shelter deprivations, slum dwellers in the world

Shelter Deprivations, Slum

Dwellers In The World

Global sample of 360 cities Worldwide representative40 cities per UN region

Other Developed

40 cities

Europe

40 cities Eastern Asia

40 cities

Western Asia

40 cities

South Eastern Asia

40 cities

South Central Asia40 cities

Sub-Saharan Africa40 cities

North Africa

40 cities

World

360 cities

Latin

America &

Caribbean

40

cities

URBANIZATION OF POVERTY

IN THE URBAN ERA World• 2005- Urban Population 47%

• 2030- Urban Population 60%

• Urban Growth Rate 2.24%

• Slum Growth Rate 2.22%

• 2005- Urban Population in Western Asia 55%

• Urban Growth Rate 2.9%

• Slum Growth Rate 2.7%

Western Asia

Three important trends characterize the

urbanization process in this new urban era.

1. Firstly, the biggest cities in the world will be found

mainly in the developing world.

2. Secondly, despite the emergence of metacities, the

majority of urban migrants will be moving to small

towns and cities of less than one million inhabitants

3. Thirdly, cities of the developing world will absorb

95% of urban growth in the next two decades, and by

2030, will be home to almost 4 billion people, or 80

per cent of the world’s urban population.

WHAT IS A SLUM?

• A slum households is a group of individuals living

under the same roof in an urban area who lack one or

more of the following five conditions:

1. Durable Housing.

2. Sufficient Living Area. (not more than three people

sharing the same room)

3. Access to Improved Water.

4. Access to Sanitation.

5. Secure Tenure.

To be cont….

• Four out of five of the slum definition indicators

measure physical expressions of slum conditions:

1. lack of water

2. lack of sanitation

3. overcrowded conditions

4. non-durable housing structures.

• These indicators focus attention on the circumstances

that surround slum life, depicting deficiencies and

casting poverty as an attribute of the environments in

which slum dwellers live.

To be cont……

• The fifth indicator security of tenure has to do with

legality, which is not as easy to measure or monitor,

as the tenure status of slum dwellers often depends on

de facto or de jure rights or lack of them. This

indicator has special relevance for measuring the

denial and violation of housing rights, as well as the

progressive fulfillment of these rights.

Fine tuning in methods needed for

assisting national policies

• Countries differ vis a vis two aspects:

• Magnitude of the problem: proportion of slumdwellers

• Severity of problem, ie, the multitude ofdeprivations in a country

Magnitude & severity of the slum problem and policy implications (SSA)

Slum and shelter deprivation

South Africa

Tanzania

Uganda Zambia

Percent of slum dwellers

(At least one deprivation)

30.9 93.0 84.9 74.0

Moderate shelter deprivation (only one deprivation)

23.1 52.8 53.8 47.8

Severe shelter deprivation (two)

6.6 36.4 27.1 20.6

Extreme severe shelter deprivation (three or all)

1.2 3.8 4.0 5.6

Magnitude & severity of the slum problem and policy implications

(Asia)


India Bangladesh

Indonesia

Nepal



49.4 56.9 31.5 52.8


34.3 33.6 26.7 22.7

Severe shelter deprivation (two)

14.0 22.8 4.1 25.0

Extreme severe shelter deprivation (three or all )

1.0 0.5 0.8 5.2

Magnitude & severity of the slum problem and policy implications (LAC)


Brazil Colombia

Guatemala

Nicaragua



43.1 16.3 75.7 61.2


31.3 13.6 54.0 29.2

severe shelter deprivation (two)

10.2 2.1 9.9 20.7

Extreme severe shelter deprivation (three or all)

1.6 0.7 11.8 10.7

State of the world slums

• The growth of slums in the last 15 years has beenunprecedented.

• In 1990, there were nearly 715 million slum dwellers inthe world.

• By 2000 when world leaders set the target ofimproving the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers

• By 2020 the slum population had increased to 912million.

• Today, there are approximately 998 million slumdwellers in the world.

• UN-HABITAT estimates that, if current trendscontinue, the slum population will reach 1.4 billion by2020

To be cont….

• One out of every three city dwellers lives inslum conditions.

• Some slums become less visible or moreintegrated into the urban fabric as citiesdevelop and as the incomes of slum dwellersimprove.

• Others become permanent features of urbanlandscapes. Both types of slums have carvedtheir way into modern-day cities

Difficulties due to slums

• Slum dwellers often live in difficult social and economic conditions that manifest different forms of deprivation material, physical, social and political

Slums Trends

• Slum and urban growth rates are highest in sub-Saharan

Africa, 4.53 per cent

• 4.58 per cent per year, respectively nearly twice those of

Southern Asia, where slum and urban growth rates are 2.2 per

cent and 2.89 per cent per year, respectively.

• In Western Asia, annual slum and urban growth rates are quite

similar, at 2.71 per cent and 2.96 per cent respectively,

• while in Eastern Asia and Latin America, slum growth rates

are significantly lower than urban growth rates, although slum

• growth rates are relatively high in both regions: 2.28 per cent

• and 1.28 per cent per year, respectively.

SLUMS IN ASIAN COUNTRIES

36

43

3128

2124

19

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Eastern

Asia

Southen

Asia

South-

Eastern

Asia

Western

Asia

Urban HouseholdsLiving in Slums (%)

Urban Householdswith one shelterdeprivation (%)

To be cont….

• At the global level, 31.2 per cent of all urban dwellers lived in

slums in 2005, a proportion that has not changed significantly

since 1990.

• In 1990, there were nearly 715 million slum dwellers in the

world.

• By 2000 when world leaders set the target of improving the

lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020 the slum

population had increased to 912 million.

• In 2005, there were almost 1 billion (998 million) slum

dwellers in the world; if current trends continue, UN-

HABITAT estimates that the slum population will reach 1.4

billion by 2020.

Defining slums by household level

shelter deprivations

• Defining slums by household level shelter

deprivations, however, does not fully capture the

degree of deprivation experienced by a given

household or slum community, or the specific needs

of that community a dimension that is important for

policymakers.

To be cont…

• The current definition masks which specific

deprivations households experience, as well as the

severity of combined deprivations, and creates a

challenge for monitoring, as the proportion of slum

dwellers may remain the same in any given country,

while the type of deprivation experienced by

households may change over time. Furthermore, only

the elimination of all deprivations in a given

household now registers as an improvement in the

incidence of slums.

Different levels of shelter

deprivation• A simple alternative approach is to group slum

households into categories that can be aggregated into

a. moderately deprived (one shelter deprivation)

b. severely deprived (two shelter deprivations)

c. extremely deprived (three or more shelter

deprivations).

• By studying the prevalence of slum households in

categories of severity, changes in household

deprivations can be tracked more accurately; a

reduction in one shelter deprivation for a severely

deprived household,

Conclusion

• Shelter deprivation for urban household in the majorstates combines indicators to four dimensions ofshelter deprivation

• Stark household

• Deprivation with respect to certain basic amenities

• Deprivation in term of quality of dwelling structure

• Overcrowding within a dwelling structure as well asovercrowding within a dwelling structure in limitedspace

References

• UN-HABITAT Global Urban Observatory, 2008.

• Regional Conference on Housing Policy towardsSustainable Housing Development -13-15October, 2008, Abu Dhabi U.A.E.

• Gora Mboup, 2007,Chief Global UrbanObservatory, Monitoring Research Division, UN-HABITAT MAKKAH.

• K, Sundaram and Suresh D. 1995. on measurementshelter deprivation in India. India EconomicReview, 2:131-165

• www.unhabitat .org state of the world’s cities2006/2007.

shelter deprivations, slum dwellers in the world

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