sht medical terminology (190908)

7/30/2019 SHT Medical Terminology (190908)

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Medical terminology(Peristilahan Dalam Bidang Kedokteran)

Siti Hildani Thaib

Dept. of Medical Biology and Andrology

Faculty of Medicine Sriwijaya University


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LEARNING OBJECTIVES(Tujuan Pembelajaran)

To understand (Untuk memahami) :

Definition of Medical Terminology (MT)(Definisi MT)

The basic concept of MT (Konsep dasar MT)

The systematical rules of MT (Aturan sistimatikal MT)

How spell and write the words of MT (Caramengeja dan menulis kata-kata MT)


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LEARNING CONTENTS(Materi Pembelajaran)

Definition of Medical Terminology

(MT) (Definisi MT)

The basIc concept of words used inMT (Konsep dasar kata-kata yang digunakan dalamMT)

The rules of build a word in MT(Aturan dalam membuat sebuah kata dalam MT)

Spell and write words of MT(Mengeja dan menulis kata-kata MT)


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DEFINITION(Definisi)

Medical terminology is a vocabulary for

accurately describing the human body and

associated components, conditions,

processes and procedures in a science-

based manner.(Peristilahan dalam bidang kedokteran adalah perbendaharaan kata-kata

untuk menjelaskan secara tepat tubuh manusia dan bagian-bagiannya,kondisi, prosesdan prosedur yang berbasis sains.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body


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Concepts of Medical Terminology

Special vocabulary used by health care

professionals for effective and accurate

communication

Consistent and uniform throughout the world

Most medical terms are based on Latin and

Greek words A few are adapted from modern languages


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Four Parts

Word Root the word part that is the core of the word

Suffix

a word part attached to the end of the word root tomodify its meaning

Prefix a word part attached to the beginning of a word root to

modify its meaning Combining Vowel

a word part, usually an O


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Word Root

The word root is the word part that is the

core of the word

Fundamental unit of each medical word

Establishes basic meaning of word

It cannot stand alone a suffix must be

added. Part to which prefixes and suffixes are

added


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Word Root(contd)


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Word Root(contd)

Begin with learn

Learn + -er= one who learns

Re + learn = to learn again Greek word for heart is kardia

Forms word root cardi

Latin word for lung ispulmo Forms word rootpulm


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Word Root(contd)

Word Roots Indicating Color

Cyanosis

Cyan/o ( blue color of skin caused by lack of O2 ) + osis

(condition) Erythrocytes

erythr/o (red) + cytes (cells)

Poliomyelitis

Polio (gray) + myel (spinal cord) + itis (inflammation)

Melanocytes

Melano/o (black) + cytes (cells)


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Suffixes


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Suffixes

Suffix = word ending that modifies a root

Modifies the meaning of the root

May indicate a noun or adjective Usually indicates

procedure,

condition, disorder, or

disease.


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Suffixes(contd)

Tonsill/o means tonsils.

A suffix completes the word and tells what is

happening to the tonsils.

Tonsillitis.

tonsill (tonsil) + itis (inflammation). Tonsillectomy

tonsill (tonsil) + ectomy (surgical removal).


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Suffixes(contd)

Some suffixes change the word root into an

adjective.

Cardiac

cardi/o (heart) + ac (pertaining to).

Some suffixes change the word root into a

noun.

Cranium

crani (skull) + um (noun ending).


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Suffixes(contd)

Suffixes Meaning Abnormal Condition

osis means an abnormal condition or disease

Gastrosis means any disease of the stomach


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Suffixes(contd)

Suffixes Related to Pathology

algia means pain

Gastralgia

dynia means pain

Gastrodynia

itis means inflammation

Gastritis

malacia means abnormal softening

Arteriomalacia


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Suffixes(contd)

Suffixes Related to Pathology

Megaly means enlargement

Hepatomegaly

Necrosis means tissue death

Arterionecrosis

Sclerosis means abnormal hardening

Arteriosclerosis

Stenosis means abnormal narrowing

Arteriostenosis


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Suffixes(contd)

Suffixes Related to Procedures

centesis surgical puncture to remove fluid

Abdominocentesis

ectomy surgical removal

Appendectomy


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Suffixes(contd)

Suffixes Related to Procedures

graphy means the process of recording a

picture or record

Arteriography

gram - a record or picture

Arteriogram


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Suffixes(contd)

The Double RRs

rrhage andrrhagia mean abnormal excessivefluid discharge or bleeding

Hemorrhage rrhaphy to stitch

Aneurysmorraphy

rrhea abnormal flow or discharge Diarrhea

rrhexis rupture myorrexis


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Words Ending inx

Changexto corgwhen adding a suffix

Pharynx(throat) becomespharyngeal(fa-RIN-

je-al) (pertaining to the throat)

Thorax(chest) becomes thoracotomy(thor-a-

KOT-o-me) (an incision into the chest)


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Suffixes(contd)

Look-alike Sound-alike Terms and Word

Parts

Arteri/o = artery

Ather/o = plaque or fatty substance

Arthr/o = joint


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Suffixes(contd)


Parts

Ileum = part of small intestine

Ilium = part of the hip bone


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Suffixes(contd)


Parts

Mucous adjective that describes specialized

mucous membranes that line the body cavities.

Mucus a noun and the name of the substance

secreted by the mucous membranes.


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Adjective Suffixes

Adjective endings meaning pertaining to or

resembling include:

-ac as in cardiac

-form as in muciform

-oryas in respiratory

No rules for which ending to use with a

given noun


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Forming Plurals

Special plural forms

Words ending in a carry plural endingae:

Gingiva vs. gingivae

Words ending inis carry plural endinges:

Diagnosis vs. diagnoses


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Some Exceptions to the Rules

Plural ofvirus is viruses

Plural ofserums is sera

Plural ofcarcinoma is carcinomata


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Prefixes


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Prefixes

Prefix = short word part added before a

word root to modify the meaning

Uni- (one) + lateral= unilateral(affecting or

involving one side)

Contra- (against) + lateral= contralateral

(opposite side)


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Prefixes (contd)

Prefixes usually indicate location, time or

number.

Natal means pertaining to(al) + birth (nat).

Prenatal means time & events before birth.

Perinatal means time and events just before,

during, & after birth.

Postnatal means time & event after birth.


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Prefixes for Numbers

Mono = 1; Uni = 1

Bi = 2 Di = 2

Tri = 3

Quad = 4

Nulli = none

Hemi = half

Multi = many

Poly = many Semi = partial or half


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Prefixes for Numbers

Prim/i- = first

primitive (occurring first in time)

Bi-= two, twice bicuspid (a tooth with two points)

Tetra- = four

tetrahedron (a figure with four surfaces)


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Prefixes for Colors

Cyan/o- = blue

cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin due to

lack of oxygen)

Leuk/o-= white, colorless

leukoplakia (white patches in the mouth)

Xanth/o- = yellow

xanthodermia (yellow discoloration of the skin)


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Negative Prefixes

A-, an- = not; without

aseptic (free of infectious organisms)

Dis-= absence, removal, separation dissect (to separate tissues for anatomical

study)

Non- = not

noninfectious (not able to spread disease)


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Prefixes for Direction

Ad- = toward; near

adhere (to attach or stick together)

Per-= through percutaneous (through the skin)

Trans-= through

transfusion (introduction of blood or bloodcomponents into the blood stream)


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Prefixes for Degree

Hyper- = over, excess, abnormally high

hyperventilation (excess breathing)

Hypo-= under; below hypoxia (decreased oxygen in the tissues)

Super- = above, excess

supernumerary (in excess number)


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Prefixes for Size and Comparison

Iso- = equal, same

isograft (graft between two genetically identical

individuals)

Micro-= small

microscopic (extremely small; visible only

through a microscope)

Re- = again; back

regurgitation (backward or return flow)


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Prefixes for Time and/or Position

Ante- = before

antenatal (before birth)

Pro-= before, in front of prodrome (symptom that precedes a disease)

Post- = after, behind

postmenopausal (after menopause)


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Combining Form


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Combining Form


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Combining Form (contd)

Combining Vowel It is usually an o

It is between two root words

It can be between a root word and a suffix It eases pronunciation

When combining a word root and a suffix, if suffixbegins with vowel a combining vowel is not necessary.For example gastr/ectomy.

When connecting two root words the o is used even ifthe second root begins with a vowel, example:gastroenteritis.


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Insert an o before a suffix beginning with a

consonant when added to a root

-logy= study of

Neur= nerve or nervous system

Neur + o + logy = neurology (study of the

nervous system)


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Roots shown with a combining vowel are

called combining forms

Vowels added after a slash

Called roots

Neur/o

Combining vowel omitted if suffix begins

with a vowel Neur + it is = neuritis (inflammation of a nerve)


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Word Derivations

Most word parts derived from Greek (G) and

Latin (L)

Muscle is Latin for mouse

Coccyx named for the cuckoos bill


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Pronunciation

Use phonetic pronunciations provided

Repeat words aloud

Pronunciations may change when parts arecombined


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Pronunciation (cont)

Vowels with no pronunciation marks getshort pronunciation

a as in hat

Short line over vowel gives it longpronunciation

a as in say

Accented syllable indicated with capitalletters


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Soft and Hard cand g

Soft c, as in racer = (RA-ser)

Hard c, as in candy = (KAN-de)

Soft g, as inpage, written asj = (paj)

Hard g, as in grow= (gro)

Sil t L tt d U l


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Silent Letters and Unusual

Pronunciations

Gnathic = (NATH-ic)

Pertaining to the jaw

Apnea = (AP-ne-a)

Cessation of breath

Nephroptosis = (nef-rop-TO-sis)

Dropping of the kidney


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Symbols

Used as shorthand in case histories

= right

= increase


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Abbreviations

Can save time

May cause confusion

Acronym = abbreviation formed from firstletter of each word in a phrase

ASAP = as soon as possible


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sht medical terminology (190908)

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