Short StoriesShort Stories

Characteristics of Short Characteristics of Short StoriesStories

Limited in lengthLimited in length Limited to one main event and the Limited to one main event and the

development of one character development of one character Ex: Ex:

Napoleon Dynomite vs. Breakfast ClubNapoleon Dynomite vs. Breakfast Club

PlotPlot

Sequence of incidents or actions in a Sequence of incidents or actions in a story. Whatever the characters do, story. Whatever the characters do, or whatever happens to them, or whatever happens to them, constitutes plot. constitutes plot.

Finding Nemo Plot Finding Nemo Plot http://www.glencoe.com/sec/http://www.glencoe.com/sec/

literature/course/course1/unit/literature/course/course1/unit/shortstory.shtmlshortstory.shtml

PlotPlot

The most important element in plot The most important element in plot is conflict. is conflict.

External or internal conflictExternal or internal conflict A story often ends when conflict is A story often ends when conflict is

resolved but this is not always the resolved but this is not always the case… case…

Plot is the literary element that describes the structure of a story. It shows the a causal arrangement of events and actions within a story.

Plot StructurePlot Structure

Types of Linear PlotsTypes of Linear PlotsPlots can be told inPlots can be told in

Chronological order

Flashback

In media res (in the middle of things) when the story starts in the middle of the action without exposition

Pyramid Plot StructurePyramid Plot Structure The most basic and The most basic and

traditional form of traditional form of plot is pyramid-plot is pyramid-shaped. shaped.

This structure has This structure has been described in been described in more detail by more detail by Aristotle and by Aristotle and by Gustav Freytag.Gustav Freytag.

Aristotle’s Unified PlotAristotle’s Unified Plot

The basic triangle-shaped plot structure was described by Aristotle in 350 BCE. Aristotle used the beginning, middle, and end structure to describe a story that moved along a linear path, following a chain of cause and effect as it works toward the solution of a conflict or crisis.

Freytag’s Plot Freytag’s Plot StructureStructure

Freytag modified Aristotle’s system by adding a rising action (or complication) and a falling action to the structure. Freytag used the five-part design shown above to describe a story’s plot.

Modified Plot StructureModified Plot Structure

Freytag’s Pyramid is often modified so that it extends slightly before and after the primary rising and falling action. You might think of this part of the chart as similar to the warm-up and cool-down for the story.

Plot ComponentsPlot Components

Exposition: the start of the story, the situation before the action starts

Rising Action: the series of conflicts and crisis in the story that lead to the climax

Climax: the turning point, the most intense moment—either mentally or in action

Falling Action: all of the action which follows the climax

Resolution: the conclusion, the tying together of all of the threads

ConflictConflict Conflict is the dramatic struggle Conflict is the dramatic struggle

between two forces in a story. between two forces in a story. Without conflict, there is no Without conflict, there is no plot.plot.

Types of ConflictTypes of Conflict

Human vs Nature

Human vs Society

Human vs SelfInternal Conflict

Human vs HumanInterpersonal Conflict

Leiningen Versus the AntsLeiningen Versus the Ants

Suspense in the story will result from Suspense in the story will result from a person in conflict in nature. a person in conflict in nature.

Neighbor Rosicky: Neighbor Rosicky: CharacterizationsCharacterizations

How do you arrive to an opinion How do you arrive to an opinion about a person you don’t know very about a person you don’t know very

well?well?

List the words that come to List the words that come to mind for the following series of mind for the following series of

photos…photos…

(Don’t think about it to much, just your (Don’t think about it to much, just your gut reaction)gut reaction)

StereotypingStereotyping

What can appearance reveal about a What can appearance reveal about a person?person?

Would it help you if you could know Would it help you if you could know the person’s thoughts?the person’s thoughts?

This is how you establish character in This is how you establish character in fiction. fiction.

Pay attention to how Rosicky’s Pay attention to how Rosicky’s character is revealed. character is revealed.

Neighbor RosickyNeighbor Rosicky: : Characterization Characterization

We create opinions based on:We create opinions based on:– The way someone looksThe way someone looks– Someone’s dressSomeone’s dress– Someone’s backgroundSomeone’s background– StereotypesStereotypes

Pay attention to the “first impressions” we Pay attention to the “first impressions” we get from Rosicky, and how these evolve. get from Rosicky, and how these evolve.

A symbol is anything that hints at A symbol is anything that hints at something else, usually something something else, usually something abstract, such as an idea or belief. A abstract, such as an idea or belief. A literary symbol is an object, a person, literary symbol is an object, a person, a situation, or an action that has a a situation, or an action that has a literal meaning in a story but literal meaning in a story but suggests or represents other suggests or represents other meanings.meanings.

Define: Define:

Ex: Ex:

A general symbol is universal in its A general symbol is universal in its meaning. Even if the symbol were removed meaning. Even if the symbol were removed from a work of literature, it would still from a work of literature, it would still suggest a larger meaning.suggest a larger meaning.– Ex: While the sea symbolizes the universal Ex: While the sea symbolizes the universal

voyage from life to death in The Odyssey, itvoyage from life to death in The Odyssey, itretains this association independent from retains this association independent from literature. The "sea" is a general symbol.literature. The "sea" is a general symbol.

– Ex: In poetry, a "rose" often is not only a flower, Ex: In poetry, a "rose" often is not only a flower, but also a general symbol for romantic but also a general symbol for romantic love.love.

A specific symbol is not universal in its meaning. It A specific symbol is not universal in its meaning. It acquires a specific meaning based on how it relates to acquires a specific meaning based on how it relates to the content of a novel, poem, etc. The symbol's the content of a novel, poem, etc. The symbol's significance exists only within the context created by significance exists only within the context created by the author.the author.– Ex: A hunting cap in The Catcher in the Rye has no Ex: A hunting cap in The Catcher in the Rye has no

universal meaning, but within the universal meaning, but within the novel it is worn novel it is worn backwards and symbolizes a looking back at backwards and symbolizes a looking back at childhood.childhood.

– Ex: A pair of eyes on a billboard in the Great Gatsby Ex: A pair of eyes on a billboard in the Great Gatsby has no universal meaning, but has no universal meaning, but within the story within the story symbolizes the eyes of God watching humanity.symbolizes the eyes of God watching humanity.

Tips about Symbols:Tips about Symbols:– • • The story itself must furnish a clue that a detail is The story itself must furnish a clue that a detail is

to be taken symbolically. Symbols nearly always to be taken symbolically. Symbols nearly always signal their existence by emphasis, repetition, or signal their existence by emphasis, repetition, or position.position.

– The meaning of a literary symbol must be The meaning of a literary symbol must be established and supported by the entire context ofestablished and supported by the entire context of

To be called a symbol, an item must To be called a symbol, an item must suggest a meaning different in kind suggest a meaning different in kind from its literal meaning; a symbol is from its literal meaning; a symbol is something more than its class or type.something more than its class or type.

A symbol may have more than one A symbol may have more than one meaning. This does not mean that the meaning. This does not mean that the symbol can mean anything you want it symbol can mean anything you want it to because possible meanings are to because possible meanings are always controlled by the context.always controlled by the context.

To identify a symbol, note if an object To identify a symbol, note if an object seems to:seems to:– appear repeatedlyappear repeatedly– have an unusually vivid qualityhave an unusually vivid quality– be described with language conveying be described with language conveying

much emphasismuch emphasis– have more significance than its literal have more significance than its literal

reality would suggestreality would suggest

Carefully examine how the symbol Carefully examine how the symbol functions in relation to the story. Ask functions in relation to the story. Ask yourself what idea is represented by yourself what idea is represented by the symbol.the symbol.

Classification may reveal opposite Classification may reveal opposite relationships, such as symbols of relationships, such as symbols of good and evil, life and death. Or good and evil, life and death. Or symbols may fall into isolated symbols may fall into isolated categories, such as destruction, categories, such as destruction, innocence, or sexuality.innocence, or sexuality.

Determine how much depth a Determine how much depth a particular symbol has and classify its particular symbol has and classify its possible meanings. While you may possible meanings. While you may focus on only one major symbol, you focus on only one major symbol, you may be able to divide it into two may be able to divide it into two specific meanings and two general specific meanings and two general meanings.meanings.

Remember: A symbol has a literal Remember: A symbol has a literal meaning in a story but suggests meaning in a story but suggests or represents other meanings.or represents other meanings.– Not all symbolism is obvious; often it is Not all symbolism is obvious; often it is

subtle and indirect.subtle and indirect.

– American Beauty: SymbolismAmerican Beauty: Symbolism

In the clip In the clip American Beauty American Beauty what kind of what kind of descriptions are used to describe the plastic bag?descriptions are used to describe the plastic bag?

What does the plastic bag mean to the male What does the plastic bag mean to the male character?character?

Based on the description of the plastic bag and Based on the description of the plastic bag and what the plastic bag appears to mean to the male what the plastic bag appears to mean to the male character, what would you predict that the bag character, what would you predict that the bag symbolizes throughout the film?symbolizes throughout the film?

General vs. Specific Symbolism General vs. Specific Symbolism

A general symbol is universal in its A general symbol is universal in its meaning. Even if the symbol were meaning. Even if the symbol were removed from a work of literature, it removed from a work of literature, it would still suggest a larger meaningwould still suggest a larger meaning

A specific symbol is not universal in A specific symbol is not universal in its meaning. It acquires a specific its meaning. It acquires a specific meaning based on how it relates to meaning based on how it relates to the content of a novel, poem, etc. the content of a novel, poem, etc. The symbol's significance exists only The symbol's significance exists only within the context created by the within the context created by the author.author.

Definition: Definition: – Catcher in the RyeCatcher in the Rye: Backwards hat means to : Backwards hat means to

“look back on child hood” “look back on child hood” – Great Gatsby Great Gatsby : Eyes on a billboard, : Eyes on a billboard, but but within within

the story symbolizes the eyes of God the story symbolizes the eyes of God watching humanity.watching humanity.

– OdysseyOdyssey: Sea symbolizes the universal : Sea symbolizes the universal voyage from life to death. voyage from life to death.

– AshesAshes: The weather symbolizes the events : The weather symbolizes the events within life: dark clouds, sunshine, ect. within life: dark clouds, sunshine, ect.

Neighbor Rosicky: Neighbor Rosicky: SymbolismSymbolism

The new child of Polly & Rudolph: The new child of Polly & Rudolph:

The cemetery behind Rosicky’s The cemetery behind Rosicky’s house: house:

Rosicky’s land: Rosicky’s land:

Marigolds: Symbolism Marigolds: Symbolism

Marigolds: Marigolds:

The stone throwing: The stone throwing:

The Gift of the MagiThe Gift of the Magi: : SymbolismSymbolism

Read “The Gift of the Magi” under Read “The Gift of the Magi” under class links. class links.

Identify symbols that you see Identify symbols that you see throughout. throughout.

The Gift of the MagiThe Gift of the Magi: : SymbolismSymbolism

Identify two symbols in the story and Identify two symbols in the story and what they represent. what they represent.

Answer the comprehension questions Answer the comprehension questions located on the assignment calendar located on the assignment calendar for today. for today.

When completed print and put in in-When completed print and put in in-bin. bin.

MarigoldsMarigolds: Memories: Memories

Think about the memories that you Think about the memories that you have that others remember have that others remember differently than you. differently than you.

““Coming of Age” storyComing of Age” story– Breakfast ClubBreakfast Club– My Girl My Girl – The Wonder YearsThe Wonder Years

Turning pointTurning point

MarigoldsMarigolds: Making Inferences : Making Inferences About CharacterAbout Character

Consider how they and others you Consider how they and others you know have changed over time. know have changed over time.

In good fiction characters are In good fiction characters are complex and make mistakes. complex and make mistakes.

As you read Marigolds you should be As you read Marigolds you should be making inferences about Lizabeth’s making inferences about Lizabeth’s character as a young person and an character as a young person and an adult. adult.

Marigolds: Writing Marigolds: Writing

Write an essay about childhood mischief in Write an essay about childhood mischief in which you participated. Was it harmless or which you participated. Was it harmless or cruel? Were you influenced by peers? How cruel? Were you influenced by peers? How did you feel then? How do you feel now did you feel then? How do you feel now about the experience?about the experience?

OR Write an essay about a childhood OR Write an essay about a childhood memory. It could be happy or sad memory, memory. It could be happy or sad memory, but it should be one that is vivid to you but it should be one that is vivid to you even now. How did you feel then? How do even now. How did you feel then? How do you feel now about the experience. you feel now about the experience.

Due 10/7 (Thursday)Due 10/7 (Thursday)

The Beginning of Greif: The Beginning of Greif: SymbolsSymbols

Kevin shaves head – Kevin shaves head –

The Beginning of Grief: The Beginning of Grief: WritingWriting

In a brief essay (approximately 200-In a brief essay (approximately 200-250 words), discuss Corporal 250 words), discuss Corporal Punishment. State your position and Punishment. State your position and support it with both opinion and fact. support it with both opinion and fact. You may need to research this topic You may need to research this topic to include facts. to include facts.

The Rifles of the Regiment: The Rifles of the Regiment: Stock CharactersStock Characters

Stock characters are characters that Stock characters are characters that tend to be types rather than tend to be types rather than individuals.individuals.– Private DetectivesPrivate Detectives– Southern BelleSouthern Belle– Girl next doorGirl next door– Cowboy Cowboy – Marine SergeantMarine Sergeant

The Rifles of the Regiment: The Rifles of the Regiment: BackgroundBackground

Weeks after other British troops have Weeks after other British troops have been evacuated from France during been evacuated from France during WWII, Colonel Heathergalls leads his WWII, Colonel Heathergalls leads his regiment, the Loyal Rifles, across regiment, the Loyal Rifles, across France to the coast. Colonel insists France to the coast. Colonel insists all rifles be taken. all rifles be taken.

Point of ViewPoint of View

Point of view is simply the vantage Point of view is simply the vantage point from which the story is told. point from which the story is told.

Omniscient means “all knowing”. In Omniscient means “all knowing”. In this case there is no identifiable this case there is no identifiable narrator. narrator.

The omniscient narrator knows all The omniscient narrator knows all the thoughts and feelings of all the the thoughts and feelings of all the characters .characters .

Omniscient Narrator Omniscient Narrator ExampleExample

Once upon a time there was a girl Once upon a time there was a girl named Cinderellla. Cinderella got named Cinderellla. Cinderella got her name because she was forced to her name because she was forced to work as a servant and sleep near the work as a servant and sleep near the cinders. Cinderella was treated cinders. Cinderella was treated cruelly by her wicked stepmother, cruelly by her wicked stepmother, who was jealous of the girl’s good who was jealous of the girl’s good looks and sweet temper because her looks and sweet temper because her own daughters were ugly and mean. own daughters were ugly and mean.

Limited Third-person point Limited Third-person point of viewof view

Story is narrated by someone who Story is narrated by someone who stands outside the story, but who stands outside the story, but who sees everything from the limited sees everything from the limited vantage point of only one character. vantage point of only one character.

All attention is focused on one person. All attention is focused on one person. We do not know much of what other We do not know much of what other

characters outside this one are characters outside this one are thinking or feeling. thinking or feeling.

Limited-Third-Person POV Limited-Third-Person POV exampleexample

One upon a time there was a girl One upon a time there was a girl name Cinderella, who was treated name Cinderella, who was treated cruelly by her stepmother. Cinderella cruelly by her stepmother. Cinderella often wept bitterly in her ashy corner. often wept bitterly in her ashy corner. Nightmares haunted her, and she Nightmares haunted her, and she feared that darkened scullery when feared that darkened scullery when the rats came out and played about the rats came out and played about her feet. At times, she wondered if her her feet. At times, she wondered if her goodness would ever be rewarded, goodness would ever be rewarded,

First-Person point of viewFirst-Person point of view

This is when the writer lets one This is when the writer lets one character tell the story. character tell the story.

This narrator can be a hero or This narrator can be a hero or heroine of the story, or a minor heroine of the story, or a minor character is observing the action. character is observing the action.

This narrator would speak using “I”. This narrator would speak using “I”. As an audience we only know what As an audience we only know what

the narrator reports to us. the narrator reports to us.

First Person POV exampleFirst Person POV example

I had spent sixteen years sitting in I had spent sixteen years sitting in the cinders of my kitchen. My the cinders of my kitchen. My stepmother must have hated me, stepmother must have hated me, because she made me do the dirty because she made me do the dirty work. I could not understand the work. I could not understand the reasons for her feelings, for I had reasons for her feelings, for I had always treated her with respect. I always treated her with respect. I slept in the ashes, and was tortured slept in the ashes, and was tortured by nightmares and fear of rats. by nightmares and fear of rats.

To analyze the POV ask To analyze the POV ask these questions. these questions.

Who is the narrator of the story?Who is the narrator of the story? Is this narrator a character in the story, or Is this narrator a character in the story, or

does the narrator stand outside the story?does the narrator stand outside the story? Does the narrator know about all the Does the narrator know about all the

action and characters in the story or is it action and characters in the story or is it limited to one character?limited to one character?

How does the point of view affect my How does the point of view affect my reaction to the story’s characters and reaction to the story’s characters and events?events?

SettingSetting

Setting: time, place of its action.Setting: time, place of its action. Setting includes: Setting includes:

– Time of day (evening)Time of day (evening)– What surroundings are like (dreary & What surroundings are like (dreary &

melancholy)melancholy)

Setting creates atmosphere in a storySetting creates atmosphere in a story

Contents of the Dead Man’s Contents of the Dead Man’s PocketPocket

What two settings exists in the story?What two settings exists in the story? How does Finney set up a contrast How does Finney set up a contrast

between them?between them? How does he make you feel about How does he make you feel about

each setting?each setting?

BLOG IT!BLOG IT!

The RockpileThe Rockpile

The Rockpile is an important symbol in The Rockpile is an important symbol in the story. It stands for something in the story. It stands for something in itself and for a broader meaning as well. itself and for a broader meaning as well.

How does the rock pile emphasize the How does the rock pile emphasize the threatening nature of the setting?threatening nature of the setting?

How does it also reveal the helplessness How does it also reveal the helplessness of the characters in the story?of the characters in the story?

BLOG IT!BLOG IT!

POE DAY!POE DAY!

Poe BackgroundPoe Background Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) was an American Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) was an American

author best known for his dark and ominous short author best known for his dark and ominous short stories and poems.stories and poems.

Poe experienced tragedy in his life. He was born Poe experienced tragedy in his life. He was born into poverty; his father was an alcoholic who left into poverty; his father was an alcoholic who left when Edgar was young; his mother died of when Edgar was young; his mother died of tuberculosis; his foster mother and his wife died; tuberculosis; his foster mother and his wife died; he lived and died in poverty.he lived and died in poverty.

Ideas that come to mind regarding The Pit and Ideas that come to mind regarding The Pit and the Pendulum, The Raven, and The Tell-Tale the Pendulum, The Raven, and The Tell-Tale Heart may include horror stories, terror, fear, Heart may include horror stories, terror, fear, death, darkness, murder, obsession, insanity, death, darkness, murder, obsession, insanity, sadness, loss, guilt, torture, and the unknown. sadness, loss, guilt, torture, and the unknown.

The Masque of the Red The Masque of the Red DeathDeath

Atmosphere: overall mood or feeling Atmosphere: overall mood or feeling established. established.

This is often produced by description of setting. This is often produced by description of setting. While reading pull out at least 3 lines that While reading pull out at least 3 lines that

demonstrate how Poe creates an “atmosphere” demonstrate how Poe creates an “atmosphere” and what that atmosphere is within the story.and what that atmosphere is within the story.

Poe FilmPoe Film

Poe ResearchPoe Research

On Mrs. F’s WebpageOn Mrs. F’s Webpage– Class Links for SitesClass Links for Sites– Resources for WSResources for WS

Point of ViewPoint of View

Point of view is simply the vantage Point of view is simply the vantage point from which the story is told. point from which the story is told.

Omniscient means “all knowing”. In Omniscient means “all knowing”. In this case there is no identifiable this case there is no identifiable narrator. narrator.

The omniscient narrator knows all the The omniscient narrator knows all the thoughts and feelings of all the thoughts and feelings of all the characters .characters .

Omniscient Narrator Omniscient Narrator ExampleExample

Once upon a time there was a girl named Once upon a time there was a girl named Cinderellla. Cinderella got her name Cinderellla. Cinderella got her name because she was forced to work as a because she was forced to work as a servant and sleep near the cinders. servant and sleep near the cinders. Cinderella was treated cruelly by her Cinderella was treated cruelly by her

wicked stepmother, who was jealous of wicked stepmother, who was jealous of the girl’s good looks and sweet temper the girl’s good looks and sweet temper

because her own daughters were ugly and because her own daughters were ugly and mean. mean.

Limited Third-person point Limited Third-person point of viewof view

Story is narrated by someone who Story is narrated by someone who stands outside the story, but who sees stands outside the story, but who sees everything from the limited vantage everything from the limited vantage point of only one character. point of only one character.

All attention is focused on one person. All attention is focused on one person. We do not know much of what other We do not know much of what other

characters outside this one are thinking characters outside this one are thinking or feeling. or feeling.

Limited-Third-Person POV Limited-Third-Person POV exampleexample

One upon a time there was a girl name One upon a time there was a girl name Cinderella, who was treated cruelly by her Cinderella, who was treated cruelly by her stepmother. Cinderella often wept stepmother. Cinderella often wept bitterly in her ashy corner. Nightmares bitterly in her ashy corner. Nightmares haunted her, and she feared that haunted her, and she feared that darkened scullery when the rats came out darkened scullery when the rats came out and played about her feet. At times, she and played about her feet. At times, she wondered if her goodness would ever be wondered if her goodness would ever be rewarded.rewarded.

First-Person point of viewFirst-Person point of view

This is when the writer lets one This is when the writer lets one character tell the story. character tell the story.

This narrator can be a hero or heroine of This narrator can be a hero or heroine of the story, or a minor character the story, or a minor character observing the action. observing the action.

This narrator would speak using “I”. This narrator would speak using “I”. As an audience we only know what the As an audience we only know what the

narrator reports to us. narrator reports to us.

First Person POV exampleFirst Person POV example

I had spent sixteen years sitting in the I had spent sixteen years sitting in the cinders of my kitchen. My stepmother cinders of my kitchen. My stepmother must have hated me, because she must have hated me, because she made me do the dirty work. I could not made me do the dirty work. I could not understand the reasons for her feelings, understand the reasons for her feelings, for I had always treated her with for I had always treated her with respect. I slept in the ashes, and was respect. I slept in the ashes, and was tortured by nightmares and fear of rats. tortured by nightmares and fear of rats.

To analyze the POV ask these To analyze the POV ask these questions. questions.

Who is the narrator of the story?Who is the narrator of the story? Is this narrator a character in the story, or Is this narrator a character in the story, or

does the narrator stand outside the story?does the narrator stand outside the story? Does the narrator know about all the action Does the narrator know about all the action

and characters in the story or is it limited to and characters in the story or is it limited to one character?one character?

How does the point of view affect my How does the point of view affect my reaction to the story’s characters and reaction to the story’s characters and events?events?

The Quiet ManThe Quiet Man

____________ narrator. ____________ narrator. How does this contribute to the How does this contribute to the

story?story? BrainPop!BrainPop!

““Blues Ain’t No Mockin Bird” Blues Ain’t No Mockin Bird”

Point of View: Point of View: 5 minute write: 5 minute write: – Describe a parade from the POV of a Describe a parade from the POV of a

three-year-old. three-year-old. Keep in Mind: Keep in Mind:

– Knee level of adult, Knee level of adult, – VocabularyVocabulary– Interests ect. Interests ect.

““Blues Ain’t No Mockin Blues Ain’t No Mockin Bird”:Bird”:

Essential QuestionEssential Question You should be able to identify and You should be able to identify and

analyze characterization and POV in analyze characterization and POV in “Blues Ain’t No Mockin’ Bird” “Blues Ain’t No Mockin’ Bird”

““Blues Ain’t No Mockin’ Blues Ain’t No Mockin’ Bird” Blog Bird” Blog

Class Blog: Privacy Rights Class Blog: Privacy Rights

Respond to question @ 2 peers. Respond to question @ 2 peers.

Writing a Bill project! Writing a Bill project!

Essential Question Essential Question

How do both the mood & tone of a How do both the mood & tone of a story help the author achieve it’s story help the author achieve it’s purpose? purpose?

Mood = EMOTIONS!Mood = EMOTIONS!

Tone Tone

ContentContent

What is tone?What is tone?Purpose of tonePurpose of toneElements to make the toneElements to make the toneHow to identify tone?How to identify tone?

What is Tone?What is Tone?

Tone: Tone: the implied the implied attitudeattitude of a of a writer writer toward the subject and characterstoward the subject and characters of a of a work.work.

AUTHOR

CHARACTERS

ATTITUDE

Tone may beTone may be

happy, sad, formal, informal, ironic, happy, sad, formal, informal, ironic, playful, serious, angry, naive playful, serious, angry, naive condescending, or many other condescending, or many other possible attitudespossible attitudes

TONE EXAMPLETONE EXAMPLE

Finally, one of the girls pointed to the grass and Finally, one of the girls pointed to the grass and giggled. "Meow!" A cat sat on the edge of the giggled. "Meow!" A cat sat on the edge of the field and licked its paw. They did indeed have field and licked its paw. They did indeed have company. The girls ran over to the cat and pet company. The girls ran over to the cat and pet his belly. They laughed and the cat sauntered his belly. They laughed and the cat sauntered back to the field. back to the field.

TONE ExampleTONE Example

The The tonetone of this passage is of this passage is happyhappy/contentment as there was a /contentment as there was a successful, happy resolution to the successful, happy resolution to the problem.problem.

Elements to make the toneElements to make the tone

Elements contribute to make the Elements contribute to make the tonetone

Tips to identify toneTips to identify tone Tone Tone must be inferredmust be inferred through the through the

use of descriptive words.use of descriptive words.

You can recognize the tone/attitude You can recognize the tone/attitude by by the language/word choices the language/word choices the the author uses. author uses.

His language will reveal his His language will reveal his perspective/opinionperspective/opinion

Note:Note:

Be careful to separate mood from Be careful to separate mood from tone. The tone. The tonetone shows you shows you an an author's opinionauthor's opinion, while , while moodmood is the is the feeling and atmosphere of the textfeeling and atmosphere of the text

Essential Question Essential Question

How do both the mood & tone of a How do both the mood & tone of a story help the author achieve it’s story help the author achieve it’s purpose? purpose?

BrainPop: Mood & ToneBrainPop: Mood & Tone Class BlogClass Blog

““A Pair of Silk Stockings”A Pair of Silk Stockings”Character MotivationCharacter Motivation

The overall aim is for you to analyze The overall aim is for you to analyze character and motivation in “A Pair character and motivation in “A Pair of Silk Stockings”. of Silk Stockings”.

What is character motivation?What is character motivation?– The reason a character thinks, feels, The reason a character thinks, feels,

acts. acts. – What do you know about court cases What do you know about court cases

and and motivationmotivation of crimes? of crimes?

““A Pair of Silk Stockings” A Pair of Silk Stockings” cont.cont.

Examine the motivation for Mrs. Examine the motivation for Mrs. Sommer’s actions. Sommer’s actions.

Analyze: how does third-person point Analyze: how does third-person point of view helps create sympathy of view helps create sympathy toward a person engaged in self-toward a person engaged in self-centered “extravagance”?centered “extravagance”?

Irony:Irony: Verbal Irony:Verbal Irony:

– Examples: Examples: clear as mud” clear as mud” "as much fun as a root canal."as much fun as a root canal.

Situational Irony Situational Irony - Situational irony results from - Situational irony results from recognizing the oddness or unfairness of a given situation, recognizing the oddness or unfairness of a given situation, be it positive or negative. be it positive or negative. – Examples: Examples:

Bill Gates win’s a computer contest Bill Gates win’s a computer contest

Dramatic Irony Dramatic Irony

:when the words and actions of the characters of a work of literature :when the words and actions of the characters of a work of literature have a different meaning for the reader than they do for the have a different meaning for the reader than they do for the characters.characters.Examples: “The Quiet Man” Shawn Kelvin who wants to avoid conflict, Examples: “The Quiet Man” Shawn Kelvin who wants to avoid conflict, is a prize fighter. Big Liam of course doesn’t know this. is a prize fighter. Big Liam of course doesn’t know this.

Alanis Morissette: Isn't it ironic Alanis Morissette: Isn't it ironic

““The Bet” & Irony The Bet” & Irony

Analyze the Irony of the situation in Analyze the Irony of the situation in “The Bet”.“The Bet”.

Glogster Glogster – Find websites, movie clips, written Find websites, movie clips, written

examples, or photo of irony. examples, or photo of irony. – Label these examples as situation, Label these examples as situation,

verbal or dramatic on your poster. verbal or dramatic on your poster. – Visually appealing, creative. Visually appealing, creative.

Irony ReviewIrony Review

Objective:Objective:– Locate the use of both Irony and Satire Locate the use of both Irony and Satire

in “Harrison Begeron”.in “Harrison Begeron”.

– What is Irony?What is Irony? Glogster ProjectsGlogster Projects

Alanis Morissette: “Isn’t It Ironic” lyricsAlanis Morissette: “Isn’t It Ironic” lyrics

Harrison Bergeron: Harrison Bergeron:

Brainstorm (2 or 3 minutes):Brainstorm (2 or 3 minutes):– What is the definition of equality?What is the definition of equality?– Do you think the world would be Do you think the world would be

improved if all humans were equal in improved if all humans were equal in every way?every way?

– What problems would this cause in What problems would this cause in school, sports, work, and other areas of school, sports, work, and other areas of life?life?

Films and CartoonsFilms and Cartoons

Definition of Satire….Definition of Satire….

A literary work that ridicules its subject A literary work that ridicules its subject through the use of techniques such as through the use of techniques such as exaggeration, reversal, incongruity, exaggeration, reversal, incongruity, and/or parody in order to make a and/or parody in order to make a comment or criticism about it. comment or criticism about it.

I know Kung Fu ClipI know Kung Fu ClipMatrick Original ClipMatrick Original Clip

Matric Original Clip 2 Matric Original Clip 2

ExaggerationExaggeration- To enlarge, increase, or represent something beyond To enlarge, increase, or represent something beyond

normal bounds so that it becomes ridiculous and its faults normal bounds so that it becomes ridiculous and its faults can be seen can be seen

- Example: Princess Fiona fights and successfully defeats Example: Princess Fiona fights and successfully defeats Robin Hood and all of his Merry Men without any help and Robin Hood and all of his Merry Men without any help and without any weapons.without any weapons.

- Comment on Society: The traditional story of the knight Comment on Society: The traditional story of the knight rescuing the damsel-in-distress is not a realistic depiction rescuing the damsel-in-distress is not a realistic depiction of the roles filled by men and women in modern society. of the roles filled by men and women in modern society.

-

ReversalReversal

To present the opposite of the normal order To present the opposite of the normal order (e.g., the order of events, hierarchical order). (e.g., the order of events, hierarchical order).

Matrix Shrek ReversalMatrix Shrek Reversal

Example: The roles of the hero and the damsel Example: The roles of the hero and the damsel in distress have been reversed. In this clip, it in distress have been reversed. In this clip, it is Princess Fiona, the rescuee, who fights is Princess Fiona, the rescuee, who fights and defeats the foe.and defeats the foe.

IncongruityIncongruityTo present things that are out of place or To present things that are out of place or are absurd in relation to its surroundings.are absurd in relation to its surroundings.

Example: Example: Princess Fiona uses her ponytail to deliver Princess Fiona uses her ponytail to deliver a knockout punch to one of the Merry a knockout punch to one of the Merry Men. While frozen in a mid-air martial arts Men. While frozen in a mid-air martial arts kick, Princess Fiona pauses to fix her kick, Princess Fiona pauses to fix her disheveled hair before knocking out two of disheveled hair before knocking out two of the Merry Men.the Merry Men.

ParodyParodyTo imitate the techniques and/or style of To imitate the techniques and/or style of some person, place, or thing.some person, place, or thing.

Matrix Parodies Matrix Parodies

Criticism about Society?Criticism about Society? The traditional story of the knight rescuing The traditional story of the knight rescuing

the damsel-in-distress is not a realistic the damsel-in-distress is not a realistic depiction of the roles filled by men and depiction of the roles filled by men and women in modern society. women in modern society.

Example: Current Hollywood action Example: Current Hollywood action movies like movies like The MatrixThe Matrix have become have become ridiculous because they are too ridiculous because they are too focused on special effects.focused on special effects.

““Harrison Bergeron”: SatireHarrison Bergeron”: SatirePre-readingPre-reading

Pay careful attention to the attitudes Pay careful attention to the attitudes expressed toward creativity, originality, expressed toward creativity, originality, and the arts. and the arts.

Consider how the author Vonnegut feels Consider how the author Vonnegut feels about creativity & imagination. about creativity & imagination. – If it uses Satire it must be making a statementIf it uses Satire it must be making a statement

2 step process:2 step process:

Locate Satire Locate Satire

What is that Satire saying about society?What is that Satire saying about society? Graphic Organizer while reading Graphic Organizer while reading

The Piece of YarnThe Piece of Yarn

5 minute write:5 minute write:– Do you think people are generally Do you think people are generally

suspicious of one another? suspicious of one another? – Do people tend to assume the worst Do people tend to assume the worst

about others?about others?– Do they prefer to believe the worst?Do they prefer to believe the worst?

– Objective: Analyze Characters, motive, Objective: Analyze Characters, motive, irony in “A Piece of Yarn”.irony in “A Piece of Yarn”.

LoveLove

Objective: Analyze tone in “Love”Objective: Analyze tone in “Love” 5 minute write:5 minute write:

– Describe an object in the classroom as Describe an object in the classroom as though it were a beloved treasure of though it were a beloved treasure of great sentimental value. great sentimental value.

– Describe that same object as if it were a Describe that same object as if it were a piece of junk. piece of junk.

The Alligator WarThe Alligator War Objective: identify symbolism, the moral Objective: identify symbolism, the moral

or lesson, and the allegoric or lesson, and the allegoric characteristics. characteristics.

5 minute write:5 minute write:– What is a fable?What is a fable?– What lessons are drawn from fables that you What lessons are drawn from fables that you

know?know?

Study Guide Due at End of Study Guide Due at End of Class!Class!

Quiz TomorrowQuiz Tomorrow

Shaving Shaving

Objective: Analyze character, motive, Objective: Analyze character, motive, theme, & symbols. theme, & symbols.

5 minute think:5 minute think:– List characteristics that describe a man List characteristics that describe a man

or woman as a hero.or woman as a hero.

LiteraryLiterary ThemesThemes

Commonly found in creative writing Commonly found in creative writing

What is a theme?What is a theme?

• Themes can be found Themes can be found everywhereeverywhere: : literatureliterature, , storiesstories, , artart, , movies movies etc…etc…

• The theme of a The theme of a fablefable is its is its moralmoral..

• The theme of a The theme of a parableparable is its is its teachingteaching. .

• The theme of a piece of The theme of a piece of literatureliterature is its is its view about life and how view about life and how people behavepeople behave..

Theme & MeaningTheme & Meaning

ThemeTheme is the… is the…

• underlying meaningunderlying meaning of the story,of the story,

• a universal a universal truthtruth, ,

• a significant a significant statement statement the story is making about the story is making about society, human nature, or the human society, human nature, or the human conditioncondition..

Theme = ideaTheme = idea

The theme of a literary work is its The theme of a literary work is its underlying central idea or the underlying central idea or the generalization it communicates about life.generalization it communicates about life.

Theme...the meaning of life?Theme...the meaning of life?

The theme expresses the author's opinion The theme expresses the author's opinion or raises a question about human nature or raises a question about human nature or the meaning of human experience.or the meaning of human experience.

At times the author's theme may not At times the author's theme may not confirm or agree with your own confirm or agree with your own beliefs.beliefs.

Even then, if skillfully written, the work Even then, if skillfully written, the work will still have a theme that will still have a theme that illuminates some aspects of true illuminates some aspects of true human experience.human experience.

The author's task is to communicate on a The author's task is to communicate on a common ground with the reader.common ground with the reader.

Although the particulars of your Although the particulars of your experience may be different from the experience may be different from the details of the story, the general details of the story, the general underlying truths behind the story may underlying truths behind the story may be just the connection that both you and be just the connection that both you and the writer are seeking.the writer are seeking.

An understanding An understanding of theme is of theme is dependent upon dependent upon one's previous one's previous experience of life experience of life and literature.and literature.

At the same time, At the same time, theme in literature theme in literature can can enlarge one's enlarge one's understanding of understanding of life.life.

Be aware that the theme never Be aware that the theme never completely explains the story.completely explains the story.

It is simply one of the elements that It is simply one of the elements that make up the whole. Some short stories make up the whole. Some short stories

have secondary themes as well.have secondary themes as well.

Common Literary Common Literary ThemesThemes

(Themes repeated in many works)(Themes repeated in many works)

1.1. The quest for immortalityThe quest for immortality

“Stranger, stop and cast an eye.As you are now, so once was I.As I am now, so you shall be,Prepare for death and follow me.”

2. The individual’s relationship and obligation 2. The individual’s relationship and obligation

to society.to society.

Sometimes called “man vs. society”Sometimes called “man vs. society”

3. 3. The individual’s inward journey to understand The individual’s inward journey to understand himself or herself/identity.himself or herself/identity.

Sometimes called “man vs. self”

4. The individual’s relationship and 4. The individual’s relationship and obligation to the natural world.obligation to the natural world.

Sometimes calledSometimes called

““man man

vs. vs.

nature”nature”

5. How 5. How justicejustice and and injustice injustice are are decideddecided

6. The individual as hero; what it 6. The individual as hero; what it means to be a hero or anti-hero.means to be a hero or anti-hero.

7. What it means to be a “survivor.”7. What it means to be a “survivor.”

8. The individual’s 8. The individual’s experience of alienation experience of alienation

and despairand despair

9. The artist’s 9. The artist’s relationship and relationship and

obligation to society.obligation to society.

10.10. What tomorrow’s world What tomorrow’s world

holds for us …holds for us … aka: aka: “The Future”“The Future”

11. Love11. Love: : Topics/EffectsTopics/Effects

• Marriage Marriage

• Romance Romance

• Platonic or Platonic or companionate lovecompanionate love

• Altruistic loveAltruistic love

• Love of Country Love of Country

• Admiration Admiration

• Possessiveness Possessiveness

• Intense dependency Intense dependency

Logical-sensible loveLogical-sensible love

Self-centered loveSelf-centered love

Game-PlayingGame-Playing

Unrequited loveUnrequited love

Godly loveGodly love

Familial loveFamilial love

Infatuation Infatuation

Erotic love Erotic love

JealousyJealousy

12. Role of Institutions 12. Role of Institutions

Sometimes Sometimes called “man called “man vs. the vs. the institution”institution”

Creativity provides many possibilities Creativity provides many possibilities

• Think about these themes—what would Think about these themes—what would you add as an important theme often you add as an important theme often expressed in creative writing?expressed in creative writing?

• What theme would What theme would youyou most like to most like to explore?explore?

Through the TunnelThrough the Tunnel

Objective: Understand the Objective: Understand the concept of theme. concept of theme.

5 minute think:5 minute think:

Give an example of a static & Give an example of a static & dynamic character. dynamic character.

Chee’s DaughterChee’s Daughter

Can you think of anyone personally Can you think of anyone personally or in society that puts their personal or in society that puts their personal comfort above others welfare?comfort above others welfare?

What kind of person does it take to What kind of person does it take to do something like that?do something like that?

Analyze both setting and theme. Analyze both setting and theme. Blog!Blog!

The Handsomest Drowned The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World Man in the World

What might it take to give a small What might it take to give a small desolate village a happier, more desolate village a happier, more fruitful existence?fruitful existence?– Vast sums of money?Vast sums of money?– An inspirational leader?An inspirational leader?

Story Presentation: March Story Presentation: March 1st1st

Choose a classic novel to approved by Mrs. F. Choose a classic novel to approved by Mrs. F. You are to present this story by BREIFLY You are to present this story by BREIFLY

summarizing, but mainly touching on how the summarizing, but mainly touching on how the character, plot, setting, point of view, irony, character, plot, setting, point of view, irony, symbolism, and theme of your novel. symbolism, and theme of your novel.

This requires a careful reading of the text, and This requires a careful reading of the text, and thoughtful analysis. thoughtful analysis.

Presentations will be made, and should be between Presentations will be made, and should be between 4-7 minutes in length. 4-7 minutes in length.

Rubrics will be posted online, and used for grading. Rubrics will be posted online, and used for grading. You must all prepared on the same day to present You must all prepared on the same day to present

March 1March 1stst

You must have some form of a visual aid. All technical problems must You must have some form of a visual aid. All technical problems must

be worked out IN ADVANCE, and any equipment needed must be be worked out IN ADVANCE, and any equipment needed must be

addressed ahead of time. addressed ahead of time.