shortshort--term and term and number long enough … · auditory sensory store ... subject required...

Psyc 3705--Sensory Mem, STM and Working Mem

Nov. 15 and 22, 2013

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ShortShort--Term and Term and Working MemoryWorking Memory

Chapter 5 of Chapter 5 of GoldsteinGoldstein

Some Questions to ConsiderSome Questions to ConsiderWhy can we remember a telephone Why can we remember a telephone

number long enough to place a call, but number long enough to place a call, but then we forget it almost immediately? then we forget it almost immediately?

Is there a way to increase the ability to Is there a way to increase the ability to y yy yremember things that have just remember things that have just happened?happened?

Do we use the same memory system to Do we use the same memory system to remember things we have seen and heard?remember things we have seen and heard?

Is there a relationship between memory Is there a relationship between memory capacity and intelligence?capacity and intelligence?

Sensory Memory, ShortSensory Memory, Short--Term Term Memory, and Working MemoryMemory, and Working MemorySensory MemorySensory MemoryShortShort--Term Term MemoryMemoryWorking MemoryWorking Memory

Sensory Memory, ShortSensory Memory, Short--Term Term Memory, and Working MemoryMemory, and Working MemorySensory MemorySensory Memory ShortShort--Term Term MemoryMemory Working Working MemoryMemory

Sensory Memory (a.k.a., The Sensory Memory (a.k.a., The Sensory Register)Sensory Register)DefinitionDefinitionFunction Function CharacteristicsCharacteristicsSize and DurationSize and DurationVeridical RepresentationVeridical Representation

Sensory Memory (a.k.a., The Sensory Memory (a.k.a., The Sensory Register)Sensory Register)DefinitionDefinition Function Function CharacteristicsCharacteristics Size and DurationSize and Duration Veridical RepresentationVeridical Representation Veridical RepresentationVeridical Representation


Nov. 15 and 22, 2013

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The Sensory RegisterThe Sensory Register

Sensory register is a memory systemSensory register is a memory systemBrief storage of sensory dataBrief storage of sensory data

The Sensory RegisterThe Sensory Register

Two types of Sensory registerTwo types of Sensory registerVisual Sensory RegisterVisual Sensory RegisterIconic MemoryIconic Memory

Auditory Sensory RegisterAuditory Sensory RegisterAuditory Sensory RegisterAuditory Sensory RegisterEchoic MemoryEchoic Memory

Sensory Memory (a.k.a., The Sensory Memory (a.k.a., The Sensory Register)Sensory Register) DefinitionDefinition

Function Function CharacteristicsCharacteristics Size and DurationSize and Duration V idi l R t tiV idi l R t ti Veridical RepresentationVeridical Representation

Function of Sensory RegisterFunction of Sensory Register

Why do we have a sensory Register?Why do we have a sensory Register?Processing takes timeProcessing takes timeLimited processing capacityLimited processing capacity

Why do we have a sensory Why do we have a sensory Register?Register?Maintains sensory information until Maintains sensory information until

interpretative processes are free.interpretative processes are free.

Sensory Memory (a.k.a., The Sensory Memory (a.k.a., The Sensory Register)Sensory Register) DefinitionDefinition Function Function

CharacteristicsCharacteristics Size and DurationSize and Duration V idi l R t tiV idi l R t ti Veridical RepresentationVeridical Representation


Nov. 15 and 22, 2013

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Sensory Register CharacteristicsSensory Register Characteristics

3 characteristics 3 characteristics Serve to optimize storage functionServe to optimize storage function

3 Characteristics of Sensory 3 Characteristics of Sensory RegisterRegisterVeridical storageVeridical storageLarge CapacityLarge CapacityBrief durationBrief durationRapidly decaysRapidly decaysoverwrittenoverwritten

Sensory Memory (a.k.a., The Sensory Memory (a.k.a., The Sensory Register)Sensory Register) DefinitionDefinition Function Function CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Size and DurationSize and Duration V idi l R t tiV idi l R t ti Veridical RepresentationVeridical Representation

The Size and Duration of the The Size and Duration of the Sensory RegisterSensory RegisterThe visual sensory store The visual sensory store SperlingSperling (1960)(1960)Studied size and duration of visual Studied size and duration of visual

sensory store.sensory store.sensory store. sensory store.

Sperling’s researchSperling’s research

Overcame several methodological Overcame several methodological problemsproblemsHow do you ensure only one single view How do you ensure only one single view

of stimulus?of stimulus?of stimulus?of stimulus?To do this, To do this, SperlingSperling used:used:

•• Very brief presentationsVery brief presentations 50 50 msecsmsecs

•• Report of only portion of dataReport of only portion of data Avoids memory lossAvoids memory loss

Sperling’s (1960) Partial Report Sperling’s (1960) Partial Report TechniqueTechniquePresented array of lettersPresented array of letters9 or 12 consonants9 or 12 consonants

H B S T

A H M G

E L W C


Nov. 15 and 22, 2013

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Identify single lineIdentify single lineIndicated line to read by tone Indicated line to read by tone low tone = bottom rowlow tone = bottom rowmiddle tone = middle rowmiddle tone = middle row

Sperling’s (1960) Partial Report Sperling’s (1960) Partial Report TechniqueTechnique

high tone = upper rowhigh tone = upper row

Also varied when tone appearedAlso varied when tone appearedranged from 0 ranged from 0 msecsmsecs to 1000 to 1000 msecsmsecs


Caption: Results of Sperling’s (1960) partial report Caption: Results of Sperling’s (1960) partial report experiments. The decrease in performance is due to the experiments. The decrease in performance is due to the rapid decay of iconic memory (sensory memory in the rapid decay of iconic memory (sensory memory in the modal model).modal model).

ResultsWhole ReportFrom 9 item display, reported

• 4 or 5 letters

P ti l R t


Partial Report9 item display

• Close to 100% accurate12 items display

• 75% accurate

ResultsResultsEffects of DelayEffects of DelayShort delayShort delay

•• Recall most of itemsRecall most of items


Long delay (300 Long delay (300 msecsmsecs))•• similar to whole reportsimilar to whole report

Sperling’s (1960) Partial Report Sperling’s (1960) Partial Report TechniqueTechniqueConclusionsConclusionsIchonicIchonic memory existsmemory existsContains sensory informationContains sensory informationLasts around 250 Lasts around 250 -- 300 300 msecsmsecs


Nov. 15 and 22, 2013

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Auditory Sensory StoreAuditory Sensory Store

Darwin, Darwin, TurveyTurvey, and Crowder (1972), and Crowder (1972)Required participants to report Required participants to report

information heard in earsinformation heard in earsleft earleft earright earright earboth ears (center of head)both ears (center of head)

Darwin, Turvey, and Darwin, Turvey, and Crowder(1972) Crowder(1972)

Darwin, Turvey, and Darwin, Turvey, and Crowder(1972)Crowder(1972)ResultsResults Data From Darwin, Turve, and Crowder (1972)

4.8

4.9

5

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

0 1 2 3 4

Delay(sec.)

Mean

Item

s C

orr

ect

Darwin, Turvey, and Darwin, Turvey, and Crowder(1972)Crowder(1972)ResultsResultsDuration as long as 4 secondsDuration as long as 4 secondsMost vivid within first secondMost vivid within first second

Echoic MemoryEchoic Memory

Other EvidenceOther EvidenceModality EffectModality EffectSuffix EffectSuffix Effect

Suffix Effect ResultsSuffix Effect Results


Nov. 15 and 22, 2013

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Sensory Memory (a.k.a., The Sensory Memory (a.k.a., The Sensory Register)Sensory Register) DefinitionDefinition Function Function CharacteristicsCharacteristics Size and DurationSize and Duration

Veridical RepresentationVeridical RepresentationVeridical RepresentationVeridical Representation

Veridical RepresentationVeridical Representation

Represents information taken in with Represents information taken in with sensessensesprepre--categoricalcategorical


EvidenceEvidencevon Wright (1968)von Wright (1968)Used Sperling’s Partial report techniqueUsed Sperling’s Partial report technique

•• Numbers and lettersNumbers and letters•• In some trials, “Report all numbers”In some trials, “Report all numbers”•• In other trials, “Report all letters”In other trials, “Report all letters”


von Wright (1968)von Wright (1968)ResultsResultsAccuracy similar when reporting letters or Accuracy similar when reporting letters or

numbers as when using whole report numbers as when using whole report techniquetechnique

ReasonReasonFull processing required to decide if letter or Full processing required to decide if letter or

numbernumber•• Categorical processingCategorical processing

Sensory StoreSensory Store

ReviewReviewCharacteristics of Sensory StoreCharacteristics of Sensory StoreVeridical storageVeridical storageLarge CapacityLarge Capacityg p yg p yBrief durationBrief duration

Memory StructuresMemory Structures

Sensory MemorySensory Memory

ShortShort--Term Term MemoryMemory Working MemoryWorking Memory


Nov. 15 and 22, 2013

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ShortShort--Term MemoryTerm Memory

Evidence for STMEvidence for STMCapacity of STMCapacity of STMThe Coding of Information in STMThe Coding of Information in STMRetrieval of Information from STMRetrieval of Information from STM


Evidence for STMEvidence for STM Capacity of STMCapacity of STM The Coding of Information in STMThe Coding of Information in STM Retrieval of Information from STMRetrieval of Information from STM


Short term memory is:Short term memory is:Where we first process stimuli originating Where we first process stimuli originating

in the environmentin the environmentTiny in capacityTiny in capacityTiny in capacityTiny in capacityBrief in durationBrief in duration


Evidence for the existence of STMEvidence for the existence of STMThe recency effectThe recency effect


Evidence for the existence of STMEvidence for the existence of STMNeurocognitionNeurocognitionMilner (1968)Milner (1968)

Neurocognitive Evidence for Neurocognitive Evidence for Existence of STMExistence of STMMilner (1968)Milner (1968)Studied memory of H.M.Studied memory of H.M.H.M. had portion of brain removed to combat H.M. had portion of brain removed to combat

severe epilepsysevere epilepsy•• removed part of hippocampus and temporal loberemoved part of hippocampus and temporal lobe

No long term memoryNo long term memory Intact short term memory Intact short term memory Intact procedural learning Intact procedural learning


Nov. 15 and 22, 2013

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Evidence for STMEvidence for STM

Capacity of STMCapacity of STM The Coding of Information in STMThe Coding of Information in STM Retrieval of Information from STMRetrieval of Information from STM


Brown (1958)/Peterson & Peterson Brown (1958)/Peterson & Peterson (1959) task(1959) taskDemonstrated the limited capacity of STMDemonstrated the limited capacity of STM


Brown (1958)/Peterson & Peterson Brown (1958)/Peterson & Peterson (1959) task(1959) tasksubject required to remember consonant subject required to remember consonant

trigramstrigramstrigramstrigramse.g. HLMe.g. HLM

Also given numberAlso given numbere.g. 492e.g. 492

required to subtract 3 from number until required to subtract 3 from number until asked to recallasked to recalle.g. 492, 489, 486,….e.g. 492, 489, 486,….

Peterson & Peterson (1959)Peterson & Peterson (1959)


Brown(1958)/Peterson & Peterson Brown(1958)/Peterson & Peterson (1959) task(1959) taskResultsResultsitems not rehearsed dropped quickly fromitems not rehearsed dropped quickly fromitems not rehearsed dropped quickly from items not rehearsed dropped quickly from

memorymemory

Capacity of STMCapacity of STM

Miller (1956)Miller (1956)capacity of 7 +/capacity of 7 +/-- 2 items can be held in 2 items can be held in

STMSTM

STM and ChunkingSTM and ChunkingSTM and ChunkingSTM and Chunkingcapacity can be increased by chunking capacity can be increased by chunking

informationinformation


Nov. 15 and 22, 2013

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Capacity of STMCapacity of STM

STM, LTM, and ChunkingSTM, LTM, and ChunkingChunking cannot occur until some Chunking cannot occur until some

information in LTM is activatedinformation in LTM is activated


Evidence for STMEvidence for STM Capacity of STMCapacity of STM

The Coding of Information in STMThe Coding of Information in STM Retrieval of Information from STMRetrieval of Information from STM

Semantic coding in STMSemantic coding in STM

Proactive InterferenceProactive InterferenceEarlier presentation interferes with Earlier presentation interferes with Recall of later itemsRecall of later itemsWhen from same categoryWhen from same categoryg yg y

Release from PIRelease from PI

Wickens, Dalezman, & Eggemeier, Wickens, Dalezman, & Eggemeier, (1976)(1976)required participants to memorize words required participants to memorize words

in a Peterson taskin a Peterson taskin a Peterson taskin a Peterson task11stst three trials = fruit namesthree trials = fruit names44thth trial from another categorytrial from another category

•• vegetablesvegetables•• flowersflowers•• professionsprofessions•• etc.etc.

Wickens, Dalezman, & Wickens, Dalezman, & Eggemeier, (1976)Eggemeier, (1976) Coding of Information in STMCoding of Information in STM

Auditory Code (Phonological Loop)Auditory Code (Phonological Loop)Information in STM appears to be in an Information in STM appears to be in an

auditory codeauditory codeConrad (1964)Conrad (1964)Conrad (1964)Conrad (1964)Required participants to remember lists of Required participants to remember lists of

consonantsconsonants•• Some sounded the sameSome sounded the same

E.g. C and V, M and N etcE.g. C and V, M and N etc•• Some sounded differentSome sounded different

E.g., G and V, M and TE.g., G and V, M and T


Nov. 15 and 22, 2013

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Coding of Information in STMCoding of Information in STM

Auditory Code (Phonological Loop)Auditory Code (Phonological Loop)Conrad (1964)Conrad (1964)ResultsResults

•• Errors were phonologically basedErrors were phonologically based Even with visual presenationEven with visual presenation

Coding of Information in STMCoding of Information in STM

Visual coding Visual coding –– Della Della SalaSala (1999)(1999)Presented visual information that is Presented visual information that is

difficult to verbalizedifficult to verbalizeParticipants could recreate patternsParticipants could recreate patternsParticipants could recreate patterns Participants could recreate patterns

of up to 9 itemsof up to 9 itemsSTM is also visualSTM is also visual


Evidence for STMEvidence for STM NeurocognitionNeurocognition and STMand STM Capacity Capacity of STMof STM The Coding of Information in STMThe Coding of Information in STM

Retrieval of Information from STMRetrieval of Information from STMRetrieval of Information from STMRetrieval of Information from STM

Retrieval of Information from Retrieval of Information from STMSTMSternberg (1966) ParadigmSternberg (1966) Paradigm

Sternberg Possible ResultsSternberg Possible Results

Parallel Parallel SearchSearch


Serial SelfSerial Self--terminatingterminating


Nov. 15 and 22, 2013

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Serial Serial ExhaustiveExhaustive

Sternberg ParadigmSternberg Paradigm

ResultsResults

Sternberg ParadigmSternberg Paradigm

ResultsResultsSubjects conducted serial exhaustive Subjects conducted serial exhaustive

searchsearchTime for search Time for search

•• 38 milliseconds per item38 milliseconds per item

Sternberg SearchSternberg Search

Always Serial Exhaustive?Always Serial Exhaustive? DeRosaDeRosa & & TkaczTkacz (1976)(1976)

Presented pictures telling a storyPresented pictures telling a story•• E.g., diver or golferE.g., diver or golfer

Presented in 2 waysPresented in 2 ways•• RandomlyRandomly•• In sequenceIn sequence

Sternberg SearchSternberg Search

Always Serial Exhaustive?Always Serial Exhaustive? DeRosaDeRosa & & TkaczTkacz (1976)(1976)

ResultsResults•• Random orderingRandom ordering Serial exhaustive searchSerial exhaustive search

•• Ordered sequenceOrdered sequence Parallel processingParallel processing

Memory: Models and MethodsMemory: Models and Methods

Sensory MemorySensory Memory ShortShort--Term Term MemoryMemory

Working MemoryWorking Memory


Nov. 15 and 22, 2013

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Baddeley’sBaddeley’s research showed that research showed that STM cannot be a unitary systemSTM cannot be a unitary systeme.g. e.g. BaddeleyBaddeley (1986)(1986)Subject required to remember numberSubject required to remember numberSubject required to remember number Subject required to remember number

sequencessequences•• 0 to 8 digits in length0 to 8 digits in length


BaddeleyBaddeley (1986)(1986)At same time, completed reasoning taskAt same time, completed reasoning taskverified a series of sentences describing order verified a series of sentences describing order

of two lettersof two letters•• e.g. A follows Be.g. A follows B----BA (true)BA (true)

Sentence varied in ComplexitySentence varied in ComplexityMeasured time to verify sentencesMeasured time to verify sentences

Baddeley (1986)Baddeley (1986) Baddeley (1986)Baddeley (1986)

ConclusionsConclusionsSTM cannot be single unitary storeSTM cannot be single unitary storeMust have both Working memory and Must have both Working memory and

STMSTMSTMSTM

The Working Memory modelThe Working Memory model

BaddeleyBaddeley & Hitch (1974)& Hitch (1974)3 systems in working memory3 systems in working memoryA primary attentional systemA primary attentional systemTwo slave systemsTwo slave systemsyy

•• Phonological LoopPhonological Loop•• Visual Spatial SketchpadVisual Spatial Sketchpad

Baddeley’s Working Memory Baddeley’s Working Memory modelmodel


Nov. 15 and 22, 2013

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Baddeley’s Working Memory Baddeley’s Working Memory modelmodelThe phonological LoopThe phonological LoopComprised of two componentsComprised of two componentsPhonological storePhonological store

Articulatory control processArticulatory control process

Evidence for the phonological Evidence for the phonological looploopThe phonological similarity effectThe phonological similarity effectImmediate serial recall impaired when Immediate serial recall impaired when

items sound similaritems sound similar

Evidence for the phonological Evidence for the phonological looploopThe unattended speech effectThe unattended speech effectImmediate serial recall impaired by Immediate serial recall impaired by

unattended speechunattended speechSalamé & Baddeley (1982)Salamé & Baddeley (1982)–– Experiment 1Experiment 1Salamé & Baddeley (1982)Salamé & Baddeley (1982) Experiment 1Experiment 1Presented list of digits visuallyPresented list of digits visuallySubjects required to ignore background Subjects required to ignore background

speechspeech•• English wordsEnglish words•• nonsense syllablesnonsense syllables

Salamé & Baddeley (1982)Salamé & Baddeley (1982)


Experiment 2Experiment 2Again, serially presented digitsAgain, serially presented digits3 distraction conditions3 distraction conditionsWordsWordsWordsWordsNoise burstsNoise burstsSilenceSilence



Nov. 15 and 22, 2013

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Evidence for the phonological Evidence for the phonological looploopThe wordThe word--length effect length effect duration of spoken words determines size duration of spoken words determines size

of memory spanof memory spanEllis & Hennelly (1980)Ellis & Hennelly (1980)Ellis & Hennelly (1980)Ellis & Hennelly (1980)Memory span of bilingual Welsh childrenMemory span of bilingual Welsh childrenTested in Welsh and EnglishTested in Welsh and English

•• Poorer memory spans in Welsh than in EnglishPoorer memory spans in Welsh than in English

Evidence for the phonological Evidence for the phonological looploopArticulation rateArticulation rateNavehNaveh--Benjamin & Ayres (1986)Benjamin & Ayres (1986)Tested memory span in different languagesTested memory span in different languages

•• English (short syllables)English (short syllables)•• Spanish & Hebrew (longer syllables)Spanish & Hebrew (longer syllables)•• Arabic (longest syllables)Arabic (longest syllables)

NavehNaveh--Benjamin & Ayres (1986)Benjamin & Ayres (1986) The Visual Spatial SketchpadThe Visual Spatial Sketchpad

22ndnd major slave system of Baddeley’s major slave system of Baddeley’s working memory theoryworking memory theory

The Visual Spatial SketchpadThe Visual Spatial Sketchpad

Posner & Keele (1967)Posner & Keele (1967)Presented a letterPresented a letterPresented a 2nd letterPresented a 2nd letterParticipants required to indicate if letterParticipants required to indicate if letterParticipants required to indicate if letter Participants required to indicate if letter

same or differentsame or different

Posner & Keele (1967)Posner & Keele (1967)


Nov. 15 and 22, 2013

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Posner & Keele (1967)Posner & Keele (1967)

Increased RT as Interval IncreasesIncreased RT as Interval Increases

Memory StructuresMemory Structures

SummarySummaryMemory begins with a brief sensory storeMemory begins with a brief sensory storeSensory store has certain characteristicsSensory store has certain characteristics

Memory lasts longer and becomes moreMemory lasts longer and becomes moreMemory lasts longer and becomes more Memory lasts longer and becomes more concrete with timeconcrete with time

shortshort--term and term and number long enough … · auditory sensory store ... subject required...

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