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Shortcourse on symmetry and crystallography Part 3: Wallpaper groups (2D) Space groups (3D) Michael Engel Ann Arbor, June 2011

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Page 1: Shortcourse+on+symmetry+and+ crystallography+ Part3 ...engelmm/lectures/ShortCourseSymmetry3.pdfShortcourse+on+symmetry+and+ crystallography+ + Part3:+ Wallpaper+groups+(2D)+ Space+groups+(3D)+

Short-­‐course  on  symmetry  and  crystallography  

 Part  3:  

Wallpaper  groups  (2D)  Space  groups  (3D)  

Michael  Engel  Ann  Arbor,  June  2011  

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Symmetry  group  of  a  crystal  

Defini&on:  A  space  group  (3D)  or  wallpaper  group  (2D)  of  a  crystal  consists  of  all  symmetries  that  leave  the  crystal  invariant.    Let                    be  all  the  symmetries  of  the  crystal.    Reminder:  A  symmetry  is  a  combina/on  of  an  orthogonal  transforma/on  and  a  transla/on:      Defini&on:  TranslaKon  subgroup  (normal  subgroup):  Point  group  (in  general  no  subgroup):  

{A1, b1}, {A2, b2}, {A3, b3}, . . .

{A, b} : x �→ T (x) = Ax + b

T = {b1, b2, b3, . . .}P = {A1, A2, A3, . . .}

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M.C.  Escher  (1898-­‐1972),  mathemaKcally  inspired  Dutch  graphic  arKst    

Point  symmetries  of  Klings  In  other  words:  The  point  symmetries  are  the  orthogonal  part  of  the  symmetries  that  remain  a9er  the  transla/on  is  disregarded.  

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The  17  wallpaper  groups  

No.   Space  Group   Hermann-­‐Mauguin  (PG)   Schönflies  (PG)   La@ce  

1   p1   1   C1   Oblique  

2   p2   2   C2   Oblique  

3   pm   m   D1   Rectangular  

4   pg   m   D1   Rectangular  

5   cm   m   D1   Rectangular  

6   p2mm   2mm   D2   Rectangular  

7   p2mg   2mm   D2   Rectangular  

8   p2gg   2mm   D2   Rectangular  

9   c2mm   2mm   D2   Rectangular  

10   p4   4   C4   Square  

11   p4mm   4mm   D4   Square  

12   p4gm   4mm   D4   Square  

13   p3   3   C3   Hexagonal  

14   p3m1   3m   D3   Hexagonal  

15   p31m   3m   D3   Hexagonal  

16   p6   6   C6   Hexagonal  

17   p6mm   6mm   D6   Hexagonal  

4  laXce  systems    5  Bravais  laXces    10  Point  groups  

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Guide  to  recognizing  wallpaper  groups  

1  

2  

3  

3  

3  

4  

3  

3  

4  

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Tetris  Klings  (Eric  J.)  

(4)   (5)   (6)  

(1)     (2)   (3)  

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Exercise:  Determine  wallpaper  groups  

(1)   (2)  

(5)   (6)   (7)   (8)  

(3)   (4)  

h\p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper_group  

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Cell  structure  of  the  wallpaper  groups  NotaKon:                Example:      

The  17  wallpaper  groups  can  be  found  at  Wikipedia:  h\p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper_group    

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Example:  p4m  (No.  11)  

Note:  Dashed  lines  are  glide  reflecKons:    (i)  Mirror  at  the  line.  (ii)  Shib  along  the  line.  

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Oblique,  Ci   Oblique,  C2   Rectangular,  D1  

Rectangular,  D1   Rectangular,  D1   Rectangular,  D2  

Rectangular,  D2   Rectangular,  D2   Rectangular,  D2  

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Square,  C4   Square,  D4   Square,  D4  

Hexagonal,  C3   Hexagonal,  D3   Hexagonal,  D3  

Hexagonal,  C6   Hexagonal,  D6  

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Annotated  example  from  the  ITC  (part  1)  

Space  group  (H-­‐M  short)  

Number,  follows  point  groups  

Point  group  (H-­‐M)  

Space  group  (H-­‐M  long)   Symmetry  of  the  diffrac/on  paFern  (includes  inversion)  

Bravais  laIce  

Cell  structure  One  low  symmetry  orbit  “,”  means  inversion  Point  symmetry  at  the  origin  

Fundamental  domain  of  points  that  are  (i)  non-­‐equivalent  under  symmetry  and  (ii)  are  mapped  by  symmetry  to  fill  all  space.  

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Annotated  example  from  the  ITC  (part  2)  

All  symmetry  operators  (i)  Orthogonal  part  (ii)  transla/on  Note:  overbar  means  minus  

Group  elements  that  generate  the  symmetry  group  

Classifica/on  of  symmetry  orbits  These  are  the  lines/points  shown  in  the  cell  structure    

Ex/nc/on  condi/ons  for  

diffrac/on  (see  later)  

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Annotated  example  from  the  ITC  (part  3)  

Maximal  subgroups  and  supergroups  allow  to  study  symmetry  breaking  (second  order  phase  transi/ons)  

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h\p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_group  

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Resources  

•  InternaKonal  Tables  of  Crystallography  A,  pages  112-­‐725.  The  absolute  source!  

•  Hypertext  book  of  Crystallographic  Space  Group  Diagrams  and  Tables:  h\p://img.chem.ucl.ac.uk/sgp/mainmenu.htm  

•  Three-­‐dimensional  space  groups:h\p://www.uwgb.edu/DutchS/SYMMETRY/3dSpaceGrps/3dspgrp.htm  

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Findsym  (by  Harold  T.  Stokes,  BYU)  h\p://stokes.byu.edu/findsym.html  

IdenKfy  the  space  group  of  a  crystal,  given  the  posiKons  of  the  atoms  in  a  unit  cell.    Input:  (i)  LaXce  parameters  and  angles  or  basis  vectors  of  the  laXce  (ii)  Number  and  posiKons  of  the  atoms  (iii)  Tolerance  

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Examples  

•  Michael’s  phase  (chiral:  P4132  (No.  213)  

•  Kevin’s  phase  (α-­‐O2):  C2/m  (No.  12)  

•  Ryan’s  phi35  phase  (β-­‐Kn):  I41/amd  (No.  141)  

•  Ryan’s  phi40  phase  (columnar):  cmm  (No.  9  (2D))  

•  Ryan’s  phi40_2  phase  (double  gyroid,  BC8):  Ia-­‐3  (No.  206)  

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Crystal  structures  

•  As  of  2008  ca.  700,000  crystal  structures  have  been  published  •  Ca.  50,000  crystal  structures  are  currently  discovered  every  

year  •  Nevertheless,  most  “elemental”  ones  are  known  with  some  

excepKons  (e.g.  high  pressure,  low  temperature  etc.)  •  Reports  are  errors  and  

correcKons  for  symmetry,  laXce/atomic  parameters  

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File  formats  

•  CIF:  Crystallographic  InformaKon  File  Interna&onal  Union  of  Crystallography  Hall  SR,  Allen  FH,  Brown  ID  (1991).  "The  Crystallographic  Informa/on  File  (CIF):  a  new  standard  archive  file  for  crystallography”.  Acta  Crystallographica  A47  (6):  655–685.    

•  PDB:  Protein  Data  Bank  format  Biology/Biochemistry  Brown  ID,  McMahon  B  (2002).  "CIF:  the  computer  language  of  crystallography”.  Acta  Crystallographica  B  58  (Pt  3  Pt  1):  317–24.  

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Inorganic  crystal  structure  database  (ICSD)  

•  Homepage:  h\p://www.fiz-­‐karlsruhe.de/icsd.html  

•  (Originally)  All  Structures  that  have  no  C—H  bonds  and  are  not  metals  or  alloys.  

•  Ca.  100000  entries.  

•  Free  (old)  access:  h\p://icsd.ornl.gov/index.php  

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Cambride  Structural  Database  (CSD)  

•  Homepage:  h\p://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/products/csd/  

•  All  crystal  structures  with  do  contain  C—H  bonds  

•  Ca.  500000  entries.  

•  Demo/teaching  access:  h\p://webcsd.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/teaching_database_demo.php  

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Metals  Crystallographic  Data  File  (CRYST-­‐MET)  

•  Homepage:  h\p://www.tothcanada.com/  

•  Metals,  alloys,  and  also  semiconductors  

•  >  50000  entries  

•  Last  update  2005  (?)  

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Open  databases  

•  Crystallography  Open  Database:  www.crystallography.net  

•  Wiki  Crystallography  Database  Search:  h\p://nanocrystallography.research.pdx.edu/search.py/search?database=wcd  

   

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Side  remarks:    

Phase  transiKons  and  phase  diagrams    

[Porter,  Easterling:  Phase  Transforma/ons  in  Metals  and  Alloys]  

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Tangent  construcKon  

Equilibrium  phases  can  be  characterinzed  by  a  mixture  of  phase  α  and  phase  β.

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Simple  phase  diagram  (completely  miscible)  

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A  system  with  a  miscibility  gap  at  low  temperatures  

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Complex  phase  diagram