shine: s eattle’s h ub for i ndustry-driven n anotechnology e ducation north seattle community...

SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven

Nanotechnology Education North Seattle Community College

Nanotechnology Principles, Applications, and Careers

National Educators Workshop

November 3, 2013

What is Nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology is….• the control of matter on the atomic level• the ability to build using atoms as building blocks• the manufacture of novel materials with novel properties

What is a nanostructure?

What is a nanometer?1 nm = 10-9 m = 0.000000001 m

= one billionth of a meter

Structure with at least one dimension < 100 nm

SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 2

3

Source: Dept. of Energy3

Why Study Nanoscience and Nanotechnology?Nanoscience:

The study of fundamental principles of nanostructures• Between bulk and atomic properties

Nanotechnology: The application of nano-structures into useful devices

http://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu

© Northwestern University


Who?

Government

Academic Research Institutions

National Laboratories

Industry

Non-Profits

The public

Source: NNIN


The Very Beginnings…

2000 years ago – Stained Glass

1100 – Damascus Steel swords

1500 – NPs in pottery

~1910 – particle sizes described in “nanometers”

1959 – Feynman’s speech“The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom”

Armagh, Ireland, AD444


Then…

1970 – “Nanotechnology” coined (Taniguchi)

1981 – First atoms seen (Binnig and Rohrer, STM)

1986 – Engines of Creation, the Coming Age of Nanotechnology by Richard Drexler

“Nanotechnology is the principle of atom manipulation atom by atom, through control of the structure of matter at the molecular level. It entails the ability to build molecular systems with atom-by-atom precision, yielding a variety of nanomachines”


Surfaces and Dimensional Space

0-Dimensional 1-Dimensional

2-Dimensional


0-Dimensional Structures

Source: Seoul National University

Source: Younan Xia, Washington University


1-Dimensional Structures

Source: Evans Group, University of Leeds Source: Science Buzz, Science Museum of Minn.


2- Dimensional Structures

http://www.whatsnextnetwork.com/technology/index.php/2006/12/SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 11

Why “Nano” is Interesting

Particles are small

• High surface-to-volume ratio

• React differently

• Act differently (new properties)

• Interact with light differently

• Are on the scale of small biological structures

Quantum Mechanics meet Classical Mechanics

Interesting “new” structures

Interesting materials with nanoparticles embedded


Surface Area and Energy

Surface energy increases

with surface area

Large surface energy = instability

Driven to grow to reduce surface energy

C. Nutzenadel et al., Eur. Phys. J. D. 8, 245 (2000).

diameter (nm)

S

urfa

ce a

tom

s (%

)


Physical Structure Physical Property

What are the structural differences on the nanoscale?

• High percentage surface atoms

• Spatial confinement

• Reduced imperfections

What properties are affected?What properties can we tune?


Particle diameter (nm)

M

eltin

g po

int (

K)

Melting Points

Lower melting point for nanostructures <100 nm

Surface energy increases as size decreases

Ichimose, N. et al. Superfine Particle Technology Springer-Verlag London, 1992. SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 15

Mechanical Properties

Mechanical Strength of NaCl whiskers

d (µm)

S

tren

gth

(kg/

mm

)

Gyulai, Z. Z. Phys. 138, 317 (1954).

Mechanical properties improve as size decreases

High atomic perfection


Electrical Properties

Electron Scattering• Electrons move through a metal to conduct electricity

• Electrons are scattered to cause resistivity

• Decreasing size fewer defects less scattering

Surface Scattering• Electrons scatter against the surface of nanostructure

Widening of band gap


Electrical Properties

Band gap increases as particle size decreases

E

Metal Insulator Semi-conductor NP Semi-conductor


Particles & Light

Particles interact differently with light Structures are smaller than wavelength of visible light

Militaries Study Animals for Cutting-Edge Camouflage. James Owen in England for National Geographic News March 12, 2003, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B (1999) 266, 1403-1411

220X1X 20,000X5000X

• Photonic Crystals• Surface Plasmon Resonance• Quantum Dot Fluorescence


Optical Properties

Surface Plasmon Resonance• “sea of electrons” excited


Optical Properties: Quantum Dots

Band gap increases as particle size decreases

E

Metal Insulator Semiconductor 50 nm QD 10 nm QDSHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology

Education 21

Size: Biological Structures

~5 nm thick2 nm diameter ~10 nm diameter

5000 nm diameter

~50 – 100 nm diameterSHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 22

Unique Structures

Carbon Nanotubes

Buckyballs

Zeolites

Source: The Chemical Educator

Source: Wikipedia

Source: Wikipedia


Image References Slide 3

The Scale of Things. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.er.doe.gov/bes/scale_of_things.html>.

Slide 5

Silver and Gold Particles. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010 <http://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu/whatis/index_html/sizematters_html>

Slide 6

NNIN Sites. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nnin.org/nnin_site.html>.

Slide 10

Nanocages. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanocages.com>.

Nanoparticle Shape Modification. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://kshong.snu.ac.kr/research/research_nanoparticle.html>.

Slide 11

Nanowires. [Online image]. Molecular & Nanoscale Physics Group. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.mnp.leeds.ac.uk/sdevans/Evans_Nano.html>.

Nanotubes. [Online image]. Science Museum of Minnesota. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.smm.org/buzz/museum/ask/greaney/starting>.

Slide 14

C. Nutzenadel et al., Eur. Phys. J. D. 8, 245 (2000).


Image References

Slide 16

Ichimose, N. et al. Superfine Particle Technology Springer-Verlag London, 1992.

Slide 17

Gyulai, Z. Z. Phys. 138, 317 (1954).

Slide 20

Militaries Study Animals for Cutting-Edge Camouflage. James Owen in England for National Geographic News March 12, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B (1999) 266, 1403-1411 (Penn State NACK Educational Resources, 2009).

Slide 21

Silver and Gold Particles. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010 <http://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu/whatis/index_html/sizematters_html>.

Slide 23

Red blood cells. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010 <http://www.topnews.in/health/files/Red-Blood-Cells.jpg>.

DNA double helix. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010 <http://www.biojobblog.com/uploads/image/dna_500.jpg>.

Lipid bilayer. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010 <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Lipid_bilayer_section.gif>.

25This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number 1204279. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are

those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven

Nanotechnology Education North Seattle Community College

Applications of Nanotechnology

Materials

Nano-coated fibers◦ Water & stain resistant

◦ Antibacterial

Guitar strings◦ Feels like non-coated

◦ Coated to improve strength

Sunscreen◦ Better UV protection

◦ Water resistant

◦ Transparent!

Source: Nano & Me

Source: Nano & Me

Source: Elixir Strings

Source: Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies

27SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education

Sporting Goods

Lighter and stronger◦ Carbon composites◦ SiO2 nanoparticles

Easton’s Stealth CNT baseball bats: “According to Easton, Zyvex’s NanoSolve® Material “strengthens composite structures to provide improved handle designs with optimized flex, responsiveness, and more ‘kick’...”


Source: Easton Sports


Electronics

Computing Hardware◦Processors – 22 nm◦Flash memory – 19 nm

Organic LED Displays◦Lighter and thinner◦More energy efficient◦Cheaper to manufacture

Energy Storage

Solar Cells

Source: PC World

Source: Intel

Source: Apple

Source: Sony Japan


Source: Wikipedia

Moore’s Law

the number of transistors on a chip doubles approximately every two years


Miniaturizing Electronics

Billions of transistors on a chip!

Source: Nature31

SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education

Solar cells

Source: Reinforced Plastics

organic

inorganic

Bulk heterojunctionDye-sensitized

Silicon- Single crystal Silicon- poly-crystalline Thin-film

(Source: UNSW)

(Source: Solarmrshal)(Source: Sun Power) (Source: PNNL)

(Source: Konarka)


Solar cells

TiO2 in dye sensitized solar cells

Source: Reinforced Plastics

(Source: Cao Group UW)

(Source: Aldrich)

meso-porous TiO2 film


Medicine

• Targeted and traceable drug delivery

• Enhanced imaging

• Sensitive detection

Source: Gao Research Group, UW Source: Hu Research Group, Univ. of Akron


Lab on a Chip

Combining all lab functions in one device

Source: Nature Video


Transportation

“Zyvex Performance Materials has unveiled the Piranha unmanned surface vessel, a lightweight composite boat built using ZPM's Arovex™ nanotube-reinforced carbon fibre prepreg.”


Source: Reinforced PlasticsMercedes Benz m-class – 2005 Scratch-resistant, “improved sheen” paint


Food

SiO2 or TiO2 coatingsUndetectable by taste, smellIncrease shelf life

Fat Clustersacts as fat, but lowers amount

Packaging:“Electronic tongue” (Kraft, Uconn,

Rutgers)Plastic bottles embedded with

nanoclay (keeps gases in or out)

Source: Wikipedia


Source: Nanowerk 38SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education

Image References

Slide 2Number of Nano Patents. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://nanopatentsandinnovations.blogspot.com/2010/01/2009-record-year-for-nanotechnology.html>.

Slide 3Lotus Effect. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanoandme.org/nano-products/textiles-and-clothing/>.NanoSilver Socks. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/ten_things_you_should_know_7.html>.Nano Web Strings. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.elixirstrings.com/products/product_acoustic.html#nano>.Sunscreen. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanoandme.org/nano-products/cosmetics-and-sunscreen>.


Stealth CNT baseball bat. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.bplowestprices.com/easton-2009-lst10-stealth-cnt-youth-baseball-bat-12.html>.Nanospeed tennis racquet. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/browse/products/yonex_nanospeed_rq_tennis_racquets/>.

Slide 5iphone. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://store.apple.com/us/browse/home/shop_iphone/family/iphone>.Intel Core i3. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://alldownloadforfree.blogspot.com/2012/05/difference-between-core-i3-core-i5-and.html>.Flat screen LED Display. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.dailytech.com/Slender+Beautiful+First+OLED+TV+Introduced/article9108.htm>.Organic LED Display. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.pcworld.com/article/132262/in_pictures_philips_and_sony_oled_displays.html>.

Slide 6Moore’s Law. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law>.

Slide 7Ferain, Isabelle, Cynthia A Colinge, and Jean-Pierre Colinge. "Multigate Transistors as the Future of Classical Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors." Nature 479 (Nov. 2011): 310-316. Nature. Web. 8 July 2013. <http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7373/full/nature10676.html>.

Image References40

SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education

Image References

Slide 8single crystal Si PV. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://solarenergyfactsblog.com/solar-panel-efficiency/>. poly-crystalline Si PV. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://www.mfgtrade.com/hot_searches/solar_cell.html>.Thin film PV. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://www.myhomesolarpower.com/global-solar-cells-and-modules-market-to-reach-us67-8-billion-by-2015-according-to-a-new-report-by-global-industry-analysts-inc/>.DSSC. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://gigaom.com/cleantech/dye-sensitized-solar-scores-morgan-stanley-backing/>.Konarka Power Plastic. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://www.easywaystogogreen.com/solar-power-issues/konarka-silicon-solar-power-cells-power-plastic/>.

• Slide 9TiO2. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://www.americanelements.com/Submicron_nano_powders.htm>.ZnO. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/articles/material-matters/synthesis-of-zno-aggregates.html>.

Slide 10Quantum dot mouse. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://faculty.washington.edu/xgao.html>.


(continued)Bates, Claire. "Colour-changing Contact Lenses Could Replace Painful Skin Prick Tests for Diabetics." Daily Mail Online. Associated Newspapers Ltd., 24 May 2012. Web. 8 July 2013. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/ article-2149276/ Colour-changing-contact-lenses-replace-painful-skin-prick-tests-diabetics.html>.

Slide 11

Dolgin, Elie, and Eric R Olson. Miniature Lab Can Diagnose Disease in the Field. Nature Video. Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Aug. 2011. Web. 8 July 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpxnJM2jSVg>.

Slide 12Piranha Unmanned Surface Vessel. [Online image.] 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.reinforcedplastics.com/view/7467/pirahna-usv-built-using-nanoenhanced-carbon-prepreg>.Mercedes Benz. [Online image.] 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/browse/products/mercedes-benz_paint_finish>.

Slide 13M&Ms. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%26M%27s_Plain.jpg>.

Slide 14Nanotechnology in Food. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=1360.php>.

Image ReferencesThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number 1204279. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are

those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

42

shine: s eattle’s h ub for i ndustry-driven n anotechnology e ducation north seattle community...

Documents

national science foundation

grant number

seattles hub

science buzz

coming age of nanotechnology

science museum of minn

atom precision

dimensional structuressource