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IPC
Shell Exploration & Production
Shell’s In-situ Conversion Process
Colorado Energy Research Institute
26th Oil Shale Symposium
16-18 October, 2006
Harold Vinegar Chief Scientist In-situ Conversion Processes
155
extra-heavy oil & bitumen
oil shale
100 bln boe
Unconventionals Potential
In-Situ Conversion Process (ICP)
• Electric resistance heaters inserted into holes to gradually heat shale subsurface
• Applicable to oil shale and heavy oil/bitumen
• Technology accelerates the natural maturation of kerogen by gradual heating in oil shale
• Results in high recoveries and light hydrocarbon products yielding high quality transportation fuels
InletCooler
Separator
GasTreater
Des
alte
r
Hyd
rotr
eate
r
Frac
tiona
tion
H2Purification
SRU +SCOT
TargetZone
Oil Shale Development Concept
Peace River
Colorado Site Houston – Woodcreek Site
Houston – GasmerSite
Engineering and Testing Facilities
Temperature (ºC)
Rec
over
y Ef
ficie
ncy
(Bar
rels
per
Bar
rel o
f Fis
cher
Ass
ay)
2 deg C /day at 100 psig
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440
ICP Oil
Fischer Assay Oil
BOE
Oil
Recovery Efficiency – Colorado Oil Shale Test
Shell In SituPyrolysis
Surface RetortPyrolysis
45 APIGravity
Tar Like Solid
Carbon Number
Wei
ght %
19 APIGravity
0 5 10
12
10
8
6
4
2
015 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 100 120
350°CIn Situ
800°CSurfaceRetort
SHALE OIL EXAMPLENaphtha - 30%Diesel - 30%Jet - 30%Resid - 10%
NAPHTHA JET DIESEL RESID
Better Feedstock For Upgrading
Cleaned USC
Atm
Dis
tilla
tion
Gasoline
Diesel
Kerosene
LPG
Naphtha-minus Hydrotreating
VGO Hydrocracking
Kero Hydrotreating
Diesel Hydrotreating
Catalytic Reforming
Simplified Fractionation and HydroprocessingScheme
Advantages of In Situ Conversion
• In situ process: no mining
• Less water use than retort technology
• More oil and gas from smaller area
• Accesses deeper oil shale resources
• Uses entire resource column, not just rich layers
• Yields high quality transportation fuels
Northwest Colorado
Completed oil shale field tests
2002-2004 Mahogany Isolation Test 2003-2005 MDP South
1997-1998 Mahogany Field Experiment
2000-2005 Mahogany Development Project (MDP)
2001-present Deep Heater Test
Colorado Research Facilities
(F = 1)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
5/1/2004 6/30/2004 8/29/2004 10/28/2004 12/27/2004 2/25/2005 4/26/2005 6/25/2005 8/24/2005
Oil
Rat
e (B
OPD
) /
Gas
Rat
e (M
CFD
)
Date
STARS Dry Gas Field Dry Gas - H2S STARS C5+ Oil Field C5+ Liquids
Oil & gas rates from MDP(s) (2004-2005)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
2004/04/28 2004/06/27 2004/08/26 2004/10/25 2004/12/24 2005/02/22 2005/04/23 2005/06/22 2005/08/21 2005/10/20
日期
累 ( 桶 )
实际原油桶当量 数模原油桶当量 实际原油 数模原油
2,659
1,813
BOE
Oil
Date
Cum
ulat
ive
Oil
and
BO
E (b
bl)
BOE Produced BOE Simulation Oil SimulationOil Produced
Cumulative MDP(s) production (2004-2005)
Water &TemperatureMonitor Wells
FreezeWells
Heater &Producer
Wells
NaturalFracturedShaleAquifers
SolidShale
Water &TemperatureMonitor Wells
FreezeWells
Heater &Producer
Wells
Water &TemperatureMonitor Holes
FreezeHoles
Heater &Producer
Holes
NaturalFracturedShaleWater Zones
Shale
Freeze Wall Concept
Mahogany Isolation Test (MIT) – 2001
• Small-scale, circular freeze wall test
• Conducted to determine whether a freeze wall keeps groundwater out of possible production zone
M01AM02B
M03L5
M04L4
M05A
M06B
M07L5
M08L4
M16L4
M15L5
M14B
M13A
M12L4
M11L5
M10BM09A
F01 F02 F03
F04
F05
F06
F07
F08
F09F10F11F12
F13
F14
F15
F16
F17
F18T01
T02
M17A
M18B
M19L5M20L4M21B
M22A
M23L4
M24L5
H01
P01
H02
North
HeaterProducerFreeze WellTemperature MonitorMonitor
Ring of Freeze Holes
ObserverHoles
Heater & ProducerHoles
Mahogany Isolation Test (MIT) – 2001
Add water to test wall
Add water to test wall
Add water to test wallWith
draw
wat
er in
side
Crossflow ends - outside difference widens
Inside level rises due to ice expansion
Wal
l Sea
ls
Beg
in F
reez
ing
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
09/1
5/02
10/1
5/02
11/1
4/02
12/1
4/02
01/1
3/03
02/1
2/03
03/1
4/03
04/1
3/03
05/1
3/03
M17A & M18B InsideM05A OutsideM06B Outside
Depth (meters)
Freeze Wall Test Site (2006)
Freeze Wall Test Site (2006)
Next research phase – Freeze Wall Test
• Objective of the freeze wall is to form an underground barrier to protect groundwater and isolate any proposed subsurface production areas
• FWT is an environmental test for purposes of groundwater protection
• Football field sized test on 15 acres of Shell’s private land near existing research
• Construction began late ’05 – reclamation expected
Conclusions
• Oil shale is a strategic U.S. resource
• ICP technology has advanced dramatically since 1980, with over 200 Shell patents.
• We are very encouraged by research results, but further testing is still necessary before commercial investment decision – earliest around the end of the decade