shti140 fm i

RESEARCH INTO SPINAL DEFORMITIES 6

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ISSN 0926-9630

Research into Spinal Deformities 6

Edited by

Peter H. Dangerfield

The University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital, Liverpool

and Staffordshire University, Stoke on Trent, UK

Amsterdam • Berlin • Oxford • Tokyo • Washington, DC

© 2008 The authors and IOS Press.

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Preface

The International Research Society for Spinal Deformities (IRSSD) was founded in

1994. The first concepts of forming the Society were raised by a group of researchers

who had first gathered in Vermont in 1980 to hold what subsequently became a series

of biennial meetings devoted to surface topography and deformity. At a meeting held in

1992 in Montreal, focussed on 3 dimensional interpretations of spinal deformities, dis-

cussions were held into whether a formal Society should be formed, and while debate

rejected this concept at the time, it was two years later at a meeting in Pescara, Italy

1994 that the IRSSD finally came into being.

The Society has its roots in mathematical modelling, biomechanics and medical re-

search and has always encouraged researchers to report their on-going projects in all

aspects of the spinal deformities associated with scoliosis and other spinal deformity

conditions. The biomechanical approach led to a better understanding of how the verte-

bral column behaves under stresses and how the surface shape related to the underlying

columnar deformity. Developments in imaging and electronics allowed researchers to

develop systems such as ISIS as a non-invasive method of recording back shape in out

patient clinics as well as a tool for researchers.

Biologically based studies were also reported. It was appreciated early on by the

membership that children with scoliosis have a range of growth disturbances associated

with a marked skeletal asymmetry. While the biological approach has enabled a con-

siderable amount of data to be amassed which relates to etiology and pathogenesis, no

actual breakthrough into fully understanding why the spinal column rotates and curves

to cause scoliosis has yet occurred.

The biennial meetings of the Society chart this research progress in each of the

volumes of proceedings, with some reports being final papers while others are progress

reports. This is a unique resource for the researcher, holding the key to many different

aspects of the problems of the spine. However, some authors choose not to submit to

the volumes as they are publishing elsewhere in peer-reviewed Journals, a trend which

is inevitably going to challenge the way conference proceedings are reported in the

future. There is therefore a challenge to the IRSSD to find an answer to this issue.

2008 could be viewed as a time of potentially exciting breakthroughs in our under-

standing of the deformity of scoliosis. The rapid advances in imaging technology will

allow better and more detailed images of the spine, both on its surface and deeper in-

ternally, using techniques such as Laser scanning, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and

ultrasound. There is little doubt these technologies are going to advance massively,

new ones will come into the hands of clinicians and researchers and a better under-

standing of the complex functional anatomy of the spine will be developed. This will

undoubtedly aid biomechanicians to model the spine and its function, under gravity and

movement, allowing new insight into progressions of curves and ways to surgically

control deformities.

However, it is probably the potential of biology and medical research which offer

the greatest opportunities to further our understanding. The incredible advances at the

molecular level, the expanding knowledge of genetics and the recent discoveries in the

field of neurophysiology offer for the first time real potential for unravelling the puz-

Research into Spinal Deformities 6P.H. Dangerfield (Ed.)IOS Press, 2008© 2008 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved.

v

zles of etiology. The discovery of molecular biochemical pathways, signalling agents,

hormones such as leptin, genetic markers and a greater appreciation of the role of the

nervous systems, both central, peripheral and autonomic, all indicate that the research

field could expand dramatically with new ideas and inputs from research workers in

fields outside the traditional ones devoted to the spine.

It is thus clear that to find a solution, we must build on these new developments

and look beyond the spine to the whole body to discover if its biological functions are

disturbed. A growing child is a dynamic environment internally, with rapid growth

changes reflected in adolescence and these are known to result in tall, thin and asym-

metrical children. These changes point to a whole body biological involvement. Re-

searchers must reflect on this totality since it must ultimately allow us to explain the

etiology and pathology of what are probably going to prove to be secondary events

manifest as spinal curvatures.

These are exciting times and I hope the participants in the Liverpool meeting in

2008 will look back on it as a watershed in our understanding of the spinal deformities.

Let’s hope this is true, since a therapeutic intervention must surely be better than sur-

gery or external bracing from the purely psychological, if not cosmetic, view of a

growing child.

I would like to thanks all participants and authors for submitting their work to the

meeting and to my colleagues Professor Nachi Chockalingam, Mr. Ashley Cole and

Mr. El-Nasri Ahmed, for their help and support and to our sponsors who supported the

meeting in Liverpool, European Capital of Culture 2008.

Peter Dangerfield

Liverpool, UK

April 2008

vi

Contents

Preface v

Peter Dangerfield

Chapter 1. Genetics

Cytogenic Abnormalities in Buccal Cells During Spinal Deformities in Children 3

M.Y. Karganov, M.I. Kozhevnikva, A.V. Aleschenko, N.N. Khlebnikova, I.B. Alchinova, I.I. Pelevina, A.M. Serebranyi, K.S. Ternovoy and L.A. Noskin

Chapter 2. Growth

Body Mass Index of Girls in Health Influences Menarche and Skeletal Maturation:

A Leptin-Sympathetic Nervous System Focus on the Trunk with Hypothalamic

Asymmetric Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis? 9

R.G. Burwell, R.K. Aujla, A.S. Kirby, P.H. Dangerfield, A. Moulton, A.A. Cole, F.J. Polak, R.K. Pratt and J.K. Webb

Volumetric Thoracic Growth in Children with Moderate and Severe Scoliosis

Compared to Subjects Without Spinal Deformity 22

Y.P. Charles, A. Dimeglio, M. Marcoul, J.-F. Bourgin, A. Marcoul and M.-C. Bozonnat

Back Trunk Morphology in 3301 Children Aged 3–9 Years Old 29

T.B. Grivas, E.S. Vasiliadis, C. Mihas, C. Maziotou and G. Triandafyllopoulos The Role of the Intervertebral Disc in Correction of Scoliotic Curves.

A Theoretical Model of Idiopathic Scoliosis Pathogenesis 33

T.B. Grivas, E.S. Vasiliadis, G. Rodopoulos and N. Bardakos Ultrasound Femoral Anteversion (FAV) Relative to Tibial Torsion (TT) is

Abnormal After School Screening for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS):

Evaluation by Two Methods 37

R.G. Burwell, R.K. Aujla, A.S. Kirby, A. Moulton, P.H. Dangerfield, B.J.C. Freeman, A.A. Cole, F.J. Polak, R.K. Pratt and J.K. Webb

Risser Sign: The Value of the Lateral Spinal Radiograph to Assess the Excursion

of the Iliac Apophysis 44

T. Kotwicki Stature and Growth Compensation for Spinal Curvature 48

I.A.F. Stokes Clinical Detectable Tension in the Growing Body: New and Revisited Signs in

Clinical Examination in Children with Postural Problems and Spinal Deformities 52

P.J.M. van Loon

Chapter 3. Biomechanics, Surface Topography and Imaging

Quantification of Intervertebral Efforts During Walking: Comparison Between a

Healthy and a Scoliotic Subject 61

M. Raison, C.-É. Aubin, C. Detrembleur, P. Fisette and J.-C. Samin

vii

Measuring the Rib Hump in Scoliosis with ISIS2 65

F. Berryman, P. Pynsent and J. Fairbank Thoracic Kyphosis Angle Measurements with ISIS2 68

F. Berryman, P. Pynsent and J. Fairbank Sagittal Alignment Correction of the Thoracolumbar Junction in Idiopathic

Scoliosis by in Situ Bending Technique 72

Y.P. Charles, N. Meyer and J.-P. Steib A 3-D Skeleton Model & SEMG Approach for Integrated Neck and Low Back

Pain Analysis Test Batteries 79

M. D’Amico, G. D’Amico, M. Frascarello, M. Paniccia, P. Roncoletta and M. Vallasciani

Analysis of the Mechanisms of Idiopathic Scoliosis Progression Using Finite

Element Simulation 85

X. Drevelle, J. Dubousset, Y. Lafon, E. Ebermeyer and W. Skalli The Relationship Between Hip Flexion/Extension and the Sagittal Curves of

the Spine 90

C. Driscoll, C.-E. Aubin, H. Labelle and J. Dansereau Constrained Intensity-Based Image Registration: Application to Aligning Human

Back Images 96

A.S. Elsafi, N.G. Durdle and J.V. Raso Ergonomically Designed Kneeling Chairs Are They Worth It?: Comparison of

Sagittal Lumbar Curvature in Two Different Seating Postures 103

J. Bettany-Saltikov, J. Warren and M. Jobson Faulty Posture and Style of Life in Young Adults 107

A. Czakwari, K. Czernicki and J. Durmala Finite Element Modeling of Vertebral Body Stapling Applied for the Correction

of Idiopathic Scoliosis: Preliminary Results 111

N.M. Lalonde, C.-É. Aubin, R. Pannetier and I. Villemure Influence of Correction Objectives on the Optimal Scoliosis Instrumentation

Strategy: A Preliminary Study 116

Y. Majdouline, C.-É. Aubin and H. Labelle Development of an Apparatus to Evaluate Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis by

Dynamic Surface Topography 121

T.M.L. Shannon Biomechanical Modelling of a Direct Vertebral Translation Instrumentation

System: Preliminary Results 128

X. Wang, C.-É. Aubin, H. Labelle and D. Crandall SpineCor vs. Natural History – Explanation of the Results Obtained Using

a Simple Biomechanical Model 133

H.-R. Weiss Comparison of the Kyphosis Angle Evaluated by Video Rasterstereography

(VRS) with X-Ray Measurements 137

H.-R. Weiss and N. Elobeidi Postural Changes in Patients with Scoliosis in Different Postural Positions

Revealed by Surface Topography 140

K. Schumann, I. Püschel, A. Maier-Hennes and H.-R. Weiss Quantification of Localized Vertebral Deformities Using a Sparse Wavelet-Based

Shape Model 144

R. Zewail, A. Elsafi and N. Durdle

viii

Computer-Assisted Cobb Angle Measurement on Posteroanterior Radiographs 151

J. Zhang, E. Lou, L.H. Le, D. Hill, J. Raso and Y. Wang New Method of Scoliosis Deformity Assessment: ISIS2 System 157

A. Zubović, N. Davies, F. Berryman, P. Pynsent, N. Quraishi, C. Lavy, G. Bowden, J. Wilson-MacDonald and J. Fairbank

A Novel Solution for Registration of Stereo Digital Torso Images of Scoliosis

Patients 161

A. Kumar, N. Durdle and J. Raso Marker Placement for Movement Analysis in Scoliotic Patients: A Critical

Analysis of Existing Systems 166

N. Chockalingam, T.L. Chevalier, M.K. Young and P.H. Dangerfield The Central Cord-Nervous Roots Complex and the Formation and Deformation

of the Spine; The Scientific Work on Systematic Body Growth by Milan Roth of

Brno (1926–2006) 170

P.J.M. van Loon and L.W. van Rhijn

Chapter 4. Etiology

Leg-Arm Length Ratios Correlate with Severity of Apical Vertebral Rotation in

Girls After School Screening for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS):

A Dynamic Pathomechanism in the Initiation of the Deformity? 189

R.G. Burwell, R.K. Aujla, A.S. Kirby, P.H. Dangerfield, A. Moulton, B.J.C. Freeman, A.A. Cole, F.J. Polak, R.K. Pratt and J.K. Webb

New Clinical Observations Connected with “Biomechanical Aetiology of so

Called Idiopathic Scoliosis” (2006–2007) 194

T. Karski Etiologic Theories of Idiopathic Scoliosis: Autonomic Nervous System and the

Leptin-Sympathetic Nervous System Concept for the Pathogenesis of Adolescent

Idiopathic Scoliosis 197

R.G. Burwell, P.H. Dangerfield, A. Moulton and S.I. Anderson Etiologic Theories of Idiopathic Scoliosis. Somatic Nervous System and

the NOTOM Escalator Concept as One Component in the Pathogenesis of

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis 208

R.G. Burwell, P.H. Dangerfield and B.J.C. Freeman

Chapter 5. Screening and Prevention of Scoliosis

Carrying a Rucksack on Either Shoulder or the Back, Does It Matter? Load

Induced Functional Scoliosis in “Normal” Young Subjects 221

J. Bettany-Saltikov, J. Warren and M. Stamp Ultrasound Femoral Anteversion (FAV) and Tibial Torsion (TT) After School

Screening for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) 225

R.G. Burwell, R.K. Aujla, A.S. Kirby, A. Moulton, P.H. Dangerfield, B.J.C. Freeman, A.A. Cole, F.J. Polak, R.K. Pratt and J.K. Webb

Positional Relationship Between Leg Rotation and Lumbar Spine During Quiet

Standing 231

N. Parker, A. Greenhalgh, N. Chockalingam and P.H. Dangerfield

ix

Aetiology of Idiopathic Scoliosis. What Have We Learned from School

Screening? 240

T.B. Grivas, E.S. Vasiliadis and G. Rodopoulos Suggestions for Improvement of School Screening for Idiopathic Scoliosis 245

T.B. Grivas, E.S. Vasiliadis and J.P. O’Brien Can Future Back Pain in AIS Subjects Be Predicted During Adolescence from

the Severity of the Deformity? 249

D. Hill, E. Parent, E. Lou and J. Mahood A Machine Learning Approach to Assess Changes in Scoliosis 254

L. Ramirez, N.G. Durdle and V.J. Raso

Chapter 6. Mathematical Modelling

The Posterior Skeletal Thorax: Rib-Vertebral Angle and Axial Vertebral Rotation

Asymmetries in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis 263

R.G. Burwell, R.K. Aujla, B.J.C. Freeman, P.H. Dangerfield, A.A. Cole, A.S. Kirby, F.J. Polak, R.K. Pratt and A. Moulton

Prediction of the T2-T12 Kyphosis in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Using

a Multivariate Regression Model 269

S. Kadoury, F. Cheriet and H. Labelle Intervertebral Disc Changes in an Animal Model Representing Altered

Mechanics in Scoliosis 273

I.A.F. Stokes, C.A. McBride and D.D. Aronsson

Chapter 7. Education

Knowledge About Idiopathic Scoliosis Among Students of Physiotherapy 281

D. Ciazynski, K. Czernicki and J. Durmala

Chapter 8. Treatment of Scoliosis

Thoracoplasty in the Surgical Treatment of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis 289

T. Greggi, G. Bakaloudis, F. Lolli, M. Di Silvestre, A. Cioni, S. Giacomini, G. Barbanti Brodano, F. Vommaro, K. Martikos and P. Parisini

Preliminary Validation of Curve Progression Model for Brace Treatment 294

E. Lou, D. Hill, E. Parent, J. Raso, J. Mahood, M. Moreau and D. Hedden BRACE MAP, a Proposal for a New Classification of Braces 299

S. Negrini, F. Zaina and S. Atanasio Clinical and Postural Behaviour of Scoliosis During Daily Brace Weaning Hours 303

S. Negrini, C. Fusco, M. Romano, F. Zaina and S. Atanasio Do Imbalance Situations Stimulate a Spinal Straightening Reflex in Patient with

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis? 307

M. Romano, V. Ziliani, S. Atanasio, F. Zaina and S. Negrini Congenital Scoliosis – Presentation of Three Severe Cases Treated

Conservatively 310

H.-R. Weiss Conservative Scoliosis Treatment in Patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome 314

H.-R. Weiss and S. Bohr

x

Chapter 9. Abstracts

FBN3 Gene Polymorphisms in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients 321

Xing-bing Cao, Yong Qiu, Xu-sheng Qiu, Zhi-jun Chen, Hai-ou Chen and Wen-jun Chen

Investigation on the Association Between Estrogen β Receptor Gene

Polymorphisms and the Susceptibility of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis 322

Hai-ou Chen, Zhi-jun Chen, Yong Qiu, Xu-sheng Qiu, Xing-bing Cao, Zhen Liu and Wei-guo Li

Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms: No Association with Low Bone

Mineral Density in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Girls 323

Wen-Jun Chen, Yong Qiu, Xing-Bing Cao, Xu-Sheng Qiu, Zhi-Jun Chen and Hai-Ou Chen

Expression and Significance of Sox9 in Chondrocyte Cells from Adolescent

Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients 324

A. Huang, Y. Qiu and G. Sun Promoter Polymorphism of Matrilin-1 Gene (MATN1) Is Associated with

Susceptibility to Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Case-Control Study 325

Y. Qiu, Z. Chen, N.L.-S. Tang and J.C.-Y. Cheng Left-Right Asymmetry Gene Expression Domains Are Reversed in Adolescent


A. Moreau, B. Azeddine, D.S. Wang, H. Labelle, B. Poitras, C.-H. Rivard, G. Grimard, J. Ouellet and S. Parent

SNPs Analysis of CHD7 Gene and Idiopathic Scoliosis (IS) in Chinese 327

N.L. Tang, H.Y. Yeung, H. Fan, R. Kwok, V.W. Hung, K.M. Lee, T.P. Lam, B.W. Ng, Y. Qiu and J.C. Cheng

Collagen I Alpha 2 Gene Polymorphism Association Study in Adolescent


H.Y. Yeung, N.L. Tang, V.W.Y. Hung, R. Kwok, K.M. Lee, L. Qin, B.K.W. Ng and J.C.Y. Cheng

A Genetic Model for Studying the Etiopathogenesis of Late-Onset Idiopathic

Scoliosis 330

N.L.S. Tang, H.Y. Yeung, K.M. Lee, X. Qiu, Y. Qiu and J.C.Y. Cheng Physical Exercises and Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Results of

a Comprehensive Systematic Review of the Literature 331

M. Romano, C. Fusco, S. Minozzi, S. Atanasio, F. Zaina and S. Negrini Identification of SRS 22r Domains Using Factor Analysis Methodology 332

D.C. Burton, S.M. Lai and M.A. Asher Variations of Semicircular Canals Orientation and Left-Right Asymmetry in

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) Comparing with Normal Controls:

MR Morphometry Study Using Advanced Image Computation Techniques 333

W.C.W. Chu, L. Shi, D. Wang, T. Paus, R.G. Burwell, G.C.W. Man, A. Cheng, H.Y. Yeung, K.M. Lee, P.A. Heng and J.C.Y. Cheng

The SRS Outcome Questionnaire Can Discriminate Between Patients with

Spondylolisthesis and Normal Healthy Adolescents 334

S. Parent, J. Joncas, M. Roy-Beaudry, M. Beausejour, G. Grimard, M. Forcier and H. Labelle

xi

The Use of a Decision Tree Increases Accuracy when Classifying Adolescent

Idiopathic Scoliosis Using Lenke Classification 335

P. Phan, N. Mezghani, S. Parent, J.A. de Guise and H. Labelle Are There Sub-Types in Lenke-1 Curves? 336

A.P. Sangole, C.-E. Aubin, I.A.S. Stokes and H. Labelle Posterior Instrumented Scoliosis Correction in Thoracic Late Onset Idiopathic

Scoliosis: Two Year Results 337

A.A. Cole, S.A. Qaimkhani, S. Sharma, B. Naylor, C. Hughes, L.M. Breakwell and D.L. Douglas

Can Surgical Reduction Correct Spino-Pelvic Alignment in L5-S1 Developmental

Spondylolisthesis? 338

H. Labelle, P. Roussouly, D. Chopin, E. Berthonnaud, T. Hresko and M. O’Brien

The Relationship Between Pelvic Balance and a Dome-Shaped Sacrum in

Developmental Spondylolisthesis 339

H. Labelle, P. Roussouly, É. Berthonnaud, S. Hu and C. Brown A Historical and Observational Study to Expose Some Etiopathogenetic Factors

that May Be Relevant to Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) in Some Patients 340

M.E. McMaster French-Canadian Validation of the Spinal Appearance Questionnaire (SAQ) in

the Adolescent Patients at a Scoliosis Clinic and Its Clinical Application 341

S. Parent, M. Roy-Beaudry, J. Joncas, M. Beauséjour, M. Forcier, S. Bekhiche, G. Grimard and H. Labelle

An Energy-Based Mechanobiological Growth Model for Simulating Vertebral

Progressive Deformities Under Multi-Direction Loads 342

H. Lin, C.-É. Aubin, I. Villemure and S. Parent US and European Risser Grading Systems: Which One Best Predict the Curve

Acceleration Phase in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis? 343

M.L. Nault, S. Parent, H. Labelle, M. Roy-Beaudry and M. Rivard Decreased Lean Mass in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis 344

Weiguo Li and Yong Qiu The Relationship Between RANKL/OPG and the Decreased Bone Mass in

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients 345

Z. Liu, Y. Qiu, B. Wang, W. Ma, F. Zhu, Z. Zhu, Y. Yu and B. Qian Association Between Growth Hormone Gene and Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis 346

Xu-Sheng Qiu, Nelson Leung-Sang Tang, Hiu-Yen Yeung, Jack Chun-Yiu Cheng and Yong Qiu

Expression of Melatonin Receptor in Chondrocyte of Adolescent Idiopathic

Scoliosis 347

Guangquan Sun, Weijun Wang, Aibing Huang, Jack Chun-Yiu Cheng and Yong Qiu

mRNA Expressions of Type I Collagen, Osteocalcin and Osteoprotegerin in Iliac

Cancellous Bone from Girls with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis 348

Xu Sun, Yong Qiu, Weiguo Li, Bin Wang, Weiwei Ma, Feng Zhu, Zezhang Zhu, Yang Yu and Bangping Qian

Expression of Runx2 and Type X Collagen in Human Vertebral Growth Plate of


Shoufeng Wang, Yong Qiu, Weiguo Li, Bin Wang, Weiwei Ma, Feng Zhu, Zezhang Zhu, Yang Yu and Bangping Qian

xii

Is Corticospinal Tract Organization Different in Idiopathic Scoliosis? 350

D. Mihaila and B. Calancie Effects of in vivo Mechanical Loading on Extracellular Matrix Components of

the Growth Plate 351

M. Cancel, I. Villemure, F. Moldovan and G. Grimard Transverse Plane Pelvic Rotation Following Rotationally Corrective

Instrumentation of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Double Curves 352

M.A. Asher, D.C. Burton, S.M. Lai, J.L. Gum and B. Carlson A Multivariate Regression Model for Predicting the T2-T12 Kyphosis in


S. Kadoury, F. Cheriet and H. Labelle Poor Bone Mechanical and Structural Properties in 528 AIS Patients – Using

Non-Invasive Quantitative Ultrasound 354

V.W.Y. Hung, L. Qin, H.Y. Yeung, W.T.K. Lee, K.M. Lee and J.C.Y. Cheng The Effect on the Intervertebral Pressure Distribution in a Goat Spine upon

Implementation of a Spring-Like Device 355

X.C. Liu, R. Rizza, J. Thometz, C. Tassone and R. Lyon Stress Shielding Within the Scoliotic Spine: A Progressive Risk Factor? 356

M. Driscoll, C.-É. Aubin, S. Parent and A. Moreau Suspension Is Better than Side-Bending to Assess Spinal Flexibility in


M.-E. Lamarre, S. Parent, H. Labelle, C.-E. Aubin, J. Joncas and Y. Petit Classification of Scoliosis Deformity 3-D Spinal Shape by Cluster Analysis 358

Ian A.F. Stokes, Archana P. Sangole and Carl-Eric Aubin Alteration of Mobility and Trunk Muscle Activation During Walking and

Bending in AIS Patients with Posterior Fusion 359

C. Tassone, X.C. Liu, T. Jones, J. Thometz and R. Lyon Three-Dimensional MRI Analysis of the Skull Morphometry in Adolescent

Idiopathic Scoliosis Girls: A Pilot Study 360

H.Y. Yeung, L. Shi, W.C.W. Chu, C.W. Man, T.H. Cheng, V.W.Y. Hung, K.M. Lee, P.A. Heng, B.K.W. Ng and J.C.Y. Cheng

Enhancement of Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound on Spinal Fusion Augmented

with Stem Cell-Bioceramic Composite 361

Chun Wai Chan, Celine F.F. Hui, Wei Man Pan, Kwong Man Lee, Ling Qin, Yun Yu Hu, Kwok Sui Leung and Jack C.Y. Cheng

A New System for Classifying Torso Deformities in Scoliosis Using Localized

Shape Indices 362

P.O. Ajemba, N.G. Durdle and V.J. Raso A Novel Visualization Scheme for Monitoring and Tracking of Torso

Deformities in Scoliosis 363

P.O. Ajemba, N.G. Durdle and V.J. Raso Analysis of Trunk External Asymmetry in Side-Bending 364

Valérie Pazos, Fethia Miled, Philippe Debanné, Hubert Labelle and Farida Cheriet

Sagittal Spino-Pelvic Alignment in Lumbosacral Spondylolisthesis 365

Jean-Marc Mac-Thiong, Zhi Wang, Jacques A. de Guise and Hubert Labelle

xiii

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Flow Dynamics at the Craniocervical Junction

in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Morphological and Functional Study with

Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging 366

W.C.W. Chu, G.C.W. Man, W.W.M. Lam, H.Y. Yeung, B.K.W. Ng, T.P. Lam, K.M. Lee and J.C.Y. Cheng

Is There Any Regional Difference of Brain Tissue Densities Between Adolescent

Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) Patients and Normal Controls: A Morphometric Study

with High Resolution MR Brain Imaging 367 W.C.W. Chu, L. Shi, D. Wang, T. Paus, A. Pitiot, R.G. Burwell, G.C.W. Man, A. Cheng, H.Y. Yeung, K.M. Lee, P.A. Heng, B. Freeman and J.C.Y. Cheng

A Significant Number of Patients with AIS Exhibit Transverse Plane Pelvis

Deformation 368

J.E. Meunier, C.-E. Aubin, H. Labelle, A. Sangole, R. Jackson, L. Lenke and P. Newton

Reducing Radiation Exposure for Scoliosis 369

S. Parent, S. Deschênes, G. Charron, G. Beaudoin, M.-C. Miron, J. Dubois and H. Labelle

Abnormal Proliferative Response of Chondrocytes to Melatonin in Girls with


Wei-Jun Wang, Hiu-Yan Yeung, Chi-Wai Man, Kwong-Man Lee, Kin-Wah Ng, Yong Qiu and Jack Chun Yiu Cheng

Normal Expression of Melatonin Receptors (MT1, MT2) in BMSCs from

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients and Its Significance 371

Haibo Li, Weijun Wang, Guangquan Sun, Jack Chun-Yiu Cheng and Yong Qiu

Elevated Plasma Factor P Is Involved in Idiopathic Scoliosis Onset and Curve

Progression 372

A. Moreau, A. Franco, B. Azeddine, P.H. Rompré, I. Turgeon, K.M. Bagnall, B. Poitras, H. Labelle, C.-H. Rivard, G. Grimard, J. Ouellet, S. Parent, G. Larouche and G. Lacroix

The Effect of Melatonin on Proliferation and Differentiation of Osteoblasts in

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis vs Normal Control 373

G.C.W. Man, Y.H. Yeung, W.J. Wang, K.M. Lee, B.K.W. Ng, W.Y. Hung, Y. Qiu and J.C.Y. Cheng

A Randomized Controlled Trial on Treatment Outcome and Patient’s Acceptance

of the SpineCor vs Rigid Bracing System for AIS Girls 374

T.P. Lam, M.S. Wong, B.K.W. Ng, S.W. Sin, R.H.K. Kwok, W.T.K. Lee, S.L.F. Shum, D.H.K. Chow and J.C.Y. Cheng

Is Full Torso Imaging for the Assessment of Torso Deformity in Scoliosis Worth

Its Cost? 375

P.O. Ajemba, N.G. Durdle and V.J. Raso Importance of the Immediate Correction for the Effectiveness of Brace Treatment

in AIS 376

J. Clin, C.-É. Aubin, S. Parent and H. Labelle

Subject Index 377

Author Index 381

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