Ge7: Shopping ListProto-Indo-European > Germanic

Consonants:

Grimm’s Law Verner’s Law

Vowels:

a/o Merger Nasal loss with compulsory lengthening Anaptyxis Pre-nasal raising e>i Monophthongization ei>ī

Morphology:

6 cases, 3 genders, 2 numbers Infinitive identified by –anan or –jan Verbal particle –kom

Ge7: Shopping List - ExamplesProto-Indo-European > Germanic

Consonants: Grimm’s Law:-IE voicless stops become fricatives p,t,k>f,þ,h([x])e.g. *kailo>*haila *trb>* þorp *porko>*farha-IE voiced stops become voiceless b,d,g>p,t,ke.g. *bhad->*bat *mad>*mat-IE voiced aspirate stops become unaspirated bh,dh.gh>b,d,ge.g. *bhad>*bat *ghosti>*gasti-EXCEPTION: No shift when p,t,k follows ‘s’, only first letter shift where there are two consecutive shiftse.g. *stel->*stel- *kapt>*haft *nokwt>*naxt Verner’s Law: p,t,k,s>ß,ð,ɣ,z/unstressed vowel__e.g. *patér>*fáðar *swekrúh>*swéɣur

Vowels: a/ō Merger: o>a whereas ā>ōe.g. *orbho>*arbi *bhrātēr>*brōþar Nasal loss with compulsory lengthening: Nasal sound is lost before /x/ and the vowel lengthens

to fill the gape.g. *tnktō>*þūxtō *bhroŋktō>*brāxto Anaptyxis: Syllabic sonorants (consonants acting as vowels) become /u/e.g. *bhrtis>*wulha *bhrgh>*burg Pre-nasal raising e>i: Short mid vowel /e/ raises to /i/ before nasal consonante.g. *bhendh>*bind- *HweHnt>*wind Monophthongization ei>īe.g. *deik>*tīh *steigh>*stīg