shivagangothri, davangere. b.sc. in...

DAVANGERE UNIVERSITY

Shivagangothri, Davangere.

B.Sc. IN BOTANY First Semester

Paper –I Diversity of Microorganisms, Fungi and Algae

Theory:

Total Theory Marks : 80

Internal Assessment Marks : 20

Total No.of Teaching Hours per semester : 60.

Total No.of Teaching Hour per week : 04

Duration of Theory Exam : 03

Practical

Based on Theory Paper I : 01

Max Marks : 50

Duration of Practical : 04

Total no.of Practical per week : 01

Duration of Practical Exam : 03

Theory Syllabus

Paper –I Diversity of Microorganisms, Fungi and Algae

Unit 1: Introduction to Microorganisms: History, Spontaneous generation and biogenesis

theories, types of microorganisms, Classification of organisms. 5 hrs.

Unit 2: Viruses: Introduction, General characteristics and properties of viruses,

principles of virus taxonomy, mode of viral replication. Study of plant viruses:

morphology, structure and types of nucleic acids, plant virus taxonomy, plant

viral replication, transmission of plant viruses. Type study of TMV and

Bacteriophage λ. Symptoms of plant viral diseases. Study of Bean mosaic and

tobacco mosaic diseases. 8 hrs.

Unit 3: Bacteria: Introduction, rods, cocci, flagella, pili, Gram positive and negative

bacteria, reproduction, conjugation, transformation, and transduction, Principles

of bacterial taxonomy, Significance as plant pathogens. Study of bacterial plant

diseases – symptoms, appearance and significance of Citrus canker and Leaf

blight of Paddy. Mycoplasma.

Cyanobacteria: Occurrence, general characters,

Type study :Scytonema, Spirulina, Economics importance 14 hrs.

Unit 4: Fungi: General characters, classification up to major classes based on

Alexopoulos. Economic importance

Type Study:

Oomycetes : Phytophthora, Albugo

Zygomycetes : Mucor

Ascomycetes : Penicillium,. Peziza.

Basidiomycetes : Puccinia, Agaricus.

Deuteromycetes : Cercospora.Symptoms and etiology of plant diseases - White

rust of mustard, smut disease of sorghum, powdery mildew of cucurbits, tikka

disease of groundnut. 14 hrs.

Unit 5: Algae: General characters, Thallus organization, classification based on Fritsech

system.

Type Study:

Chlorophyceae : Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Oedogonium, Chara.

Bacillariophyceae : Diatoms.

Phaephyceae : Sargassum.

Rhodophyceae : Polysiphonia

Evolution of thallus in algae

Economic importance of algae 14 hrs.

Unit 6: Lichens : Occurrence, classification, general characters, (Crustose, Folise &

Fruticose}, Internal structure of thallus, Apothecium, Economic importance 5 hrs.

B.Sc. in Botany First Semester

Practical Syllabus

{Diversity of Microorganisms, Algae and Fungi}

Max Marks -50hrs

Duration of Examination -03 hr

Based on Theory Syllabus.

1. Study of Bacterial types – simple staining, Gram staining.

2. Study of fungi included in theory.

3. Microscopic examination of pond water for different algal forms.

4. Study of algae included in theory.

5. Preparation of bacterial smears, fungal slides, algal mounts

6. Study of plant disease symptoms in hosts infected by viruses, bacteria and fungi

7. Study of Crustose, foliose and fruitcose lichens

8. Collection of any 5 locally available specimens & their submission during

examination (Practical)

9. Records

10. Viva-Voce.

B.Sc. in Botany

First Semester

Practical –I Model Question Paper

Duration of Practical Examination: 03hrs

Max Marks 50 Marks

{Diversity of Microorganisms, Algae and Fungi}

Q I : Identify the specimens A, B and C. Sketch, label 4x3=12 Marks

Q II : Write critical notes on D,E and F (Macroscopic) 3x3=9 Marks

Q III : Write pathological aspects of G and H- 2x3=6 Marks

Q IV : Indentify the slides I,J,K and L with reasons - 4x2=08 Marks

Q-V : Submission of specimens 05 marks

Records - 05 Marks

Viva-Vice 05 Marks

.

B.Sc. in Botany

First Semester Practical –I

Scheme of Evaluation for Botany Practical –I

Time -03hours Max Marks: 50

[Diversity of Microorganisms, Algae Fungi and Lichens, ]

I: Identify the specimens A, B, and c -12Marks

Identification -01 Marks

Sketch and Label -02 Marks

Reasons -01 Marks

[ Algae-01, Fungi-1, 1 Cyanobacteria/Lichens]

II: Write Critical notes D,E and F -09 Marks

Identification - 01 Marks

Diagram -01 Marks

Critical notes -01 Marks

[ Algae-01, Fungi-1, Viruis/Bacteria-01]

III: Identify and Comments G and H. (Plant diseases) - 06 marks


Symptoms -01 Marks

Control- -01 Marks

[Viruses/Bacteria-01 and Fungi-01]

IV: Identify the slides I, J,K and L with reasons -08 Marks


Reasons -01 Mraks

V: Submission 5 specimens representing different branches -05 Marks

Records -05 Marks

Viva-Voce -05 Marks

B.Sc. Botany

Second Semester

Paper: II Diversity of Cryptogams, Gymnosperms and Paleobotany

Theory :

Total theory marks :80

Internal Assessment Marks :20

Total No.of teaching hours per semester :60

Total no. of teaching hours per week :04

Duration of theory Examination :03

Practical:

Based on theory paper: II

Max Marks : 50

Duration of Practical : 04

Total no. of Practical per week : 01

Duration of Practical Exam : 03

B.Sc. Botany II Semester

Theory Syllabus

Paper: II Diversity of Cryptogams, Gymnosperms and Paleobotany

Unit 1: BRYOPHYTA: Introduction, General characters and classification

Type study: Morphology, Structural organization and reproduction of the

following examples

Hepaticopsida: Riccia, Marchantia.

Anthocerotopsida: Anthoceros

Bryopsida: Funaria

A brief account of origin and evolution of thallus; Evolution of sporophytes;

Bryophytes as bioindicatiors of air and water pollution 20 hrs

Unit 2: PTERIDOPHYIA: Introduction, General characters and classification

Type study: occurrence, structural organization of the following examples

Psicopsida: Psilotum

Lycopsida: Lycopodium, Selaginella

Sptlenospsida: Equisetum

Pteropsida: Marsilea

A brief account of origin and evolution of Pteridophytes; Stelar Evolution;

Heterospory and seed habit. 20 hrs.

Unit 3: GYMNOSPERMS: Introduction, general characters and classification

Type study: Morphology, anatomy of stem, leaf and root;

reproduction and life cycles of Cycas, Pinus and Gnetum. 15 hrs.

Unit 4: PALEOBOTANY: Introduction, process of fossilization. Fossil types,

Geological time scale; A brief account of Rhynia, Calamites, and

Cycadeoiedea 05 hrs

B.Sc. Botany

Second semester practical Syllabus

Paper-II Diversity of Cryptogams, Gymnosperms and Paleobotany

Study of morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures of the following types

I: Bryophyta: Riccia, Marchantia, Anthoceros, & Funaria

II: Pteridophyta: Psilotum,Lycopodium, selaginella, Equisetum, Marsilea.

III: Gymnosperms: Cycar, Pinus and Gnmetum

IV: Paleobotany: Rhynia, (stem) Calamites and Cyeadeoidea.

B.Sc. Botany

Second semester Practical Model Question Paper

Paper-II Diversity of Cryptogams, Gymnosperms and Paleobotany

Time -03 hrs Total: 50

Marks

I . Identify the specimens A, B and C. Sketch, label and give reasons. 3x4=12 Marks

II. Write, Comment on D, E, and F (Macroscopic) 3x3= 09 Marks

III. Identify the slides G, H, I and J with reasons. 4x3= 12 Marks

IV. Prepare a temporary stained mount of K. Identify, sketch and label with reasons.

Leave it for observation. 07 Marks

Records : 05 Marks

Viva-Voce :05 Marks

B.Sc. Botany

Second semester practical scheme

Paper-II: Scheme of Evaluation

Diversity of Cryptogams, Gymnosperms and Paleobotany

Max Marks: 50 Time: 3 hours

1. Identify the specimens A.B and C. Sketch, Label give reasons 12 marks


Sketch and label -02 Marks

Reasons: -01 Marks

(Bryophyta-01, Pteridophyta-01 and Gymnosperms-01)

2. Write comments on D,E and F. 09 hrs


Sketch- -01 Marks

Critical note -01 Marks

(Bryophyta/Paleobotany-01, Pteridophyta-01, Gymnosperms-01)

3. Identify the slides G, H, I and J with reasons. 12 marks


Reasons: - 02 Marks

(Bryophyta-01, Pteridophyta-02, Gymnosperms/Paleobotany (Slide) -01,

4. Prepare temporary stained mount of K. Sketch, label identify with reasons.

07 Hrs


Preparation -3 Marks

Sketch and label - 2 Marks

Reasons: - 1 Marks

Records : 05 Marks

Viva-Voce -05 Marks

BOTANY

Third Semester

Paper- III, Plant Anatomy and Embryology

No. of Teaching Hours : 60

Maximum Marks : 80

Internal Assessment : 20 marks

No. of Teaching Hours / week : 04

Duration of Examination : 03 Hours

I Histology: Study of Meristematic tissues – occurrence, Characteristics,

Classification based on origin, position and function, including the study of L/s of

Shoot and root apex. Theories, cell theory, Histogen theory, and tunica carpus

theory 4 Hours

Permanent Tissues: Simple tissues, Distribution, Classification, structure and

function of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.

4 Hours

Complex Tissues: Xylem and phloem

II Laticiferous tissues:

III The tissue system: Dermal / Epidermal tissue System, structure and function of

epidermis (stomata, trichomes stinging, glandular hairs)

6Hours

IV Ground tissue system: The structure and function of cortex, endodermis,

pericycle and pith.

2 Hours

V The vascular tissue system: Primary vascular tissue constituents of vascular

bundle, types of vascular bundles, conjoint, bicollateral and concentric types.

2 Hours

Anatomy : Internal structure of

Dicot stem - Ex: Tridax and Cucurbita

Monocot stem- Ex: Grass

Dicot root - Ex: Cicer

Monocot root - Ex: Sorghum/ Maize

Dicot leaf – Ex: Tridax

Monocot leaf – Ex: Grass 8 Hours

Study of normal secondary growth in dicot stem in detail.

Ex: Morus alba

Study of normal secondary growth in dicot root

4 Hours

Anmolous secondary growth in Stem

Ex: Achyranthes, Mirabilis

Anamolous secondary growth in Monocot stem

Ex: Dracaena

3 Hours

EMBRYOLOGY

Historical account, the flower and its parts, structure of stamen,

microsporogenesis, in detail; development of male gametophyte, pollen grain,

embryosac. 4 Hours

Structure of Carpel : Types of Ovules, Placentation types, structure of orthotropous ovule

2 Hours

Megasporogenesis : in detail types of tetrads

Female gametophyte (Embryosac)

Development of Monosporic type of female gametophyte

Ex: Polygonum type, structure of Mature embryosac

3 Hours

Pollination : Self and cross pollination- types of cross pollination, including advantages

and disadvantages.

Contrivances for cross pollination

3 Hours

Fertilization: Pollen germination and development of pollen tube up entry of embryosac.

Double fertilization and triple fusion, significance.

3 hours

Endosperm: Types- Cellular, Helobial and freenuclear

Development of free nuclear endosperm- endosperm hanstorium, vermiform,

appendage ruminate endosperm

3Hours

Embryo: Types, Dicot and monocot, Development of Dicot embryo crucifer type,

suspensor haustorium, types with examples.

3 Hours

Apomixis and Polymbryony- A brief account

2 Hours

Palynology: Scope, Pollen morphology, structure of Pollen wall- NPC system, Pollen kit.

5 Hours

Contribution of P.Maheshwari, BGL Swamy

2 Hours

B.Sc., Botany .

Third Semester- Practical Syllabus

Paper- III, Plant anatomy and Embryology

Histology: As per theory Syllabus

Anatomy: Ex Dicot Stem : Tridax and Cucurbita/ Coccinia

Monocot Stem: Ex Grass

Dicot Root : Ex: Gram

Monocot root: Maize/ Sorghum

Dicot leaf : Tridax

Monocot leaf: Grass

Anamolous : Secondary Growth

Ex: Achyranthes, Mirabilis & Draceana,

Embryology: TS of anther: Datura/ Cassia

Mounting of pollen : Ex: Hibiscus, Ipomea

Pollen fertility (By hanging drop method) : Vinca .

Mounting of endosperm of Cucumis

Placentation: Axile/ parietal /marginal

B.Sc., Botany .

Third Semester

Practical Model Question Paper

Time : 3 Hours Paper- III, Plant anatomy and Embryology Max Marks : 50

I Prepare a temporary stained slide of ‘A’ identify, sketch

and label the parts 05 Mark

II Mount sketch and label, identify the specimen ‘B’ 03 Mark

III Calculate the percentage of fertility of ‘C’ by hanging

drop method 05 Mark

IV Mount and sketch the endosperm of ‘D’ 05 Mark

V Prepare a temporary stained slide of ‘E’

Sketch, label and identify with reasons 07 Mark

VI Identify the slides of ‘F’, G, H, I and J’ 15 Mark

Sketch label give reasons

Viva - 05 Mark

Record - 05 Mark

B.Sc. Botany

Third Semester

Practical Third– Scheme of Evaluation

Time : 3 Hours Paper- III, Plant anatomy and Embryology Max

Marks : 50

I Prepare a temporary stained slide of ‘A’ identify, sketch and label the parts

5 Mark

Identification - 1 Mark

Preparation - 2 Marks


(Embryology – stamen of Datura / Cassia)

II Mount sketch and label, identify the specimen ‘B’

3 Mark

Mounting - 1 Mark

Sketch and labeling - 1 mark


(Polynology, Hibiscus/ Ipomea)

III Calculate the percentage of pollen fertility of ‘C’ by hanging

drop method

5 Mark


Sketch and label - 1 Mark

Calculation - 2 Marks

IV Mount and sketch the endosperm of ‘D’

5 Mark

Mounting - 3 Mark

Sketch and labeling - 1 mark


V Prepare a temporary stained slide of ‘E’

7 Mark

Sketch, label and identify with reasons




Reasons - 1 Mark [From anatomy]

VI Identify the slides of ‘F’, G, H, I and J’

15 Mark

Sketch label with reasons


Sketch, label and reasons- 2 Marks

Viva -5 , Record -5

B.Sc. Botany

Fourth Semester

Paper –IV, Ecology, Environmental and Conservation Biology

Theory ……………………………….………60 Hours

Max Marks …………………….…………....80

Internal Assessment marks.………………..20

No. of teaching hours/ week……………..….04 hours

Duration of Examination ……………….….03 hours

Ecology: Introduction, Ecology and its divisions,

Aim and scope: Ecological factors affecting plant growth and their distribution,

climatic, edaphic topographic and biotic factors.

Plant adaptations: Introduction, ecological classification of plants based on water.

Morphological and anatomical adaptations of Hydrophytes, xerophytes, mesophytes,

epiphytes, Halophytes and parasites 10 Hrs

Ecosystem: Definition, structure and components of ecosystem. Study of pond and forest

ecosystem, energy flow in ecosystem, food chain, food web, ecological pyramids.

Biogeochemical cycles: Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, phosphorous 10 Hrs

Ecological succession: Introduction, Hydrosere and xerosere-succession. 05 Hrs.

Biodiversity: Introduction, significance, types of Biodiversity. A brief account of

endangered, threatened, endemic and extinct plants.

Conservation of Biodiversity: In situ and Ex situ conservation.

Ecological Indicators: Characteristic features of plant indicators and types

(in brief) 10 Hrs

Environmental biology: Introduction, A brief account of renewable resources – Energy-

Water and Land

Environmental Pollution: A general account of air, water, land and noise pollution –

Effects and their Control 10 Hrs

Forest and Forest Management : Present status of forest, wealth of world and India-

importance of Forest, Deforestation (Causes). A brief account of (Afforestatioin,

reforestration, social forestry, & forest management)

Conservation ecology: Soil erosion, a brief account of conservation of soil, wild life,

National parks, gamesancturies 10 Hrs

Phytogeography: Phytogeographical regions of India with special reference to

Karnataka 5 hrs

B.Sc. Botany

Fourth Semester

Practical Syllabus

Paper –IV, Ecology, Environmental and Conservation biology

Study of ecological groups

Hydrophytes examples: Hydrilla/ Pistia . Vallisnaria, Eichhornia, Lemna, Jussiaea

(any three)

Xerophytes: Ex: Casuarina/ Euphorbia tirukalli, Opuntia, Asparagus, Aloe, Acacia,

Nerium- leaf (Anatomy- Any two)

Mesophytes: Tridax/ Sunflower

Epiphytes: Vanda

Halophytes: Rhizophora, Avecenia, Vivipary, Pneuymatophores

Parasites: Cuscuta, Loranthes, Striga, Viscum,

Psamophytes : Spiniphix

ECOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS

Wet and dry bulb Thermometer, Anemometer, Rainguage

Water holding capacity of any three different soils, pH,

Vegetation of Karnataka

PRACTICAL SYLLABUS

Time : 3 Hrs Practical Model Question Paper Max Marks:50

Paper IV – Ecology, Environmental and conservation biology

I Prepare a temporary stained mount of ‘A’ and ‘B’ sketch, label

Give reasons 5+5 marks

II Write critical note on ‘C’ and ‘D’ 3+3 marks

III Comment on ecological instrument of ‘E’ 04 marks

IV Determination of water holding capacity and pH of given soil

samples of ‘F’ 07 marks

V Identify the slides of ‘G’ ‘H’ and ‘I’. Sketch label wit 09 marks

VI Mark and label the vegetational types of Karnataka

[in supplied map] 04 marks

Viva 05 Mark

Record 05 Mark

B.Sc. Botany

PRACTICAL SYLLABUS

Time : 3 Hrs Scheme of evaluation Max Marks:50

Paper IV – Ecology, Environmental and conservation biology

I Identification of Hydrophytes, xerophytes and epiphytes 5+5 Mark



Sketch and Label + Reasons – 1 mark

II Write critical notes on ‘C’ and ‘D’ 3+3 Mark

(Any group)


Comments - 02 Marks

III Comment on ecological instrument ‘E’ 04 Mark


Comments - 02 Marks

Uses - 01 Mark

IV Water holding capacity & pH of ‘F’ 07 Mark

Procedure - 03 Mark

Result - 02 Marks

pH - 02 Mark

V Identification of slides G, H and I 09 Mark


Reasons - 02 Marks Each

V Mapping of vegetaioin of Karnataka 04 Mark

Map should be supplied – any two types

Viva 05 Mark

Record 05 Mark

B.Sc. Botany

Fifth Semester

Paper –V, Morphology, Taxonomy, Economic Botany and Ethnobotany

Theory ……………………………….………60 Hours

Max Marks …………………………………..80 Hours

Internal Assessment marks.………….……..20 Hours

No. of teaching hours/ week………………….03 hours

Duration of Examination …………………….03 hours

Morphology: Vegetative morphology

Root: Introduction, Classification, Underground root modifications (Fusiform, conical,

napiform, and fasciculated) aerial root modifications- [Support/ epiphytic/ respiratory.

Parasitic / floating / climbing roots]

Stem: Introduction, characteristics

Modification of stem : underground - Rhizome, stem tuber, corm and bulb

Sub-aerial modifications: Runner, offset, stolon, & sucker

Aerial stem modifications: Stem tendrils, phylloclade, cladode, thorns, bulbils

LEAF: General introduction, structure (brief) Stipules (Kinds) leaf blade (Shape, apex,

margin, surface)

Venation: Reticulate, parallel- types

Leaf modifications: Leaf tendrils, spines, hooks, phyllode- Insectivorous plants-

Nepenthes, Utricularia, & Drosera

Phyllotaxy: Types- alternate, opposite and whorled

FLORAL MORPHOLOGY

Inflorescence- Types-Racemose, cymose-Types, special types

Flower: A Complete account of floral morphology

Fruit: General account – classification, types of fruits.

Seed: Structure of monocot and dicot seed- Germination of seed. 20 Hours

TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS

Principles of classification, systems of classification

Ex: Bentham and Hooker, Engler and Prantel, Binomial nomenclature, species concept,

Botanical gardens, Herbareum, techniques, and important herbaria of India

Study of the following families with plants of economic importance. (Bentham

and Hooker- System to be followed)

Dicots: Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae, Brassicaceae, Capparidaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae,

Anacardiaceae, Fabaceae (including 3 sub-families) Myrataceae, Cucurbitaceae,

Apiaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepidaceae, Solanaceae,

Acanthaceae, Lamiaceae, Verbinaceae. Amaranthaceae and Euphorbiaceae

Monocots: Orchidaceae, Liliaceae, Arecaceae, Poaceae -30 Hours

ECONOMIC BOTANY

Introduction: Food plants: Cereals, millets, Rice, Wheat, Maize, Sorghum, Finger millet

(Ragi), Pearl millet (Bajra).

Pulses: Bengalgram, Green gram, Blackgram, Pigeon pea

Oil and Fats: Sunflower, Groundnut, Coconut, Safflower

Spices and condiments: Asafoetida, Coriander, Cardomom, Clove, Cinnamom, Red

pepper (Chilly)

Beverages: Coffee, Tea and cocoa

Timber plants: Teak, Rosewood, Neem

Textile Fibres: Cotton, Coir, Sunhemp

Narcotic drugs : Tobacco and Opium

Medicinal plants: Rauwolfia serpentina, Vinca rosea

Tylophora asthamatica, Cinchona officinalis, Withania somnifera, Tinospora,

Cordifolia, Adhathoda vasica 7 hours

ETHONOBOTANY

Definition and concept

Different aspects of ethnobotany, ethnic groups of Karnataka

Importance and plants of Ethnobotanical importance,

Tribal food and food plants. 3 Hours

PRACTICAL SYLLABUS

Time : 3 Hrs Paper V Morphology, Taxonomy, Max Marks:

50

Economic Botany and Ethnobotany

To be setup- Based on theory syllabus, morphology

Families and economic importance

Note: Submission of 5 herbarium and Botanical study tour report is compulsory.

B.Sc., BOTANY

PRACTICAL MODEL QUESTION PAPER

Time : 3 Hrs Paper V Morphology, Taxonomy, Max Marks:50

Economic Botany and Ethnobotany

I Identify the families of ‘A’, ‘B and ‘C’ with their distinguishing

characters – 12 marks

II Describe ‘D’ in technical terms and Draw floral diagram, with

Diagram with floral formula of ‘E’ - 08 marks

III Write the morphological and biological importance of F.G.H and I - 10

marks

IV Write the economic importance J and K - 05

marks

Viva -05 marks

Record -05 marks

Submission of herbarium and

Tour report -05 marks

B.Sc., Botany

Time : 3 Hours Fifth Semester Scheme of Evaluation Max Marks : 50

Practical –V, Morphology, Taxonomy, Economic Botany

And Ethonobotany

I Identity the families ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ with their salient characters – 12

marks

Identification - 01 marks (4 Marks each)

Distinguishing characters

(5/6 characters) - 03 Marks

(One from – Polypetalae, one from- Gamopetalae, one from- monochlamydae)

II Describe ‘D’ in technical terms and Floral formula and floral diagram of ‘E’

- 4+4 marks

‘D’- Vegetative characters 02 marks

Reproductive characters 02 marks

‘E’ – Floral formula 01 mark

Floral diagram - 03 marks

III Write the morphological and biological importance of 10 marks

‘F’ ‘G’ ‘H’ and I

Two from Modifications

One from Inflorescence 2 ½ marks each

One from Fruits

IV Write the economic importance of J and K 05 Marks

Viva - 05 Marks

Record 05 marks

Herbareum + Tour report 05 marks

B.Sc. Botany .

Fifth Semester

Paper- VI, Cell biology, Molecular biology and Genetics

No. of Teaching Hours : 60

Maximum Marks : 80

Internal Assessment : 20 marks

No. of Teaching Hours / week : 03

Duration of Examination : 03 Hours

I Microscopy: Phase contrast and electron microscope (Structural features,

working principle, method of applications) 2 Hours

The cell: Ultrastructure of plant cell, organization, function and its components-

cell wall, plasma membrane [Fluid mosaic model] golgi complex, endoplasmic

reticulum, mitochondria, ribosome, plastids, peroxisomes, lysosoms)

Cytoplasm: Vacuole – Non living inclusions-nucleus- Ultrastructure 12 Hours

Chromosomes: Number size, classification (Based on Centromere) structure

(metaphase) nucleosome model, Karyotype, Idiogram, Heterochromatin and

Euchromatin.

Chromosomal Aberrations: Deletions, duplications, Translocations & Inversions

Mitosis and Meiosis in plants: Mitotic spindle – Synoptenemal complex -

Significance – differences

Variation in chromosome number: Polyploidy – types significance

Nucleic acids: Chemical composition of DNA & RNA 14 Hours

DNA: Structure (Watson and Crick Model) forms and types (palindromic,

repetitive and cDNA) Experimental evidence for DNA as genetic material, DNA

replication.

RNA: Types, structure- function (t-RNA, m-RNA, r-RNA)

Concept of Gene: Fine structure, Characteristics, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic gene

expression.

Genetic code: Characteristics, codon dictionary, Wobble hypothesis

Protein Synthesis: Mechanism, Central dogma, transcription- translation. 12 Hours

Regulation of gene expression: In prokaryotes- Inducible operon and Lac operon

Concept. Repressible – Operon –[Tryptophan]

Gene mutations:

Genetics: Biography of Mendel- Contrasting characters of pea plant- [Terms –

Homto and Heterozygous, Phenotype, genotype] Monohybrid cross- Explanation

of Law of dominance- Law of segregation- Dihybrid cross. Explanation – Law of

independent assortment Test Cross

Deviation from Mendelian Laws: Incomplete dominance (mirabilis Jalapa]

Codominance

Modification of Mendelian ratios : (with reference to plant examples) interaction

of genes- Epistasis- Complementary factor- Supplementary factors, Multiple allies

(self styerility in Nicotiana)

Linkage and Crossing over in maize: Chromosome mapping. 20 Hours

B.Sc., Botany .

Fifth Semester- Practical Syllabus

Time: 3 Hrs Paper VI Cell biology, Molecular Biology & Genetics

Marks 80

I. Preparation of Mitotic slides Ex: Onion (root tip)

II. Preparation of Meiosis Ex: Onion/ Rheo (Flower buds)

III. Study of different stages of mitosis and meiosis [from permanent slides]

IV. Genetic problems – From the given list

V. Technique of making permanent slides of mitosis and Meiosis

B.Sc., Botany .

Fifth Semester- Practical Question Paper

Time: 3 Hrs Paper VI: Cell biology, Molecular Biology & Genetics Max. Marks: 50

I Prepare squash of material ‘A’ Identify, sketch label the

stage with reasons 10 Marks

II Prepare smear of material ‘B’ Identify sketch, label the

stage with reasons 10 Marks

III Identify the slides C and D – sketch, label with reasons

(one from mitosis, and one from Meiosis) 08 Marks

IV Solve the given genetic problems of ‘E’ and ‘F’ 12 Marks

Viva -5 Marks

Record -5 Marks

B.Sc. Botany

Fifth Semester- Practical Scheme of Evaluation

Time: 3 Hrs Paper- VI: Cell biology, Molecular Biology & Genetics Max. Marks 50

I Prepare squash of material ‘A’ Identify, sketch label the stage with reasons

10 Marks

For preparation - 6Marks

For Identifications - 1 Mark

Sketch and Label - 2 Marks

Reasons - 1 Mark (Onion root tip)

II Prepare smear of material ‘B’ Identify sketch, label the stage with reasons

10 Marks

For preparation - 6Marks

For Identification - 1 Mark


Reasons - 1 Mark (Flower bud of Onion/ Rheo)

III Identify the slides C and D – sketch, label with reasons (one from mitosis, one

from Meosis) 8 Marks


Reasons - 1 Mark

IV Solve the given genetic problems of ‘E’ and ‘F’ 12 Marks

Solution 6 Each

Viva - 5 Marks

Record -5 Marks

B.Sc. Botany

Sixth Semester

Paper –VII- Plant Physiology

Theory ……………………………….………60 Hours

Max Marks …………………..….…………..80

Internal Assessment Marks…………….…..20

No. of teaching hours/ week………………..03 hours

Duration of examination ………………..03 hours

Plant water relations: Properties of water, significance of water for plants, sources,

solutions and its types

Osmosis: Potato osmoscope experiment, endosmosis, exosmosis (OP, TP, WP, DPDI)

water potential, plasmolysis, deplasmolysis, significance of osmosis.

Absorption of water: Introduction, Symplast, Apoplast, Mechanism of water absorption

(Active and passive)

Absorption of minerals: Mechanism:- passive absorption- ion exchange, Donnan

equilibrium. Active absorption (Lundergardh and Burstorm), Cytochrome pump theory.

Lecithin cycle, carrier concept.

Ascent of sap : Concept, (Balsam plant experiment), Mechanism- Pulsation theory, TCT

theory.

Mineral nutrition: Concept, macro and micronutrients, Role of Macronutrients,

deficiency symptoms – N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, & Mn, Cu, Zn Boron, Molybdenum,

Hydrophonics 15 Hours

Transpirtation: Types of transpiration, structure of stomata, mechanism of stomatal

transpiration- starch- sugar inter conversion theory, K+ ion exchange theory, significance.

Guttation: Structure of hydathode, differences between transpiration and Guttation.

Enzymes: Nomenclature, structure, classification and properties

Translocation of solutes: Types - Path of translocation, (Girdling experiment)

mechanism of translocation- protoplasmic streaming theory and mass flow hypothesis

15 Hours.

Nitrogen Metabolism- Role of N2 in plants, sources, Molecular nitrogen, Inorganic,

Organic Nitrogen, Conversion of Nitrate into Ammonia, Biological nitrogen fixation.

Mechanism- Symbiotic, non- symbiotic, Biosynthesis of Amino acids – Reductive

amination, Transmination, Amphoteric nature of Amino acids

Photosynthesis: Introduction, structure of chloroplast, photosynthetic pigments, PS-I

and PS-II, Mechanism Light reaction- Cyclic and non cyclic photo -phosphorylation

Dark reaction- C3 pathway, law of limiting factors, factors affecting photosynthesis, C4

pathway, CAM Photosynthesis.

Respiration: Introduction, structure of mitochondrion

Types of respiration- Aerobic, anaerobic, Mechanism of Aerobic respiration –

Glycolysis- Kreb’s cycle, Electron transport system and terminal oxidation.

Anaerobic Respiration- Mechanism- Alcoholic and Lactic acid fermentation - Rq

Pasteur’s effect. 25 Hrs

Phytohormones- Definition, types of hormones, physiological and practical application

of auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, ABA, Ethylene

Physiology of flowering – Photoperiodism, types role of phytochrome,

Vernalization and dormancy

Plant movements – A general account, classification, trophic movements. 05 Hrs

B.Sc., Botany

Paper VII – Practical Syllabus

Plant physiology

List of Major experiments:-

1) Measurement of DPD in plants by gravimetric (Potato) method.

2) To measure the rate of transpiration under different conditions of light and

wind by Ganong’s potometer.

3) Experiment to study the relation between absorption and transpiration

4) Suction force due to transpiration

5) Evolution of oxygen by bubble counting method, under different wavelengths

of light- using colour transparences- red, blue, green (yellow) (during exam

different conditions need not be asked)

6) Experiment to study synthesis of starch during photosynthesis

7) Separation of chlorophyll pigments by paper chromatographic method

8) To determine the respiratory quotient (Rq) of different kinds of germinating

seeds using Ganong’s respirometer.

List of Minor experiments:-

1) Experiment to demonstrate end and exosmasis using Potato Osmoscope

2) Experiment to demonstrate unequal transpiration in plants by Cobalt chloride

paper

3) Passage of air through Stomata using colocasia Leaf

4) To demonstrate that light is necessary for photosynthesis [Ganong’s light

screen experiment]

5) Mohl’s half leaf experiment

6) Dewar’s thermos flask experiment

7) Kuhne’s Fermentation vessel experiment

8) Experiment to show geotropism using clinostat (Nullifying effect)

9) Experiment to show phototropism in plants using phototrophic chamber.

10) Experiment to determine the rate of plant growth by using arc auxanometer

BIOCHEMICAL TESTS

Lignin, starch, protein, Glucose, Sucrose, Fats and oils.

B.Sc. Botany

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

Time : 3 Hrs Sixth Semester - Practical

Paper VII- Plant physiology Max. Marks: 50

I Conduct major experiment ‘A’. Write requirements, procedure, record the results

with conclusions 13 marks

II Comment on experiment ‘B’ ‘C’ and ‘D’ 5+5+5 marks

III Investigate the chemical substance of E & F 6+6 marks

(Positive and negative test should be conducted)

Viva - 05 marks

Record 05 marks

B.Sc Botany

Time : 3 Hrs Sixth Semester – Scheme of evaluation

Paper VII- Plant physiology Max. Marks:50

I Major experiment ‘A’ 13 marks

Indent /requirements - 02

Procedure - 05

Experiment setting - 04

Conclusion - 02

II Minor experiment ‘B’ ‘C’ & ‘D’ 05 each

Identification - 01

Diagram+ Comment - 03

Comment on result - 01

III Chemical Test: E & F 06 each

Negative test 02 marks

Positive test 04 Marks

B.Sc., Botany

Sixth Semester

Paper –VIII- Plant Breeding, Bio Technology, Plant Tissue culture and Evolution

Theory ……………………………….………60 Hours

Max Marks …………………..….…………..80

Internal Assessment Marks…………….…..20

No. of teaching hours/ week…………….…..03 hours

Duration of examination ……….………..03 hours

Plant breeding: introduction, Principles, and objectives of plant breeding

Methods of plant breeding; mass selection, pure line selection, clonal selection,

Significance. Plant breeding for disease resistance, resistance to insect and pests. Plant

breeding in producing new and improved varieties of medicinal plants.

Hybridization: Introduction, Definition, types, objectives, techniques, selection of

parents, emasculation, Artificial cross pollination, Harvest, Hybrid varieties, Inbreeding

depression Hybrid vigour

Mutation breeding- Breeding for disease resistance- New varieties.

Vegetative propagation: Introduction, cutting, gooty, Grafting (types) Approach, bud,

wedge grafting

Evolution : Origin of life (in brief) – A brief account of theories of evolution of

Lamarck, Darwin, Hugo devries, Modern synthetic theory. 25 Hrs

BIOTECHNOLOGY: Introduction, Scope of bio technology, A brief account of tools

used in genetic engineering, Recombinant DNA technology, DNA finger printing and its

applications.

Production of human insulin through Recombinant DNA technology

Production of monoclonal antibodies through hybridoma technology and their

applications.

Gene therapy: Kinds, somatic and Gene therapy,

Applications of biotechnology – in Agriculture, pharmaceutical and Industries

Sustainable agriculture: Bio-fertilizers, advantages, Production of GM plants Ex:

Golden rice, Bt –Cotton, Biopesticides, Biopatent, Biowar, Biopiracy, Bioethics. 25 Hrs

Tissue culture: Aim and Scope, Totipotency, types of tissue culture, callus culture and

its importance. Organogenesis through callus culture. Somatic embryogenesis, Anther

culture and its importance. Applications of tissue culture in agriculture and human

welfare. 10 Hrs

B.Sc., Botany

Paper VIII: Preparation of Project

Practical Syllabus[ Project Based on syllabus]

B.Sc., Botany

Practical VIII, Project Report Max Marks : 50

Scheme of Evaluation

Submission - 30 Marks

Presentation - 10 marks

Viva - 10 Marks

shivagangothri, davangere. b.sc. in...

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