shot galileo - defense threat reduction agency
TRANSCRIPT
DNA 6001F
SHOTGALILEO
A Test of theerr t PLUMBBOB Seriesy $ 2 September 1957T
United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons TestsNuclear Test Personnel Review
Prepared by the Defense Nuclear Agency as Executive Agency bW<&
for the Department of Defense0
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I . REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBER
DNA 6001F1. T I T L E (and Subtffls) 5. TYPE OF REPORT 8 PERIOD COVERED
SHOT GALILEOA TEST OF THE PLUMBBOB SERIES Technical Report
2 September 1957 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
JRB 2-816-03-423-007. AUTHOR(a) 6 . CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(a)
Jean Ponton, Martha Wilkinson, James Striegel,Burt Collins (Tech. Reps.) DNA 001-79-C-0473
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.JRR Associates8400 Westpark Drive Subtask 1199QAXMK506-08McLean, Virginia 22102
1. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE
Director 27 February 1981Defense Nuclear Agency 13. NUMBER OF PAGES
Washington. D.C. 20305 8414. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(If different f rom Cont ro l l ing Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS, (of this report)
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Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
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16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
This work sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under RDTGE R?fSS CodeB350079464 u99QAXMK50608 H2590D.For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.
9. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if neceesuy and ldsntlfy by block number)
GALILEO Nevada Test SitePLUMBBOE AFSWPIonizing Radiation AFSWCExercise Desert Rock BIG BANGNevada Test Organization
:O. A B S T R A C T (-C.mffrm~ am “v-or” sf& ff -my ard fdentlfy by block number)
This report describes the activities of DOD personnel, both military andcivilian, in Shot GALILEO, the 16th nuclear test in the PLUMBBOB atmosphericweapons testing series. The test was conducted on 2 September 1957 andinvolved participants from Exercise Desert Rock VIII, AFSWP, AFSWC, and AECtest groups. This volume also describes the radiological safety criteriaand procedures in effect at Shot GALILEO.
DD 1;z-k 1473 EDfTiON OF ) NOU 65 IS OBSOLETEUNCLASSIFIED
SECURlTY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Imen U&a Entered,
m-.--a,, vr I n,a ra.~.s,-x.w. D-m ~,a,s.-u,
18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (continued)
The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Major H. L. Reese, underwhom this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research and editingcontribution of numerous reviewers in the military services and otherorganizations in addition to those writers listed in block 7.
UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEWhen Data Entered)
PREFACE
Between 1945 and 1962, the United States Atomic EnergyCommission (AEC) conducted 235 atmospheric nuclear weapons testsat sites in the southwestern U.S. and in the Pacific and AtlanticOceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 Department of Defense (DOD)participants, both military and civilian, were present at thetests. Approximately 90,000 of these participants were presentat the nuclear weapons tests conducted at the Nevada Test Site(NTS) northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada.
In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground weapons test,the Center for Disease Control, U.S. Department of Health,Education, and Welfare (now the Centers for Disease Control, 1J.S.Department of Health and Human Services), noted a possibleleukemia cluster among a small group of soldiers present at ShotSMOKY, the 15th test of Operation PLUMBBOB, the series of nuclearweapons tests conducted in 1957. Following that initial reportby the Center for Disease Control, the Veterans Administrationreceived a number of claims for medical benefits from formermilitary personnel who believe their health may have beenaffected by their participation in the nuclear weapons tests.
In late 1977, DOD began a study to provide data to both theCenter for Disease Control and the Veterans Administration onPotential exposures to ionizing radiation among its military andcivilian participants in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 15to 30 years earlier. DOD organized an effort to:
0 Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in theatmospheric nuclear weapons tests
0 Determine the extent of the participants' exposureto ionizing radiation
0 Provide public disclosure of information concerningparticipation by DOD personnel in the atmosphericnuclear weapons tests.
1
This report on Shot GALILEO is based on the historicalrecord of military and technical documents associated with eachof the nuclear weapons test events. The reports of the NuclearTest Personnel Review provide a public record of the activitiesand associated potential for radiation exposure of DOD personnel,for use in ongoing public health research and policy analvsis.
Many of the documents pertaining specifically to DODinvolvement during Shot GALILEO were found in the Defense NuclearAgency Technical Library, the National Federal Archives RecordCenter, the Department of Energy Nevada Operations Office, andthe Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL). The most signifi-cant documents used in the development of this report include:
0 Report on Desert Rock VII and VIII prepared by theHuman Resources Research Office
0 Report on Task Force BIG BANG prepared by theDefense Nuclear Agency
0 Final Report of Operations for Exercise Desert RockVII and VIII
l Report of the Test Manager, Operation PLUMRBOB
0 Weapons Test Reports for the Armed Forces SpecialWeapons Project (AFSWP)
0 Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) FinalReport of the 4950th Test Group (Nuclear), OperationPLLJMBBOB
a Air Mission Summary Reports for Shot GALILEO
0 AFSWC Operation Plan 1-57
0 Unit Histories for AFSWC, Operation PLUMBBOB
0 Report of the Test Director, Operation TEAPOT
0 PLUMBBOB Onsite Radiological Safety Report, preparedfor the Nevada Test Organization (NTO) by ReynoldsElectrical and Engineering Company.
2
Frequently, the surviving historical documentation Ofactivities conducted at Shot GALILEO addresses test specifica-tions and technical information, rather than the personnel datacritical to the study undertaken by the Defense Nuclear Agency.Moreover, instances have arisen in which available historicaldocumentation has revealed inconsistencies in vital factual data,such as the number of DOD participants in a certain project at agiven shot or their locations and assignments at a given time.
These inconsistencies in data usually occur between two or moredocuments, but occasionally appear within the same document.Efforts have been made to resolve these inconsistencies whereverpossible, or otherwise bring them to the attention of the reader.
ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT OF PLUMRBOB SERIES REPORTS
This volume details participation by DOD personnel in ShotGALILEO, the sixteenth detonation of the Operation PLUMBBOBnuclear weapons testing series. Seven other publications addressDOD activities during the PLUMBBOB Series:
a Series volume:
0 Multi-shot volume:
0 Shot volume:
0 Shot volume:
0 Multi-shot volume:
0 Shot volume:
0 Multi-shot volume:
The volumes addressing
PLUMBBOB Series, 1957
Shots BOLTZMANN to WILSON, theFirst Four Tests of the PLIJMRBORSeries
Shot PRISCILLA, a Test of thePLUMBBOB Series
Shot HOOD, a Test of thePLUMBBOR Series
Shots DIABLO to FRANKLIN PRIME,the Mid-series PLIJMBBOB Tests
Shot SMOKY, a Test of thePLUMBBOB Series
Shots WHEELER to MORGAN, theFinal PLUMBBOR Tests
the test events of Operation PLUMBROBhave been designed for use with one another. The Series volume
3
contains information applying to those dimensions of OperationPLUMBBOB that transcend specific events, such as historicalbackground, organizational relationships, and radiological safetyprocedures. In addition, the Series volume contains a bibliog-raphy of works consulted in the preparation of all eight Opera-tion PLUMBBOB reports.
The single-shot volumes describe DOD participation in ShotsPRISCILLA, HOOD, and SMOKY. These events have been boundseparately because the events included substantial numbers of DODparticipants. Each multi-shot volume combines shot-specificdescriptions for several nuclear events, each involving smallernumbers of DOD personnel. The shot and multi-shot volumescontain bibliographies only of the sources referenced in eachtext. Descriptions of activities concerning any particular shotin the PLUMBBOB Series, whether the shot is addressed in asingle-shot volume or in a multi-shot volume, should be supple-mented by the general organizational, and radiological safetvinformation contained in the PLUMBBOR Series volume.
The information in this volume is supplemented by the"Reference Manual: Background Materials for the CONUS Volumes,"which summarizes information on the physical processes andcharacteristics of a detonation, radiation physics, radiationhealth concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement techniques,and lists acronyms and a glossary of terms used in the NuclearTest Personnel Review reports addressing test events in thecontinental U.S.
Chapter 1 of this volume describes the physical setting ofthe GALILEO detonation and introduces the Desert Rock maneuversand those NT0 scientific activities in which DOD personnel
participated.
4
Chapter 2 describes the Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIIImilitary projects conducted at Shot GALILEO, while chapter 3describes various training activities, scientific experiments,and support missions conducted at GALILEO by the NT0 in which DODpersonnel took part. These chapters provide information aboutthe number of DOD people involved in specific projects fielded atShot GALILEO, the time spent by project personnel in the testarea, and their positions relative to the point of detonation andareas of radioactivity before, during, and after the test.
Chapter 4 of this volume describes the radiological environ-ment and safety procedures pertinent to Shot GALILEO, includingisointensity contour maps illustrating the radiological contami-nation around ground zero following the detonation, and availableshot-specific exposure data for individuals. Details of theoverall radiation protection program at Operation PLIJMBBOB areprovided in the Series volume.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GALILEO SHOT SYNOPSIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l l l l . .
1.1 Setting and Characteristics of theGALILEO Detonation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l l
1.2 Department of Defense Scientific, OperationalTraining, and Support Activities at Shot GALILEO . .
1.3 Exercise Desert Rock Activities at Shot GALILEO. . .
EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONSAT SHOT GALILEO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1 Troop Test at Shot GALILEO . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2 Technical Service Projects at
Shot GALILEO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS ATSHOT
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
G A L I L E O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5
Field Command Weapons Effects Test GroupProjects at Shot GALILEO . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Department of Defense Participation in LASL andUCRL Test Group Projects at Shot GALILEO . . . . . l
Department of Defense Participation in CivilEffects Test Group Projects at Shot GALILEO. . . . .Department of Defense Operational TrainingProject at Shot GALILEO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Air Force Special Weapons Center Activitiesat Shot GALILEO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3s
39
42
3.5.1 Cloud Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.2 Radio Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.3 Cloud Tracking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.4 Security Sweep Mission. . . . . . . . . . + l
3.5.5 Survey Missions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
4446464747
10
7
8
9
10
1 1
12
1517
20
21
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
Chapter Page
4 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT GALILEO. . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.1 Film Badge Readings for Task ForceBIG BANG at Shot GALILEO . . . . . . . . . . . l . . 48
4.2 Nevada Test OrganizationRadiation Protection Activities . . . . . . . . . . 51
REFERENCE LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . 61
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
l-1 Location of Shot GALILEO in the Nevada Test Site, inRelation to Other Shots in the PLUMBBOB Series. . . . . 13
2-1 Troops of the 82nd Airborne (Task Force BIG BANG)Undergoing Radiological Safety Training in Preparationfor the Army Infantry Troop Tests . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2-2 During the Task Force Rehearsal, 82nd AirborneDivision Troops Are Timed on the RifleDisassembly/Assembly Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2-3 Map of Task Force BIG BANG Troop Test Area. . . . . . . 28
2-4 Task Force BIG BANG Troop Test (HumRROInfiltration Course). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4-l Task Force BIG BANG, Distribution of Film BadgeReadings. . . . . . . . . . .,. . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4-2 Initial Survey for Shot GALILEO, 2 September 1957,Mid-time 0726 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4-3 Resurvey for Shot GALILEO, 2 September 1957,Mid-time 1150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4-4 Resurvey for Shot GALILEO, 3 September 1957,Mid-time 0628 . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s5
4-5 Resurvey for Shot GALILEO, 4 September 1957,Mid-time 0816 . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . 56
4-6 Resurvey for Shot GALILEO, 5 September 1957,Mid-time 0626 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . 57
7
A- - ----a
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2-l Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Projects,Shot GALILEO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3-l Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group Projects,Shot GALILEO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3-2 LASL, UCRL, and CETG Projects with DOD PersonnelInvolvement, Shot GALILEO . . . . . . . . . . . . l . l
40
3-3 AFSWC Air Mission Support, Shot GALILEO . . . . . . . . 44
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this volume:
AECAFBAFSWCAFSWPBJYCETGDODFCDAHumRROLASLNT0NTSOCAFFREECoR/hUCRLUSAFUTMWETG
Atomic Energy CommissionAir Force BaseAir Force Special Weapons CenterArmed Forces Special Weapons ProjectBuster-Jangle "Y"Civil Effects Test GroupDepartment of DefenseFederal Civil Defense AdministrationHuman Resources Research OfficeLos Alamos Scientific LaboratoryNevada Test OrganizationNevada Test SiteOffice, Chief of Army Field ForcesReynolds Electrical and Engineering CompanyRoentgens-per-hourUniversity of California Radiation LaboratoryUnited States Air ForceUniversal Transverse MercatorWeapons Effects Test Group
9
GALILEO
SHOT SYNOPSIS
AEC TEST SERIES: PLUMBBOBDOD EXERCISES: Desert Rock VII and VIIIDATE/TIME: 2 September 1957, 0540 hoursYIELD: 11 kilotonsHEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (tower shot)
Purpose of Test: Test of newly designed device for possibleinclusion in U.S. Arsenal.
DOD Objectives: (1) To test performance of military personnelas affected by witnessing a nuclear detonation(2) To perform AFSWP military effects experi-ments to measure the effects of a nuclearweapon with a known yield and characteristicson military equipment, material, structures,and ordnance(3) To provide DOD personnel an opportunityto observe a nuclear detonation and to becomefamiliar with its effects(4) To evaluate military equipment andtactics.
Weather: At shot-time, temperature was 15.8O C.;relative humidity, 30%; pressure, 878 mb; windcalm.
Radiation Data: Fallout greater than 0.1 R/h was detectedduring the initial survey (mid-time: 0726hours) in the quadrant northwest of groundzero. Fallout intensities of 0.01 R/h alsoextended as far as 3,000 meters east of groundzero. Exposure to initial radiation fromGALILEO was not significant.
Participants: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, AirForce Special Weapons Center and other AirForce personnel, Exercise Desert Rock troops,Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Universityof California Radiation Laboratory, FederalCivil Defense Administration, Contractors.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Shot GALILEO was a test of an ll-kiloton nuclear deviceconducted at 0540 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 2 September 1957at the Nevada Test Site (NTS), the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission(AEC) continental nuclear test area, located northwest of LasVegas. GALILEO was the 16th nuclear test of Operation PLUWRROR,a series of 24 nuclear weapons tests and six safety experimentsperformed in Nevada between 24 April and 7 October 1957.
The GALILEO nuclear device was designed and built for theAEC by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL). The primaryobjective of the GALILEO event was to test a newly designednuclear device for possible inclusion in the U.S. arsenal. Tofulfill this objective, LASL and the University of CaliforniaRadiation Laboratory (UCRL) fielded scientific experiments tostudy the characteristics of the detonation. Other scientificexperiments were conducted by the Armed Forces Special WeaponsProject (AFSWP) of the Department of Defense (DOD) to evaluatethe nuclear yield and the blast, thermal, and radiation phenomenaproduced by this nuclear device (19).*
A number of other activities related to the conditions andphenomena produced by a nuclear detonation were also condllctedduring the GALILEO event. These included the Desert Rockexercises, one operational training project, and Federal CivilDefense Administration (FCDA) projects.
As part of Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII, the armedservices fielded three projects to evaluate the performance of
*All sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically andnumbered in the Reference List, appended to this volume. Thenumber given in the citation in the text is the number of thesource document in the Reference List.
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military personnel and the usefulness of military equipment underthe conditions of a nuclear battlefield. A provisional company
of the 82nd Airborne Division, named Task Force BIG BANG,participated in a project sponsored by *he Human ResourcesResearch Office (HumRRO). The other two projects required anadditional 128 Army personnel to perform tests of equipment.Similarly, the Air Force conducted one operational trainingproject at GALILEO to test equipment and to familiarize personnelwith the effects of a nuclear detonation.
The FCDA Civil Effects Test Group (CETG) conducted projectsto assess the effects of nuclear detonations on civilian popula-tions and to evaluate Civil Defense emergency preparedness plans.DOD participation in these projects was limited.
1.1 SETTING AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GALILEO DETONATION
The nuclear device tested at Shot GALILEO was positionedatop a 500-foot tower located at UTM coordinates '797009* inArea 1 of Yucca Flat. Figure l-l shows the location of theGALILEO detonation in relation to other shots in the PLUMBBOB
Series (14).
At 0130 hours on 2 September, the morning of the shot, TaskForce BIG BANG troops and a team of radiological safety monitorsand HumRRO evaluators left Camp Desert Rock for the GALILEOobserver area (15). By 0245 hours, the Task Force arrived at the
*Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in thisreport. The first three digits refer to a point on an east-westaxis, and the second three refer to a point on a north-southaxis. The point so designated is the southwest corner of anarea 100 meters square.
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RAINIER
DIABLOWHITNEYSHASTA
KEPLER
GALILEO
0 1 0I 1 1 1 1 I
KIlometers
SMOKY
JOHN
ILASSENWILSONH O O DO W E N S
WHEELERCHARLESTONMORGAN
I
L’- __III
I
Lc --
@ d BOLrZMANN
FRANKLIN PRIME
--
PRISCIL
Frenchman ILake
I
Camp Dese r tR o c k
Figure l-l: LOCATION OF SHOT GALILEO IN THE NEVADA TEST SITE,IN RELATION TO OTHER SHOTS IN THE PLUMBBOB SERIES
1 3
-- - - -. -- - I
GALILEO observer area, 4,500 meters* from the shot-tower, toawait the detonation. By the time of the detonation, members ofthe Weapons Effects Test Group (WETG), LASL, UCRL, and CETG hadcompleted their preshot activities. Instruments and equipment
associated with their experiments ringed the area of ground zero.In the air, aircraft participating in operational trainingprojects and scientific support missions were enroute to the NTSfor the detonation.
The GALILEO device was detonated at 0540 hours Pacific nay-light Time on 2 September 1957. At the time of the detonation,the weather was clear and the surface winds were calm. Thenuclear cloud rose to an altitude of about 37,000 feet.+ TheGALILEO fallout occurred in an area north-northwest of groundzero (14).
Immediately after the detonation, Task Force BIG BANGpersonnel performed exercises designed to measure their psycho-logical reactions to the detonation. First, they conducted arifle disassembly-assembly test in the same area in which theyhad observed Shot GALILEO. After that, they performed anexercise at an infiltration course constructed 3,250 meterssouth-southeast of the S&gOKY ground zero (15). When the TestManager declared that conditions were safe to do so, test groupparticipants recovered instruments from the area around groundzero. Meanwhile, Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) pilotsconducted their missions, including cloud sampling and cloudtracking, and two aircraft from the Tennesssee Air National Guardconducted their operational training project.
*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metricunits rounded up to the nearest whole number. The metricconversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28 feet, 1 meter = 1.09yards; and 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles. Altitudes and othervertical distances are given in feet.
+Altitudes are measured from mean sea level, unless otherwisenoted.
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1.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SCIENTIFIC, OPERATIONAL TRAINING, ANDSUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT GALILEO
The Nevada Test Organization (NTO) was established for plan-ning, coordinating, and conducting atmospheric nuclear weaponstests during Operation PLUMBBOB. All activities of the NT0 wereunder the overall control of an AEC-appointed Test Manager,assisted by a Test Director. The NT0 was composed of personnelfrom AEC, DOD, and FCDA, and included representatives of theAFSWP WETG, the LASL Test Group, the UCRL Test Group, and theFCDA CETG. These test groups conducted 16 scientific projects atShot GALILEO in which DOD personnel took part. One other projectwas performed by Air Force personnel as part of the DOD opera-tional training program.
People from DOD agencies and all four armed servicesparticipated in the experiments conducted by the four testgrows, whose activities were coordinated by the Test Director.The AFSWP Field Command WETG conducted five military effectsprojects. Other DOD personnel participated to a limited extentin 11 of the projects conducted by the other test groups.Participants in the military effects and scientific experimentsplaced data-collection instruments around the point of detonationin the days and weeks preceding the scheduled event. Some timeafter the detonation, when the Test Manager had determined thatthe radiological environment in the test area would permitlimited access, participants recovered instruments and equipment(4; 19).
The operational training project, which involved two pilotsfrom the Tennessee Air National Guard, was designed to trainpilots in bomb damage assessment through photo-reconnaissancetechniques. This project required the pilots to fly theiraircraft in the vicinity of the NTS at the time of the detonationto observe the shot. About ten minutes after the shot, theaircraft made a pass over ground zero to photograph the shotarea.
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In addition to those people involved in experiments andtraining, staff and support personnel, including AFSWC personnelflying special missions for the Test Manager, provided necessaryServices to other participants at the test site (4; 19).
Cne important support function during Shot GALILEO wasprovided by AFSWC, based at Kirtland Air Force Base (AFR), New
Mexico: This group provided air support to the Test Manager andto various test group projects. During Operation PLUMBBOB, AFSWCwas comprised of a total of 493 airmen and 23 officers from the4950th Test Group (Nuclear), including the 4926th Test Squadron(Sampling) and the 4935th Air Base Squadron (11). These unitsoperated from Indian Springs AFB, 38 kilometers southeast of theNTS. Support was also provided by the 4900th Air Base Group fromKirtland AFB. For GALILEO, AFSWC performed several missions,including aircraft control, security sweeps, cloud sampling,cloud tracking, a radio relay, terrain surveYs, and courier andtransportation services (4; 19).
TO minimize exposure to ionizing radiation, radiationprotection procedures were established by the NT9. Participantswere limited to no more then three roentgens of whole-body gammaradiation for any 13-week period and five roentgens of whole-bodygamma radiation annually. To ensure that these criteria befollowed, access to areas of radioactivity was rigidlycontrolled, and project personnel who entered highly radioactiveareas were accompanied by radiological safety monitors. Themonitors, who continuously checked the radiation intensities inthe recovery area, had the authority to order a halt to recoveryoperations if intensities were too great or the length of time inthe area was too long. Project personnel were issued film badgesto wear at all times when in the test area. These film badgeswere collected, processed, and evaluated at regular intervals.Any individual whose accumulated exposure exceeded or would beexpected to exceed the established limits was barred from furtherparticipation in project activities in the forward area.
16
Although not implemented during PLUMBBOB, emergency evacuationprocedures were prepared for all test events (3; 20).
With one exception, the radiation protection procedures forthe AFSWC aircrew and ground crew were the same as thoseestablished for the NTO. As the single exception, cloud samplerpilots were authorized by the Test Manager to receive up to atotal of 7.5 roentgens of gamma radiation annually. Completedecontamination, including showers and changes of clothing, wasrequired of all aircrew members following each project mission,regardless of the exposure received on the flight. Aircraft wereeither decontaminated by washing or were isolated until radiationintensities had decayed to predetermined levels.
This report on Shot GALILEO documents the activities ofthese DOD personnel before, during, and after the detonation on2 September 1957. These descriptions focus on the potential forexposure to ionizing radiation during the performance of theseassigned duties.
1.3 EXERCISE DESEHT ROCK ACTIVITIES AT SHOT GALILEO
About 295 DOD personnel involved in Shot GALILEO partici-pated in the three projects fielded by Exercise Desert Rock VIIand VIII, the Army testing and training program conducted duringOperation PLUMBBOB. These projects included one troop test andtwo technical service projects.
The troop test was conducted by the George WashingtonUniversity HumRRO, an Army contractor, to monitor the performanceof persons who had witnessed a nuclear detonation for the firsttime. This project was originally to have involved 167 service-men, who were to observe a detonation from trench positions andto perform several tests.
17
Another 128 individuals took part in two Exercise Desert
Rock technical service projects. In one project, militaryequipment was exposed to the detonation and evaluated todetermine the damage sustained. The other project testedmilitary equipment and techniques for detecting nuclear burstsand fallout.
In addition to the Desert Rock exercise troops, about 2,000support troops from various Army units maintained and operatedCamp Desert Rock, providing transportation, communications,engineering, administrative, and security services. Of theseDesert Rock support troops, some worked in the forward areas ofthe NTS to construct observer positions, lay communication lines,provide transportation and security, and assist in preparing forDesert Rock projects. Soldiers from the 50th Chemical ServicePlatoon served as radiological safety monitors for Desert Rockproject personnel during nuclear test events.
Radiation protection procedures at Exercise Desert Rock, as
well as those of the NTO, are detailed in the PLUMBBOB Seriesvolume. The procedures were designed to minimize potentialexposure to ionizing radiation while allowing participants toaccomplish their project objectives. Camp Desert Rock supportpersonnel and exercise participants were limited to no more thanfive roentgens of whole-body gamma radiation during any six-month
period. The radiation protection procedures of Exercise DesertRock included provisions for (17; 22):
0 Maintaining minimum safe distances from nucleardetonations
a Enforcing protective procedures for personnelobserving the detonations
l Controlling access to radioactive areas
0 Monitoring individuals working in radioactive areas
a Issuing film-badges to Desert Rock personnel andmonitoring the cumulative exposure of Desert Rockpersonnel
18
0 Decontaminating all equipment and personnel leavingthe test area after the detonation.
This report documents the activities of the Desert Rocktroops and other DOD personnel who participated in Shot GALILEO.The activities of Desert Rock and NT0 support personnel aredetailed in the PLUMBBOB Series volume.
19
CHAPTER 2
EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT GALILEO
Department of Defense (DOD) personnel participated in threeExercise Desert Rock VII and VIII projects during Shot GALILEO.This chapter describes the Desert Rock activities that may haveexposed participants to ionizing radiation before, during, andafter the detonation. In all, about 295 individuals took part inthese Desert Rock exercises, and approximately 57 percent ofthese participated in a single project, an Army troop testsponsored by the Human Resources Research Office (HumRRO). TheHumRRO Troop Test was designed to test how the performance ofmilitary personnel would be affected by witnessing a nucleardetonation. The remaining Desert Rock participants took part intwo Technical Service projects intended to study the effects ofnuclear weapons detonations on ordnance materiel, fortifications,
structures, and equipment.
Detailed descriptions of project objectives and generalproject activities are contained in the PLUMBBOB Series volumethat accompanies this report. The information contained in thischapter addresses only those project operations conducted duringShot GALILEO.
Table 2-l displays the Desert Rock programs and theirprojects conducted at Shot GALILEO, and includes the approximatenumber of DOD personnel who took part in each (17).
20
Table 2-l: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII PROJECTS, SHOT GALILEO
Program Type
Troop Test
Pro jec t
Technical Service 50.3
50.8
Title
EstimatedDOD
Personnel
HumRRO Troop Test 1 6 7
Evaluation of Medium Range
Detonation-detection andCloud Tracking Systems
23
Detection of Atomic Burst
a n d R a d i o a c t i v e F a l l o u t
1 0 5
Participants
P r o v i s i o n a l C o m p a n y ,B2nd Airborne Division(Task Force BIG BANG)
Army Signal Research andD e v e l o p m e n t L a b o r a t o r i e s ;665th Aircraft Control andWarning Squadron
Army Artillery and Guided
Missile School; Army ChemicalSchool; Air Defense Board;Artillery Board;
Air Weather Service
2.1 TROOP TEST AT SHOT GALILEO
Task Force BIG BANG was a provisional company of the 82ndAirborne Division from Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Not allmembers of this provisional company participated in all TaskForce BIG BANG activities, particularly the activities that tookplace on the GALILEO shot-day. Additional Camp Desert Rocksupport personnel, including two radiological safety monitors andsuch elements as the military police and the truck companies,supported the BIG BANG troop test (15).
The purpose of this troop test was to determine whether theperformance of individuals was diminished after they witnessed anuclear detonation for the first time, as compared with an estab-lished preshot performance standard. In performing the test,troops were required to (6; 15):
0 Disassemble and reassemble a rifle
0 Clear a practice minefield
21
-- -- - -
0 Negotiate a combat course in an area theparticipants believed to be contaminated byradiation.
This troop test was originally scheduled for the SMOKY shoton 19 August 1957. Task Force WARRIOR troops from the 1st RattleGroup, 12th Infantry, were to participate in the HumRHO trooptest. This unit was to observe its first nuclear deton,ation fromtrenches located about 4,400 meters from the SMOKY ground zero.Immediately after the detonation, some of the troops were toleave the trenches and move to a cleared area for the rifledisassembly-assembly test. Then the unit was to clear a dummvminefield by probing it with bayonets. Finally, the Task ForceWARRIOR unit would maneuver through an infiltration course theythought was contaminated with radioactive fallout, and throwgrenades at a target (6; 15).
This plan was changed late in July, when a decision was madeto have this infantry battle group observe Shot SHASTA on 18August. This decision negated the HumRRO criterion that troopsparticipating in the project witness their first nuclear detona-tion immediately prior to the testing. Therefore, a decision wasmade to replace Task Force WARRIOR troops with a provisionalcompany from the 82nd Airborne Division, which was scheduled toarrive at Camp Desert Rock from Fort Bragg, North Carolina, on 30July 1957. This provisional company, designated Task Force RIGBANG, originally consisted of 167 men: seven officers and LciOenlisted men. Those 100 men who had rifles were selected toparticipate in the HumRRO troop test. The remaining 67 were toassist HumRRO in various tasks in support of the troop test (15).
Task Force HIG RANG troops arrived at Camp Desert Rock onMonday, 12 August, 13 days after their scheduled arrival date.
Preliminary training and briefings, such as the radiological
safety training at Camp Desert Rock, shown in figure 2-1, were
22
conducted for the rest of that week in preparation for a finalpractice run on Sunday, 18 August, and for participation in ShotSMOKY the next day. On 18 August, however, Shot SMOKY wasdelayed and rescheduled for Wednesday, 28 August.
The Task Force continued to train for participation in thetroop test. On Friday, 23 August, after Shot DOPPLER had beendetonated and the area declared clear, the troops were escortedto the forward area for the first time, so that they couldfamiliarize themselves with the planned troop test. The troopsdeparted from Camp Desert Rock for the forward area at about 0830hours by truck convoy, which was provided by one of the severalsupport units stationed at Camp Desert Rock. The trucks arrivedat the SMOKY trench area at about 1100 hours. The Task Forcetroops located the SMOKY trenches and practiced the countdown, aswell as the rifle disassembly-assembly, minefield, and infiltra-tion tests. For the rifle test, shown in figure 2-2, the troopswore protective masks; they removed them to perform the minefieldand infiltration course tests (15).
The rehearsal for the HumRRO troop test was completed at1330 hours. The Task Force troops then departed from the infil-tration course and returned to the SMOKY trench area, where theywere scheduled to lunch at 1345 hours. At 1430 hours, the troopsboarded the trucks and returned to Camp Desert Rock.
On Monday, 26 August, the Task Force returned to the forwardarea for baseline testing, the final rehearsal in anticipation ofthe SMOKY shot, which had been rescheduled for 28 August. Thetroops left Camp Desert Rock by truck convoy at 0300 hours andarrived at the SMOKY trenches at an estimated time of 0445 hours.At about 0525 hours, the troops entered assigned trenches topractice the shot countdown. At 9535 hours, the rifledisassembly-assembly test was rehearsed, followed by theminefield test and the infiltration course test. This entire
24
maneuver was completed by about 0800 hours, at which time thetroops breakfasted at the trench area. They departed by truckconvoy for Camp Desert Rock around 0845 (15).
Shot SMOKY was postponed again on 28 August. With thecontinuing delays of SMOKY, the Task Force BIG BANG troops notparticipating in the troop test and the HumRRO team witnessedShot FRANKLIN PRIME on Friday, 30 August, presumably from NewsNob (15). Meanwhile, Shot SMOKY was rescheduled for 31 August1957. The HUMRRO troop test could not take place as planned,because it was believed that the HumRRO area would becontaminated for several days after the shot.
By this time, military personnel were concerned that theTask Force would not be able to participate in the troop testbefore their scheduled departure on 5 September. Therefore, theentire Task Force witnessed Shot SMOKY on 31 August from NewsNob, an observation site near the Control Point at Yucca Pass.As a result of observing Shot SMOKY, the Task Force was intro-duced to the effects of a nuclear detonation, thus negating asignificant element in the HumRRO troop test.
Because there was not enough time to construct new trenchesor clear new test areas for Shot GALILEO, it was decided that theTask Force would witness Shot GALILEO in open terrain approxi-mately 4,500 yards from ground zero. The rifle disassembly-assembly test would be conducted at the observation point, andthe infiltration course maneuver would be performed at theoriginal SMOKY test area, if radiation from that shot had decayedto an acceptable level. The other part of the troop test, theminefield clearing exercise, was cancelled (15).
The actual locations of the GALILEO observation area, theSMOKY trench location, and the HumRRO test area for the Task
26
Force have been the source of some uncertainty. Official
Exercise Desert Rock reports do not specify the exact locationfrom which the troops observed Shot GALILEO. A HumRRO staffmemorandum maintains that they were to observe the detonation in
the open, approximately 4,500 yards from the GALILEO tower (6).Researchers who assisted in the historical reconstruction ofactivities at Operation PLUMBBOB determined that the most likelylocation for BIG BANG troops to have observed Shot GALILEO wasalong Mercury Highway at or near the Buster-Jangle "Y" (BJY).This location, given in figure 2-3, would have placed the troops4,500 meters, rather than 4,500 yards, from the GALILEO groundzero (15; 17).
The same HumRRO staff memorandum describes the HumRRo testarea as being next to the SMOKY trenches (6). The SMOKY trencheshave been reported by various documents to be from 3,500 to 4,340meters south-southeast of the SMOKY ground zero. Operation Order17 identified the SMOKY trench area as located 4,340 meters or4,730 yards from SMOKY ground zero (16). The same approximatelocation is indicated by a U.S. Geological Survey topographic map(Oak Spring 1:24,000), which shows a well-defined system of seventrenches, oriented at right angles to the SMOKY shot-point azi-muth; the first of the seven trench lines is located 4,350 metersfrom the site of the SMOKY detonation at UTM coordinates 849120.Researchers consider this to be the most reliable location of theSMOKY trenches, and it is used for the rest of this narrative(15).
Specifications for the Task Force BIG BANG infiltrationcourse are contained in the HumRRO staff memorandum. The speci-fications require a strip of land about 180 meters wide by 1,100meters long, oriented approximately north-south toward SMOKYground zero, with its eastern edge 45 meters from the SMOKYtrenches and its southern edge 4,100 meters south-southeast ofSMOKY ground zero. It was originally planned that the Task Force
27
63 Smoky
HumRRO InfiltrationCourse Test Area 4
5
BJY
GALILEO
(UTM Coordinates 797009)
O,Mete rs
Smoky Trenches
I PROBABLELOCATIONOF TROOPSDURINGDETONATION
Figure 2-3: MAP OF TASK FORCE BIG BANG TROOP TEST AREA28
BIG BANG troops would perform the disassembly-assembly test inthe southern sector of this strip, the minefield test in the
central area, and the infiltration course at the northern edge ofthe strip, 3,250 meters from the SMOKY ground zero at TJTMcoordinates 840129. Figure 2-4 shows the dimensions and laYOUt
of this test area (6; 15).
Final plans for the troop test, devised about 24 hoursbefore the scheduled detonation of Shot GALILEO, called for
partiCipantS to leave Camp Desert Rock after midnight on2 September. After observing the detonation in open terrain,they would conduct the rifle disassembly-assembly test in theobservation area. Then, contingent upon a radiological safetvclearance, the troops would conduct the infiltration course testsnear the SMOKY trench area (15).
Task Force BIG BANG troops and the team of monitors fromHumRRO left Camp Desert Rock at about 0130 hours on 2 September1957. The Task Force and the HumRRO team were not at fullstrength: the HumRRO team had been reduced from ten monitors tothree because of early departures from the Nevada Test Site(NTS). Moreover, some of the Task Force BIG BANG militarypersonnel failed to return from weekend pass (15). Film badgerecords indicate that only 110 of the 167 servicemen scheduled toparticipate actually took part in the troop test. Eighty-six ofthese were test troops, and seven were troop monitors who were tosupplement the HumRRO monitors who had left early (6). Theremaining 17 probably also assisted the HumRRO team as monitors(15) l
The troops were carried into the forward testing area bv oneof the transportation support units stationed at Camp DesertRock. At about 0245 hours, the Task Force arrived at the GALILEOobserver area.
29
64m
11 m
14m
8m
6m
14m
9m
nclnnGrenade Pits
“Wall”
0000Foxholes
” ” YA n A
v Y ”A /\ A
Start
l w18m
Throw, Exit
Sprint
Crawl
Walk
To Trucks(1400 m)
Meters
0 1 0
JFigure 2-4: TASK FORCE BIG BANG TROOP TEST (HumRRO INFILTRATION COURSE)
30
Shot GALILEO was detonated at 0540 hours. As planned, thetroops witnessed the detonation in open terrain 4500 meters eastof ground zero. The blast wave caused momentary winds of about36 knots at the observation area, and raised considerable dust.Troops performed the rifle disassembly-assembly test immediatelyafter the blast wave passed. Following the rifle test, radi-ological safety monitors and one member of the HumRRO team leftthe GALILEO observer area for the infiltration course todetermine whether residual radiation levels from the SMOKY shottwo days earlier were low enough to allow troop entry. While themonitors performed this task, the Task Force BIG BANG troops hadbreakfast consisting of assault rations. By 0710 hours, theradiological safety monitors returned from the SMOKY trenches toreport that the fallout level at the infiltration course wasconsidered safe for a one-hour stay. The radiological safetymonitors briefed the troop test participants on the SMOKY trenchconditions and gave them clearance to remain in the infiltrationcourse area for one hour. The Task Force BIG BANG troops thendeparted from the GALILEO observer area by truck convoy andarrived at the SMOKY trench parking area at 0740 hours. Afterleaving the trucks, the troops went to the infiltration courselocated about 1,400 meters to the northwest of the parking area(15).
At about 0805 hours, the troops began the timed infiltrationtest. They assembled near the starting line in groups of fourand five. Each group moved to the starting line, where, on asignal from a HumRRO monitor, they began the 63-meter (70-yard)course. As indicated in figure 2-4, each group walked ninemeters, crawled under a barbed-wire barrier, and continued tocrawl for 14 meters (15 yards) and under a second barbed-wirebarrier. After the soldiers had cleared the second barbed-wirebarrier, they sprinted about six meters (6 l/2 yards) to a fox-hole, where they remained for ten seconds. After the designated
31
time had elapsed, the soldiers sprinted eight more meters (8 I/2yards) to a third barrier, crawled under it, and sprinted14 meters (15 yards) to a "wall" of smooth wire, where they eachthrew two practice hand grenades at a 1.2-meter square pit, whichwas located 11 meters (12 yards) away. The infiltration testended with each soldier giving his name to the assistant monitorwaiting at the end of the course and leaving the course to theright. When the first group of men had completed the test andthe course was clear, the monitor gave the signal for the nextgroup waiting at the starting line to begin the maneuver (15).
As each group of soldiers completed the infiltration coursetest, they returned to the truck parking area. The last groupfinished the course at 0855. By 0915, the last group of the testtroops and the HumRRO monitors had returned to the truck parkingarea 1,400 meters southeast of the infiltration course. Thetrucks then left the SMOKY trench area for Camp Desert Rock,stopping at the Decontamination Station near Yucca Pass, about24 kilometers south of the infiltration course. 4n estimate ofthe transit time required indicates that the Task Force shouldhave arrived at the Decontamination Station at about 1000 hours.Personnel and their vehicles were monitored and decontaminated,if necessary, by brushing, washing, and confiscation or exchangeof clothing.
The troops turned in their film badges to radiologicalsafety personnel when they returned to Camp Desert Rock.Apparently, several of the troops lost their film badges whileperforming the infiltration test. Radges could have been lost,depending on where they were clipped to the individual's uniform,because activities performed during the test might have causedthem to slip off. At about 1030, the troops of Task Force BIG
BANG left the Decontamination Station for Camp Desert Rock (15).On Wednesday, 3 September, they departed Camp Desert Rock forFort Bragg.
32
2.2 TECHNICAL SERVICE PROJECTS AT SHO'l' GALILEO
As listed in table 2-1, members of various military agenciesperformed two technical service projects at Shot GALILEO. Manyof the 128 DOD personnel who took part in these projects alsoperformed them at other PLUMBBOB shots, both before and afterShot GALILEO.
Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, involved about 23 peoplefrom the Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories. Theproject was designed to test the capacity of standard radarequipment to detect nuclear detonations and track radioactiveclouds, and to examine Army fallout prediction methods. Project50.3 required the use of two radar sets: the AN/CPS-9 and theAN/FPS-6. Before the detonation, Army participants transportedthe AN/CPS-9 radar set by truck to a location near Hiko Village,Utah, and put the unit in operational order. In a similarmanner, participants placed the AN/FPS-6 radar set at Angel'sPeak, Nevada, located 58 kilometers southeast of the NTS.Personnel from the 865th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadronand from the Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory werestationed at Angel's Peak. Project 50.3 also involved anunspecified number of personnel from the Fallout Prediction IJnit,who were in an M-109 van situated next to the weather station atCamp Mercury. The Fallout Prediction Unit routinely gathereddata necessary to make fallout plots, and they field-tested andevaluated plots made by the Signal Corps method of falloutprediction (7; 13; 21).
Project 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and RadioactiveFallout, was sponsored by the Army Artillery and Guided MissileSchool, with support from the Army Chemical School, the AirDefense Board, the Artillery Board, and the Air Weather Service.The purpose of the project was to assess how well equipment foundin a typical Army unit could determine the location, height of
33
burst, and yield of a nuclear detonation. A total of 105 indi-viduals participated in the project. The participants performedtheir tasks at distances of between 10 and 80 kilometers fromground zero (13).
34
CHAPTER 3
NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT GALILEO
This chapter describes the activities performed byDepartment of Defense (DOD) personnel involved in the scientific,diagnostic, and training projects conducted by the four testgroups and the armed services at Shot GALILEO. DOD personnelwere involved in five projects conducted by the Armed ForcesSpecial Weapons Project (AFSWP) Weapons Effects Test Group, inone of the 16 projects conducted by the Los Alamos ScientificLaboratory (LASL) Test Group, and in the one project fielded bythe University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL) TestGroup. DOD personnel also participated in nine projects con-ducted by the Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) Civil
Effects Test Group (CETG). Except for those projects conductedby the AFSWP Weapons Effects Test Group, DOD participation inthese other test group projects appears to be limited. Inaddition to the scientific projects, the Air Force conducted one
DOD operational training project during GALILEO. Finally, AirForce Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) personnel flew supportmissions for the test groups and the Test Manager.
Detailed descriptions of project objectives and generalproject activities are contained in the PLUMRROR Series volume.The information contained in this chapter addresses only those
project operations conducted during Shot GALILE9.
3.1 FIELD COMMAND WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUP PROJECTS AT SHOTGALILEO
The Weapons Effects Test Group of AFSWP Field Command per-formed five projects at Shot GALILEO. Table 3-l lists the proj-ects, the participating organizations, and, when possible, theestimated numbers of participants. The estimates are based on a
35
knowledge of fielding and recovery procedures, or the TestDirector's Operation Plan for GALILEO. Because in most cases the
same people performed both pre- and postshot activities,estimates reflect the maximum number of DOD people who would have
been involved in the project.
Table 3-l: FIELD COMMAND WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUPPROJECTS, SHOT GALILEO
Project Title Participating AgencyEstimated
DOD Personnel
1 . 1 I Basic Airblast Phenomena I Ba l l i s t i c Research Labora tor ies I 3 I
1.9
I
Spectra of Ground Shocks Produced by
I
Air Research and Development Command;Nuclear Detonations R a m o - W o o l r i d g e C o r p o r a t i o n I
5
I
4.3
6.4
Secondary Missiles Generated by Nuclear-produced Blast Waves
Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baselineNAROL System
Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education andR e s e a r c h
Air Force Cambridge Research Center
*
*
9 . 1 Support Photography Armed Forces Special Weapons Project;Lookout Mountain Laboratory;Militaw Air Transoort Service
1 0
+ Unknown
Project 1.1, Basic Airblast Phenomena, was designed toobtain data on overpressure and dynamic pressure as a function oftime and distance from ground zero. The performance of variouspressure gauges, measurement devices, and techniques was alsoevaluated. Before the shot, personnel installed six gauges ateach of 15 stations along a main blast line about 400 to 1,200meters southeast of ground zero. The survey and preparation forinstalling the gauges probably required two AEC support personsto spend approximately 16 days onsite. Placing and checking thegauges in their mounts would probably have been performed bvthree members of the Ballistic Research Laboratories and wouldhave required 18 days.
The evening before the shot, three men activated and removedtapes from the gauges. They left the area by 2200 hours. Two orthree project personnel and a radiation monitor recovered instru-ments and recorded the measurements following the detonation.These personnel carried respirators and wore film badges andprotective clothing. They remained in the GALILEO area for abouttwo hours, recovering the gauges most distant from ground zero onshot-day. Three men spent a total of about five hours recoveringthe remaining gauges over the next three days (5; 9; 12;).
Project 1.9, Spectra of Ground Shocks Produced by NuclearDetonations, was designed to measure and analyze the velocity andmovement of the ground shock wave produced by nuclear detona-tions. Three self-contained mechanical reed shock gauges wereplaced inside cylindrical canisters 0.6 meters in diameter and0.6 meters long. The canisters were buried in holes 190 metersnorth of the shot-tower, which were then backfilled and coveredwith three layers of sandbags. It is estimated that a crew offive worked three days to survey and dig the holes, place thegauges in the ground, backfill, and cover the gauges with sand-bags. After the detonation, at a time when radiation intensitieshad decayed to permissible levels, five people are estimated tohave spent one day recovering the gauges (5; 12; 13).
Project 4.3, Secondary Missiles Generated by Nuclear-produced Blast Waves, was performed by members of LovelaceFoundation and was managed by CETG as Project 33.2. The purposeof Project 4.3 was to provide CETG with technical support. Theactivities of Project 4.3/33.2 are discussed with the other CETGactivities later in this chapter.
37
Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baselineNAROL System, studied the inverse of the Long Range aids toNavigation (LORAN) system. The project had three objectives:
0 To study the ability of the NAROL system todetect the position and measure the yield of anuclear detonation
0 To accurately detect the electromagnetic pulsefrom nuclear bursts
0 To collect data on the propagation of the pulseas it travels over land.
The Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment NAROL system tested consistedof nets located at Albuquerque, New Mexico; Vale, Oregon; andRapid City, South Dakota. Each NAROL net consisted of twounmanned slave stations and one manned station. The number ofproject personnel involved is not known (5; 12; 18).
Project 9.1, Support Photography, was primarily fielded bvAFSWP photographers assigned to photograph the detonation. Theproject was designed to lend support in the area of technicalproject photography and to provide assistance in photographicdocumentation of nuclear detonations. For Shot GALILEO, no tech-nical project photography was required for other Weapons EffectsTest Group projects. Five hours before the shot, ten menestablished camera stations. An unknown number of personnel fromAir Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory may have taken picturesfrom an aircraft flown by the Military Air Transport Service (2;5; 12; 13).
3.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN LASL AND UCRL TESTGROUP PROJECTS AT SHOT GALILEO
The LASL Test Group performed 16 projects at Shot GALILEO.
Of these 16 projects, only Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling,included DOD personnel. The UCRL Test Group performed only oneproject at Shot GALILEO, Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling,
38
which also involved DOD participation. Table 3-2 includes theseprojects along with those of CETG. The sponsor of each project,the estimated number of DOD participants, and the DOD agency andits capacity are indicated when that information is available.
Both Radiochemistry Sampling Projects were performed forLASL and UCRL by pilots from the AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron(Sampling). Their tasks are discussed under AFSWC participationin section 3.5 of this chapter.
3.3 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN CIVIL EFFECTS TESTGROUP PROJECTS AT SHOT GALILEO
Although DOD personnel took part to a limited extent in thenine CETG projects performed at Shot GALILEO, as at all shots inthe PLJJMBBOB Series. Information about the number of DODparticipants and the nature of their agency affiliation is, inmost cases, unavailable for these projects.
Project 33.2, Missiles Secondary to a Nuclear Blast, wasconducted to determine the size, weight, and velocity of arti-ficial and natural objects (steel fragments, gravel, etc.) thatcould be propelled by the blast wave from a nuclear detonation.It was partially funded, however, by the Field Command WeaponsEffects Test Group as its Project 4.3, Secondary Missiles Gener-ated by a Nuclear Detonation, which was conducted by the LovelaceFoundation for Medical Education and Research. Field Commandalso provided minor logistical support to CETG for this project.NO DOD personnel appear to have taken part in project activitiesin the forward area (8; 10).
Project 37.1, Distribution Characteristics and BioticAvailability of Fallout, required four teams of four men eachto study the longer-term aspects of biological accumulation of
39
Table 3-2: LASL, UCRL, AND CETG PROJECTS WITH DODPERSONNEL INVOLVEMENT, SHOT GALILEO
1 1 . 2 1
21.2
33.2
3 7 . 1
37.2/37.2a
37.3
37.4
37.5
37.6
39.3
Title Sponsor
Radiochemistry Sampling
Missiles Secondary to aN u c l e a r B l a s t
D i s t r i b u t i o n C h a r a c t e r i s t i c sand Biotic Availabilityof Fallout
Biophysical Aspects of
Fallout/Physical Aspectso f F a l l o u t
Biological Accumulation
o f F i s s i o n P r o d u c t s i nAgricultural Environments
Measurements andPermanent Recordings JfFast Neutrons
Chemical DosimetryS t u d i e s
Training in Techniques ofEnvironmental Assessment
Thermal RadiationMeasurements
LASLI 4926th Test Squadron,U C R L AFSWC
Lovelace Foundation
for Medical Educationand Research
C l o u dS a m p l i n g
support
9
CETG *
CETG + * 1 6
CETG AFSWC R a d i o R e l a y
CETG *
CETG *
CETG *
CETG *
CETG *
DODAgency Capacity
Est.DOD
Personnel
it Unknown
40
fission products on and in native plants and animals. Project37.1 recovery teams did not enter the field until three dapsafter the GALILEO detonation. It is not known where the teamsworked, what radiation intensities they encountered, how long theteams remained in the area, and what types of protective clothingthey may have required (10; 24).
Project 37.2/37.2a, Riophysical Aspects of Fallout andPhysical Aspects of Fallout, concerned the delineation andcharacterization of fallout patterns during the shot. Project37.2 was conducted by approximately 30 people. Certain specificfission-product analyses were conducted by the Chemical AnalysisGroup of the Atomic Energy Project, University of California atLos Angeles. The personnel of Project 37.2a consisted of as manyas 15 two-man teams, who were responsible for installation,operation, and recovery of sampling and monitoring equipment.Some DOD personnel probably assisted in these activities. Post-
shot activities for these teams began on 3 September, the dayafter the GALILEO event (10; 24). The only documented DODparticipation in Projects 37.2 and 37.2a is AFSWC radio-relay
support, which is discussed in section 3.5.
Project 37.3, Riological Accumulation of Fission Products inAgricultural Environments, used a two-man team to obtain data onbiological accumulation in livestock and farm products. Twelvehours after the detonation, Project 37.2a recovery teams assistedin directing Project 37.3 recovery teams to farms exhibitingcertain dose rates. It is likely that some DOD medical andveterinary personnel may have taken part in this project (10;24 ) .
Project 37.4, Measurements and Permanent Recordings of FastNeutrons, required laboratory and field tests to determinewhether improved knowledge of the characteristics of Germaniumdosimeters could be used to increase the accuracy and sensitivitv
41
of fast neutron dosage measurements obtained near nuclear deto-nations (10; 24).
Project 37.5, Chemical Dosimetry Studies, used test animalsto determine human exposure to prompt and residual radiation froma nuclear detonation. On- and offsite activities were requiredin this experiment. Offsite fallout measurements were made inconjunction with Project 37.2a (10; 24).
Project 37.6, Training in Techniques of EnvironmentalAssessment, provided training to personnel from various scien-tific disciplines in the techniques of environmental assessmentunder fallout conditions. Rotating project assignments were anintegral part of this training. Among the participants mentionedin the training program were Air Force veterinarians, but thenumber of veterinarians and their unit affiliations are notknown. Information is not available on other possible DODparticipants and their activities in the project (10; 24).
Project 39.3, Thermal Radiation Measurements, had a dualobjective: to measure transient air temperature at selectedlocations in the blast biology underground shelter in Area 1, andto evaluate thermal burns from a nuclear detonation on biologicalspecimens. Swine were used as the biological specimens (10; 24).
3.4 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE OPERATIONAL TRAINING PROJECT AT SHOTGALILEO
At Shot GALILEO, an Air Force Air National Guard TacticalReconnaissance unit performed one operational training project.The primary aim of operational training projects was to testservice tactics and equipment and to train military personnel inthe effects of nuclear detonations.
42
Project 53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance Training, enabledAir National Guard Tactical Reconnaissance Units to observe ShotGALILEO and to assess the damage by means of photographic tech-niques. According to the Air Mission Summary Report for ShotGALILEO, two RF-84F aircraft, each flown by one pilot from theTennessee Air National Guard, took part in the project. Theaircraft left George Air Force Base (AFB), California, in theearly morning of 2 September. Before shot-time, the two aircraftflew a right-hand elliptical course from Beatty to Lathrop Wells,at an inbound heading of 127 degrees true and an altitude of31,000 feet (1; 2; 11; 13).
After the detonation, the two RF-84F aircraft were directedby the Air Operations Center to proceed to the GALILEO area toPosition themselves for a timed pass over ground zero at 10,000feet. The pass was to occur ten minutes after the detonation.UPon completing this photographic mission over ground zero, theaircraft returned to George AFB, where the aircraft were moni-tored by ground personnel (1; 2; 11; 13).
3.5 AIR FORCE SPECIAL WEAPONS CENTER ACTIVITIES AT SHOT GALILE9
AFSWC support during Shot GALILEO was provided by the 4950thTest Group (Nuclear), including the 4926th Test Squadron(Sampling) and the 4935th Air Base Squadron, with support fromthe 4900th Air Base Group. AFSWC missions consisted of nuclearcloud-sampling and sample return missions for LASL Project 11.2and UCRL Project 21.2, a radio-relay for CETG Pro,jects37.2/37.2a, cloud-tracking missions, security sweeps, and terrainsurveys performed for the Test Manager. In addition to thesemissions, AFSWC ground personnel exercised operational control ofall aircraft from the air operations center at the Control Point.Table 3-3 indicates DOD participation in AFSWC projects,including the number and types of aircraft used.
43
Table 3-3: AFSWC AIR MISSION SUPPORT, SHOT GALILEO
1P r o g r a m / P r o j e c t
11.2/21.2
C o u r i e r
r- 37.2/3>.2a
Mission
C l o u d S a m p l i n gS a m p l e r C o n t r o lSampler
Sampler
Sample Return
Estimated Number ofType Aircraft Number of Aircraft DOD Personnel
0-57 1 1F - 8 4 4 4
B-r7 2 4
c-47 3 1 2
R a d i o R e l a y I c-47 I 1 I 3 I
Cloud Tracking B-50 1 1 0
B-25 1 5
Security Sweep L - 2 0 1 2
Survey Mission I H - 2 1 I 5 I 1 5 I
3.5.1 Cloud Sampling
At GALILEO, six aircraft collected samples of the nuclearcloud for LASL Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, and IJCRL ,
Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. These six sampler air-craft were flown by pilots of the .492rjth Test Squadron (Sampling)and included two B-57Bs, each with one pilot and an Air Forceradiological monitor and four F-84s with one pilot each. A B-57Bsampler control aircraft, flown by an AFSWC pilot accompanied bya scientific advisor from LASL, also participated.
The sampler control aircraft left Indian Springs AFR at 0525hours and climbed to an altitude of 3S,OOO feet. At 0535 hours,the aircraft began its orbit pattern outside the test area.
The six sampler aircraft proceeded as follows. The first, aB-57B, left Indian Springs AFB at 0650 hours. Documentation doesnot specify what time this aircraft entered the cloud or com-pleted its mission, but its mission was probably conducted within
44
an hour, as it was for the other samplers. Two of the F-84Gaircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 0705 hours, entered the sam-pling area at 0710 hours, completed their sampling run at 0740hours, left the area at 0745 hours, and landed at Indian SpringsAFB at 0750 hours.
Two more F-84G aircraft flew from Indian Springs AFR at 0720hours, entered the sampling area at 0725 hours, began their sam-pling missions at 0740 hours, completed their mission at 0755hours, and landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0805 hours.
The final sampler was a B-57B with two crewmen. Theaircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 0735 hours, entered the sam-pling area at 0740 hours, completed the mission at 0810 hoursand, followed by the B-57B sampler control aircraft, landed atIndian Springs AFB at 0820 hours.
Sampler aircraft entered the vicinity of the detonation and,after establishing visual contact with the sampler control air-craft, were guided by the scientific advisor aboard the samplercontrol aircraft to areas from which samples of nuclear cloudwere to be obtained. The sampler aircraft were each equippedwith sampling equipment, filters, radiac meters, and integratingdosimeters. All crewmen were on full oxygen for the entiremission.
After the sampling aircraft landed, they taxied to theeast taxi strip farthest from base operation areas, where groundpersonnel removed the cloud samples and placed them in metal con-tainers that were then flown by three C-47 courier aircraft tothe laboratories for analyses. The ground crews then begandecontamination procedures of both aircraft and crew, asdescribed in chapter 3 of the PLUMBBOB Series volume(1; 2; 11; 13).
45
3.5.2 Radio Relay
AFSWC support for Project 37.2/37.2a, Biophysical Aspects ofFallout and Physical Aspects of Fallout, was provided by one C-47aircraft the day after Shot GALILEO. The aircraft, with at leastthree crewmen, flew a right-hand elliptical pattern southeast Ofthe test site at an altitude of 12,000 feet. This service wasprobably provided to assist CETG personnel in conducting theirrecovery operations by providing communications (1; 2; 10; 13).
3.5.3 Cloud Tracking
Immediately after the GALILEO detonation, two aircraft, aB-50 from Kirtland AFB and a B-25 from Indian Springs AFB, flewcloud-tracking missions over and beyond the Nevada Test Site(NTS) at altitudes of 25,000 feet and 15,000 feet, respectively.The time of departure for both aircraft is not known. The B-50probably had a minimum crew of ten. The purpose of this missionwas to determine the direction of the radioactive cloud and tokeep the airways clear of any private or commercial aircraft thatmight encounter radioactive clouds. It is not known how far thetwo aircraft tracked the cloud. Standard operating proceduresfor cloud tracking required that crew members wear film badges.
The B-25 cloud tracker from Indian Springs AFB was under theoperational control of the 4900th Air Base Group OperationOfficer and the pilots were briefed by the Test Aircraft UnitOperation Officer. The B-50 cloud tracker from Kirtland AFB wasbriefed by the 4950th Test Group Operations Officer. The air-Craft were in position near the NTS at the time of detonation.Following detonation, the Air Operations Center notified thecloud trackers to leave the holding pattern and proceed to thetracking area (1; 2; 11; 13).
46
3.5.4 Security Sweep Mission
The evening before the detonation, a single L-20 aircraftwas dispatched from Yucca airstrip to perform the security sweepmission over the NTS area in general, and over the GALILEO testarea in particular. For this mission, the aircraft crew con-sisted of two persons. Usually, a security guard officeraccompanied the pilot during the security sweep (1; 2; 11; 13).
3.5.5 Survey Missions
After the detonation, five H-21 helicopters flew surveymissions over the GALILEO test area to assess detonation damageand record radiation intensities. The H-21 helicopters each hada crew of three AFSWC personnel, and carried two radiologicalsafety monitors from Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Companv.This survey mission is described as part of the monitoringprocedures in chapter 4. Pilots wore regular flight suits duringthe mission, and other crew members wore protective clothing andrespirators. Following the mission, helicopters returned tohelicopter areas and were monitored and decontaminated asrequired (1; 2; 13; 20).
47
CHAPTER 4
RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT GALILEO
To protect participants at Shot GALILEO from the radiationassociated with the detonation of a nuclear device, ExerciseDesert Rock VII and VIII, the Nevada Test Organization (NTO), andthe Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) each used acceptedstandards and developed its own criteria and procedures to ensurethe radiological safety of its members. These safety criteriaand procedures, as well as the organizations developed to imple-
ment the procedures, are detailed in chapter 5 of the PLUMBBOBSeries volume.
The purpose of the various radiation protection proceduresdeveloped for the PLLJMBBOB Series was to ensure that individualexposure to ionizing radiation be as low as possible. At thesame time, the procedures were designed so that participantscould meet the operational requirements of each activitv ormission. Some of the procedures described in the Series volumerequired Exercise Desert Rock, the NTO, and AFSWC to keeprecords, which can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of theirradiation protection programs.
The information that is available concerning the radio-logical protection procedures at Shot GALILEO includes film-badgedata for the Human Resources Research Office (HumRRO) troop testand NT0 data on radiological safety equipment, survey results andrecords, isointensity plots, and decontamination records.
4 8
4.1 FILM BADGE READINGS FOR TASK FORCE BIG BANG AT SHOT GALILEO
Each Exercise Desert Rock participant was issued a filmbadge. Form LSD SCTF 142, the Lexington Signal Depot Film BadgeService Radiation Report, was used to record the individual'sname, rank, serial number, organization, film-badge number, andexposure. While the forms provided much useful information, theydid not always provide information specific to Shot GALILEO. Anumber of recordkeeping problems existed that made planned proce-dures for film-badge processing difficult. Information on theseforms was not always recorded accurately; e.g., names were mis-spelled, and incorrect organization names were recorded.Furthermore, LSD SCTF 142 forms list periods of exposure thatvary from two days to two months.
Although film-badge data are available for all Desert Rockactivities, the HumRRO troop test distinguished Shot GALILEO fromthe rest of the PLUMBBOB Series, making the separation of Task
. Force BIG BANG film-badge data from the rest of the Desert Rockdata relatively easy in spite of recordkeeping problems.
All of the available PLUMBBOB LSD SCTF 142 forms have beensearched to generate a list of Task Force BIG BANG participantswho probably were at Shot GALILEO. About 16 percent of the DODpersonnel participating at Shot GALILEO were involved in TaskForce BIG BANG. The participants wore film badges for the periodfrom 13 August to 3 September 1957.
Film-badge information is available for the 167 men assignedto Task Force BIG BANG. Research indicates that six film badgeswere damaged or otherwise unreadable. Figure 4-1 presents thedistribution of readings for the 161 soldiers with readablebadges (15).
49
40-
35-
15-
10-
5 -
-0
13 Aug - 3 SepTotal Number = 161”
*Does not include six personsfor whom badge readings areunavailable
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2
Film Badge Reading (gamma, roentgens)
Figure 4-l: TASK FORCE BIG BANG, DISTRIBUTION OF FILM BADGE READINGS
50
As mentioned in chapter 2, film-badge readings indicate thatonly 110 of the 167 men originally assigned to Task Force BIGBANG actually participated in the exercise on 2 September. Thesetwo groups (participants and nonparticipants) are represented inthe distribution of film-badge readings shown in figure 4-l. The51 readings under 0.4 roentgens represent nonparticipants; how-ever, because gamma radiation is recorded for some of the men,these men probably attended the documented rehearsals that wereheld prior to the detonation of GALILEO (15; 23). The highergroup of readings, 0.8 to 3.2 roentgens, indicates the 110 menwho participated in the troop test at Shot GALILEO.
The mean gamma reading for Task Force BIG BANG participantsiS 1.9 roentgens (standard deviation = 0.49 roentgens). Amongthose individuals who probably participated in the exercise, themonitors received the highest exposures. Nine of the ten docu-mented participating civilian and military monitors recorded from2.5 to 3.2 roentgens; in contrast, only one of the test troopsexceeded 2.6 roentgens (6; 15; 23). Since the monitors' dutieswere such that their time in radioactive areas probably exceeded
that of others, higher readings are to be expected for them(15; 23).
4.2 NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION RADIATI9N PROTECTION ACTIVITIES
The following subsections indicate specific data concerningradiation protection activities performed by NT0 at Shot GALILEO.
Dosimetry Records for GALILEO
From 2 September to 4 September 1957, including the2 September detonation of GALILEO, the Personnel Dosimetry Branchissued 3,515 film badges and 448 pocket dosimeters (20; 25).Dosimetry data indicates taht eight DOD participants received agamma exposure exceeding 2.0 roentgens during GALILEO. None ofthese exceeded the limit of 3.9 roentgens (20).
51
Logistical Information for Radiological Safety Equipment
For Shot GALILEO, the Logistics Branch issued 1,208 piecesof protective clothing, 190 respirators, and 3,127 pieces ofmiscellaneous equipment (20; 25).
Monitoring Procedures and Support at GALILEO
Ten minutes after the detonation of Shot GALILEO, a total of11 monitors traveling in seven vehicles started the initialground survey, which had a mid-time of 0726 hours. Completion ofthe survey was delayed because the cloud remained in the area fora considerable time, causing fallout and changing radiationintensities at ground level. Resurveys were made at a mid-timeof 1150 hours on shot-day, and again on 3, 4, and 5 September1957.
The initial aerial survey team departed from the ControlPoint helicopter pad at 0810, 2 l/2 hours after the detonation.The aerial survey team resurveyed the area around the GALILEOground zero on 3 September and on 4 September. The maximumintensity that the aerial survey team measured was 52 R/h, 100feet above ground zero on 3 September, the day after the GALILEOdetonation. The highest reading taken on the day of detonationwas 50 H/h, 500 feet above ground zero, about 2 l/2 hours afterdetonation (20; 25).
Plotting and Briefing at GALILEO
Using information from the initial surveys, the Plotting andBriefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. A copy ofthe initial contour map, with a mid-time for measurements of 0726hours, is shown in figure 4-2. Figures 4-3 through 4-6 showcopies of the isointensity contours generated from the resurveysconducted from 2 September to 5 September 1957.
Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting andBriefing Branch to establish Full and Limited Radiological
52
.---. I
0 1000I 1 1 1 J
Mete rs
Stake Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h- - - - - w e - - - 0.1 R/h-.-.-.-.-.-. 1.0 R/h
Figure 4-2: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT GALILEO,2 SEPTEMBER 1957, MID-TIME 0726
5 3
__.- - --
Stake Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h
0 1000 -----w---s1 1 1 1 1 0.1 R/hMeters -.-.-.-.-.-. 1.0 R/h
Figure 4-3: RESURVEY FOR SHOT GALILEO,2 SEPTEMBER 1957, MID-TIME 1150
54
/
*.. .
0 1000I I 1 ’ I
Meters
Stake Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h- - - - - - - - - - 0.1 R/h-.-.-.-.-.-. 1.0 R/h
Figure 4-4: RESURVEY FOR SHOT GALILEO,3 SEPTEMBER 1857, MID-TIME 0828
--- -
55
- -
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
. . \*.
-.\
-. . a\
. . \. .
-.\
*. \-.
- . \
. . \* .
’ . \
I :\ :\ , :
0 1000I 1 1 ’ J
Meters
Stake Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/hm e - - - - - - - - 0.1 R/h-.-.-.-.-.-. 1.0 R/h
Figure 4-5: RESURVEY FOR SHOT GALILEO,4 SEPTEMBER 1957, MID-TIME 0616
56
0 1000I 1 1 1 I
Meters
Stake Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h-------mm- 0.1 R/h-.-.-.-.-.-. 1.0 R/h
Figure 4-6: RESURVEY FOR SHOT GALILEO,5 SEPTEMRER 1957, MID-TIME 6626
57
Exclusion (RADEX) Areas. The Plotting and Briefing Branch alsoissued the access permits required for entry into these areas.During the period 2 September through 4 September, access permitswere issued to a total of 735 individuals involved in 41 pro,jects
(20; 25).
Decontamination Activities at GALILEO
During the period covering Shot GALILEO, 2 through 4 Septem-ber 1957, the Decontamination Section decontaminated 64 vehiclesand two recorders (20; 25).
58
59
AVAILABILITY INFORMATION
An availability statement has been included at the end ofthe reference citation for those readers who wish to read orobtain copies of source documents. The following addresses arebeing provided for that purpose.
Source documents, bearing an availability statement of DOECIC, may be reviewed at the following address:
Department of EnergyCoordination and Information Center(Operated by Reynolds Electrical 8 Engineering Co., Inc.)ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley2753 S. HighlandP.O. Box 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194
Source documents, bearing an availability statement of NTIS,may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service.When ordering by mail or phone please include both the price codeand the NTIS number. The price code appears in parenthesesbefore the NTIS order number.
National Technical Information Service5285 Port Royal Road Phone: (703) 487-4650Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office)
Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained bywriting to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling(703) 487-4660.
6 0
REFERENCE LIST
The following list of references representsonly those documents cited in the GALILEOvolume. When a DASA-WT document is followedby an EX, the latest version has been cited.A complete list of all documents consultedduring the preparation of the PLUMBBOB Seriesvolumes is contained in the OperationPLUMBBOB volume.
61
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
*
DNA VOLUME REFERENCE LIST
GALILEO
Air Force Special Weapons Center. "Air Force SpecialWeapons Center Operation Plan l-57-EX." Operation PLIJMRROR.Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 03/ni/m. 139 Pages.AD/A955 O31*
Air Force Special Weapons Center. "Air Support Group-AirMission Summary for GALILEO Event." Kirtland AFB, NM.:AFSWC. 09/03/57. 3 Pages.**
Atomic Energy Commission. [General Correspondence.] AEC.00/00/57. 6 Pages.**
Atomic Energy Commission. [Program and Project Partici-pation in Operation PLUMBBOB.] AEC. 04/01/57. 13 Pages.**
Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director."Annex W, to Test Director's Operation Plan NO. CTDN-22:Special Instructions, GALILEO." Mercury, NV.: GRC.09/01/57. 12 Pages.**
Baldwin, R. "Experiences at Desert Rock VII and VIII."Washington, D.C.: Human Resources Research Office.03/00/58. 91 Pages. (405) AD/A044 440*
Bastian, C.; Robbiani, R. "Radar Detection and Observationof Nuclear Clouds, Project 50.3. Part II: Desert Rock VIIand VIII, Operation PLUMBBOB." 1J.S. Army Signal Researchand Development Laboratory, Ft. Monmouth, NJ.:ASKDTRL-2077. 11/02/59. 50 Pages. AD 344 156*
Bowen, I .; Franklin, M.; Fletcher, F.; et al. "SecondaryMissiles Generated By Nuclear-Produced Blast Waves, Projects4.3 and 33.2." Lovelace Foundation for Medical Educationand Research. Albuquerque, NM.: LFMFR. 10/28/63.480 Pages. WT-1468. 4 D 4 3 6 391*
Bryant, E.; Keefer, J.H. "Basic Airblast Phenomena, Pro,ject1.1." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1401.06/25/62. 202 Pages. AD 344 935*
Available from NTIS; order number appears before theasterisk.
** Available at DOE CIC.
*** Not available.
6 2
10.
11.
12.
13 .
1 4 .
1 5 .
1 6 .
1 7 .
18.
19.
*
**
Corsbie, R. "Operation PLUMBBOB Civil Effects Test GroupProject Summaries." Mercury, NV.: CETG.69 Pages. (A04) AD/B951 587*
05/00/57.
Evans, W.A. "History of 4950th Test Group (Nuclear) inOperation PLUMBBOB." Air Force Special Weapons Center,Historical Section. Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC.128 Pages.***
01/06/S8.
Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Agency. "TechnicalSummary of Military Effects, Operation PLUMBBOB, Programsl-9." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. YT-1445-EX.10/01/79. 228 Pages. AD/A995 075*
Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Agency. "OperationalSummary: Operation PLUMBBOB." Albuquerque, NM.: FieldCommand, DASA. YT-1444-EX. 10/01/79.(A04) AD/B951 751*
73 Pages.
General Electric Company-TEMPO. Computation of LocalFallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962. Extractedfrom DASA 1251: Vol. 1: "Continental IJS Tests."Washington, D.C.: DNA 1251-1-EX. 00/00/79. 612 Pages.(A99) AD/A079 309*
Goetz, ,J.; Kaul, D.; Klemm, ,J.; et al. "Analysis ofRadiation Exposure for Task Force BIG BANG Shot GALILEOExercise Desert Rock VII-VIII Operation PLUMBROB."Washington, D.C.: DNA-4772F. 04/09/80. 9 4 P a g e s .AD/A085 801*
Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. "Operation Order 17; DesertRock VII and VIII; SMOKY." Camp Desert Rock, NV. 08/23/57.60 Pages.**
Headquarters, Sixth Army. "Exercise Desert Rock VII andVIII: Final Report of Operations." Presidio of SanFrancisco, CA.: Sixth U.S. Army. AG-9S-531. 11/25/57.69 Pages. (A04) AD/A077 515*
Houghten, R.; Harvey, R. 'Accuracy and Reliability of aShort-Baseline NAROL System, Project 6.4.' Albuquerque,NM.: Field Command, AFSWP, ITR-1438. 03/03/58. 78 Pages.AD/A995 005*
Reeves, J. Report of the Test Manager, Atomic EnergyCommission/Nevada Test Organization, Operation PLUMBBOB.Nevada Test Site: AEC. 04/01/58. 242 Pages.***
Available from NTIS; order number appears before theasterisk.
Available at DOE CIC.
*** Not available.
63
a-- - _-
20. Reynolds Electrical and Engineering COmpanY. '1On SiteRad-Safe Support." Las Vegas, NV.: REECo. 00/00/57.5 Pages.**
21. Richards, Y.; Watson, B. "Operations of the Fallout Groupof Project 50.3." U.S. Army Signal Research and DevelopmentLaboratory. Ft. hlonmouth, NJ.: SRDL-20-TR-581. 08/15/60.77 Pages. AD 252 267
22. Robotti, J. "After Action Reports by Technical ServicesChiefs, Operation PLUMBBOB, Camp Desert Rock VII and VIII."Camp Desert Rock, NV. 00/00/57. 150 Pages. AD/A 080-236
23. Science Applications, Inc. "Film Badge Dosimetry Analysis:Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII." McLean, VA.: SAI.06/18/79. 345 Pages. Limited to Privacy Act restrictions.
24. Weary, S .; Ozeroff, W.; Sperling, J.; et al. "PLUMBROBSeries, 24 April-7 October.1957." Washington, DC.: DefenseNuclear Agency.
25. Wilcox, F.; Goeke, R.; Weaver, C. "Operation PLUMBBOBOnsite Radiological Safety Support Report." Las Vegas, NV.:REECo. OTO-57-2. 00/00/57. 193 Pages.(A09) AD/A077 488*/**
* Available from NTIS; order number appears before theasterisk.
** Available at DOE CIC.
*** Not available.
64
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ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-R0Philadelphia, PA
ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-R0San Francisco, CA
ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-R0San Juan, Puerto Rico
ATTN: Director
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued)
Veterans Administration-R0Columbia, SC
ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-R0Sioux Falls, SD
ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-R0Houston, TX
ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-R0Waco, TX
ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-R0Salt Lake City, UT
ATTN: Director
Veterans Administraiton-ROWhite River Junction, VT
ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-R0Roanoke, VA
ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-R0Cheyenne, WY
ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-R0San Diego, CA
ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-R0Boise, ID
ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-R0Detroit, MI
ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-R0Nashville, TN
ATTN : Director
The White HouseATTN: Domestic Policy Staff
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS
Lawrence Livermore National LabATTN: Tech Info Dept Library
Los Alamos National Scientific LabATTN: LibraryATTN: MS 195
Sandia National LabATTN: W. HerefordATTN: Central Library
Reynolds Electrical & Engr Co., IncATTN: CICATTN: W. Brady
68
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS
Adams State CollegeATTN: Librn
Advanced Research & Applications CorpATTN: H. Lee
Akron Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Alabama State Dept of Archives & HistoryATTN: Military Records Div
University of AlabamaATTN: Reference Dept, Dralier 3ATTN: Director of Libraries (Reg)
University of Alaska Library at AnchorageATTN: Dir of Libraries
University of AlaskaATTN: Librn
Albany Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Alexander City State Jr CollegeATTN: Librn
Allegheny CollegeATTN: Librn
Allen County Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Altoona Area Public LibraryATTN: Librn
American Statistics IndexCongressional Info Service, Inc
ATTN: Cathy Jarvey
Anaheim Public LibraryATTN: Librn
College of WoosterATTN: Gov Dues
Angelo State University LibraryATTN: Librn
Angelo Icoboni Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Anoka County LibraryATTN: Librn
Appalachian State UniversityATTN: Library Oocs
Arizona State University LibraryATTN: Librn
University of ArizonaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)
Arkansas College LibraryATTN: Library
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Arkansas Library ComnATTN: Library
Arkansas State UniversityATTN: Library
University of ArkansasATTN: Gov Dots Div
Austin CollegeATTN: Librn
Atlanta Public LibraryATTN: Ivan Allen Dept
Atlanta UniversityATTN: Librn
Auburn Univer;;gnLibrary at Mongomery (Reg)ATTN:
C. W. Post Ctr Long Island UniversityATTN: Librn
Bangor Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Bates College LibraryATTN: Librn
Baylor University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept
Beloit College LibrariesATTN: Serials Dots Dept
Bemidji State CollegeATTN: Library
State University CollegeATTN: Gov Dots
Akron UniversityATTN: Gov Dots
Boston Public Library (Reg)ATTN: Dots Dept
Bowdoin CollegeATTN: Librn
Bowling Green State UniversityATTN: Lib Gov Dots Services
Bradley UniversityATTN: Librn
Brandeis University LibraryATTN: Dots Section
Brigham Young UniversityATTN: Dots Collection
Brookhaven National LaboratoryATTN: Tech Library
Brooklyn CollegeATTN: Dot Div
69
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CCJTRACTORS (Continued)
Broward County Library SysATTN: Librn
Brown UniversityATTN: Librn
Bucknell UniversityATTN: Reference Dept
Buffalo & Erie Co Public LibraryATTN: Librn
State University Library of California at FresnoATTN: Library
University Library of California at Los AngelesATTN: Pub Affairs Serv U.S. Dots
University of California at San DiegoATTN: Dots Dept
State College Library of California at StanislausATTN: Library
California State Polytechnic University LibraryATTN: Librn
California State University at NorthridgeATTN: Gov Dot
California State Library (Reg)ATTN: Librn
California State University at Long Beach LibraryATTN: Librn
California State UniversityATTN: Librn
California State UniversityATTN: Librn
California University LibraryATTN: Gov Pub Dept
California University LibraryATTN: Librn
California University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Dept
Califo;m;; University Library: Dots Set
University of CaliforniaATTN: Gov Dots Dept
Calvin College LibraryATTN: Librn
Kearney State CollegeATTN: Gov Dots Dept
Cambria County Library SysATTN: Librn
Carleton College LibraryATTN: Librn
&PARfiENT~FJFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Carnegie Library of PittsburghATTN: Librn
Carnegie Mellon UniversityATTN: Dir of Libraries
Carson Regional LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Unit
Case Western Reserve UniversityATTN: Librn
Casper CollegeATTN: Librn
University of Central FloridaATTN: Library Dots Dept
Central Michigan UniversityATTN: Library Dots Set
Central Montana State CollegeATTN: Gov Dots
Central State UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Dept
Central Washington UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Set
Central Wyoming College LibraryATTN: Librn
Charleston County LibraryATTN: Librn
Charlotte & Mechlenburg County Public LibraryATTN: E. Correll
Chattanooga Hamilton County, Bicentennial LibraryATTN: Librn
Chesapeake Public Library SystemATTN: Librn
Chicago Public LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Dept
State University of ChicagoATTN: Librn
Chicago University LibraryATTN: Dir of LibrariesATTN: Dots Processing
Cincinnati University LibraryATTN: Librn
Citadel, Daniel LibraryATTN: Librn
Claremont Colleges LibrariesATTN: Dot Collection
Clemso;T;;iversity: Dir of Libraries
70
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Cleveland Public LibraryATTN: Dots Collection
Cleveland State University LibraryATTN: Librn
Coe LibraryATTN: Dots Div
Colgate University LibraryATTN: Ref Lib
Colorado State University LibrariesATTN: Librn
University of Colorado LibrariesATTN: Dir of Libraries
Columbia University LibraryATTN: Dots Svc Ctr
Columbus & Franklin Cty Public LibraryATTN: Gen Ret Div
Compton LibraryATTN: Librn
Connecticut State Library (Reg)ATTN: Librn
University of ConnecticutATTN: Gov't of Connecticut
University of ConnecticutATTN: Dir of Libraries
Cornell University LibraryATTN: Librn
CorpusA$F;isti State University Library: Librn
Culver City LibraryATTN: Librn
Curry College LibraryATTN: Librn
University of North Carolina at AshevilleATTN: Librn
Dallas County Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Dallas Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Dalton Junior College LibraryATTN: Librn
Dartmouth CollegeATTN: Librn
Davenport Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Davidson CollegeATTN: Librn
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Dayton & Montgomery City Public LibraryATTN: Librn
University of DaytonATTN: Librn
Decatur Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Dekalb Community College SO CPUSATTN: Librn
Delaware Pauw UniversityATTN: Librn
University of DelawareATTN: Librn
University of DelawareATTN: Dir of Libraries
Delta College LibraryATTN: Libm
Delta State UniversityATTN: Librn
Denison University LibraryATTN: Librn
Denver Public Library (Reg)ATTN: Dots Div
Dept of Library & Archives (Reg)ATTN: Librn
Detroit Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Dickinson College LibraryATTN: Librn
Dickinson State CollegeATTN: Librn
Alabama Agricultural Mechanical University ?I Co11ATTN: Librn
Drake UniversityATTN: Cowles Library
Drew UniversityATTN: Librn
Duke UniversityATTN: Pub Dots Dept
Duluth Public LibraryATTN: Dots Set
East Carolina UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Dept
East Central UniversityATTN: Librn
East Islip Public LibraryATTN: Librn
7 1
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued1
East Orange Public LibraryATTN: U.S. Gov't Depository
East Tennessee State University Sherrod LibraryATTN: Dots Dept
East Texas State UniversityATTN: Library
Monmouth County Library Eastern BranchATTN: Librn
Eastern Illinois UniversityATTN: Librn
Eastern Kentucky UniversityATTN: Librn
Eastern Michigan University LibraryATTN: Library
Eastern Montana CollegeATTN: Lib Dots
Eastern Montana College LibraryATTN: Dots Dept
Eastern New Mexico UniversityATTN: Librn
Eastern Oregon College LibraryATTN: Librn
Eastern Washington UniversityATTN: Librn
El Paso Public LibraryATTN: Dots & Genealogy Dept
Elko County LibraryATTN: Librn
Elmire CollegeATTN: Librn
Elon College LibraryATTN: Librn
Enoch Pratt Free LibraryATTN: oocs Oft
Enory UniversityATTN: Librn
Evansville & Vanderburgh Cty Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Everett Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Fairleigh Dickinson UniversityATTN: Depository Dept
Florida A & M UniversityATTN: Librn
Florida Atlantic University LibraryATTN: Div of Pub DOCS
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Florida Institute of TechnologyATTN: Library
Florida International University LibraryATTN: Dots Set
Florida State LibraryATTN: Dots Set
Florida State UniversityATTN: Librn
University of FloridaATTN: Dir of Library (Reg)ATTN: Dots Dept
Fond Du Lac Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Ft Hays State UniversityFt Hays Kansas State College
ATTN: Librn
Ft Worth Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Free Public Library of ElizabethATTN: Librn
Free Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Freeport Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Fresno Cty Free LibraryATTN: Librn
Gadsden Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Garden Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Gardner Webb CollegeATTN: Dots Library
Gary P;;;IJ;c Library: Librn
Geauga Cty Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Georgetown University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Room
Georgia Institute of TechnologyATTN: Librn
Georgia Southern CollegeATTN: Librn
Georgia Southwestern CollegeATTN: Dir of Libraries
Georgia State University LibraryATTN: Librn
72
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
University of GeorgiaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)
Glassboro State CollegeATTN: Librn
Gleeson LibraryATTN: Librn
Graceland CollegeATTN: Librn
Grand Forks Public City-County LibraryATTN: Librn
Grand Rapids Public LibraryATTN: Dir of Lib
Greenville County LibraryATTN: Librn
Grinnell College LibraryATTN: Librn
Guam RFK Memorial University LibraryATTN: Fed Depository Co11
University of GuamATTN: Librn
Gustavus Adolphus CollegeATTN: Librn
South Dakota UniversityATTN: Librn
Hardin-Simmons University LibraryATTN: Librn
Hartford Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Harvard College LibraryATTN: Dir of Lib
Harvard College LibraryATTN: Serials Ret Div
University of Hawaii LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Co11
Hawaii State LibraryATTN: Fed Dots Unit
University of Hawaii at MonoaATTN: Dif of Libraries (Reg)
University of HawaiiHilo Campus Library
ATTN: Librn
Haydon Burns LibraryATTN: Librn
Hennepin County LibraryATTN: Gov Dots
Henry Ford Community College LibraryATTN: Librn
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Herbert H. Lehman CollegeATTN: Lib Dots Div
Hofstra University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept
Hollins CollegeATTN: Librn
Hopkinsville Comnunity CollegeATTN: Librn
Wagner CollegeATTN: Librn
University of Houston LibraryATTN: Dots Div
Houston Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Tulane UniversityATTN: Dots Dept
Hoyt Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Humboldt State College LibraryATTN: Dots Dept
Huntington Park LibraryATTN: Librn
Hutchinson Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Idaho Public Library & Information CenterATTN: Librn
Idaho State LibraryATTN: Librn
Idaho State University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept
University of IdahoATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)ATTN: Dots Set
University of Illinois LibraryATTN: Dots Set
Illinois State Library (Reg)ATTN: Gov Dots Br
Illinois University at Urbana-ChampaignATTN: P. Watson Dots Lib
Illinois Valley Community CollegeATTN: Library
Illinois State UniversityATTN: Librn
Indiana State Library (Reg)ATTN: Serial Set
Indiana State UniversityATTN: Dots Library
73
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Indiana University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept
Indianapolis Marion County Public LibraryATTN: Social Science Oiv
Iowa State University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Dept
Iowa University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Dept
Butler UniversityATTN: Librn
Isaac Delchdo CollegeATTN: Librn
James Madison UniversityATTN: Librn
JAYCOR2 cy ATTN: Health & Environment Oiv
Jefferson County Public LibraryLakewood Regional Library
ATTN: Librn
Jersey City State CollegeATTN: F. A. Irwin Library Periodicals
Ooc Set
John Hopkins UniversityATTN: Dots Library
La Roche CollegeATTN: Librn
Johnson Free Public LibraryATTN: Librn
JRB Associates10 cy ATTN: L. Novotney
Kalamazoo Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Kaman TempoATTN: OASIACATTN: E. Martin
Kaman TempoATTN: R. Miller
Kaman TempoATTN: C. Jones
Kansas City Public LibraryATTN: Dots Oiv
Kansas State LibraryATTN: Librn
Kansas State University LibraryATTN: Oocs Dept
University of KansasATTN: Dir of Library (Reg)
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Kent State University LibraryATTN: Oocs Oiv
Kentucky Oept of Library & ArchivesATTN: Dots Set
University of KentuckyATTN: Gov Pub OeptATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg)
Kenyon College LibraryATTN: Librn
Lake Forest CollegeATTN: Librn
Lake Sumter Community College LibraryATTN: Librn
Lakeland Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Lancaster Regional LibraryATTN: Librn
Lawrence UniversityATTN: Dots Oept
Brigham Young UniversityATTN: Oocs & Map Set
Lewis University LibraryATTN: Librn
Library and Statutory Dist & Svc2 cy ATTN: Librn
Earlham CollegeATTN: Librn
Little Rock Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Long Beach Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Los Angeles Public LibraryATTN: Serials Oiv U.S. Oocs
Louisiana State UniversityATTN: Gov Ooc OeptATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)
Louisville Free Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Louisville University LibraryATTN: Librn
University of TexasATTN: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public
Affairs Library
Maine Maritime AcademyATTN: Librn
University of MaineATTN: Librn
74
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Manchester City LibraryATTN: Librn
Mankato State CollegeATTN: Gov Pubs
University of Maine at FarmingtonATTN: Dir of Libraries
Marathon County Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Principia CollegeATTN: Librn
University of MarylandATTN: McKeldin Library Dots Div
University of MarylandATTN: Librn
University of MassachusettsATTN: Gov Dots Co11
Maui Public LibraryKahuley Branch
ATTN: Librn
McNeese State UniversityATTN: Librn
Memphis & Shelby County Public Library &Information Center
ATTN: Librn
Memphis & Shelby County Public Library &Information Center
ATTN: Librn
Memphis State UniversityATTN: Librn
Mercer UniversityATTN: Librn
Mesa County Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Miami Dade Community CollegeATTN: Librn
University of Miami LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs
Miami Public LibraryATTN: Dots Div
Miami University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept
University of Santa ClaraATTN: Dots Div
Michigan State LibraryATTN: Librn
Michigan State University LibraryATTN: Librn
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Michigan Tech UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Dept
University of MichiganATTN: Acq Set Dots Unit
Middlebury College LibraryATTN: Librn
Millersville State CollegeATTN: Librn
State University of New YorkATTN: Dots Librn
Milwaukee Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Minneapolis Public LibraryATTN: Librn
University of MinnesotaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)
Minot State CollegeATTN: Librn
Mississippi State UniversityATTN: Librn
University of MississippiATTN: Dir of Libraries
Missouri University at Kansas City GeneralATTN: Librn
University of Missouri LibraryATTN: Gov Dots
M.I.T. LibrariesATTN: Librn
Mobile Public LibraryATTN: Gov Info Div
Midwestern UniversityATTN: Librn
Montana State LibraryATTN: Librn
Montana State University LibraryATTN: Librn
University of MontanaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)
Montebello LibraryATTN: Librn
Morhead State CollegeATTN: Library
Mt Prospect Public LibraryATTN: Gov't Info Ctr
Murray State University LibraryATTN: Lib
75
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Nassau Library SystemATTN: Librn
National Academy of SciencesATTN: C. RobinetteATTN: Medical Follow-Up AgencyATTN: Nat1 Materials Advisory Board
Natrona County Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Nebraska Library CommunityNebraska Public Clearinghouse
ATTN: Librn
University of Nebraska at OmahaATTN: Univ Lib Dots
Nebraska Western College LibraryATTN: Librn
University of NebraskaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)
University of Nebraska LibraryATTN: Acquisitions Dept
University of Nevada LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Dept
University of Nevada at Las VegasATTN: Dir of Libraries
New Hampshire University LibraryATTN: Librn
New Hanover County Public LibraryATTN: Librn
New Mexico State LibraryATTN: Librn
New Mexico State UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Div
University of New MexicoATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)
University of New Orleans LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Div
New Orleans Public LibraryATTN: Librn
New York Public LibraryATTN: Librn
New York State LibraryATTN: Dots Control Cultural Ed Ctr
State University of New York at Stony BrookATTN: Main Lib Dots Set
State University of New York City Memorial Libraryat Cortland
ATTN: Librn
State University of New YorkATTN: Lib Dots Set
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
State University of New YorkATTN: Librn
New York State UniversityATTN: Dots Ctr
State University of New YorkATTN: Dots Dept
New York University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept
Newark Free LibraryATTN: Librn
Newark Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Niagara Falls Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Nicholls State University LibraryATTN: Dots Div
Nieves M. Flares Memorial LibraryATTN: Librn
Norfolk Public LibraryATTN: R. Parker
North Carolina Agricultural & Tech StateUniversity
ATTN: Librn
University of North Carolina at CharlotteATTN: Atkins Lib Dot Dept
University Library of North Carolina at GreensboroATTN: Librn
University of North Carolina at WilmingtonATTN: Librn
North Carolina Central UniversityATTN: Librn
North Carolina State UniversityATTN: Librn
University of North Carolina at WilmingtonATTN: Librn
University of North CarolinaATTN: BA SS Div Dots
North Dakota State University LibraryATTN: Dots Librn
University of North DakotaATTN: Librn
University of North DakotaATTN: Dir of Libraries
North Georgia CollegeATTN: Librn
North Texas State University LibraryATTN: Librn
76
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Northeast Missouri State UniveristyATTN: Librn
Northeastern Oklahoma State UniversityATTN: Librn
Northeastern UniversityATTN: Dodge Library
Northern Arizona University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Dept
Northern Illinois UniversityATTN: Librn
Northern Michigan UniversityATTN: Dots
Northern Montana College LibraryATTN: Librn
Northwestern Michigan CollegeATTN: Librn
Northwestern State UniversityATTN: Librn
Northwestern State University LibraryATTN: Librn
Northwestern University LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Dept
Norwalk Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Northeastern Illinois UniversityATTN: Library
University of Notre DameATTN: Dot Ctr
Oakland Community CollegeATTN: Librn
Oakland Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Oberlin College LibraryATTN: Librn
Ocean County CollegeATTN: Librn
Ohio State LibraryATTN: Librn
Ohio State UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Div
Ohio University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept
Oklahoma City University LibraryATTN: Librn
Oklahoma City University LibraryATTN: Librn
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Oklahoma Department of LibrariesATTN: U.S. Gov Dots
University of OklahomaATTN: Dots Div
Old Dominion UniversityATTN: Dot Dept Univ Lib
Olivet College LibraryATTN: Librn
Omaha Public Library Clark BranchATTN: Librn
Onondaga County Public LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Set
Oregon State LibraryATTN: Librn
University of OregonATTN: Dots Set
Ouachita Baptist UniversityATTN: Librn
Pacific-Sierra Research CorpATTN: H. Brode
Pan American University LibraryATTN: Librn
Passaic Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Queens CollegeATTN: Dots Dept
Pennsylvania State LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Set
Pennsylvania State UniversityATTN: Lib Dot Set
University of PennsylvaniaATTN: Dir of Libraries
University of DenverATTN: Penrose Library
Peoria Public LibraryATTN: Business, Science & Tech Dept
Free Library of PhiladelphiaATTN: Gov Pubs Dept
Philipsburg Free Public LibraryATTN: Library
Phoenix Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Univer;;;$ of Pittsburgh: Dots Office, 68
Plainfield Public LibraryATTN: Librn
77
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Popular Creek Public Library DistrictATTN: Librn
Association of Portland LibraryATTN: Librn
Portland Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Portland State University LibraryATTN: Librn
Pratt Institute LibraryATTN: Librn
Louisiana Tech UniversityATTN: Librn
Princeton University LibraryATTN: Dots Div
Providence CollegeATTN: Librn
Providence Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Public Library Cincinnati & Hamilton CountyATTN: Librn
Public Library of Nashville and Davidson CountyATTN: Librn
University of Puerto RicoATTN: Dot & Maps Room
Purdue University LibraryATTN: Librn
Quinebaug Valley Community CollegeATTN: Librn
Auburn UniversityATTN: Microforms & Dots Dept
Rapid City Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Reading Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Reed College LibraryATTN: Librn
Augusta CollegeATTN: Librn
University of Rhode Island LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Oft
University of Rhode IslandATTN: Dir of Libraries
Rice UniversityATTN: Dir of Libraries
Louisiana CollegeATTN: Librn
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Richland County Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Riverside Public LibraryATTN: Librn
University of Rochester LibraryATTN: Dots Set
University of Rutgers Camden LibraryATTN: Librn
State University of RutgersATTN: Librn
Rutgers UniversityATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)
Rutgers University Law LibraryATTN: Fed Dots Dept
Salem College LibraryATTN: Librn
Samford UniversityATTN: Librn
San Antonio Public LibraryATTN: Bus Science & Tech Dept
San Diego County LibraryATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions
San Diego Public LibraryATTN: Librn
San Diego State University LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Dept
San Francisco Public LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Dept
San Francisco State CollegeATTN: Gov Pubs Co11
San Jose State College LibraryATTN: Dots Dept
San Luis Obispo City-County LibraryATTN: Librn
Savannah Public & Effingham Liberty RegionalLibrary
ATTN: Librn
Science Applications, IncATTN: Tech Library
Scottsbluff Public LibrarvATTN: Librn
Scranton Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Seattle Public LibrarvATTN: Ref Dots Asst
78
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)-__
Selby Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Shawnee Library SystemATTN: Librn
Shreve Memorial LibraryATTN: Librn
Silas Bronson Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Sioux City Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Skidmore CollegeATTN: Librn
Slippery Rock State College LibraryATTN: Librn
South Carolina State LibraryATTN: Librn
University of South CarolinaATTN: Librn
University of South CarolinaATTN: Gov Dots
South Dakota School of Mines & Technical LibraryATTN: Librn
South Dakota State LibraryATTN: Fed Dots Dept
University of South DakotaATTN: Dots Librn
South Florida University LibraryATTN: Librn
Southeast Missouri State UniversityATTN: Librn
Southeastern Massachusetts University LibraryATTN: Dots Set
University of Southern AlabamaATTN: Librn
Southern California University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept
Southern Connecticut State CollegeATTN: Library
Southern Illinois UniversityATTN: Librn
Southern Illinois UniversityATTN: Dots Ctr
Southern Methodist UniversityATTN: Librn
University of Southern MississippiATTN: Library
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Southern Oregon CollegeATTN: Library
Southern University in New Orleans LibraryATTN: Librn
Southern Utah State College LibraryATTN: Dots Dept
Southwest Missouri State CollegeATTN: Library
University of Southwestern Louisiana LibrariesATTN: Librn
Southwestern UniversityATTN: Librn
Spokane Public LibraryATTN: Ref Dept
Springfield City LibraryATTN: Dots Set
St Bonaventure UniversityATTN: Librn
St Johns River Junior CollegeATTN: Library
St Joseph Public LibraryATTN: Librn
St Lawrence UniversityATTN: Librn
St Louis Public LibraryATTN: Librn
St Paul Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Stanford University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Dept
State Historical Sot LibraryATTN: Dots Serials Set
State Library of MassachusettsATTN: Librn
State University of New YorkATTN: Librn
Stetson UniversityATTN: Librn
University of SteubenvilleATTN: Librn
Stockton & San Joaquin Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Stockton State College LibraryATTN: Librn
Albion CollegeATTN: Gov Dots Librn
79
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Superior Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Swarthmore College LibraryATTN: Ref Dept
Syracuse University LibraryATTN: Dots Div
Tacoma Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Hillsborough County Public Library at TampaATTN: Librn
Temple UniversityATTN: Librn
Tennessee Technological UniversityATTN: Librn
University of TennesseeATTN: Dir of Libraries
College of IdahoATTN: Librn
Texas A & M University LibraryATTN: Librn
University of Texas at ArlingtonATTN: Library Dots
University of Texas at San AntonioATTN: Library
Texas Christian UniversityATTN: Librn
Texas State LibraryATTN: U.S. Dots Set
Texas Tech University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Dept
Texas University at AustinATTN: Dots Co11
University of Toledo LibraryATTN: Librn
Toledo Public LibraryATTN: Social Science Dept
Torrance Civic Center LibraryATTN: Librn
Traverse City Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Trenton Free Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Trinity College LibraryATTN: Librn
Trinity University LibraryATTN: Dots Co11
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Tufts University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept
University of TulsaATTN: Librn
UCLA Research LibraryATTN: Pub Affairs Svc/U.S. Dots
Uniformed Services University of the HealthSciences
ATTN: LRC Library
University LibrariesATTN: Dir of Lib
University of Maine at OrenoATTN: Librn
University of Northern IowaATTN: Library
Upper Iowa CollegeATTN: Dots Co11
Utah State UniversityATTN: Librn
University of UtahATTN: Special Collections
University of UtahATTN: Dir of Library
Utica Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Valencia LibraryATTN: Librn
Valparaiso UniversityATTN: Librn
Vanderbilt University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Set
University of VermontATTN: Dir of Libraries
Virginia Cornnonwealth UniversityATTN: Librn
Virginia Military InstituteATTN: Librn
Virginia Polytechnic Institute LibraryATTN: Dots Dept
Virginia State LibraryATTN: Serials Set
University of VirginiaATTN: Pub Dots
Volusia County Public LibraryATTN: Librn
80
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Washington State LibraryATTN: Dots Set
Washington State UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Set
Washington University LibrariesATTN: Dir of Lib
University of WashingtonATTN: Dots Div
Wayne State University LibraryATTN: Librn
Wayne State University Law LibraryATTN: Dots Dept
Weber State College LibraryATTN: Librn
Wesleyan UniversityATTN: Dots Librn
West Chester State CollegeATTN: Dots Dept
West Covina LibraryATTN: Librn
Univeristy of West FloridaATTN: Librn
West Georgia CollegeATTN: Librn
West Hills Comaunity CollegeATTN: Library
West Texas State UniversityATTN: Library
West Virginia College of Grad Studies LibraryATTN: Librn
University of West VirginiaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)
Westerly Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Western Carolina UniversityATTN: Librn
Western Illinois University LibraryATTN: Librn
Western Washington UniversityATTN: Librn
Western Wyoming Comnunity College LibraryATTN: Librn
Westmoreland City Community CollegeATTN: Learning Resource Ctr
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Whitman CollegeATTN: Librn
Wichita State University LibraryATTN: Librn
Williams & Mary CollegeATTN: Dots Dept
Emporia Kansas State CollegeATTN: Gov Dots Div
William College LibraryATTN: Librn
Willia;;;;ic Public Library: Librn
Winthrop CollegeATTN: Dots Dept
University of Wisconsin at WhitewaterATTN: Gov Dots Lib
University of Wisconsin at MilwaukeeATTN: Lib Dots
University of Wisconsin at OshkoshATTN: Librn
University of Wisconsin at PlattevilleATTN: Dot Unit Lib
University of Wisconsin at Stevens PointATTN: Dots Set
University of WisconsinATTN: Gov Pubs Dept
University of WisconsinATTN: Acquisitions Dept
Worcester Public LibraryATTN: Librn
Wright State University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Librn
Wyoming State LibraryATTN: Librn
University of WyomingATTN: Dots Div
Yale UniversityATTN: Dir of Libraries
Yeshiva UniversityATTN: Librn
Yuma City County LibraryATTN: Librn
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