What’s the story?

Point of View

• 1st person point of view: a character WITHIN the story tells the story.

• 2nd person point of view: It’s all about YOU.• 3rd person omniscient point of view: a character NOT

IN the story tells the story, and the reader sees the thoughts of MORE THAN ONE character.

• 3rd person limited point of view: a character NOT IN the story tells the story, and the reader sees the thoughts of ONE character.

Narrator• Character who tells

the story to the audience

• He or she can be a character in the story

• Not all narrators are reliable.

Unreliable Narrator

• a narrator who is difficult to trust or believe

• usually a narrator who is discovered to lie, is delusional, or is mentally ill.

• He provides the reader with inaccurate or incomplete information

• "It is impossible to say how first the idea entered my brain; but once conceived, it haunted me day and night. . . I think it was his eye! yes, it was this! One of his eyes resembled that of a vulture--a pale blue eye, with a film over it. Whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran cold; and so by degrees--very gradually--I made up my mind to take the life of the old man, and thus rid myself of the eye for ever."

• -Edgar Allan Poe, "The Tell-Tale Heart"

Setting

Time: past, present, future, year, season, hourPlace: social, economic, cultural environmentas well as specific locationmood: the feeling or atmosphere the author creates in a story.

Conflict Internal Conflict: A conflict that occurs

within a character’s mind. (man vs. himself)

External Conflict: A conflict thatoccurs outside of a character.

Man vs. manMan vs. natureMan vs. society

Plot Climax Rising action Falling action Exposition Resolution

Characters

• protagonist: the central character in a literary work around whom the main conflict revolves.

• antagonist: a person or force in society or nature that opposes the protagonist in a literary work.

Direct vs. Indirect Characterization

• Direct Characterization: When the narrator or another character tells us what a person is like.

• Ex: Jason was a tall, broad-shouldered football player who always had a smile on his face.

Indirect Characterization• Indirect Characterization: Requires the reader to look

for clues that reveal a character’s traits and motivation.

When looking for indirect characterization, think about all the following:

• What a character does (actions)• What a character thinks• What a character says (dialogue)• What other characters say and how they react

• Ex: Jody ran up the stairs to her room, tears streaming down her face, and slammed her door loudly, hoping her mother would hear.

• Round Character: a character who reveals various, and sometimes contradictory, personality traits.

• Flat Character: a character who reveals only one character trait, usually stereotypical.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~• Dynamic Character: a character whose personality goes through a

transformation in a story.• Static Character: a character whose personality remains unchanged

throughout a story.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Quick Memory Trick• Round=Many Characteristics• Flat=Few Characteristics• Static=Same and Dynamic=Different

Characters

Theme

• The central message of insight into life. • A stated theme is expressed directly by the

author.• An implied theme is suggested indirectly

through the characters or through the events and the setting of the work.

• Are themes concrete or abstract nouns????

Theme Statement Shortcut(Copy this word for word…Learn it…Love it…You will have numerous opportunities to utilize this information.)

The _______________________ __________________ by (genre) (title)__________________________ is about (author)_________________________ and teaches that (topic/abstract concept)_______________________________________________. (opinion statement about topic) Next, provide supporting details from the text that prove your theme is valid. What evidence from the text supports your position?

Theme is NOT plot summary.

• What does this mean?• What are some examples of themes you’ve

uncovered in previous readings or viewings?

Irony• Situational Irony: When there is a

contrast between what a reader or character expects and what actually exists or happens.

Situational Irony

Situational Irony

Situational Irony

Situational Irony Example• When John Hinckley attempted to assassinate

President Ronald Reagan, all of his shots initially missed the President; however a bullet ricocheted off the bullet-proof windows of the Presidential limousine and struck Reagan in the chest. Thus, the windows made to protect the President from gunfire were partially responsible for his being shot.

Situational Irony Example• Jim Fixx, who did much to popularize jogging

as a form of healthy exercise in his 1977 book The Complete Book of Running, died at the age of 52 of a heart attack (a death associated with sedentary, unhealthy lifestyles) while out jogging.

Irony• Verbal Irony: Saying one thing, but meaning

something else. . . knowingly exaggerating. (sarcasm)

• Example: Teacher: “I can see from the ‘F’ on your paper that you put a lot of effort into your assignment.”

Verbal Irony Example

Verbal Irony Example

Irony

• Dramatic Irony: The audience or reader knows something another character does not know.

• Dramatic Irony Example: We, the audience, know that there is a surprise party for Carlos; however, Carlos does not know and is surprised to find a room full of friends when he arrives home.

Dramatic Irony Example

Although we, the audience, know Bob is in danger of being shot by Steve, poor Bob does

not know Steve is around the corner.

BOBSTEVE

Dramatic Irony Example

Imagery

• Mental pictures or images created by the author for the reader to show rather than tell the events of the story

• Figurative language is often used• Imagery relies on the five senses:

– Smell– Taste – Touch– Hear– See

Foreshadowing • The use of hints or clues to indicate

events and situations that will occur later in the plot. – Spooky music – Thunder and lightening – A new suspicious character introduced (purpose

unknown at the time)

Flashback• interrupting the

sequence of events to include information about an event that happened in the past

What happened before the car crash = a flashback. “Before I rear-ended the car, I was only applying lip stick and trying to text my mom!” explained the sobbing teenager to the police officer.

Mood• Mood describes the emotions felt while

reading. The general atmosphere created by the author’s words and imagery. Mood generally covers an entire work.

• Examples of mood: scary, romantic,violent, hopeful, mysterious, joyful. . .

Tone• Tone - the manner in which written

words might be said. For example: sarcastic, hateful, witty, angry

• Tone is different from mood in that a story typically has one mood; whereas, tone can change a lot throughout a story.

Words That Describe Tone

• Amused • Humorous • Pessimistic • Angry • Informal • Playful • Cheerful • Ironic• Witty

• Horrifying • Light • Sad • Matter-of-fact • Serious • Formal • Suspicious • Gloomy • Optimistic

Examples of Tone• Sincere: She rose from her chair when I came in

and exclaimed with a smile: "Wow! Nice outfit!" • Sarcastic: She gave me one look and said, with a

short laugh, "Yeah, right! Nice outfit!“• Envious: She glanced at me quickly and muttered

reluctantly, "Um, yeah . . . nice outfit." • Insulting: She looked at me incredulously and

said, "Eww! Nice outfit!"

Name: _______________________________ Block: ______ Date: ______ Title of Work: ______________________________ Character(s)

Protagonist: Antagonist: Others:

Setting

Location: Season: Time Span: to Details:

Point of View

1st person char. ____________ 3rd person limited char. ____________ 3rd person

omniscient

Literary Devices (imagery, figurative lang., symbolism, etc.)

Theme(s)

Exposition Rising Action Climax Resolution

Type of Conflict: Specific Conflict: • person vs. person • person vs. society ________________ vs. • person vs. fate • person vs. self ________________

Falling Action

Elements of Short Storiespp. 198-199

• Plot diagram(Fairy TaleExample)

External conflict vs.

Internal conflict