sheet metal tool

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1.Automatic center punch

An automatic center punch is a hand tool used to produce a dimple in a workpiece (forexample, a piece of metal). It performs the same function as an ordinary center punch butwithout the need for a hammer. When pressed against the workpiece, it stores energy in a spring,eventually releasing it as an impulse that drives the punch, producing the dimple.

Operation

Within the body of the punch, there are three principal moving parts arranged in line: The punch

The intermediate rod or pin

The hammer (hammer mass)

The hammer mass is spring-loaded from the back of the punch by a large spring. (The spring'spreload compression can be adjusted by loosening or tightening the end cap at the back-mostportion of the punch, to decrease or increase the force of the punch.) A stepped hole drilled in the
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front center portion of the hammer mass facing the intermediate rod acts as a receiver for the rod,and as an anvil for the punch action.

The intermediate rod provides the automation. It's designed with the rod axis off center, so thatits resting position is skewed and the tip contacts the hammer mass on that part of the front of thehammer mass where the hole isn't. It bears on the hammer mass and pushes it back against its

spring as the punch is pressed, storing up energy in the hammer spring.As the punch is further pressed against the workpiece, the intermediate rod travels back until acertain point where its midsection begins contacting a cone shaped receiver in the body of thepunch. The intermediate rod has a corresponding cone shaped contacting surface, and as itcontinues back, becomes aligned toward the center axis. When the tip of the intermediate rod isfully aligned and centered, it slips into the receiving hole in the hammer mass, and releases thehammer. The hammer mass is then allowed to move forward, propelled by the rear spring.

Because the stepped hole in the hammer mass is only so deep, the tip of the intermediate rodeventually bottoms out in the hole in the hammer, and the impulse of the hammer mass istransmitted through the intermediate rod, through the punch rod, and into the workpiece.

2.ball peen hammer

A ball-peen (also spelled pein and pane[1]) hammer, also known as a machinist's hammer, is atype ofpeeninghammerused in metalworking. It is distinguished from a point-peen hammer orchisel-peen hammer by having a hemispherical head. Though the process of peening has become

rarer in metal fabrication, the ball-peen hammer remains useful for many tasks, such as strikingpunches and chisels.

UsesThe original function of the hammer was to peenriveted orwelded material, which makes it asflexible as the surrounding metal. Today, the ball end of the hammer is used to cutgaskets,expand and shape the free end ofcopperroves, lightrivets, and "set" rivets (which completes thejoint).

Variant
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A. Ball-peen hammer B. Straight-peen hammer C. Cross-peen hammer

Variants include thestraight-peen, diagonal-peen, and cross-peen hammer. These hammers havea wedge-shaped head instead of a ball-shaped head. This wedge shape spreads the metalperpendicular to the edge of the head. The straight-peen hammer has the wedge oriented parallel

to the hammer's handle, while the cross-peen hammer's wedge is oriented perpendicular. Thediagonal-peen hammer's head, as the name implies, is at a 45 angle from the handle. They arecommonly used byblacksmiths during the forging process to deliver blows to a forging or strikeother forging tools.

Head materialsBall-peen hammers have two types of heads: hard-faced and soft-faced. The head of a hard-facedhammer is made ofheat treatedforged high-carbon steel[2] oralloy steel; it is harder than the faceof a claw hammer.[3] The soft-faced hammers are made frombrass, lead, tightly wound rawhide,orplastic. These hammers usually have replaceable heads or faces, because they will deform,wear out, or break over time. They are used to prevent damage to a striking surface,[4] and are

graded by the weight of the head.

3.Die Grinder

A die grinder is a handheldpower tool used to grind,sand,hone,polish, ormachine material,typically metal but also plastic or wood. They are usuallypneumatically driven, although
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versions with electric and flexible shaft drive also exist. Their name comes from one of theirearliest and archetypal applications, tool and die work, where they are used to create the precisecontours ofdies ormolds. Especially before the advent of widespread CNC usage, they wereheavily relied upon for contouring via manual skill comparable to a sculptor's. CNC nowprovides much of the contouring for die and mold interior surfaces, but die grinders are still veryuseful for hundreds of cutting needs, from sculpture-like contouring in the absence of CNC, tocut-off ofbar stock, to any of the cutting and grinding needs offabrication, such as in the workof welders, boilermakers, millwrights, ironworkers (steel erectors), sheet metal workers (such asauto body workers and HVAC technicians), to woodworking (especially cabinet making),hacking, and other hobby or business pursuits. Die grinders are often used forengraving,cylinder head porting, and general shaping of a part.[1]

Die grinders are very similar to rotary tools, and in fact some people do not make any distinctionbetween them. The difference between a die grinder and a rotary tool is mainly one of mentalclassification rather than etic traits. Die grinders are thought of as industrial tools, whereas rotarytools are thought of as tools for the residential mass-consumer end-user. There is overlap,though, as many consumers own die grinders, and many industrial users have rotary tools. Thedistinction is not very significant. Die grinders may feature heavier construction (such as beingmade ofdie-cast metal rather than molded plastic) and higher top speeds for the spindle (somecan exceed 30,000 RPM unloaded). All modern examples of what people call rotary tools haveplastic bodies.

4.Hack saw

A hacksaw is a fine-tooth saw with a blade undertension in a frame, used forcutting materialssuch as metal orplastics. Hand-held hacksaws consist of a metal arch with a handle, usually apistol grip, with pins for attaching a narrow disposable blade. A screw or other mechanism isused to put the thin blade under tension. The blade can be mounted with the teeth facing toward

or away from the handle, resulting in cutting action on either the push or pull stroke. On the pushstroke, the arch will flex slightly, decreasing the tension on the blade.

Blades

Blades are available in standardized lengths, usually 10 or 12 inches for a standard handhacksaw. "Junior" hacksaws are half this size. Powered hacksaws may use large blades in a rangeof sizes, or small machines may use the same hand blades.
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The pitch of the teeth can be anywhere from fourteen to thirty-two teeth per inch (tpi) for a handblade, with as few as three tpi for a large power hacksaw blade. The blade chosen is based on thethickness of the material being cut, with a minimum of three teeth in the material. As hacksawteeth are so small, they are set in a "wave" set. As for other saws they are set from side to side toprovide a kerfor clearance when sawing, but the set changes gradually from tooth to tooth in asmooth curve, rather than alternate teeth set left and right.

Hacksaw blades are normally quite brittle, so care needs to be taken to preventbrittle fracture ofthe blade. Early blades were of carbon steel, now termed 'low alloy' blades, and were relativelysoft and flexible. They avoided breakage, but also wore out rapidly. Except where cost is aparticular concern, this type is now obsolete. 'Low alloy' blades are still the only type availablefor the Junior hacksaw, which limits the usefulness of this otherwise popular saw.

For several decades now, hacksaw blades have used high speed steel for their teeth, givinggreatly improved cutting and tooth life. These blades were first available in the 'All-hard' formwhich cut accurately but were extremely brittle. This limited their practical use to benchwork ona workpiece that was firmly clamped in a vice. A softer form of high speed steel blade was alsoavailable, which wore well and resisted breakage, but was less stiff and so less accurate for

precise sawing. Since the 1980s,bi-metal blades have been used to give the advantages of bothforms, without risk of breakage. A strip of high speed steel along the tooth edge is electron beamwelded to a softer spine. As the price of these has dropped to be comparable with the olderblades, their use is now almost universal.

Variants

An electric hacksaw

Apanel hacksaw eliminates the frame, so that the saw can cut into panels ofsheet metal withoutthe length of cut being restricted by the frame.Junior hacksaws are the small variant, whilelarger mechanical hacksaws are used to cut working pieces from bulk metal.

Apower hacksaw (orelectric hacksaw) is a type of hacksaw that is powered either by its ownelectric motoror connected to a stationary engine. Most power hacksaws are stationary machines
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but some portable models do exist. Stationary models usually have a mechanism to lift up thesaw blade on the return stroke and some have a coolant pump to prevent the saw blade fromoverheating.[1]

While stationary electric hacksaws are reasonably uncommon they are still produced but sawspowered by a stationary engines have gone out of fashion. The reason for using one is that they

provide a cleaner cut than an angle grinderor other types ofsaw. Large, power hacksaws aresometimes used in place of abandsaw for cutting metal stock to length.

5.File ( tool )

A file is a metalworking and woodworkingtool used to cut fine amounts of material from a

workpiece. It most commonly refers to the hand tool style, which takes the form of a steelbarwith a case hardened surface and a series of sharp, parallel teeth. Most files have a narrow,pointed tang at one end to which a handle can be fitted.[1]

A similar tool is the rasp. This is an older form, with simpler teeth. As they have larger clearancebetween teeth, these are usually used on softer, non-metallic materials.

Related tools have been developed with abrasive surfaces, such as diamond abrasives orsiliconcarbide. Because of their similar form and function, these have also been termed 'files'.

HistoryArchaeologists have discovered rasps made from bronze in Egypt, dating back to the years 1200- 1000 B.C., Archaeologists have also discovered rasps made of iron used by the Assyrians,

dating back to the 7th Century B.C. Among the drawings ofLeonardo da Vinci is a sketch of amachine tool for the cutting of files (the chisel would make one strike, swaging a tooth, thenautomatically advance into position for the next tooth, and strike again).

Prior to the industrialization ofmachining and the development ofinterchangeable parts duringthe 19th century, filing was much more important in the construction ofmechanisms.Component parts were roughly shaped by forging, casting, and by primitive machiningoperations. These components were then individually hand-fit for assembly by careful anddeliberate filing. The potential precision of such fitting is much higher than generally assumed,
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but the components of such hand-fit assemblies are decidedly not interchangeable with thosefrom another assembly. Locks,clocks, and firearms (flintlocks and earlier) were manufactured inthis way for centuries before the Industrial Revolution.

Machining in the mid 19th century was heavily dependent on filing, because milling practice wasslowly evolving out of its infancy. As late as the early 20th century, manufacturing often

involved filing parts to precise shape and size. In today's manufacturing environment, millingand grinding have generally replaced this type of work, and filing (when it occurs at all) usuallytends to be fordeburring only. Skillful filing to shape and size is still a part ofdiemaking ,moldmaking , toolmaking , etc., but even in those fields, the goal is usually to avoid handworkwhen possible.

Types

Relative tooth sizes for smooth, 2nd cut and bastard files

Files come in a wide variety of materials, sizes, shapes, cuts, and tooth configurations. The cross-

section of a file can be flat, round, half-round, triangular, square, knife edge or of a morespecialized shape. There is no unitary international standard for file nomenclature; however,there are many generally accepted names for certain kinds of files.

The cutof the file refers to how fine its teeth are. They are defined as (from roughest tosmoothest): rough, middle, bastard, second cut, smooth, and dead smooth. Asingle-cutfile hasone set of parallel teeth while a cross-cutordouble-cutfile has a second set of cuts formingdiamond teeth.[1] In Swiss-pattern files the teeth are cut at a shallower angle, and are graded bynumber, with a number 1 file being coarser than a number 2, etc. Most files have teeth on allfaces, but some specialty flat files have teeth only on the face or only on the edge, so that theuser can come right up to another edge without damaging the finish on it.

Some of the common shapes and their uses:

Mill files are the most common shape; they are rectangular in cross sectionand taper slightly in both width and thickness from tang to end. They are allsingle-cut.[2]

Hand files are parallel in width and tapered in thickness; they are used forgeneral work.
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Joint round edge files are parallel in width and thickness, with roundededges. The flats are safe (no teeth) and cut on the rounded edges only. Usedfor making joints and hinges.

Half round ring files taper in width and thickness, coming to a point, andare narrower than a standard half round. Used for filing inside of rings.

Barrette files are tapered in width and thickness, coming to a rounded pointat the end. Only the flat side is cut, and the other sides are all safe. For doingflat work.

Checkering files are parallel in width and gently tapered in thickness. Theyhave teeth cut in a precise grid pattern, and are used for making serrationsand doing checkering work, as on gunstocks.

Crossing files are half round on two sides with one side having a largerradius than the other. Tapered in width and thickness. For filing interiorcurved surfaces. The double radius makes possible filing at the junction oftwo curved surfaces or a straight and curved surface.

Crochet files are tapered in width and gradually tapered in thickness, with

two flats and radiused edges, cut all around. Used in filing junctions betweenflat and curved surface, and slots with rounded edges.

Knife files are tapered in width and thickness, but the knife edge has thesame thickness the whole length, with the knife edge having an arc to it.Used for slotting or wedging operations.

Pippin files are tapered in width and thickness, generally of a teardrop crosssection and having the edge of a knife file. Used for filing the junction of twocurved surfaces and making V-shaped slots.

Square files are gradually tapered and cut on all four sides. Used for a widevariety of things.

Three square files, also called triangular files, have a triangular cross-section, which usually gradually tapers. Some files taper all the way to a point(especially small ones). Three square files are used for many cuts, such ascutting angles less than 90 degrees. They are often employed for sharpeningthe teeth of wood saws.It has been pointed out that there's no such thing asa "three square". Triangular files have 60 degree angles, whereas "square" is90 degrees. All this is true, but triangular files are nevertheless commonlycalled "three square". Natural language does not always follow the mostapparent logic.

Round files, also called rat-tail files, are gradually tapered and are usedfor many tasks that require a round tool, such as enlarging round holes orcutting a scalloped edge.

Round parallel files are similar to round files, except that they do not taper.Shaped like a toothed cylinder.

Equalling files are parallel in width and thickness. Used for filing slots andcorners.

Slitting files are parallel in width with a diamond shaped cross section.Thinner than knife files and use for filing slots.
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Nut files are fine, precise files in sets of graduated thickness, used byluthiers for dressing the slots at the end of the neck which support the stringsof guitars, violins etc., in the correct position.

Pillar files are parallel in width and tapered in thickness for perfectly flatfiling. Double cut top and bottom with both sides safe, these are long, narrow

files for precision work. Warding files are parallel in thickness, tapered in width, and thin. Like a

hand or flat file that comes to a point on the end. Used for flat work andslotting.

Dreadnought (curved teeth) and millenicut (straight teeth) files both haveheavily undercut, sharp but coarse teeth. Both can be used for rapidlyremoving large quantities of material from thick aluminum alloy, copper orbrass. Today, the millenicut and dreadnought have found a new use inremoving plastic filler materials such as two-part epoxies or styrenes such asthose commonly used in automobile body repairs.

Farrier Rasp files are tanged horse rasps used mainly by horseshoers and

blacksmiths. They are flat with rasp cut on one side (upstanding teetharranged in rows with curved cutting edges of generally pyramidal shape andhave a cutting face with a positive rake or slope) and a double cut file on thereverse side.

Steel files are made from high carbon steel[3] [4] (1.0 to 1.25% carbon) and case hardened toapproximately 80 HR15N.[5] Even historically, files were made fromplain carbon steel and casehardened.[6]

Diamond files

A selection of diamond impregnated files

Instead of having teeth cut into the file's working surface, diamond files have small particles of

industrial diamonds embedded in their surface (or into a softer material that is bonded to theunderlying surface of the file). The use of diamonds in this manner allows the file to be usedeffectively against extremely hard materials, such as stone, glass or very hard metals such ashardened steel or carbide against which a standard steel file is ineffective. Diamond files are alsothe only type that may be used with a back-and-forth motion without damaging the file.
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Needle files

A selection of small needle files

The image to the left shows a selection of needle files in an assortment of cross sectional shapes.

Needle files are small files that are used in applications where the surface finish takes priorityover metal removal rates but they are most suited for smaller work pieces. They are often sold insets, including different shapes.

Riffler files

A selection of riffler files

Riffler files are small to medium sized files in an assortment of cross sectional shapes andprofiles. The varying profiles and shapes enable them to be used in hard to reach, or unusuallyshaped areas. They are often used as an intermediate step in die making where the surface finishof a cavity die may need to be improved. - e.g.;plastic injection moulding ordie casting.

Machine files
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A selection of machine files

The files pictured on the left are designed for use in a filing machine.

A filing machine is similar in appearance to a scroll saw orbandsaw in that the file is mountedvertically in the middle of a table. When in operation the file reciprocates vertically while the

workpiece is presented to the file's face and manipulated around the table/file as the shaperequires.

The cone point of the pictured, top two files allows the files to center themselves firmly in thebottom file holder. The pictured, lower two files are required to be inserted into the bottom fileholder and physically restrained with set screws, an identical process as for the top holder.

Filing machines are useful tools as they reduce fatigue and improve product accuracy, andalthough not usually seen in modern production environments, they may be found in oldertoolrooms or diemaking shops as an aid in the manufacture of specialist tooling.

Use

Main article: Filing (metalworking)

Files have forward-facing cutting teeth, and cut most effectively when pushed over theworkpiece. Pulling a file directly backwards on a workpiece will cause the teeth to bend,permanently damaging the file (especially when an inexperienced user adopts a back-and-forth"sawing" motion).Draw filinginvolves laying the file sideways on the work, and carefullypushing or pulling it across the work. This catches the teeth of the file sideways instead of headon, and a very fine shaving action is produced. There are also varying strokes that produce acombination of the straight ahead stroke and the drawfiling stroke, and very fine work can beattained in this fashion. Using a combination of strokes, and progressively finer files, a skilledoperator can attain a surface that is perfectly flat and near mirror finish.

Pinningrefers to the clogging of the file teeth withpins, which are material shavings. These pinscause the file to lose its cutting ability and can scratch the workpiece. Afile card, which is abrush with metal bristles, is used to clean the file. (The name, "card", is the same as used for the"raising cards" (spiked brushes) used in woolmaking.)[citation needed] Chalkcan help prevent pinning.\

6.Drill
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A drill ordrill motor is a tool fitted with a cutting tool attachment or driving tool attachment,usually a drill bit ordriver bit, used fordrilling holes in various materials orfastening variousmaterials together with the use of fasteners. The attachment is gripped by a chuckat one end ofthe drill and rotated while pressed against the target material. The tip, and sometimes edges, ofthe cutting tool does the work of cutting into the target material. This may be slicing off thinshavings (twist drills oraugerbits), grinding off small particles (oil drilling), crushing andremoving pieces of the workpiece (SDS masonry drill), countersinking,counterboring, or otheroperations.

Drills are commonly used in woodworking,metalworking, construction and do-it-yourselfprojects. Specially designed drills are also used in medicine, space missions and otherapplications. Drills are available with a wide variety of performance characteristics, such aspowerand capacity.

There are many types of drills: some are powered manually, others use electricity (electric drill)or compressed air (pneumatic drill) as the motive power, and a minority are driven by an internalcombustion engine (for example, earth drilling augers). Drills with a percussive action (hammerdrills) are mostly used in hard materials such as masonry (brick, concrete and stone) orrock.

Drilling rigs are used to bore holes in the earth to obtain water or oil. Oil wells, water wells, orholes forgeothermal heating are created with large drilling rigs. Some types of hand-held drillsare also used to drive screws and otherfasteners. Some small appliances that have no motor oftheir own may be drill-powered, such as small pumps, grinders, etc.

Carpenter using a crank-powered brace to drill a hole

Hand tools

A variety of hand-powered drills have been employed over the centuries. Here are a few, startingwith approximately the oldest:

Bow drill

Brace and bit

Gimlet

Breast drill, also known as "eggbeater" drill
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Push drill, a tool using a spiral ratchet mechanism

Pin chuck, a small hand-held jewellers drill

An old hand drill or "eggbeater" drill. The hollow wooden handle, with screw-on cap,

is used to store drill bits

Pistol-grip (corded) drill

Anatomy of a pistol-grip corded drill.

Drills withpistol grips are the most common type in use today, and are available in a hugevariety of subtypes. A less common type is the right-angle drill, a special tool used by tradesmensuch as plumbers and electricians.

For much of the 20th century, many attachments could commonly be purchased to convertcorded electric hand drills into a range of other power tools, such as orbital sanders and powersaws, more cheaply than purchasing conventional, self-contained versions of those tools (thegreatest saving being the lack of an additional electric motor for each device). As the prices ofpower tools and suitable electric motors have fallen, however, such attachments have becomemuch less common. A similar practice is currently employed for cordless tools where the battery,

the most expensive component, is shared between various motorised devices, as opposed to asingle electric motor being shared between mechanical attachments.
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Drills can also be used at an angle to join two boards.

Hammer drill

Main article: Hammer drill

The hammer drill is similar to a standard electric drill, with the exception that it is providedwith a hammer action for drilling masonry. The hammer action may be engaged or disengaged asrequired. Most electric hammer drills are rated (input power) at between 600 and 1100 watts.The efficiency is usually 50-60% i.e. 1000 watts of input is converted into 500-600 watts ofoutput (rotation of the drill and hammering action).

The hammer action is provided by two cam plates that make the chuck rapidly pulse forward and

backward as the drill spins on its axis. This pulsing (hammering) action is measured in BlowsPer Minute (BPM) with 10,000 or more BPMs being common. Because the combined mass ofthe chuck and bit is comparable to that of the body of the drill, the energy transfer is inefficientand can sometimes make it difficult for larger bits to penetrate harder materials such as pouredconcrete. The operator experiences considerable vibration, and the cams are generally made fromhardened steel to avoid them wearing out quickly. In practice, drills are restricted to standardmasonry bits up to 13 mm (1/2 inch) in diameter. A typical application for a hammer drill isinstalling electrical boxes, conduit straps or shelves in concrete.

In contrast to the cam-type hammer drill, a rotary/pneumatic hammer drill accelerates only thebit. This is accomplished through a piston design, rather than a spinning cam. Rotary hammershave much less vibration and penetrate most building materials. They can also be used as "drill

only" or as "hammer only" which extends their usefulness for tasks such as chipping brick orconcrete. Hole drilling progress is greatly superior to cam-type hammer drills, and these drills aregenerally used for holes of 19 mm (3/4 inch) or greater in size. A typical application for a rotaryhammer drill is boring large holes for lag bolts in foundations, or installing large lead anchors inconcrete for handrails or benches.

A standard hammer drill accepts 6 mm (1/4 inch) and 13 mm (1/2 inch) drill bits, while a rotaryhammer uses SDS or Spline Shank bits. These heavy bits are adept at pulverising the masonryand drill into this hard material with relative ease.
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However, there is a big difference in cost. In the UK a cam hammer typically costs 12 or more,while a rotary/pneumatic costs 35 or more. In the US a typical hammer drill costs between $70and $120, and a rotary hammer between $150 and $500 (depending on bit size). ForDIY use orto drill holes less than 13 mm (1/2 inch) in size, the hammer drill is most commonly used.

Rotary hammer drill

A rotary hammer drill used in construction

The rotary hammer drill (also known as a rotary hammer, roto hammer drill or masonry drill)combines a primary dedicated hammer mechanism with a separate rotation mechanism, and isused for more substantial material such as masonry or concrete. Generally, standard chucks anddrills are inadequate and chucks such as SDS and carbide drills that have been designed towithstand the percussive forces are used. Some styles of this tool are intended for masonrydrilling only and the hammer action cannot be disengaged. Other styles allow the drill to be usedwithout the hammer action for normal drilling, or hammering to be used without rotation forchiselling.

Cordless drills

A cordless drill with clutch

A cordless drill is an electric drill which uses rechargeable batteries. These drills are availablewith similar features to an AC mains-powered drill. They are available in the hammer drill
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configuration and most have a clutch, which aids in driving screws into various substrates whilenot damaging them. Also available are right angle drills, which allow a worker to drive screws ina tight space. While 21st century battery innovations allow significantly more drilling, largediameter holes (typically 1225 mm (0.51.0 in) or larger) may drain current cordless drillsquickly.

For continuous use, a worker will have one or more spare battery packs charging while drilling,and quickly swap them instead of having to wait an hour or more for recharging, although thereare now Rapid Charge Batteries that can charge in 1015 minutes.

Early cordless drills used interchangeable 7.2 V battery packs. Over the years battery voltageshave increased, with 18 V drills being most common, but higher voltages are available, such as24 V, 28 V, and 36 V. This allows these tools to produce as much torque as some corded drills.

Common battery types of are nickel-cadmium ( NiCd) batteries and lithium-ion batteries, witheach holding about half the market share. NiCd batteries have been around longer, so they areless expensive (their main advantage), but have more disadvantages compared to lithium-ionbatteries. NiCd disadvantages are limited life, self-discharging, environment problems upondisposal, and eventually internally short circuiting due to dendrite growth. Lithium-ion batteries

are becoming more common because of their short charging time, longer life, and low weight.Instead of charging a tool for an hour to get 20 minutes of use, 20 minutes of charge can run thetool for an hour. Lithium-ion batteries also have a constant discharge rate. The power outputremains constant until the battery is depleted, something that nickel-cadmium batteries also lack,and which makes the tool much more versatile. Lithium-ion batteries also hold a charge for asignificantly longer time than nickel-cadmium batteries, about two years if not used, vs. 1 to 4months for a nickel-cadmium battery. There are three major drawbacks to Lithium Ion batteries:

1. They do not perform well in low temperatures

2. The batteries are very expensive to replace

3. The overall batteries can only handle about 1/3 of the recharges over a

lifetime as a NiCad or NiMH battery.Drill press

A drill press

A drill press (also known as pedestal drill, pillar drill, or bench drill) is a fixed style of drill thatmay be mounted on a stand or bolted to the floor orworkbench. Portable models with a magneticbase grip the steel workpieces they drill.[4] A drill press consists of a base, column (or pillar),
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table, spindle (or quill), and drill head, usually driven by an induction motor. The head has a setof handles (usually 3) radiating from a central hub that, when turned, move the spindle and chuckvertically, parallel to the axis of the column. The table can be adjusted vertically and is generallymoved by a rack and pinion; however, some older models rely on the operator to lift and reclampthe table in position. The table may also be offset from the spindle's axis and in some casesrotated to a position perpendicular to the column. The size of a drill press is typically measuredin terms ofswing. Swing is defined as twice the throat distance, which is the distance from thecenter of the spindle to the closest edge of the pillar. For example, a 16-inch (410 mm) drill presshas an 8-inch (200 mm) throat distance.

Old industrial drill press designed to be driven from the power source by a flat belt

A drill press has a number of advantages over a hand-held drill:

Less effort is required to apply the drill to the workpiece. The movement ofthe chuck and spindle is by a lever working on a rack and pinion, which givesthe operator considerable mechanical advantage

The table allows a vise or clamp to be used to position and restrain the work,making the operation much more secure

The angle of the spindle is fixed relative to the table, allowing holes to bedrilled accurately and consistently

Drill presses are almost always equipped with more powerful motors

compared to hand-held drills. This enables larger drill bits to be used and alsospeeds up drilling with smaller bits.

For most drill pressesespecially those meant for woodworking or home usespeed change isachieved by manually moving a belt across a steppedpulleyarrangement. Some drill presses adda third stepped pulley to increase the number of available speeds. Modern drill presses can,however, use a variable-speed motor in conjunction with the stepped-pulley system. Medium-duty drill presses such as those used in machine shop (tool room) applications are equipped withacontinuously variable transmission. This mechanism is based on variable-diameter pulleys
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driving a wide, heavy-duty belt. This gives a wide speed range as well as the ability to changespeed while the machine is running. Heavy-duty drill presses used for metalworking are usuallyof the gear-head type described below.

Drill presses are often used for miscellaneous workshop tasks other than drilling holes. Thisincludes sanding, honing, and polishing. These tasks can be performed by mounting sanding

drums, honing wheels and various other rotating accessories in the chuck. This can be unsafe insome cases, as the chuck arbor, which may be retained in the spindle solely by the friction of ataper fit, may dislodge during operation if the side loads are too high.

Geared head drill press

Geared head drill press. Shift levers on the head and a two speed motor control

immediately in front of the quill handle select one of eight possible speeds

A geared head drill press is a drill press in which power transmission from the motor to thespindle is achieved solely through spur gearing inside the machine's head. No friction elements(e.g., belts) of any kind are used, which assures a positive drive at all times and minimizesmaintenance requirements. Gear head drills are intended for metalworking applications wherethe drilling forces are higher and the desired speed (RPM) is lower than that used forwoodworking.

Levers attached to one side of the head are used to select different gear ratios to change thespindle speed, usually in conjunction with a two- or three-speed motor. Most machines of thistype are designed to be operated on three phase powerand are generally of more ruggedconstruction than equivalently sized belt-driven units. Virtually all examples have geared racks

for adjusting the table and head position on the column.

Geared head drill presses are commonly found in tool rooms and other commercial environmentswhere a heavy duty machine capable of production drilling and quick setup changes is required.In most cases, the spindle is machined to accept Morse taper tooling for greater flexibility.Larger geared head drill presses are frequently fitted with power feed on the quill mechanism,with an arrangement to disengage the feed when a certain drill depth has been achieved or in theevent of excessive travel. Some gear-head drill presses have the ability to performtappingoperations without the need for an external tapping attachment. This feature is commonplace on
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larger gear head drill presses. A clutch mechanism drives the tap into the part under power andthen backs it out of the threaded hole once the proper depth is reached. Coolant systems are alsocommon on these machines to prolong tool life under production conditions.

Radial arm drill press.

Radial arm drill press

Radial arm drill press controls

A radial arm drill press is a large geared head drill press in which the head can be moved alongan arm that radiatesfrom the machine's column. As it is possible to swing the arm relative to the

machine's base, a radial arm drill press is able to operate over a large area without having toreposition the workpiece. This saves considerable time because it is much faster to reposition thedrill head than it is to unclamp, move, and then re-clamp the workpiece to the table. The size ofwork that can be handled may be considerable, as the arm can swing out of the way of the table,allowing an overhead craneorderrickto place a bulky workpiece on the table or base. A visemay be used with a radial arm drill press, but more often the workpiece is secured directly to thetable or base, or is held in a fixture. Power spindle feed is nearly universal with these machinesand coolant systems are common. Larger size machines often have power feed motors for
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elevating or moving the arm. The biggest radial arm drill presses are able to drill holes as largeas four inches (101.6 millimeters) diameter in solid steel or cast iron. Radial arm drills arespecified by the diameter of the column and the length of the arm. The length of the arm isusually the same as the maximum throat distance. The Radial Arm Drill pictured in this article isa 9-inch column x 3-foot arm. The maximum throat distance of this drill would be approximately36", giving a swing of 72" (6 feet).

Mill drill

Mill drills are a lighter alternative to a milling machine. They combine a drill press (belt driven)with the X/Y coordinate abilities of the milling machine's table and a locking collet that ensuresthat the cutting tool will not fall from the spindle when lateral forces are experienced against thebit. Although they are light in construction, they have the advantages of being space-saving andversatile as well as inexpensive, being suitable for light machining that may otherwise not beaffordable.drill machine use in mechanical work shop
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sheet metal tool

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