shrink-wrapped in our own thinking: non-positional problem...
TRANSCRIPT
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Non-Positional Thinking: !!
Thinking Beyond the Obvious!
Today you’ll see!
§ that you don’t really know what you think you know!
!
…and you’ll learn!
§ how to “see” what you’ve never been able to see before!
Shrink-Wrapped in Our Own Thinking: Thinking That Transforms
Presented by Ariane David, PhD Senior Partner The Veritas Group Senior Lecturer California State University, Northridge [email protected]
Non-Positional Problem Solving
ASQ!
Ariane David, PhD THE VERITAS GROUP
California State University, Northridge
[email protected] www.theveritasgroup.com
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
The Life of Organizations!
§ Why we think the way we do and why that’s a problem!
§ Principles of non-positional thinking – a better way!
§ Non-positional problem solving!
Today we’ll focus on…!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
The Life of Organizations!
Non-Positional Thinking is Based on !Four Principles!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Principles of Non-Positional Thinking!
Uncertainty > Intellectual Humility!
Curiosity > Intellectual Openness!
Discernment > Wisdom!
Courage > Commitment!!
and Intellectual Virtues!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
The Science of the Brain!
How we think, and why.!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Max Wertheimer’s Stroboscope!
The whole is more than the sum of the parts.!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Sir Frederick Bartlett!
§ The War of the Ghosts – Sydney !
§ “Asian” Mask *!
§ Schemas!
Making Memory, Meaning, & Schemas !
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Sir Frederick Bartlett!
Making Memory, Meaning, & Schemas !
§ The War of the Ghosts – Sydney !
§ “Asian” Mask *!
§ Results: Schemas!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Elizabeth Loftus!
§ Pre-existing knowledge!
§ Post-event information and language!
Eyewitness Testimony!
Memory is affected by:!
What we remember might never have happened.!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Perception!
§ Millions of bits of information every minute; we can perceive only a tiny number.!
§ We focus only on what is relevant, what moves us emotionally NOW. The rest is lost. !
§ Present perception is shaped by the past: what we believe is so, not what actually is so. !
The Neurobiology of Thinking!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Emotions Are:!
§ Body reactions to what’s happening.!
§ Paired with each sensory impression as an !emotional tag at the moment of perception.!
§ The pair become memory.!
Antonio Damasio – Neurobiology!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Emotions!
§ Purpose: rapid response.!
§ Function: govern decision-making (myth of rational decision-making).!
The Neurobiology of Thinking!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Have you ever wondered what memory is?!
The Neurobiology of Thinking!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Memory…!
§ NOT a video. !
§ NOT stored complete anywhere in the brain.!
§ Is “a trick of timing”! (Demasio)!
§ Neurons carry only the pattern code (think TV).!
The Neurobiology of Thinking!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
thus…!
§ Memories are a subjective and creative fabrication.!
§ Memories change every time we recall them.!
§ We can never be certain about what we remember. !
§ Confidence doesn’t mean accuracy: memories can be completely fabricated and seem absolutely real.!
The Neurobiology of Thinking!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
As a result…!
You can never be certain that what you remember
happened the way you remember it.
In fact, you can be certain that it didn't!
The Neurobiology of Thinking!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Organizing Patterns!
§ Organizing patterns are templates, constructed of beliefs, which allow us to organize everything.!
§ Every thought MUST fit into an organizing pattern.!
§ We start making them at birth; the first are the most persistent, resilient, and powerful.!
§ All future organizing patterns are formed within the first.!
A working model of the brain.!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Organizing Patterns!
§ The totality of all our organizing patterns creates our constructed universe – our entire reality. !
§ We each live in a universe of our own making. !
§ Its organizing patterns and logic are perfect for physical survival but often hamper good thinking.!
A working model of the brain.!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Organizing Patterns!
§ No impartial evidence needed. !
§ What we perceive is taken as proof that our position/beliefs are right.!
§ Organizing patterns (beliefs) dictate what we see, what we see reinforces the organizing patterns.!
Reinforce themselves.!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Organizing Patterns!
Reinforce themselves.!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Organizing Patterns!
Examples of Simple Organizing Patterns!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Organizing Patterns!
§ Tyranny of Knowledge!
§ Tyranny of Emotion!
§ Tyranny of Logic!
Positional Thinking … The Tyrant Brain !
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Positional Thinking!
§ Choosing existing knowledge because it’s what we have.!
§ Doing what worked in the past only because it worked in the past.!
§ Assuming the future will be like the past.!
§ Assuming OUR knowledge is better than others’ knowledge.!
Tyranny of Knowledge!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Positional Thinking!
§ Everything we do and think is permanently grounded in emotions not reason. !
§ Emotions affect logic, but cannot be dealt with logically.!
§ We confuse emotional commitment to an idea with reason.!
Tyranny of Emotion!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Positional Thinking!
Examples: !
Cognitive shortcuts help us make sense quickly (survival); are often inaccurate.!!
Shortcut errors:!§ Biases!§ Stereotyping!
Tyranny of Emotion!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Allport & Postman 1942
Tyranny of Emotion!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Positional Thinking!
Tyranny of Logic!
§ What is logic?!
§ What determines if something is logical?!
§ Can anything be illogical?!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Positional Thinking!
Tyranny of Logic!
§ Logic is the rules you’ve made up for your constructed universe!!
§ There are as many different systems of logic as there are beings.!
§ Logic is subjective like taste: nothing is ever illogical, !just differently-logical. !
Why does this matter?!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Positional Thinking!
Tyranny of Logic!
Zero Sum Illusion!!§ It’s either one way or the other.!
§ Life’s a pie. !
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Non-positional Thinking in a Box!
Example:!!
How many “right” points of view/positions are there for any issue?!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Non-positional Thinking in a Box!
It’s never either/or;!
it’s always both.!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Principles of Non-Positional Thinking!
Uncertainty > Intellectual Humility!
Curiosity > Intellectual Openness!
Discernment > Wisdom!
Courage > Commitment!
!
and Intellectual Virtues!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Uncertainty Principle!
§ Uncertainty means realizing our constructed universe is not the world, just a good-enough representation of it that allows us to survive(ish).!
§ Certainty that our constructed universe is the world leads to almost all of the world’s problems.!
§ Humility means acknowledging all of this.!
Uncertainty doesn’t mean being paralyzed by doubt, but rather being aware of the fallibility of our knowledge.
Uncertainty Principle!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Uncertainty Principle
The uncertainty principle makes us realize that we can’t be certain what color the ball actually is no matter how obvious it seems. !
!
The curiosity principle makes us want to find out. !
!
Uncertainty Principle!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Openness
Curiosity Principle!
§ Being eager to discover what we don’t know, and…!
§ Being determined to see the merit in the other’s point of view.!
§ Leads to the impartial gathering of relevant information.!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Skills: The Ability To…!
Curiosity Principle!
§ Enthusiastically and impartially gather information.!
§ Be open-minded with respect to our own beliefs, and the assertions of others. !
§ Honestly answer, “Do I really want to know?” !
§ Honestly ask, “What is it that I am not seeing the seeing of which might change everything?” !
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Wisdom !
Discernment Principle!
§ Attempting to see things truly rather than looking for confirming evidence; the desire to weigh evidence impartially.!
§ Recognizing/questioning our own assumptions and biases, and seeking to go beyond them.!
§ Judging the merits of others’ points of view by the same standards we use to judge our own.!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Skills: The Ability To…!
Discernment Principle!
§ Be truthful with ourselves, and weigh information fairly.!
§ Recognize when information is factual, provable, anecdotal, or opinion. !
§ Assess the credibility of the all sources. !
§ Identify and question all assumptions. !
§ Seek an impartial solution.!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Commitment Principle!
§ Being determined to move beyond our own point of view, even in the face of our own fear, and!
§ Having the courage to acknowledge and act on those discoveries, and being willing to change our dearly held position, and !
§ Having tolerance for differing, even opposing, points of view. !
§ Because learning can be pain!
Courage: The Overarching Principle!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Commitment Principle!
§ Be open new evidence even if it conflicts with our beliefs; have courage to acknowledge it. !
§ Discard inadequate hypotheses. !
§ Adapt oneself to new the facts.!
§ Persevere even when it is uncomfortable.!
§ Operate in a demonstrably fair and tolerant way.!
Skills: The Ability To…!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Problem:!§ What is the issue or problem?!
Solution:!§ What are the decision criteria? How important are
each of those criteria?!
§ What are possible solutions? What are pros and cons of each solution?!
§ Decide on the best solution!
§ Implement; measure what’s easy to measure!
How we usually solve problems:!
Bridge-Bats Bind!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
The Problem With Rational Problem Solving Method: !
Assumptions of this model:!§ Problem clarity!§ All relevant options are known!§ Preferences are clear and unchanging!§ Maximum payoff is unambiguous and known!
Doesn’t work for a complex problem; never has!!
Bridge-Bats Bind!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Non-positional Problem Solving: !
Managers fail to solve problems not because they don’t know how, but because
they don’t know what the problem is.
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Non-positional Problem Solving!
Beneath every apparent problem is a condition that enables the problem.!
§ It is usually hard to see. !§ Solving only the apparent problem (symptom) leads to
worse problems.!§ The actual problem involves culture, people, how they think
about the problem. !
Discovering the actual problem is the most important part of finding the solution!
A new way of solving problems.!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Conventional!Problem Solving!
Non-positional!Problem Solving!
Conventional vs Non-position!
Thinking: Certainty reinforcement of positions no organization learning.
People: Seen as the problem; BLAME
Focus: Finding solution (symptoms; parts)
Action: a) superficial investigation of symptoms and parts
b) seek solutions to symptoms
Result: a) Solutions are short term;
b) problem recurs often worse
Thinking: Uncertainty curiosity organization learning.
People: Seen as the solution; ACCOUNTABILITY.
Focus: Understanding the problem (underlying conditions; whole system)
Action: a) Deep investigation of underlying condition and whole system
Result: a) Problems stayed solved.
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Conventional vs Non-position!
Uncertainty!!
Curiosity!
Identify Symptoms
Find Solutions
Define the Issue
Define Enablers
Understand the System
Examine Personal Dynamics
Design the Solution
Measure What
Matters
Conventional!Problem Solving!
Non-positional!Problem Solving!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
§ What is the issue or problem?!
The Solution!
§ What are the decision criteria? How important are each of those criteria?!
§ What are possible solutions? What are pros and cons of each solution?!
§ Decide on the best solution!
§ Implement; measure what’s easy to measure!
How we usually solve problems:!
Bridge-Bats Bind!
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Parting Thoughts…!
It ain’t what you don’t know that gets you into trouble,!!it’s what you know for sure that just ain’t so. !!
– Mark Twain
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Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Non-Positional Thinking: !!
Thinking Beyond the Obvious!
Today you’ll see!
§ that you don’t really know what you think you know!
!
…and you’ll learn!
§ how to “see” what you’ve never been able to see before!
Shrink-Wrapped in Our Own Thinking: Thinking That Transforms
Presented by Ariane David, PhD Senior Partner The Veritas Group Senior Lecturer California State University, Northridge [email protected]
Questions?!
California State University, Northridge [email protected] www.theveritasgroup.com
Non-Positional Problem Solving
![Page 62: Shrink-Wrapped in Our Own Thinking: Non-Positional Problem ...asqorangeempire.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/QD...Uncertainty Principle!! Uncertainty means realizing our constructed](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eb37eff046d3f3208446146/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Ariane David PhD Non-‐posiDonal Thinking [email protected]
Non-Positional Thinking: !!
Thinking Beyond the Obvious!
Today you’ll see!
§ that you don’t really know what you think you know!
!
…and you’ll learn!
§ how to “see” what you’ve never been able to see before!
Shrink-Wrapped in Our Own Thinking: Thinking That Transforms
Presented by Ariane David, PhD Senior Partner The Veritas Group Senior Lecturer California State University, Northridge [email protected]
Thank You!!
California State University, Northridge [email protected] www.theveritasgroup.com
Non-Positional Problem Solving