tojoin Dr. Shu Chien’s laboratory. There were twoplaces for Dr. Chien’s laboratory: one in EBU1 whereDr. Shunichi Usami, Yingli Hu, and Jerry Norwichwere located; the other one in BSB where thepeople in the lab, included Drs. John Shyy, Julie Li,Steve Wu, students Song Li, Kurt Lin, Shila Jalali,Mohammad Sotoudeh, Pin-Pin Hsu, and researchassociate Suli Yuan. Because we only had verylimited space in BSB, people had to share benches.In fact, if I remember correctly, Kurt Lin purposelycame to work at night to avoid the “traffic” in thelab. Things are obviously getting better for our labas well as for other bioengineers in UCSD everyyear. My office was moved from Chemistry Research

Building to the SERF building. Our lab alsoextended its lab space and established a branch inSERF. Then in December 2002, the new PFBH wasready for the department and we have had abrand-new home. Now almost everybody has his/her own bench and there is no need to follow Kurt’sresearch schedule.

When I first joined Dr. Chien’s lab, it was apioneering field to study the signaling transductionin response to shear stress. I was also thrilled bythis topic and chose mechanotransduction as thefocus for my Ph.D. study. Before my joining, Dr.Chien’s lab has investigated the molecularmechanism by which flow regulates the geneexpression of Ras and the activation of MAPK. Itwas clear that both membrane receptors integrinsand receptor tyrosine kinase VEGFR2 are involvedin this mechanotransduction action. My workcontinued this study and revealed that thesereceptors do not function in isolation. Rather, theyform a well-organized hierarchy in regulating theflow-induced signaling transduction. Like othermembers in the lab, I am very interested to knowthe detailed mechanism by which cells sense thephysical distortions and transmit them intobiochemical signals. This is the focus of my currentstudy. Step by step, we are getting closer to have aclear and comprehensive understanding ofmechanotransduction.

The evolvement of our laboratory is a miniature ofthe development of the Bioengineering Departmentin UCSD. Embracing the principles of engineering,biology, medicine, physics, mathematics, andstatistics, the Department continues to grow andlead the community in interdisciplinary integrativeresearch and education. The department has beenconsistently recognized as one of the top programsin the world, and it is ranked 2nd nationally in themost recent US News survey. Today, we are here tocelebrate a decade of excellence for theDepartment of Bioengineering and we are confidentthat the Department will continue to lead and toadvance our knowledge in biology and medicineand to benefit the human well-being.

S E A C H A N G E S M O V E O N S E A B R E E Z E S

THOMAS C. SKALAK, PH.D.Professor and Chair,Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Virginia

U.C.S.D. – the name itself conjures up a picture of leadership inmodern bioengineering. The institution has made a reputation formoving rapidly into new directions in the sciences and engineeringoverall, but particularly in the integration of biosciences withengineering approaches. In bioengineering, it all started with aforward-thinking group of scientists and engineers who were ableto imagine the future of a new global discipline and act on itpersonally. Y.C. Fung, Ben Zweifach, and Marcos Intaglietta wereamong the pioneers who converged on a relatively undevelopedregion of land above the La Jolla beaches to form the U.C.S.D.bioengineering program as a part of Applied Mechanics andEngineering Sciences. Certainly, a large part of the institutionalculture was created by these role models, who had the judgmentnot to be overly concerned about the appellation that the programcarried, but rather to join together to produce significant bodies ofwork in quantitative cell and tissue function. The culture hasserved well, as the Department of Bioengineering was formed 10years ago, in a formalization that was important, yet, in a way,was swept along by the force of the intellectual vision of thefounders and the new faculty leaders who have since createdequally compelling new visions reflecting the state of bioengineer-ing today.

When I was there in 1979-1986 as a doctoral student and as apost-doctoral fellow, one main emphasis was on the fusion ofapplied mechanics with the study of cardiovascular function. Iwas fortunate to be able to study simultaneously with GeertSchmid-Schönbein, Ben Zweifach, Y.C. Fung, Arnost and KittyFronek, Sid Sobin, and Marcos Intaglietta among others who werefocusing on the microcirculation at that time. Dave Gough wasjust achieving the early exciting measurements of glucose oxidase-based glucose sensor stability for long-term implantation. SavioWoo and Alan Hargens offered tremendous programs in muscu-loskeletal tissue function. Gene Mead, Paul Pattituci, Peter Chen,Frank DeLano, and Steve Kovalcheck were key technical leaderson the staff. Many students there at the time remain greatfriends, including Erik Engelson, Thay Lee, Jeff Omens, ScottSimon, Don Sutton, Patricia Conway, Fred Fields, Paul Zupkas,Tadashi Tamura, Taka Nakagawa, Steve Jones, Michelle Mazzoni,Amy Tsai and many others. All of these people were guidepostsand partners in my learning and development, and I am gratefulfor the experience of being part of the U.C.S.D. program.

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Another key part of the San Diego bioengineeringexperience was the sense of culture and family thatwas created by the people there. I remember Mrs.Zweifach, Mrs. Fung, Renate Schmid-Schönbein, andnow of course Mrs. Chien, very well, and they aregreat parts of the overall social fabric. When myparents moved to San Diego in 1988, then I had evenmore reason to continue visiting frequently, which hasbeen a great pleasure. It has been a great satisfactionto me to be able to return on several occasions to giveformal seminars to the Bioengineering group atU.C.S.D. and for various national meetings.

My work was in microvascular hemodynamics andstructure, and while I will not mention scientific detailshere, I would just say that each member of mydoctoral committee had formative influences on mythinking and career, including Geert, Y.C. Fung, BenZweifach, and Frank White – who was at ScrippsInstitution of Oceanography – in the old building nextto the original Scripps Pier. And of course, I couldnever forget the didactic power of Marcos Intaglietta’sgraduate course on non-equilibrium thermodynamics,which etched a final exam problem forever in my mind– in approximate form: Ducks fly south for the winter.Compute the change in entropy. Dr. Fung gave us theultimate role model for being incisive and clear,something most of us can still only aspire to. Geertwas constantly available to his students, and of course,was ready with a complete explanation for essentiallyany phenomenon that we might bring to his attention– but also drove us to ask completely new questions.Dr. Zweifach inspired us with his command of the fieldand constant thirst for reading. Each in their own way,all the faculty instilled an appreciation for creativework, and for the power of ideas.

On the personal side, there were many diversions thatallowed us to thrive in that pristine paradise, as weconsidered San Diego to be. Erik Engelson wasconstantly dis-assembling his motorcycle engine andputting it back together – which paid off in his laterleadership of a renowned medical device assembly

patent and corporate success, Thay Lee’s pickuptruck – filled with surfboards and shivering gradu-ate students, and dynamic slashes in the surfwere key forms of inspiration that got us movingby 5 am on many days, and Don Sutton’s endur-ance exercise experiments on himself (competitivecycling) led him to his discovery of skeletal muscleflow resistance changes. We played many asoftball game on the very location where theBioengineering building now proudly sits. It iscertain that Scott Simon’s frequent 100 mphwarrior jaunts on his Honda motorcycle affectedhis white cell activation state, which enabled hisstudies of the mechanical basis of phagocytosisbecause he used his own cells. It was a headytime. The landscape of La Jolla Mesa, swept bysea breezes – pristine as one-hundred yearsbefore. The Pacific Ocean – primitive and unaf-fected by the technological advances above it.Courses had to be taken all over the campus, yetwe didn’t mind at all – the intellectual center wasthe research labs and the minds of the people inthe Basic Science Building, 5th floor. Now that hasblossomed into a beautiful bioengineering buildingcomplex and Department. Congratulations to alland especially Shu Chien for making this vision areality.

While there are thought leaders located aroundthe nation in this well-developed field today,U.C.S.D. was and remains a premier programmaticleader in the discipline. Originally, the biomechani-cal characterization of tissues and microvasculardynamics helped to make it a leader, and now themove to lead in computational systems bioengi-neering demonstrate this well. These are seachanges in the discipline of bioengineering. Tomaintain such leadership over time - even intoareas of science that were not anticipated at theoutset - is a tribute to the people and the cultureof U.C.S.D. bioengineering.

Best wishes for the next 10 years!

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G R O W T H A N D C H A N G E O F B I O E N G I N E E R I N G A T UCSD

ROBERT SCHINAGL

BSE (BIOENGINEERING,UNIV. PENNSYLVANIA, 1989)MSE (AMES, UCSD, 1993)PHD (BIOENGINEERING, UCSD, 1997)Director, Project ManagementYamanouchi Pharma America, Inc., Paramus, NJ

It might be fair to say that bioengineering at UCSDchanged as much between 1991 and 1997 as I did.

During those years, I eagerly adopted the southernCalifornia lifestyle after leaving the Northeast, whereI had spent most of my life. Less readily, I accom-modated the life of a graduate student after leavingthe medical device industry – motivations andsalaries were quite different in these two worlds.After six enjoyable years and much hard work, I leftUCSD as a confident and capable researcher, proudof one of the most significant and satisfying accom-plishments of my life.

When I arrived at UCSD in 1991, the distinguishedfaculty, staff and students of bioengineering were arelatively small group within a department known asAMES (Applied Mechanics and Engineering Science).Most of us shared a few cramped laboratories on asingle floor of EBU-I. The fledgling Institute forBiomedical Engineering had only just begun to fosterthe campus-wide collaborations that are at the heartof the interdisciplinary field of bioengineering.Graduate students were a friendly, but not terriblycohesive, group. To those who founded bioengineer-ing at UCSD many years earlier, this was terrificprogress. It was great, but it was only the start.

I had the privilege to see our group become its owndepartment. The Whitaker Foundation funds enabledthe hiring of new faculty, drawing new students andstaff. Campus-wide collaborations grew stronger. Anew EBU appeared at the opposite end of theWarren Mall – more lab space. Graduate studentprograms were enhanced. The annual graduate

student research symposium, which hadchanged little over the years, rapidly approachedthe sophistication of a professional societyconference. I was fortunate enough to help startthe Bioengineering Graduate Student (BEGS)group, giving us a group to call our own. Fromthis group, the student-driven Breakfast withIndustry was born. It was a great time to be agraduate student. When I graduated with plansto return to the East Coast, I was leaving asignificantly different place as a significantlydifferent person.

A recent visit after nearly seven years awaymade it clear to me that the department’sgrowth has only accelerated since I left UCSD.There are new buildings, new professors, newstudents – I barely recognize the place. I wascomforted to see some of the old familiarequipment tucked away in a dark corner (themuseum?) of Dr. Robert Sah’s Cartilage TissueEngineering laboratory. That lab is now in adifferent building and is at least four times thesize of the nearly empty room that Bob and Istepped into shortly after his arrival at UCSD asa new professor. I’m so proud to be among thealumni of the “CTE” lab and the department.

This kind of growth and change is evidentthroughout the department and is to the creditof faculty, students and staff throughout thehistory of bioengineering at UCSD. Present andfuture generations of the UCSD bioengineeringfamily will, without doubt, continue this traditionof excellence.

HOW UCSD BIOENGINEERING PRODUCED

A SUCCESSFUL PATENT ATTORNEY

FARIBORZ (FAFFI) MOAZZAM, PH.D., J.D., M.B.A.UCSD Degrees: Ph.D., C.Phil., M.S.E., BioengineeringManaging Partner, Moazzam Latimer LLP

Ten years have gone by since I first heard about the formation of our belovedDepartment of Bioengineering at UCSD. Ten years have gone by since I firstlooked up on the Assignment Board near the BIOE offices on the administra-tive floor of EBU-1 and first noticed that our newly formed department nolonger had the name of “AMES.” Yet, ten years have gone by before I couldfully appreciate how fortunate I was to have been a small part of theBioengineering at UCSD.

As I first began college in the ‘80’s, I never imagined that I would one dayhave six college degrees, let alone five of them at the graduate level. I alsonever imagined that I would be a UCSD graduate. In fact, I only becameaware of UCSD at the end of my junior year at my undergraduate universityin Washington, D.C. I had only begun to consider graduate biomedicalengineering programs and my advisor at the time, who was also a goodfriend and former colleague of many at UCSD, Dr. Aydin Tözeren, suggestedthat I look into UCSD. I did and never thought that I would be accepted. Iwas lucky to be accepted and my life and career changed as a result.

Of my five graduate degrees, the ones that I have received from UCSD havehad the most significant impact on me personally and professionally. Thisadmission may sound odd coming from a practicing lawyer, but not if we takea few steps back and realize how the training that I received from theBioengineering Department at UCSD helped me become a successful lawyer.

It was at UCSD Bioengineering that I learned to develop the tools I neededto become a reputed lawyer. In essence, it was there where I learned howto “think like a lawyer.” It is at UCSD where I learned that being abioengineer means being a problem solver. It’s applying all that is knownfrom a multi-perspective view. It involves solving a problem by looking at itfrom all angles -- as a biologist, as an engineer, as a scientist. What I didnow know when I was a graduate student is that what I was learning as thephilosophy of a bioengineer is not limited to the field of bioengineering, butalso applicable to other fields, particularly law.

In my specialty field of intellectual property law, an intertwined multi-disci-plinary mix of science, law and policy, I have gained a reputation in the fieldas a problem-solver, one to call upon to handle troublesome cases, one tocall upon to understand a particularly difficult technology, one to reversesomething detrimental that has been done or to tackle on a matter thatothers have refused to accept or given up on.

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My training as a bioengineer from UCSD Bioengineer-ing has made me especially suitable to study, con-sider and provide innovative solutions to such com-plex legal problems. I view all legal issues that Iencounter from the eye of a bioengineer. I considerhow I can solve my client’s problem by first identify-ing the problem as a bioengineer would. I view theproblem from multiple perspectives, the client’sperspective, the market perspective, the ethicsperspective, the litigation perspective, the policyperspective. After a complete and thorough review ofthe problem, I then present a multi-faceted solution.It is rare in law, as it is in biomedical research, forthere to only to be one unique solution to any legalproblem. Every problem has multiple solutions.Every solution has unique advantages anddisdadvantages. Each solution should be individuallytailored to meet the needs of the client.

My years at UCSD Bioengineering were spent absorb-ing. I felt like a child in his first few years of life,absorbing and emulating others, those for whom Ihad and continue to have great respect and admira-tion. The aim of a great educator is to instill a thirstfor knowledge into his pupils. My advisors at UCSDinstilled such a sense into me that has had impact onmy success today. I was lucky to have had two of thebest to serve as my advisors.

Dr. Schmid-Schönbein taught me about the impor-tance of being focused, setting goals and doingeverything to achieve those goals. His unbridledenthusiasm for science, in his research and discover-ies has had a remarkable influence on me. I haveapplied the same principle in my career and socialgoals and have achieved great success as a result.His goal-focused drive is a model for my short- andlong-term goals.

Additionally, I have been one of the truly fortunatefew in the world who have had the honor of being

advised by the legendary Dr. Benjamin Zweifach.His philosophy has had a significant impact on mylife in being focused on the overall goal and neverlosing sight of the all-encompassing goal of allresearch activity, to aid mankind by improvinghealth. Through years of sage and patientguidance, I have learned that in whatever pathswe follow, there must be larger goals that wemust never lose sight of. Along every step of thepath, we should stop to ask, “and how does thisaid mankind?” I have truly been blessed to learnamongst the greatest in the field. Drs. Schmid-Schönbein and Zweifach are just two among themany at UCSD Bioengineering.

Without my years at UCSD Bioengineering, Iwould not have learned to view problems frommultiple perspectives as a bioengineer does. Iwould not have learned to think of the problemsusing a combination of different perspectives as abioengineer thinks. I would not have learnedthat there are multiple solutions as a bioengineerknows. I would not have learned to solve theproblem using unique combinations of wellestablished disciplines as a bioengineer does. Iwould not have learned directly from the livingand past legends of the field. I would not havebeen as successful a patent lawyer as I am now.

So thank you, UCSD Bioengineering and happyfirst decade. Thank you for making me a patentlawyer with the problem-solving philosophy of abioengineer. All that go through the departmentwill benefit themselves and mankind by becomingbetter problem-solvers in whatever field andcareer they eventually practice. Here is to manymore successful decades of existence, and moreimportantly, to countless more humans benefittedand lives saved. That is why you are in exist-ence. As Dr. Zweifach always said, never losesight of why you do what you do. Keep doing it.

M E M O R I E S A N D R E F L E C T I O N S

DOUGLAS CHANG, M.D., PH.D.Fellow, Spine and Sports MedicineKlinik Wilhelm SchulthessLengghalde 2Zurich, Switzerland 8008

My time at UC San Diego spanned the years 1992-2000. When I arrived in La Jolla, Bioengineering wasfledgling, administratively still a part of the AMESdepartment and physically straddled between the newEngineering Building Unit 1 and the “old” seven storyUrey Hall in Revelle College, which was shared with thedepartments of Chemistry and Physics.

At the time, our graduate student offices were on thetop of Urey Hall. I recall late night study breaks therewith my friend David Carta (Ph.D., ~1997). We wouldpause from our homework sets, which involved infinitevariations of length-tension curves, to “study” theaerodynamics of his ever-present Frisbee. He wouldstand outside along the railings of the building andsend me down to the parking lot. Then he’d hurl theFrisbee down to me, which I’d gamely try to catch andhurl back. It didn’t occur to me at the time that my jobwas considerably more difficult than his!

In our classes, I will never forget the teachings of Dr.Y.C. Fung, who constantly reminded us to focus and tosimplify our problem-solving approach. He taught us toanalyze our problems with elegant mathematicaldescriptions based on physics first principles. Thisapproach gave our work clarity, a particular “UCSDperspective.” This perspective is characterized by acertain timelessness, and many of the department’smanuscripts continue to be considered classic contribu-tions to the scientific literature.

In the mid-90’s, our classes were spread out betweenthe Medical Teaching Facility, and the colleges ofRevelle, Muir, and Warren. Most of our advisor’sresearch labs were in EBU-1 or the VA. As we beganour research work in earnest, the camaraderie we hadin class was replaced with camaraderie in the labs, andfriendly competition between the labs. After hours, wewould engage in long inter-connected virtual games ofthe particularly violent program, “Doom.” This occurred

when Dr. McCulloch’s lab space on the 4th floor ofEBU-1 represented the entire Bioengineeringdepartment’s computer center.

Outside of our work, may of us tried to engage insome form of physical fitness, again a trait of theUCSD environment. I particularly enjoyed swimmingand decided along with “Faffie” Moazzam (Ph.D.,1998) to swim across La Jolla cove to La Jolla Shoresbeach. About a third the way across, Faffie developedsevere cramps in his legs, limiting his ability to swim.We linked arms and managed to work our way acrossthe kelp beds to the safety of shore, exhausted. Afterthat experience, my swimming was limited to theCanyon View pool.

Back in the “safety” of the department, we were ablyled by Dr. Shu Chien. He too encouraged us to focusand start with approachable problems to which we’dadd layers of complexity. This was applied not only toresearch, but teaching and administrative duties. Dr.Chien encouraged teamwork and echoed the collabo-rative tone of the UCSD campus. As a leader, he isinspirational, making sure to be inclusive of allpersonnel for which he is responsible. He always saidthat the Bioengineering department is like a three-legged stool, consisting of the faculty, administrationand students (in no particular order!). All threeconstructs are vital for the functioning of the whole.In my later experiences, I found this to be a veryunique but true perspective.

Now Bioengineering has several beautiful buildings ofits own, and is one of the most popular majors amongthe students. I am very proud to be associated withsuch a great endeavor, and the lessons learned overmy years at UC San Diego have stood me extremelywell. Graduate student life is tough and at timeslonely, but I can’t think of a more inspirational,supportive and educational experience to be had thanat UC San Diego.

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WALT BAXTER, PH.D.Bioengineering, UC San Diego, 1999Principal Scientist,Medtronic Cardiac Rhythm Management

The best advice that I ever got was from a youngfaculty member in the Mechanical EngineeringDepartment at Georgia Tech, Dr. Cheng Zhu. Duringlong-running discussions with Cheng about potentialgraduate schools, I asked him to recommend a finalgraduate school to apply for. The resulting conversa-tion was quite funny:

Dr. Zhu: “You should think about UC San Diego forgraduate school.”

Walt: “You mean where Fung is, right?”Dr. Zhu: “Yes! It’s a good place and they might let

you in.”Walt: “That’s in La Jolla [I pronounced the city

‘la joe-lah’].”Dr. Zhu, a Chinese emigrant, correcting me on my

Spanish: “NO! It’s ‘LA HOYA’!”Walt: “La Hoya. La Hoya. I get it. Will you recom-

mend me for that place as well?”Dr. Zhu: “If you learn to pronounce the name. I

don’t want you embarrassing me.”

Unbeknownst to me, the faculty had procured alarge grant from the Whitaker Foundation in late1992 that established their presence amongst theelite in Bioengineering. So I showed up to the AMESdepartment in the summer of 1993 and took classesin the Bioengineering wing of the department—thesputtering San Diego aerospace industry had

belched forth a number of experienced engi-neers that dramatically boosted the reputation(and size) of that class. The Department wasformed in 1994, and we were off!

We worked ungodly hours in tight, crampedconditions, became good friends, and were ableto meet deadlines under extreme conditions,even preparing talks while on the subway. I nowknow that we were building a foundation for thefuture with strong student involvement in theDepartment, a rich tradition of forcing oral/poster presentations on students, and goodinvolvement with the local industry. Threeformer students—Ann Lee-Karlon, and BillKarlon, and myself—founded the IndustrialLiaison Committee in 1995 and hosted our firstBreakfast with Industry shortly thereafter. Bill,Ann, and I went to the extreme in order toprocure funding, but we got it done and it wasno Mickey Mouse Operation.

This tradition continues and is just a small partof what it akes the Department great. The best-case scenario has happened for me: The Depart-ment I joined has blossomed to the point whereit would no longer admit me—but no one cantake my degree back!

V I S I O N S A N D R E F L E C T I O N S …UCSD BME 1993 -1999

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B I O E N G I N E E R I N G AT UCSD, O U R R O O T S

SHILA JALALI, PH.D.Staff Scientist, Nanogen, Inc.San Diego, CA

MOHAMMAD SOTOUDEH, PH.D.Principal Scientist/BioengineerSynthasome, Inc.San Diego, CA

Once in a while we still come across a person whoasks us “What do Bioengineers do?” when he/shehears what our background is. It was a time when thefield of Bioengineering was much less known com-pared to present. We would like to thank the Bioengi-neering program at UCSD for the recognition they havegiven to this field both in San Diego area and nation-wide. It is quite an honor to explain who bioengineersare and especially where we have received our de-grees from. We almost always do sense an admirationfrom the audience when Bioengineering at UCSD ismentioned.

We joined the bioengineering program at UCSD (partof the AMES department at the time) on Sept 1993 ayear after we got married to pursue Masters Degrees.Considering that we came with bachelor degrees incomputer science (Shila) and chemical engineering(Mohammad), it was quite exciting to start a new pathin a completely new direction. All we knew was thatwe enjoyed applying engineering concepts to solvebiological problems. One year later, the bioengineeringprogram officially formed its own department andseparated from AMES. That was a grand milestone forbioengineering at UCSD which influenced the bioengi-neering nationwide in the coming years. We were soproud to be fortunate to see this historical momentand be part of the first class who received MastersDegrees under the Department of Bioengineering’sname rather than AMES. The department gave us achoice to either choose AMES or go with the newdepartment. It was quite an easy choice for us consid-ering legends including Drs. Fung (known as father ofbioengineering), Zweifach, Chien, Intaglietta,McCulloch, Schmid-Schönbein, Gough, and Skalak weresome of the professors in this newly shaped depart-ment. These group of faculties worked together for

many years to make the bioengineering recog-nized as an original discipline and the formation ofthe bioengineering department was one the fruitsof their efforts.

We enjoyed our journey so much that we electedto continue on to the Ph.D. program under Dr. ShuChien’s excellent mentorship. At the time, our labwas in Basic Science Building. We were fortunateenough to witness how the department grew inevery aspect. Number of faculties, students, staffand affiliates grew every year. Some groupsmoved to the SERF building after couple of years.We did graduate in Dec 1999, but kept ourcontact and collaboration with Dr. Shu Chien anddepartment of Bioengineering through all theseyears till now.

Since then, we have been working in differenttissue engineering and nanotechnology companiesincluding Nanogen, Advanced Tissue Sciences,Biosite, and Synthasome, Inc. all located in SanDiego. Staying in San Diego, we have beenfortunate to be able to have access to bioengi-neering department and witness the tremendousgrowth of the department over the last five yearswith such an accelerated pace. The departmenthas had 9 new faculty members since five yearsago when we left. Grand opening of the newPowell-Focht Bioengineering building is anothergrand milestone achieved which will even moreaccelerate the future growth of the department.Close relationship between the bioengineeringdepartment at UCSD with some of the leaders inbiotech industry around San Diego and nationwidehas created remarkable opportunities for graduatestudents to easily find positions in biotech industryand apply their knowledge towards makingproducts that will influence lives of many incoming years. Again, we would like to thank allthe faculties and staff at department of bioengi-neering for their amazing visions and teamworkand wish them more success in the coming years.

S U C C E S S F U L I N T E G R AT I O N

GANG JIN, PH.D.Group Leader of Genomics LabPurdue PharmaCranbury, NJ

The UCSD-Department of Bioengineering’s 10thanniversary is certainly something for me to beproud of and to celebrate. Although I left UCSD in2000, I have always felt that the Department ofBioengineering was a family to me. During myPh.D. and Postdoc from late 1993 to early 2000 inthe Department of Bioengineering, I saw theBioengineering’s transition from a Program in theDepartment of AMES to an independent Depart-ment of Bioengineering in 1993/1994. I am ex-tremely pleased to see the tremendous growth ofthe department in the past 10 years since it wasestablished in 1994.

My memory of Bioengineering at UCSD is simplythat of integration, which I see as one of thedepartment’s strengths. The integration of manyscientific disciplines at UCSD Bioengineering is oneof the most important benefits for Bioengineeringstudents to succeed in their job searches andcareer development.

There are many examples to illustrate the integra-tion of disciplines in the department. For example,our Bioengineering’s faculty infrastructure is anintegration of well-known professors, focusing on avariety of interdisciplinary studies; ourBioengineering’s syllabus is an integration ofmultidisciplinary courses covering mechanics,biology, medicine, electronics, etc., and ourBioengineering’s graduate student team is anintegration of outstanding students from variousmajors.

Our Bioengineering “giants” reflect the best ex-amples of the department’s culture of integrationstrategies. Dr. Y. C. Fung, the “Father of Bioengi-neering” in the U.S.A. and the Founder of Bioengi-neering Program at UCSD early in 1966, integratedthe traditional mechanics in organ systems, tissues,and biological molecules. The range of Dr. Fung’sencyclopedic knowledge covers all the fields of

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mechanics, mathematics, medicine, and life sci-ence. Dr. Richard Skalak, the former President ofthe Biological Engineering Society and internation-ally famed scientist in bioengineering, my formerPh.D. advisor, integrated his mathematical andmechanical modeling to the individual cell. Dr. ShuChien, the Founder and Director of the Departmentof Bioengineering at UCSD and the BioengineeringInstitute of California, one of the most active seniorleaders in the global bioengineering society, myPh.D. and Postdoc advisor, successfully integratedthe engineering concepts in his major fields ofmedicine, physiology, and molecular biology.

Dr. Chien’s integration achievements are demon-strated not only in his research, but also in hisscientific and administrative leadership. Almost allof the Bioengineering milestones in the past 10years are attributable to Dr. Chien’s artful executionof integration strategies in his leadership, which isimportant in keeping our Bioengineering at the topplace in the national rankings of bioengineeringprograms over the years. In recognition of hisideas and ability to integrate many different scien-tific disciplines, Dr. Chien led the effort in gettingthe Whitaker Foundation Development Award in1993 that allowed the recruitment of new facultyand the creation of the new Bioengineering depart-ment in 1994. Dr. Chien also was the driving forcethat won the Leadership Award from the WhitakerFoundation in 1998 and gifts from the PowellFoundation, and the Von Liebig Foundation in 1999,which allowed the construction of the new Powell-Focht Bioengineering Hall to help fulfill the growingmission of research, education and technologytransfer. The integration of over 100 campus-widefaculty members and research fellows in theWhitaker Institute of Biomedical Engineering isanother one of Dr. Chien’s masterpieces thatfacilitated bioengineering research collaborationsacross biology, medicine and engineering. Dr.Chien’s efforts to integrate the departmental faculty

members in applications of NIH grants allowedreceipt of two terms of PPG within the last 10years, supporting major research projects, staff,research fellows, and graduate students in thedepartment.

Another two examples of Dr. Chien’s achievementsfrom his magic integration strategies directlybenefited my Ph.D. thesis and postdoctoralresearch projects. Through his application of mythesis project of gene therapy to the pharmaceuti-cal needs of target drug discovery, we received anaward from Alliance Pharmaceutical Inc. tosupport research in gene therapy of cardiovascu-lar diseases. When I was developing themicroarray platform as a postdoc in early 1999,Dr. Chien integrated the activities of many in thedepartments of Bioengineering, Biology, andMedicine to establish a microarray core facility tosupport projects using microarrays at UCSD.

Happy 10th Anniversary UCSD Bioengineering!

A H I S T O R I C A L P E R S P E C T I V E

THE BIOENGINEERING GRADUATE STUDENT SYMPOSIUM

KAREN D. MAY-NEWMAN, PH.D.Associate Professor and Chair,Department of Mechanical EngineeringSan Diego State University

The Bioengineering Graduate Student Symposium (BGSS) haslong been a tradition in Bioengineering at UCSD. It was initiatedin 1987 by a group of graduate students (urged by faculty) togive a brief overview of their research projects in a symposiumsetting. The target audience has primarily been the incominggraduate students, in order to provide information for themregarding their choices for thesis projects. However, the otherstudents and the faculty all benefit from the exchange andunderstanding of research in the department.

Since its inception, the symposium program, facilities, cateringand publications have been organized and executed entirely bythe students, who devote long hours to ensure that the eventruns smoothly. Traditionally held on a Saturday, the day beginswith a continental breakfast followed by 2-3 sessions of 8-10talks each. Customarily, each lab group first provides an over-view talk, followed by several brief individual talks.

Every graduate student was “strongly encouraged” by the facultyand other senior graduate students to participate each yearfirst, as speakers, and eventually as organizing committeemembers. This experience provides several opportunities forstudents: first, it offers a friendly environment for what is often astudent’s first professional-style oral presentation; second,students can gain experience in different organizational roleswhich prepares them for future involvement with professional

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organizations. Finally, it is a social event which bringstogether students, staff and faculty of the departmentand promotes exchange and interaction.

Each year, the organizers tried to improve upon theprevious year’s symposium. In the early days, noformal budget existed for the event, and the dinnerwas often a pot luck with delicacies prepared bystudents, staff and faculty. Eventually a fundraisingeffort was launched, and a budget created to coverthe expenses of catered food and printing a sympo-sium booklet. When the Whitaker Foundation initiatedits support of the UCSD program, additional fundingwas provided to expand the BGSS to its current level.The evolution of this event over the years is a testi-mony to all students past and present.

One particular year, a major focus of improvementwas to ensure that the symposium did not extend toolong past the scheduled conclusion. The previousyear, several speakers had not restricted the length oftheir talks to the recommended level, and conse-quently the event had gone more than an hourovertime. This had greatly annoyed several students,and the organizingcommittee was determined not to let such a thinghappen again. The apparent solution to the problemwas to create a schedule, then stick religiously to it.Technology was acquired to assist in this goal, in theform of a timer that could be set to show a greenlight (keep talking), yellow light (time to end now),and red light (that’s all, folks) between which theintervals could be set. Every speaker was providedwith the timer and asked to use it to help themmodulate the length of their presentation. However,even with such a reliable device to reinforce theschedule, manual intervention was ultimately re-quired. One student, apparently extraordinarilyenthusiastic about his presentation, did not seem tonotice the light change to red, or perhaps felt that the

rest of his research story was too important tostop much to the dismay of the organizingcommittee. Fortunately, one of the committeemembers, who was also serving as the Master ofCeremonies, took a bold course of action andstepped neatly in front of the microphone,thanked the speaker for an interesting presenta-tion, and announced the next talk. One couldalmost envision the Shepherd’s crook appearingfrom behind the curtain. After an initial surprisedsilence, the next speaker began his talk and theevent went smoothly from there. Needless to say,everyone that followed completed their talkwithin the allotted time.

The event traditionally culminates in a dinner at afaculty members house. For many years, it washeld at Professor Intaglietta’s house with itsbeautiful view of Mission Bay. The warmth heextended at his home, and the camaraderie ofthe students and faculty following a day ofmeaningful professional exchange was one of thespecial occasions/events that made the UCSDBioengineering program special.

The BGSS has undoubtedly continued to evolve toprovide a unique opportunity for UCSD studentsto participate in conference organization at anintroductory level. This event was founded on thewillingness and perseverance of senior studentsto initiate this ambitious event. The creativity andhard work of these early organizers has resultedin a strong foundation which generations ofstudents that have followed have built upon. Withthe support of the Whitaker Foundation, thisevent has blossomed further, providing a uniquemechanism for students to gain valuable careerexperience as well as contribute to the continuinggrowth of UCSD Bioengineering.

W I T H S TA N D I N G T H E T E S T O F T I M E

REZA MAZHARI, PH.D.Director of Cardiovascular Physiology,Artesian Therapeutics, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD

In 1967, Krebs wrote “Scientists are not so muchborn as made by those who teach them research”(Nature; 215:1441), and teaching research excel-lence is the cornerstone of Department of Bioengi-neering at UC San Diego. While attending the annualBiomedical Engineering Society meeting in Nashvillein 2003 and getting a chance to see many of theDepartment’s alumni, it occurred to me that eachand every one has become very successful in theirprofession. More importantly, the level of success ofalumni is not only prevalent to the ones that pur-sued an academic route, but also others that fol-lowed alternative professions in sectors such as law,biotechnology and drug discovery, medicine, andfinance. This attests to the core values and educa-tional goals that the founders of the BioengineeringProgram (and subsequently Department) set almost40 years ago and pursued many years thereafter. Inmy opinion, the strength was in teaching the essen-tials of biology and physiology (partly thanks toclose relation with the Department of Medicine), andapplying the fundamentals of engineering to exploreand elucidate the underlying mechanisms of normaland diseased function from cells to organs. In thisprocess novel methods and tools have been devel-

oped, and many hypotheses have been tested.The product of this has been talented and multi-faceted graduates and trainees at all levels—bachelors to post-doctoral fellows—that ap-proach problems in a systematic and quantita-tive way, with a clear understanding of the “bigpicture”. This approach has endured the test oftime, even in the era of “you-name-it”-omics.

I joined the Department as a junior pursuing abachelor’s degree in 1993 and stayed on until1999 finishing my Ph.D. The breadth and valueof my education provided by the Departmentbecame more apparent at each stage in mycareer: first in transition from cardiac biome-chanics to cellular biophysics and electrophysiol-ogy as a post-doctoral fellow at Johns HopkinsSchool of Medicine; next as a research facultyfor a short stint at Hopkins’ Biomedical Engineer-ing Department; and most recently as a keymember of a drug discovery and developmentstart-up team. The Department and its facultyand their vision all played a crucial role in thisdiverse and challenging journey.

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Having had the opportunity to gain motivationand insight from the people whose ideas origi-nated the subjects I now teach, has developed inme a strong commitment to bioengineeringeducation. Currently, I am a professor at theCooper Union, a small undergraduate college.The transition to teaching has been very naturalfor me, largely as a result of the exceptional rolemodels I have had. However, when difficultiesarise, I find myself benefiting from the strongnetwork of UCSD bioengineering alumni, collabo-rators, and friends whom live and work alongsideof me in New York.

In the future, I see the department continuing togrow at the rapid pace it has established for itselfsince its inception ten years ago. In the few yearssince I have left, the department has significantlyexpanded its facilities, areas of research, andpersonnel. As the department’s capacity toperform valuable research increases, so too willthe many academic opportunities enjoyed by thestudents. I salute the bright future of bioengi-neering at UCSD, and wish upon its students thesame superior quality of education that I receivedand now hope to pass on to future engineers.

G R O W I N G A N D H E L P I N G O T H E R S T O G R O W

MELISSA KURTIS MICOU, PH.D.The Cooper Union for theAdvancement of Science and Art, New York, NY

Teaching is a pursuit that is inspired by the exampleof others. For me, the inspiration came during mytime in the bioengineering department at UCSD,where I studied for five years while obtaining myPh.D. The most memorable features of the graduateprogram were the faculty’s excellent leadership andtheir eagerness to work closely with students in theclassroom, laboratories, and elsewhere. To haveaccess to so many great minds—minds that pioneeredand shaped the field of bioengineering—is more thanany student could have asked for.

I remember the day I turned in my dissertationunexpectedly running into someone who had inspiredme even before my arrival at UCSD, Professor Y.C.Fung. He immediately said hello and apologized fornot attending my defense several days before. Hewent on to relate a story about the day he turned inhis own dissertation. I was both humbled and gratefulto have such a venerable professor share his time,wisdom, and personal experiences with me. Theseare the kind of encounters that make the bioengi-neering department at UCSD such a special place tolearn.

B I O E N G I N E E R I N G L E A D E R S H I P

BIOENGINEERING GRADUATE STUDENTS

VICKI CHIN, M.S., PH.D. CANDIDATEUniversity of California, San Diego

The Bioengineering Graduate Students group,known as BEGS, was formally begun in 1994, shortlyafter the formation of the Department of Bioengi-neering at UCSD. So, BEGS is also celebrating its10th anniversary this year!

Our mission over the years has been to support andenrich graduate student life in the department byproviding social, academic, and industrial connec-tions. We have began and now run several eventsthat are annual traditions. In the fall, we host theBreakfast with Industry, now in its tenth year, wherewe bring together local industrial representativesand graduate students to discuss research andindustry activity. In the spring, we host the Bioengi-neering Graduate Research Symposium. An annualevent for the last eighteen years, this event show-cases our latest research progress to fellow stu-dents, faculty, local industry, and prospectivegraduate students. Graduate students from all labsin bioengineering give talks, and students presentindividual work in a poster session. During thesymposium, senior graduate students make aspecial effort to reach out to undecided first yeargraduate students and to increasingly sophisticatedprospective students who are planning ahead totheir graduate research. Current graduate studentsalso play a crucial role in recruiting new graduatestudents. During the annual recruitment weekend,we hold several events where we can socialize anddiscuss grad school life away from the lab.

W O N D E R F U L D A Y S AT UCSD

SONG LI, PH.D. ’97Assistant Professor, BioengineeringUniversity of California, Berkeley

I joined the bioengineering graduate program at UCSDin 1993, and I fortunately experienced the birth andthe growth of the Department of Bioengineering. In1993, bioengineering was a program in the Depart-ment of Applied Mechanics and Engineering Sciences.As I remember, the bioengineering program had about10 core faculty, and occupied about half of the fifthfloor in Engineering Building Unit I. I was impressed bymany things when I went to bioengineering programat UCSD: excellent faculty, the diversity of the students’background, the creative curriculum, the second-to-none intellectual environment, the beautiful beaches,and nearly perfect weather. The graduate curriculumintegrated the engineering and biological sciences verywell. Some of the courses such as biomechanics,physiology and molecular biology for engineers prob-ably were the first of the same type of courses offeredin engineering schools across the country. The Fridayseminar was a traditional gathering of the faculty andstudents for decades. Extensive collaborations betweenengineers and biologists resulted in productive re-search. I benefit tremendously from the training(especially from my advisor Dr. Shu Chien) and theintellectual environment at UCSD. My learning experi-ence as a graduate student, postdoc and researchscientist at UCSD has great impact on my careerdevelopment. In 1994, with the efforts of the bioengi-neering faculty led by the founding chair Dr. Shu Chien,the new Department of Bioengineering was born. Sincethen the department has been growing, and ranked asone of the best bioengineering program nationwide. Istill remember the exciting moment of the ground-breaking for the new bioengineering building. My bestwishes for my academic home-the department ofBioengineering at UCSD!

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At the beginning of the school year, BEGS alsohelps ease the transition for new graduate studentsby running a big sibling program, where newstudents are paired with older students whoprovide advices on the academic program, researchopportunities, and life at UCSD in general. Weorganize several social hours in September to helpnew students to get to know each other. Inaddition, BEGS also holds monthly social hoursthroughout the year to provide a convenient way torelax and get together with students from differentlabs or different years.A recent improvement to bioengineering graduatestudent life was the addition of the GraduateStudent Lounge, made possible by a challengegrant from Erik Engelson. His generous gift enabledthe department to set aside space for graduatestudents to gather, study, and socialize. In thelounge, desks, conference tables, and couchesprovide different opportunities to work, while theping-pong table and foosball table help relievestress during exams and after long hours in thelab. Another new initiative to improve graduate lifeincludes a program targeted to female graduatestudents. Every few months, female graduatestudents and faculty gather over dinner to socializeand discuss issues ranging from work-life balanceto the workout to relieve stress. In the next tenyears, we look forward to further enriching gradu-ate life in bioengineering through these programs,as well as developing new programs to meet thechanging needs to graduate students.

D E D I C A T I O N T O E D U C AT I O N

GEOFFREY VON MALTZAHNPh.D. Candidate

I firmly believe that the strength of any institu-tion lies in its ability not only to educate, butalso to inspire. As a result, when I was decidingwhere to attend graduate school, I was immedi-ately drawn to UCSD’s bioengineering programnot only for its accomplished faculty and majes-tic location, but also because of its perfectranking in the US News “Quality of Teaching”category.

Now, having just finished my first year ofclasses, I can fully endorse this ranking. UCSDBioengineering students are truly fortunate tohave faculty as dedicated to their research astheir teaching. My professors have been at onceextremely approachable, kind, forthright, andfun—traits that have made my classes bothinteresting and inspiring. I believe this is thegreat strength of UCSD Bioengineering and it isone that promises to continue for many years tocome.

BMES AT UCSD

SHIRLEY LEEClass of 2006, BMES President 2004-05EUN HEE HANClass of 2004, BMES President 2003-04

UCSD undergraduate chapter of the Biomedical Engineering Societywas established in 1985. Since then, UCSD BMES has been active inpromoting biomedical engineering among the undergraduate stu-dents.

Our chapter of BMES has been rapidly expanding in the last fewyears and has offered students a broad range of activities to enrichtheir social, academic, and professional development. We have hadand plan to continue an outreach program that allows students toinspire elementary school children to develop interests for scienceand engineering and a mentor program that matches freshmen andsophomores with upper class students who can provide guidanceand advice. We also sponsor quarterly Industry Nights that exposestudents to company profiles and possible career paths, graduatestudent and alumni panels that provide insights into graduate schooland industry, and graduate school application workshop for thosewho have decided to apply. These events and programs would nothave been successful without the support of the BioengineeringDepartment. Some of these events started out as grand ideas thatwe dreamed about. But our faculty advisor Dr. Sah, undergraduateadvisor Margene Wight, and Department Chair Dr. Chien, and theDepartment allowed us turn these visions into reality by helping uswith contacts, location, A-V equipments, publicity, food for hungrystudents and constant encouragement.

We have been able to accomplish much in the last few years, butlike any other organization, we are always looking for ways toimprove. Some of the goals for the organization in the coming yearsinclude strengthening student membership, fostering professor/student relations, increasing inter-organization collaborations, andsolidifying national involvement.

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B E N J A M I N W. Z W E I F A C H - A V I S I O N A R Y I N B I O E N G I N E E R I N G

GEERT W. SCHMID-SCHÖNBEIN

BERT Y. C. FUNG

Benjamin Zweifach was with YCFung and Marcos Intaglietta oneof the three founding members ofBioengineering at UCSD. In 1966he was far ahead of its time andcatapulted for the creation of thisnew discipline. Among the threefounding members of Bioengi-neering at UCSD, ProfessorZweifach made the longest jump

into the unknown. He left behind a stellar career inPhysiology, Biology and Pathology in New York tofollow an entirely new direction in engineering, notonly in spirit but also in distance. He was working onthe most challenging problems in medicine and sawthe need for a giant leap forward. He used a sabbati-cal at the California Institute of Technology to meet agroup of engineers, expert on how to make airplanesfaster and safer and improve the electronics, with theplan to interest them in biological problems. That wasthe start of Bioengineering, born out of an unlikelywedding of academic disciplines.

Benjamin W. Zweifach received a B.S. degree from theCollege of the City of New York in 1931 and his Ph.D.degree in Cellular Physiology from New York Universityin 1936. He served as Assistant Professor and then asAssociate Professor of Physiology in the Cornell MedicalSchool from 1947 to1952. He then returned to NewYork University as Associate Professor of Biology andPathology until 1958 and Professor of Pathology until1966. At UCSD he served as Professor of Bioengineer-ing until the very last day of his life in 1997. Hedirected and served for 28 years from the birth of theprogram to the creation of a full service UniversityDepartment. For years he was a center of thinkingand activity in the bioengineering group.

His interest was in the microcirculation and develop-ment of modern techniques to measure events inbiological tissues. He used the study of a living tissueas a unifying theme in Bioengineering. He saw anopportunity for engineering and the tremendousadvantage to integrate medicine and engineering. He

introduced engineering students to the study ofthe Inflammatory Process, a phenomenon thattoday is taking on center stage in cardiovascularresearch of human disease. He pioneered theexploration of blood rheology in the microcircula-tion, the study of transport in different tissues,lymphatics, and many aspects of physiology. Hisrich record of writings are a cornerstone ofbioengineering ediucation today and they havetriggered many new lines of investigation. He sawthe opportunity to expose young bioengineers tothe challenges of medical problems from hyperten-sion to diabetes and shock. He made discoveriesthat inspired a generation of bioengineers. . Hiswork lead to the development of fundamental newapproaches to study the microcirculation withengineering techniques, which are now used worldwide and serve the benefit of patients. His visionremains still guidance for modern bioengineering.

Widely recognized, he was member of manylearned societies and a friend and consultantaround the world. In 1979 he and YC Fungchaired the World Congress for Microcirculation onthe campus of UCSD. He co-founded and devel-oped the Microcirculatory Society and was Honor-ary Member of many Microcirculatory Societiesworld-wide. The Microcirculatory Society recog-nized his extraordinary achievements and set up aZWEIFACH GOLD MEDAL AWARD in 1982, which isissued every four years to one worker with out-standing research in the field. An extraordinaryleader, his students are working today at Universi-ties and in Industry throughout the world andmake important contributions to daily medicalpractice, new diagnostic techniques and therapeu-tic developments. Benjamin Zweifach is thefounder of modern 20th Century MicrocirculationResearch.

We are extraordinary grateful to ProfessorZweifach. In his honor the Library on the 4th floorof the Powel-Focht Bioengineering Hall is desig-nated as the Zweifach Library.

R I C H A R D S K A L A K , P H .D .

PROFESSOR OF BIOENGINEERING

Professor Richard Skalak was born in New York City in February 5,1923. He grew up in New York City and was educated in its publicschools system. He received his B.S., C.E., and Ph.D. in Civil Engi-neering and Fluid Mechanics from Columbia University, where hestayed as a faculty member and became a Full Professor in 1964.Until his leaving for UCSD in 1988, he was James Kip Finch Profes-sor of Engineering Mechanics from 1976, Director of the Bioengi-neering Institute from 1978, and Chairman of the Department ofCivil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics from 1985. He madesterling contributions to research, education and administration as afaculty at Columbia for over forty years.

In 1988, Professor Skalak was recruited to UCSD as Professor ofBioengineering. In addition to his outstanding educational andresearch accomplishments, he played a major role in the formationof the Institute of Biomedical Engineering and the Department ofBioengineering at UCSD, and the successful application for theWhitaker Foundation Development Award. From 1992-1996, hewas the Founding Director of the Institute of Mechanics andMaterials established by the National Science Foundation at UCSD.He did a marvelous job in promoting interactions between thedisciplines of mechanics and materials across the nation, throughsymposia, workshops, lectures, scientist exchange, and academia-industry interactions.

Professor Skalak had an illustrious academic career. His earlyresearch interests were in the engineering applications of fluidmechanics, especially in the fields of water hammer effects andfluid turbulence. In early 1960s Professor Skalak began to combineengineering mechanics and biomedical sciences. His performedpioneering work on wave propagation in the pulmonary circulation.In 1967-1968, he took a sabbatical leave to work with Dr. P.-I.Brånemark in the University of Gothenburg. There he performedthe classical study on flow and deformation of human blood cells inthe living microcirculation. Upon returning to Columbia, he initiateda series of imaginative and elegant research studies on biomechan-ics of blood and blood cells, including the material properties of redblood cells and cell membrane, viscoelasticity of white blood cells inthe passive and active states, micromechanical and molecular basesof cell aggregation and adhesion, blood cell interactions in capillar-ies and microvascular network, and flow properties of blood in thecirculation. These interdisciplinary studies have important implica-tions in a number of clinical conditions including inflammation,blood diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer.

Professor Skalak also made prominent contributions in several otherareas of biomechanics including craniofacial growth, skin replace-ment, material transport in tumors, osseointegration and titanium

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implants. He played a major role in fostering tissueengineering as a new frontier in biomedical engi-neering.

Professor Skalak has an unusual ability to combineengineering analysis with biomedical experimenta-tion. He was able to formulate problems by distillingtheir essence into clear mathematical form, and toseek out the subject that is fundamental andimportant. His analytical approach guided manyinnovative experimental studies, provided novelinsights, and generated new understanding ofbiological function. He had an unceasing, unselfish,drive to create innovations and to teach thesequalities by example to students and associates.

Professor Skalak was a talented and dedicatedteacher; he won the Great Teacher Award ofColumbia University in 1973. He trained manygraduate students and postdoctoral fellows, whohold key positions in academia and industry.

In recognition of his outstanding achievements,Professor Skalak received many prestigious awardsand honors. His leadership and visionary role wassought after by many governmental academic andprivate organizations. Particularly noteworthy is themultitude of accolades bestowed upon him by theAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)for his outstanding service. He received the Centen-nial Service Award in 1980, the Lissner Award in1985, the Melville Medal in 1990 and the AppliedMechanics Award in 1997. Professor Skalak servedas Chairman of ASME Applied Mechanics Divisionand was elected as ASME Fellow in 1981. ProfessorSkalak was Editor of the Journal of BiomedicalEngineering of ASME from 1983-1987.

The other awards and honors conferred to ProfessorSkalak included the ALZA Medal from the Bioengi-neering Society in 1983, the Theodore von KarmanMedal from Engineering Mechanics Division of theAmerican Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) in 1987,the Poiseuille Medal from the International Societyof Biorheology in 1989, an Honorary M.D. Degreefrom the University of Gothenburg in 1990, and theMedal of Merit from the Czechoslovakian Academyof Sciences in 1990.

Professor Skalak was elected to many other honor-ific societies and academies, including Fellows ofAmerican Academy of Mechanics in 1982, ASCE in1985, New York Academy of Medicine in 1985,Society of Engineering Science in 1990, AmericanInstitute of Medical And Biological Engineering in1990, and American Association for Advancement ofScience in 1996. A most distinguished honor is hiselection to membership in the National Academy ofEngineering in 1988.

He was President of the Society of EngineeringScience in 1982 and Society of Biomedical Engineer-ing in 1983, and Co-Chairman of the First WorldCongress in Biomechanics in 1990 and BiomedicalEngineering Society Annual Fall Meeting in 1997.

Professor Skalak was kind, considerate, generous,encouraging, creative, self-disciplined andhardworking. He was tireless in his working habit,including the efficient use of time on the airplaneand in the hotel during his many trips in U.S, andabroad. He has an outstanding administrative abilityand inter-personal affinity. A “Richard SkalakColloquium in Biomedical Engineering” was estab-lished at Columbia University in 1996. At UCSD, a“Richard Skalak Bioengineering Lectureship” hasbeen established in honor of his outstandingaccomplishments and leadership.

Professor Skalak is survived by his wife, nee AnnaLesta Allison, whom he married in 1953. They havefour children, Steven, Thomas, Martha, and Bar-bara. Thomas Skalak is a proud alumnus of UCSDBioengineering (Please see his article in this book)and Chair of Biomedical Engineering at the Univer-sity of Virginia.

As we celebrate the Tenth Anniversary, we recallwith fond memories and warm gratitude that theDepartment were graced by the presence of such agiant in bioengineering and such a marveloushuman being. Professor Skalak’s spirit, thoughts,and deeds have been spread to all parts of theworld, and he will always be a guiding light forgenerations to come.

D R A H O S L A V L I M

PROFESSOR OF BIOENGINEERING

Drahoslav Lim was born onSept 9, 1925, in what is nowthe Czech Republic, andpassed away on the August22, 2003 in San Diego. Hereceived a Master’s, Ph.D.,and D.Sc. from the TechnicalUniversity of Prague. He wasthe cofounder and head ofthe Division of Chemistry atthe Institute of Macromolecu-lar Chemistry in Prague, and

he served as professor and head of the PolymerDepartment at the Technical University of Praguefrom 1966 to 1972. He came to UCSD as a visitingprofessor in 1980. He is survived by Jana, his wife of47 years, their two children and five grandchildren.

Drahoslav made a remarkable achievement early inhis scientific life. In the early part of the lastcentury, doctors trying to find materials that couldbe used as implants for bone replacements, substi-tute blood vessels, artificial kidneys and otherdevices attempted to simply adapt existing construc-tion materials for implant use. This led to anextensive trial-and-error process of material testingthat was largely ineffective. Drahoslav’s approachwas to determine why the existing materials werenot successful and then synthesize completely newmaterials specifically for implantation. He noticedthat tissues have water throughout and reasonedthat an implant with a polymer gel surface thatimbibes water would appear as a watery surface tothe tissue and would not be recognized as foreign.He reasoned that the polymers should have arelatively rigid structural backbone, but should becapable of becoming hydrated and gel-like in acontrollable way. The new material was named a“hydrogel,” and a description of the polymer waspublished in a landmark Nature paper. It also ledimmediately to soft and comfortable contact lenses,which became an enormous world-wide application,as well as gel coatings for a variety of other im-plants. Drahoslav’s idea of designing novel implant

S I D N E Y S O B I N , PH.D.

PROFESSOR OF BIOENGINEERING

Professor Sidney Sobin was aphysician and physiologist whoturned himself into a superbbioengineer. His broadknowledge in physiology andenthusiasm in bioengineeringresearch greatly influenced theformation of our department inearly years. Sid was born onJan. 1, 1914 in Bayonne, N. J.,son of Ben Hur and Eva NeumanSobin. He entered the

University of Michigan in 1931 on an athleticscholarship, received his Ph.D. in 1938, and M.D. in1941. In 1942-44, he was Instructor at WashingtonUniversity, St Louis. In 1944-46, he was Fellow atHarvard with Dr. Landis. He was Research Physiologistat the University of Southern California from 1947-56and Professor and Director of the Greater Los AngelesAmerican Heart Association Cardiovascular ResearchLab from 1957 on. From 1976 on he was Adj. Prof. ofBioengineering at UCSD. Dr. Sobin’s worked closely withDr. Fung in the development of the lung sheet flowtheory and model. He developed many surgical modelsand standardized a casting technique for makingmodels of microvascular beds in vital organs. Dr. Sobingave advice freely and was attentive to people’s needs.Faculty, students and staff considered him as a walkingencyclopaedia and a true scholar and gentleman. At theage of 87, Dr. Sobin was the principal investigator of aCalifornia Cancer Program grant involving the earlydiagnosis of bladder cancer. He passed away onOctober 25, 2001 after a brief attack of leukemia.

Dr. Sobin was one of the founders of theMicrocirculation Society. He wrote the Society’s first setof Bylaws, and served as its President in 1965-1967. OnJune 12, 1980, he was honored with the Landis Award.In his acceptance speech he said, “My personal feelingsare lofted by the name attached to the award. EugeneLandis exemplifies both in his science and in hispersonality.” The same can be said of Sid Sobin, who, inscience and in personality, are the finest in ourprofession.

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membrane that is mechanically strong, sterilizableand can be made in large quantities is quiteremarkable.

Dr. Lim was always keenly interested in educationand he had strong opinions about how theteaching of chemistry should be more practicalthan it often is at present. Instead of standardtextbook solutions, he often came up with novelapproaches that were surprising for their simplic-ity. He was a very practical man. Although hehad over 80 scientific publications in technicaljournals, he authored over 150 patents, many ofwhich were technical landmarks.

Drahoslav was also a very modest man. Hespoke little of his own achievements. During hisyears at UCSD, many of us had the pleasure ofmeeting with him to discuss the technical sub-jects and a variety of other subjects. Thesediscussions revealed his wonderful humanity,appreciation for culture in the broadest sense,and positive outlook on life.

David Gough

materials to coincide with the requirements of thebody was a completely new way of thinking at thetime. It led to the use of new words such as“biocompatibility,” and made the way for research ofmany others in the field.

Dr. Lim came for an extended visit to the US in 1970and was appointed a visiting professor at Stanford,working with Professor Paul Florey. He was sooncontacted by Dr. Willem Kolff of the University ofUtah, who was a developer of the artificial heart, toaddress the problem of blood damage when it camein contact with the internal surfaces of the artificialheart. Dr. Lim was asked if his hydrogel coatingscould be developed to create a watery gel surfacecoating that would not damage blood. His variousrecommendations led to rapid advances in thesuccess of the artificial heart.

During several subsequent years, Drahoslav was notpublicly involved in science and spent much of hisenergy in negotiating with the Czechoslovakiancommunist government over the legal emigration ofhis family to the United States. The Communistgovernment then in power was not sympathetic withhis desire to leave and used the excuse that his workwas a “state secret” and had military importance.Instead of simply defecting, Drahoslav took a longand tortuous approach to legally wining his right toemigrate. This was one of the only times that nego-tiation with the Communist bureaucracy was actuallysuccessful, but it left Drahoslav with a healthy skepti-cism about the Communism, and slightly less soabout other governments.

At UCSD, Dr. Lim made a remarkable range of novelmembranes for implantable glucose sensors. Themembranes were made of biocompatible polymers,but he was able to impart of variety special propertiesby combining various polymers together. Individually,these are significant challenges, but to incorporate allof these features in desirable ratios and still have a

FULL PROFESSORSChien, Shu (Joint w/Medicine)Fung, Y.C. (Emeritus)Giles, Wayne (Joint w/Medicine)Gough, DavidHeller, Michael (Joint w/ECE)Intaglietta, Marcos (Joint w/Medicine)McCulloch, AndrewPalsson, Bernhard (Joint w/Medicine)Schmid-Schönbein, Geert (Joint w/Medicine)Subramaniam, Shankar (Joint w/Chem/Biochem)Sah, RobertWatson, John

ASSOCIATE PROFESSORSBhatia, Sangeeta (Joint w/Medicine)Sung, Amy

ASSISTANT PROFESSORSHasty, JeffHuang, XiaohuaHuber, GaryIdeker, TreySilva, Gabriel (Joint w/Ophthalmology)

ADJUNCT PROFESSORSAlbisser, MichaelBerns, MichaelBjursten, LarsCantor, CharlesGalas, DavidHugli, TonyJohnson, PaulLee, Jen-ShihMacKenna (Asst.)Ruoslahti, ErkkiTong, Pin

AFFILIATED FACULTYChau, Pao (MAE)Chien, Ken (Medicine)Covell, James (Medicine)Ellismen, Mark (Neuroscience)

Hoger, Anne (MAE)Kellner, Al (ECE)Lieber, Richard (Orthopaedic Surgery)Omens, Jeff (Medicine)Sung, Kuo-li Paul (Orthopaedic Surgery)Thomson, Scott (Medicine)Wagner, Peter (Medicine)West, John B. (Medicine)

LECTURERSCitron, PaulDobak, JohnKedrosky, PaulLutz, Michael

RESEARCH SCIENTISTUsami, Shunichi

ASSOCIATE RESEARCH SCIENTISTSBaker, Dale (Lecturer)Price, Jeffrey (Lecturer)Tsai, Amy G. (Lecturer)

ASSISTANT RESEARCH SCIENTISTSMihaylova, Anouchka P.Wang, Nanping

PROJECT SCIENTISTSChen, Peter C.Y. (Lecturer)Mikale, Milan T.

ASSOCIATE PROJECT SCIENTISTSHu, Ying-liHuang, WeiLi, Yi-shuanZhao, Yihua

ASSISTANT PROJECT SCIENTISTSChen, AlbertMiao, HuiUsyk, TarasVolfson, Dimitri

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D E P A R T M E N T O F B I O E N G I N E E R I N G A W A R D S A N D R E C O G N I T I O N

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MEDAL OF SCIENCE Y.C. Fung, 2000

U.S. ACADEMIESNATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERINGMember: Y.C. Fung, 1979; R. Skalak, 1988; S. Chien, 1997; J. Watson, 1998, P. Citron, 2003The Founders Award: Y.C. Fung, 1998

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCESMember: C. Cantor, 1988; Y.C. Fung, 1992; E. Ruoslahti, 1999

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCESenior Member: Y.C. Fung, 1991; Member: S. Chien, 1994; E. Ruoslahti, 2002

AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES C. Cantor, 1988; E. Ruoslahti, 1993; J.B. West, 2001

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERINGPresident: S. Chien, 2000-01Fellow: S. Chien, M. Ellisman, Y.C. Fung, D. Gough, G.W. J.S. Lee; G.W. Schmid-Schönbein, R. Skalak,S. Sobin, J. Watson, J.B. West, 1992; P. Citron, 1993; M. Intaglietta, 1994: A. McCulloch, 1998; J.A. Frangos,S. Subramaniam, 1999; M. Berns, 2000; B. Palsson, 2002Pierre Galletti Award: J. Watson, 2002; S. Chien, 2004

FOREIGN ACADEMIES AND NATIONAL AWARDSMember, Academia Sinica, Taiwan Y.C. Fung, 1966; S. Chien, 1976Soviet Union, Kiev, International Cancer ResearchTechnology Transfer Special Award M. Berns, 1977Finnish Academy of Sciences Member: E. Ruoslahti, 1989Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences Medal of Merit: R. Skalak, 1990Royal Society for Medicine of Ireland Member: M. Berns, 1991Academy of Sciences and Letters of the Royal Society of NorwayForeign Member: M. Berns, 1992; K.R. Chien, 2004Academy of Science of the People’s Republic of ChinaForeign Member: (Historic first class) Y.C. Fung, 1994Knight, Order of the White Rose of Finland E. Ruoslahti, 1994Russian Academy of Sciences Foreign Member: J.B. West, 1995Nobel Fellow, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm E. Ruoslahti, 1995National Health Medal, Department of Health, Taiwan, ROC S. Chien, 1998Medal of Merit, Order of Health “Dr. Humberto Fernandez Moran, Venezuela” M. Intaglietta, 2002

U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIESU.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE AND NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTHNIH Career Award S. Sobin, 1962-93PHS Special Fellow J.T. Watson, 1968-1971NIH Forgaty International Fellow P.C. Johnson, 1984National Cancer Institute Outstanding Investigator Award C. Cantor, 1985; E. Ruoslahti, 1986PHS Special Recognition Award J.T. Watson, 1986Jacob Javits Neuroscience Investigator Award M. Ellisman, 1989NIH Director's Award J.T. Watson, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002NIH BECON Recognition Award J.T. Watson, 2003

A W A R D S A N D R E C O G N I T I O N ( C O N T I N U E D )

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATIONPresidential Young Investigator A. Hoger, 1990; A. McCulloch, 1991Research Initiation & Young Investigator Awards R.L. Sah, 1993-99CAREER Award G. Huber: 2001-05; S. Bhatia, 2002-07; J. Hasty, 2003-08DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSEDOD Army Breast Cancer Research Program Innovator Award: E. Ruoslahti, 2002

U.S. PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIESAmerican Academy of Dermatology Leila Gruber Cancer Research Award: E. Ruoslahti, 1993American Academy of Mechanics President: Y.C. Fung, 1983-84, Fellow: R. Skalak, 1982American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Kappa Delta Award: R. Lieber, 1994American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow: C. Cantor, 1981; M. Berns 1983; P.C.Johnson, 1984; J.B. West, 1987American Association for Cancer Research G.H.A. Clowes Award: E. Ruoslahti, 1990American Association of Medical Instrumentation Laufman-Greatbatch Prize: J. Watson, 1995American College of Chest Physicians Presidential Citation: J.B. West, 1977; Distinguished Lecturer inPhysiology: P.D. Wagner, 1992American Bone and Joint Surgeons Nicolas Andry Award: R. Lieber, 2002American Fertility Society Ortho Pharmaceutical Lectureship: M. Berns, 1971American Heart Association Established Investigators Award: B.W. Zweifach, 1950-55; W. Giles, 1995-2003; Fellow: G.W. Schmid-Schönbein, 2001American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics AIAA Fellow: Y.C. Fung, 1969Jeffries Medical Research Award: J.B. West, 1992American Institute of Chemical Engineering Fellow: B. Palsson, 2002American Society for Artificial Internal Organs Hasting Lecture: J.T. Watson, 2004American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Herbert A. Sober Award: C. Cantor, 1990American Physiological Society President: J.B. West, 1985-86; S. Chien, 1990-91; Orr Reynolds Prizefor History: J.B. West, 1987; Ray Daggs Award: J.B. West, 1998; S. Chien, 1999; Carl Wiggers Award:B.W. Zweifach, 1993; P.C. Johnson, 1981; Walton B. Cannon Memorial Lecture: K.R. Chien, 1995; S.Chien, 2002; Edward F. Adolph Distinguished Lectureship Award: P.D. Wagner, 2002; Guyton Teacher ofthe Year Award: J.B. West, 2002American Society of Biomechanics Borrelli Award: Y.C. Fung, 1992American Society of Civil Engineering Fellow: R. Skalak, 1985; Theodore Von Karman Medal: Y.C.Fung, 1976; R. Skalak, 1987American Society of Mechanical Engineers Fellow: Y.C. Fung, 1979; R. Skalak, 1981; Lissner Awardfor Bioengineering: Y.C. Fung, 1976; R. Skalak, 1985; Centennial Service Medal: R. Skalak, 1980; Y.C.Fung, 1981; Worcester Reed Warner Medal: Y.C. Fung, 1984; Awards named after Y.C. Fung: “Y.C. FungYoung Investigator Award”, 1986; “Y.C. Fung Young Investigator Medal”, 1999; Y.C. Fung Young Investiga-tor Award: S. Bhatia, 2003; Timoshenko Medal: Y.C. Fung, 1991; Bioengineering Division Best PaperAward: S. Chien, C. Dong, G.W. Schmid-Schönbein, R. Skalak, & K.L.P. Sung, 1989; Y.C. Fung & S.Q. Liu,1993; A. McCulloch, 1998; Melville Medal: S. Chien, Dong, G.W. Schmid-Schönbein, R. Skalak, & K.L.P.Sung, 1991; Y.C. Fung & S.Q. Liu, 1993; S. Chien (with Y. Huang and S. Weinbaum of CCNY), 1996ASME International Honorary Membership: Y.C. Fung, 1996American Society of Professional Engineers DOT/RSPA Engineer of the Year: P. Tong, 1986American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons Simon Fredericks Award: M. Berns, 1982American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery President: M. Berns, 1987-88; William B. MarkAward: M. Berns, 1990American Thoracic Society Robert Grover Prize Pulmonary Circulation Assembly: P.D. Wagner, 2000;J. Burns Amberson Award: P.D. Wagner, 2001; Edward Livingston Trudeau Medal: J.B. West, 2002;President: P.D. Wagner, 2005-06

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Arthritis Foundation Hulda Irene Duggan Arthritis Investigator Award: R.L. Sah, 1993-1996Association of Lab Automation Award: S. Subramaniam, 2001Biomedical Engineering Society President: Y.C. Fung, 1982-83; R. Skalak, 1986-87; G.W. Schmid-Schönbein, 1991-92; J.S. Lee, 1994-95; ALZA Award: R. Skalak, 1983; Y.C. Fung, 1989; S. Chien, 1993;Whitaker Distinguished Lecture Award: M. Intaglietta, 1996, J.S. Lee, 1998; Lamport Award: K.L.P. Sung,1992; Outstanding Service Award: J.S. Lee, 1988; Distinguished Service Award: S. Chien, 2001; J.S. Lee,2002; Y.C. Fung, 2003; International Distinguished Lecture Award: M. Intaglietta, 2002Biomedical Society Jubilee Award: E. Ruoslahti, 2003Biophysical Society Talbot Award: R. Lieber, 1981; Fellow: C. Cantor, 1992; Emily M. Gray Award: C.Cantor, 2000; Chairs of Departments of Physiology Distinguished Service Award: P.C. Johnson, 2000;Chinese Institute of Engineers Pan Asian Lifetime Achievement Award: Y.C. Fung, 2004; Computerworld-Smithsonian Institution Pioneer Medal: D. Galas, 1999; Federation of American Societies for ExperimentalBiology: President, S. Chien, 1992-1993; Harvey Society Lecture: E. Ruoslahti, 1988; ISCO Award forAdvances in Biochemical Instrumentation: C. Cantor, 1989The Microcirculatory Society President: B.W. Zweifach 1960-61 & 1979-80; S. Sobin, 1965-67; P.C.Johnson, 1967-68; S. Chien, 1980-81; M. Intaglietta, 1985-86; G.W. Schmid-Schönbein, 2003-04; EugeneM. Landis Award: B.W. Zweifach, 1971; Y.C. Fung, 1975; P.C. Johnson, 1976; S. Sobin, 1980; S. Chien,1983;M. Intaglietta, 1999; Award named after B.W. Zweifach: “Benjamin Zweifach Award in Microcirculation”given at World Congresses of Microcirculation, 1982; Innovative Instrumentation Award: M. Intaglietta,1993; Curt Wiederhielm Award: G.W. Schmid-Schönbein and A. SweiOrthopaedic Reserach Society Kappa Delta (Ann Doner Vaughan) Award: R.L. Sah, 1993Reticuloendothelial Society President: B.W. Zweifach, 1965; Honorary Life Member: B.W. Zweifach,1985Smithsonian Foundation Citation for Innovation in Computing: S. Subramaniam, 1997Society of Engineering Sciences President: R. Skalak, 1982Society for Biomaterials C. William Hall Award: J.T. Watson, 2000

INTERNATIONAL PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIESGairdner Foundation International Award: E. Ruoslahti, 1997International Institute for Microcirculation Honorary President: B.W. Zweifach, 1983; DistinguishedFellow: P.C. Johnson, 1985International Society of Biorheology Poiseuille Medal: Y.C. Fung, 1986; R. Skalak, 1989; S. Chien,20023rd International Congress of Biorheology Chairmen: Y.C. Fung and B.W. Zweifach, 1978; 12th Interna-tional Congress of Biorheology Chair: S. Chien, 2005 (In conjunction with 5th International Congress ofClinicalHemorheology Chair: F. Liao)International Society of Biorheology and the International Society of Clinical HematologyEstablshment of “Chien-Fung Young Investigators Award” for the Chinese Association of Biorheology andChinese Society of Biophysics, 1995; First Awardee: H. Miao, 1995International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine Abbott Award: E. Ruoslahti,1995International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissues President: P.D. Wagner, 1992-93; Interna-tional Symposium on Blood Substitutes Award: M. Intaglietta, 1993; Young Investigator Award: A. Tsai,1993International Union of Physiological Sciences 35th International Congress of Physiological SciencesChair: S. Chien, 2005; Jacobaeus International Prize: E. Ruoslahti, 1998First World Congress of Biomechanics Chairman of the Steering Committee: Y.C. Fung, 1986-90.Congress Co-Chairmen: S. Chien and R. Skalak, 1990

World Congress for Microcirculation Second World Congress of Microcirculation Chairmen: Y.C. Fungand B.W. Zweifach, 1979; Fifth World Congress for Microcirculation Benjamin Zweifach Award: S. Chien,1991World Council for Biomechanics Chairman: Y.C. Fung, 1994-1998; Honorary Chair: Y.C. Fung, 1998-99Asian Conference on Microcirculation Gold Medal: B.W. Zweifach, 1993; S. Usami, 2000British Association for Cancer Research Walter Hubert Lecture: E. Ruoslahti, 1992British Microcirculatory Society Honorary Member: B.W. Zweifach, 1984; Claude Bernard Medal inPhysiology, Canada: B.W. Zweifach, 1964European Academy of Science Member: M. Intaglietta, 2001European Respiratory Society Presidential Award: P.D. Wagner, 2001European Society for Clinical Hemorheology The First Fåhraeus Medal in Clinical Hemorheology: S.Chien, 1981European Societies for Microcirculation Malpighi Gold Award: P. C. Chen, S. Kovalcheck, G.W.Schmid-Schönbein & B.W. Zweifach, 1980; M. Intaglietta, 1994; Lafon Award: G.W. Schmid-Schönbein,1994.European Societies for Phlebology Ratchow-Memorial Gold Medal: G.W. Schmid-Schönbein, 1999German Society of Clinical Chemistry Biochemical Analysis Prize: C. Cantor, 1988German Phlebological Society Honorary Member: A. Fronek, 1988Hungarian Physiological Society Honorary Member: P.C. Johnson, 1990Japan Society of Mechanical Engineering Bioengineering Award: Y.C. Fung, 1995Japanese Biochemical Society Honorary Member: C. Cantor, 2000

FOUNDATIONS AND OTHER PRIVATE SECTORSDavid Baltimore Whitehead Fellow T. Ideker, 2002Becton-Dickinson Career Achievement Award A. Albisser, 1981BioMEMS & Biomedical Nanotechnology Scientific Leadership Award: S. Bhatia, 2001BioMEMS & Biomedical Nanotechnology World Meeting Clinical Transition Award: D. Gough, 2002Bristol-Meyers Squibb/Zimmer Research Award: K.L.P. Sung, 1997Fulbright Fellow B. Palsson, 1995Genome Technology All Star Award: S. Subramaniam, 2002Guggenheim Fellow C. Cantor, 1973-74Humboldt Preiss Senior Scientist Award: M. Intaglietta, 1982-83Humboldt Fellow A. Fronek, 1988IVAC Award D. Gough, 1982Juvenile Diabetes Foundation W. F. Talbert Award: D. Gough, 1981; David Rumbough Award: A.Albisser, 1981; M. J. Kugel Award: D. Gough, 1996Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry: C. Cantor, 1978MIT Technology Review TR100 (100 most innovative young scientists): Bhatia, 2003David and Lucile Packard Fellow: S. Bhatia, 1999-2004Robert J. and Claire Pasarow Foundation Medical Research Award: E. Ruoslahti, 1991; K.R. Chien, 1996Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow: C. Cantor, 1969-71; J. Hasty, 2003-05Popular Science Magazine “Best of What’s New” Award: S. Bhatia, 2002San Diego Magazine “50 People to Watch in 2004”: S. Bhatia, 2004T Sector and BIOCOM Chief Scientist of the Year: C. Cantor, 2002Ernst Young Prize for Medicine, Hamburg, Germany: J.B. West, 1977

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1970Evan A. EvansElliot FlickerFrank C-P. Yin

1972Gerald J. KostJohn G. PintoJohn Silva

1973Yu-Liang H. ChenMichael R-T. Yen

1975Herbert H. LipowskyRobert R. MyersDonald L. Vawter

1976Stephen E. BordersAnthony D. FalcoLarry L. MalcomJoel M. PriceGeert W. Schmid-Schoenbein

1977William J. Vlymen

1978Peter Chen

1980Jeffrey L. BordersBruce M. FentonJohn K. LeypoldtPeter J. Talmachoff

1981Cheng-Jen ChuongPaul F. Zupkas

1982Dennis C. SchneiderLewis K. Waldman

1983Gary L. BoseckPeter M. BurkhardRobert J. SiefertAlbert C. Ting

1984Patrick A. ShoemakerThomas SkalakPius H-S. Tse

1985Steve A. JonesDeborah C. Yager

1986Patricia J. ConwayMitsumasa Matsuda

1987Jorge Barroso-ArandaNancy M. FrandsonJoseph Y. LucisanoSoheila MirhashemiTakaai NakagawaDonald W. SuttonTadashi TamuraHao Xue

1988Christopher J. ArmourJoseph L. HigginsJoseph M. HollisJoerg U. MeyerJeffrey H. OmensScott I. Simon

1989Sima ErtefaiMichelle C. MazzoniSima MehlbergBradley J. SargentAmy C. Tsai

1990Gregory R. CollinsJulius M. GuccioneGhassan S. KassabJye LeeShu Q. LiuJeffrey H. PriceJennifer S. Wayne

1991Gregory A. Breit

1992Dale A. BakerDirk-Uwe G. BartschJack C. DebesRonald J. PodhajskyEnrique SaldivarJianbo Zhou

1993Shouyan LeeKaren D. May NewmanEdward K. RodriquezJack M. RogersAndrea M. RourkeRobin ShandasDavid Tung

1994Deidre A. MackennaSandra L. Van Leuven

1995Wolfgang F. BluhmKevin CostaCatherine G. GalbraithJeffrey W. HolmesLaura Walsh

1996Janet C. HansenBrian P. HelmkeThomas IoergerDavid C. KarrAnn A. LeeFariborz MoazzamDarin SaltzmanYihua Zhao

1997Thomas J. BurkholderDavid R. CartaAlbert C.S. ChenJeffrey L. EmeryCynthia GibasSong LiMichael R. McCarthyKeihan RafiiRobert M. SchinaglAllen SweiMalini Viswanathan

1998Tabassum AhsanShila JalaliWilliam J. KarlonErik B. KistlerMing-Chao LinMichael E. MillerDaniel OblingerTina J. PatelAtipat RojnuckarinMohammad Sotoudeh

1999Walton W. BaxterTroy M. BremerDouglas G. ChangJeremy S. EdwardsKarl FrancisJin GangWilliam G. LindsleyReza MazhariGeorge PappasGregory C. SteinbachSonya R. SummerourFrederick J. VetterCamille J. Vogt

2000Jeff J. BishopCraig B. ClarkDarwin A. Farrow

Adam H. HsiehPin-Pin HsuJoe T. LinDennis LivesayTodd N. McAllisterChristophe H. SchillingRichard K. SuzukiSara M. Weis

2001Elliot B. BotvinickMiguel E. Bravo-ZanogueraTwana Howard DavissonMichael A. DimiccoYiping FanGeorge HunterMelissa S. KurtisLeslie McNeilJames SchnitzerDerrick Sung

2002Yiping FanKeith L. HerrmannSusanne HeynenMichael C. JableckiKelvin W. LiNathan L. McKnightSameer B. ShahCarlos J. VeraYingxiao WangAmanda K. Williamson

2003Joel R. BockMarkus W. CovertRoland R. KaunasIlka Lorenzen-SchmidtRampriya RamarathnamSharon J. Wiback

2004Jared AllenWon Chol BaeImandokht FamiliStephen FongEdgar GutierrezFeimo ShenValerie Liu Tsang

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