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6.0 BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES

6.1 Introduction

The purpose of the 1983 benthic program was to monitor benthic faunal

assemblages in Harris Lake and the auxiliary reservoir. The intake areas

of the main lake and the auxiliary reservoir were monitored for the pres-

ence of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea). Temporal changes in tax-

onomic composition were documented along with changes in densities. These

changes in fauna involved variations in relative abundance brought about

by changes in the trophic structure and habitat. Benthic habitat in

Harris Lake consisted of submerged decaying terrestrial vegetation,

aquatic macrophytes, and various coarse-to-fine sediments. Decomposing

vegetation provided a complex macroinvertebrate habitat and a highly

nutritional food source. These factors, along with the opportunistic

nature of benthic organisms colonizing a new lake, resulted in a very

diverse benthic fauna.

6.2 Methods

Samples were collected during February, May, August, and November at

Stations El, HI, P1, V3 (main lake) and ZI (auxiliary reservoir) (Figure

1.1). Three replicate petite ponar grabs (15 x 15 cm) were taken at 2-

and 4-meter depths at all five stations. Samples were preserved with

formalin and returned to the laboratory for organism identification and

enumeration. An expansion factor was applied to the data converting the

total number of organisms to organisms/m2 of bottom substrate.

6.3 Results and Discussion

6.3.1 Taxonomic Composition

One hundred twenty-two benthic forms were identified in quarterly

benthic macroinvertebrate collections from the Harris Lake and the

auxiliary reservoir during 1983 (Table 6.1). These forms Include aquatic

insect larval and pupal life stages. The benthos collected was dominated

6-1

by various dipterans and oligochaetes (Table 6.2). The dipterans,

Cladotanytarsus sp., Chironomus sp., Polypedilum sp., and Procladius sp.

were the most abundant. Representatives of these genera are common in

areas where the substrate consists of decaying and submerged vegetation

along with course-to-fine sediment (Sephton et al. 1983). These types of

substrate were present at all stations sampled in 1983. The phytophilic

(preferring vegetation) dipteran Cladotarytarsus sp. was one of the most

abundant chironomids (Table 6.2) which can probably be attributed to the

increase in submerged aquatic vegetation along with the continuing

decomposition of submerged terrestrial vegetation. Limnophilic

(preferring standing water) organisms like Stylaria lacustris, Dero nivea, and

Aulodrilus piqueti were the most dominant oligchaetes (Table 6.2). These

dominant dipterans and oligochaetes are typical of lakes in early stages

of development (Olsen 1975).

The intake areas of both the main lake and auxiliary reservoir (Sta-

tions V3 and ZI, respectively) were monitored for the presence of the

Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, an organism known to cause problems at

power plant intake structures. This species was not found in any of the

SHNPP samples collected during 1983.

Trophic groups consisted mostly of collector-gatherers and engulfer-

carnivores (Figures 6.1 and 6.2). Collector-gatherers, such as Cladotany-

tarsus sp., cling to the surface of decaying' terrestrial vegetation and

aquatic vegetation while collecting detrital matter from the surrounding

areas (Merritt and Cummins 1978). This functional group also includes

various oligochaetes that burrow into the sediments and process detrital

material. Engulfer-carnivores, such as the dipteran Procladius sp., sprawl

on the bottom and prey on various zooplankton and other dipterans.

Chaoborus sp., another member of this functional group, feeds on

planktonic prey suspended in the water column. Collector-filters, such as

Chironomus sp., were also among the dominant trophic groups. Members of

this geneus are basically limnophilic in nature and are primarily tube

builders. They construct U-shaped burrows in which they create a current

with rythmic undulations of their bodies (Wallace and Merritt 1980).

Detrital matter is then filtered from this current and utilized as a food

6-2

source. Shredder-herbivores, like Polypedilum sp., can shift feeding

strategies seasonally according to the availability of food. During the

fall and winter months, they shred detrital material; and during the

spring and summer, they feed on algae attached to plant material (Hynes

1970).

6.3.2 Densities

Densities were high at all stations. The highest annual organism

abundances were observed at Station El, while Station V3 had the lowest

faunal densities (Figure 6.3). Temporally, November density estimates

were highest overall with 13,742/m 2 at Station El, 10,706/m2 at Station

Zi, 9,573/m2 at Station HI, 6,544/m2 at Station P1, and 4,004/m 2 at

Station V3. August density estimates were the lowest overall with

4,492/m2 at Station El, 3,186/m2 at Station H1, 2,970/m2 at Station V3,

2038/m 2 at Station P1, and 1,413 at Station Z1. The relatively high an-

nual densities throughout the lake and the auxiliary reservoir are the

result of a diversification of habitat brought about by increases in

aquatic macrophytes and the further decay of flooded terrestrial vegeta-

tion. The higher monthly densities in November were the result of fall

reproductive activities of aquatic insects. The lower numbers in August

are an indication that this month may have followed a peak period of

emergence (e.g., insect larvae moved up into the water column as pupae and

emerged as adults). These seasonal patterns of benthic density are very

common in southeastern reservoirs where dipterans are dominant (Cooper

1981).

6.3.3 Species Richness and Diversity

Species richness (i.e., number of taxa) was high at all stations

during 1983 (Figure 6.4). As with the densities, the higher numbers of

taxa were recorded in November with 49 at Station El, 43 at H1, and 37 at

Stations P1, V3, and ZI. This pattern can be attributed to high reproduc-

tive activity along with habitat diversification at all stations. These

high species richness values are common in lakes during early periods of

development (Olsen 1975).

6-3

Shannon-Wiener diversity values were computed for all benthos col-

lected at Harris Lake and the auxiliary reservoir (Table 6.3). Benthic

communities with diversity values < 2.0 would be considered stressed or in

an unhealthy state, while benthic communities with values from 2.0 to 2.9

are considered moderately stressed. A benthic community with values of

3.0 and above are considered unstressed and in a healthy productive state

(Wilhm 1970). All values were generally high ranging from 2.5 at V3 to

4.1 at ZI. Examination of water quality data yielded no explanation. for

the lower index value. Though the lowest value was found at Station V3

during August, values well above 3.0 occurred during other months at this

station. Similarly, August values at other stations were well over 3.0,

which indicates that the benthic communities at Harris Lake and the

auxiliary reservoir were unstressed and in a very healthy state.

6.4 Summary

In 1983 Harris Lake continued to be in a very diverse phase of ben-

thic succession when the benthic community was dominated by high numbers

of phytophilic and limnophilic genera. The abundance of these organisms,

along with the high diversities, were primarily the result of the decom-

position of organic matter, which provided a highly nutritional food

source for benthos. The increase in aquatic vegetation was also a contri-

buting factor in that it provided a more diverse substrate which resulted

in an increase in dominance of phytophilic genera. Diversity values and

densities reflected a healthy benthic community which should continue, to

provide an adequate food source for the expanding fish population (Section

7.0). There were no Asiatic clams collected at any of the stations

sampled in 1983.

6-4

Table 6.1 Benthic macroinvertebrates collected from Harris Lake and theauxiliary reservoir during 1983.

StationTaxon El HI P1 V3 ZI

PlatyhelminthesTurbellaria

TricladidaPlanariidae

Dugesia sp.

NematodaAnnelida

ClitellataOligochaeta

LumbriculidaLumbriculidae

HaplotaxidaNaididae

Chaetogaster sp.Dero niveaNais communisPristina sp.P. synclitesP. longisetaP. longisoma

P. foreliP. osborniStylaria Zacustris

S. fossularisTubificidae

Aulodrilus limnobius

A. piguetiOpistocystidae

Crustipellis tribranchiata

HirudineaRhynchobdellida

GlossiphoniidaeHelobdella lineata

Placobdella ornata

XX

X

X

X

X

X

X

XX

X X X X X

X X X X

XXXX

XX

XXX

X

X

X X -X XX

X X X X

XX

X

XXx

XX

X XX

XX

X

X X X XX

X X X X

XX

X X

XX

6-5

Table 6.1 (continued)

StationTaxon El Hi P1 V3 ZI

ArthropodaCrustacea

AmphipodaTalitridae

Hyallela aztecaInsecta

EphemeropteraEphemeridae

Hexagenia sp.Caenidae

Coenis sp.Odonata

Anisoptera

Corduliidae

Tetragoneuria sp.Libellulidae

Libellula sp.Pachydiplax longipennfsPerithemis sp.

ZygopteraCoenagrionidae

Enallagma sp.Ischnura sp.

TrichopteraPolycentropodidae

Cernotina sp.Cyrnellus sp.Phylocentropus sp.Polycentropus sp.

HydroptilidaeHydroptila sp.

Ochrotrichia sp.Phryganeidae

Agrypnio sp.

Leptoceridae

Oecetis sp. larvaeOecetis sp. pupae

x x x x x

x x

xx

xx

x x x

xx

xx

x x xX

xx

xxxx

xx

x

x x

x xx x

x

xx

x x x

6-6

Table 6.1 (continued)

StationTaxon El H1 P1 V3 ZI

DipteraChaoboridae

Chaoborus sp. larvaeChaoborus sp. pupae

Ceratopogoni daeBezzia sp.

Chi ronomi daeTanypod i nae

Ablabesmyia sp. larvaeAblabesmyia sp. pupaeClinotanypus sp.Coelotanypus sp.Dialmabatista pulcherLabrundinia sp.Macropelopia sp.Procladius sp. larvaeProcladius sp. pupaeTanypus sp.

Thienemanimyia (group)Orthocladiinae

Corynoneura sp.

Cricotopus sp. larvae

Cricotopus sp. pupaeEukiefferiella sp.Nanocladius sp.Nanocladius sp. nr. balticusParakiefferiella sp.Psectrocladius sp. larvae

Psectrocladius spi pupaeRheocricotopus sp.Thienemanniella sp.Zalutschia sp.

Chironomi naeChironomini

Chironomus sp. larvaeChironomus sp. pupaeCryptochironomus sp. larvaeCryptochironomus sp. pupae

x xx

xx

xx

x

x x x x x

xx x

xx

xx

xxxx

xxxx

x xx

x xx

x

x x

x x

x xx x

xx x

xxx x

xxx x

x x x x xx

x x xx

xx

x xx

xxx

x x

xx x

x xx

x xX. x

6-7

Table 6.1 (continued)

StationTaxon E1 H1 P1 V3 Zi

Cryptotendipes sp. larave

Cryptotendipes sp. pupae

Cladopelma sp. larvae

Cladopelma sp. pupae

Dicrotendipes sp.

Einfeldia sp.

Endochironomus sp.

Glyptotendipes sp. larvae

Glyptotendipes sp. pupae

Kiefferulus dux larvae

Kieff erulus dux pupae

Lauterborniella sp.

Microchironomus sp.

Nilothauma sp.

Pagastiella sp.

Pagastiella sp. larvae

Pagastiella sp. pupae

Pectinatellae sp. larvae

Pectinatellae sp. pupae

Paralauterborniella sp.

Polypedilum sp. larvae

Polypedilum sp. pupae

Polypedilum fallax

Polypedilum aberrant

Pseudochironomus sp.

Stenochironomus sp.

Tribelos sp.

Tanytarsi ni

Cladotanytarsus sp. larvae

Cladotanytarsus sp. pupae

Microspectra sp.

Paratanytarsus sp. larvae

Paratanytarsus sp. pupae

Rheotanytarsus sp. 1arvae.

Rheotanytarsus sp. pupae

Stempeflina sp. larvae

Stemrpellina sp. pupae

Tanytarsus sp. larvae

x x

x xxxxxx

xx

xx

x x xx x

x x xx

x x xx

x x xx x x

xx x

x x x xx

x x x xx x x xx x x x

xxx

xxxx

xxx

x

xxx

xx

xxxx

xxxxxx

x

x

xx

x

xxx

xx

xxxxxx

xx

x

x x

xxxxx

x

xxx

x x

xx x x x x

6-8

Table 6.1 (continued)

StationTaxon El H1 P1 V3 Zi

Tanytarsus sp. pupae X X X X

Constempeilina sp. X XArachnida

Hydracarina X XMollusca

GastropodaBasommatophora

PhysidaePhysa sp. x

Pl anorbidae

Planorbella sp. XHelisoma sp. X X X

MesogastropodaViviparidae

Viviparus sp. X

HeterodontaSphaeriidae

Pisidium sp. X XSphaerium sp. X X X X

6-9

Table 6.2 Relative abundancefrom Harris Lakeauxiliary reservoir

(%) of dominant benthic taxa(Stations El, Hi, PI, and V3)(Zl) during 1983.

collectedand the

Station El % Station HI

Di pterans Di pteransCladotanytarsus sp. 16.3 Cladotanytarsus sp. 17.3Polypedilum sp. 13.2 Polypedilum sp. 14.0Chironomus sp. 12.0 Glyptotendipes sp. 12.3Tanytarsus sp. 9.0 Procladius sp. 8.5Procladius sp. 6.4 Chironomus sp. 5.4Glyptotendipes sp. 6.0 Chaoborus sp. 4.0

Ol igochaetes Ol igochaetesStylaria lacustris 7.2 Stylaria lacustris 7.8

Other taxa 30.0 Other taxa 30.7

Station P1 Station V3 %

Dipterans DipteransCladotanytarsus sp. 20.0 Chaoborus sp. 11.4Polypedilum sp. 11.6 Polypedilum sp. 10.1Tanytarsus sp. 11.0 Cladotanytarsus sp. 9.0Procladius sp. 10.1 Procladius sp. 8.3Chironomus sp. 5.5 Tanytarsus sp. 7.0Glyptotendipes sp. 5.0 Paratanytarsus sp. 4.0

01 igochaetes 01 igochaetesAulodrilus piqueti 6.6 Stylaria lacustris 12.4Stylaria lacustris 5.6 Other oligochaetes 10.0

Other taxa 24.6 Other taxa 27.8

Station ZI

Di pteransCladotonytarsus sp. 10.0Tanytarsus sp. 10.0Chironomus sp. 8.2Chaoborus sp. 8.0Paratanytarsus sp. 7.1Polypedilum sp. 6.0Cladopelrna sp. 5.3

Ol igochaetesDero nivea 11.5Pristina longiseta 5.6

Other taxa 28.3

6-10

Table 6.3 Pooled Shannon-Wiener diversity index values for benthicmacroinvertebrates collected in Harris Lake and theauxiliary reservoir during 1983.

MonthStation Feb May Aug Nov

El 3.4 3.3 3.6 4.0

H1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.4

P1 3.5 3.4 3.0 3.6

V3 3.6 3.3 2.5 3.9

Zi 3.9 3.6 4.1 3.6

6-11

E1 H1

COLLECTOR GATHERER47.60%

COLLECTOR GATHEREI46.09'

COLLECTOR FILTERER

17.28%

OTHER6.84%

SHREDDER HERBIVORE11.84%

ENGULFER CARNIVORE16,44%

P1

0"I-

COLLECTOR GATHERER49.82%

COLLECTOR FILTERER17.89%

OTHER

4.27%S HREDDER HERBIVORE

12•.65%

ENGULFER CARNIVORE15.87%

Figure 6.1 Trophic relationships of benthic macroinvertebrates collected from Stations El, HI, and P1in Harris Lake during 1983.

V3 zi

COLLECTOR GATHERER53.87%

COLLECTOR FILTERER9.98 *

OTHER2.85%

SHREDDER HERBIVORE5.17%

COLLECTOR FILTERER12.09%

)SHREDDER HERBIVORE1.53'%

0',

LsO

ENGULFER CAiRNIVORE16.74%

Figure 6.2 Trophic relationships of benthic macroinvertebrates collected from the intake areas of HarrisLake and auxiliary reservoir during 1983.

ORGANISMS/M2

0,',

5800

EHPVZ EHPVZ EHPVZ EHPVZ1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 STATION

MONTHFEB MAY AUG NOV

Figure 6.3 Density estimates (organisms/m 2 ) of benthic taxa collected from each station inHarris Lake and the auxiliary reservoir during 1983.

NUMBER OF TAXA

so j

40

OA

Ij

EHPVZ EHPVZ EHPVZ EHPVZ11131 11131 11131 11131 STATION

MONTHFEB MAY AUG NOV

Figure 6A4 Total number of benthic taxa collected from each station in Harris Lake and theauxiliary reservoir during 1983.

7.0 FISHERIES

7.1 Introduction

Fisheries sampling at the Harris Lake was initiated during 1982 to

assess the fish community in the lake. The program was expanded during

1983 to encompass more areas of the lake, and an intensive larval fish

program was implemented to gain information on reproductive success of

fish. Sampling for adult fish was also conducted in the auxiliary

reservoir (Area Z) to evaluate the fish community existing there.

7.2 Methods

Sampling methods and gears (gill nets, fyke nets, electrofisher,

larval fish traps) used during 1983 were the same as those used in 1982

(CP&L 1984) with a few exceptions. Stations P3, SI, S3, V1, and V3 were

added (Figure 1.1) and Station P4 was dropped. Sampling was conducted at

Stations Zi through Z5 in the auxiliary reservoir during August. Along

with these station additions, a more intensive program for larval fish was

conducted in the main lake. Larval trap sampling was expanded to 10

stations and sampling frequency increased to biweekly (Table 1.1). Push

net samples were also collected biweekly using a push net apparatus de-

signed by Tarplee et al. (1979). One-half meter nets constructed of 571

jim mesh were pushed for 6 minutes near the shoreline at 5 stations (Figure

1.1). A flowmeter was fastened across the mouth of each net to estimate

the volume of water filtered.

Fish collected during sampling were sorted to the lowest possible

taxon, weighed to the nearest gram (larval fish were not weighed), and

measured to the nearest millimeter. For discussion and analysis purposes,

both stations in an area were combined for a given gear type except larval

traps and discussed as areas. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's

multiple range analysis were used to test for differences at a signifi-

cance level of 5%. Only peak density periods were used in analysis of

larval fish data to reduce errors associated with zero values. Areas E,

H, and P were the only areas used for year-to-year comparisons.

7-1

7.3 Results and Discussion

A total of 34 species was collected at Harris Lake during 1983 (Table

7.1). Species collected in 1982 but not in 1983 included eastern mud

minnow, shorthead redhorse, margined madtom, and sawcheek darter. Species

collected in 1983 but not in 1982 were rosyside dace, whitemouth shiner,

highfin shiner, satinfin shiner, smallfin redhorse, swamp darter, and

tessellated darter. These differences were not significant and primarily

reflect the natural scarcity of certain species and the fact that shiners

of the genus Notropis were not identified to the species level during

1982.

7.3.1 Larval fish

Densities of larval fish in push net samples showed two main peaks of

abundance; one in June (11,000 fish/1,000 m3) and one in August (8,500

fish/1,000 m3 ) (Figure 7.1). Over all sample dates, the highest mean den-

sity was at Area H (5,100 fish/1,000 m3 ) followed by Areas S, V, E, and

P. Area E showed the highest single density of all areas with 26,000

fish/1,000 m3 in June (Figure 7.1). Catch rates of larval fish sampled

with traps also showed two main peaks in June (54 and 28 fish/24 hours)

and August (27 fish/24 hours) (Figure 7.2). The highest mean catch rate

over all sample dates was at Area V followed by Areas H, S, E, and P. The

highest single catch rate of all areas (94 fish/24 hours) was also at Area

V (Figure 7.2). Statistical analysis of push net data indicated that sig-

nificantly higher densities occurred at Area H than all other areas (Table

7.2). Densities of fish during June, early July, and early August were

significantly higher than densities during April and early May (Table

7.2). This was due to the large numbers of Lepomis spp. caught during

this time. Larval trap catch rates were significantly higher in Areas V

and S than Area P (Table 7.2).

Gizzard Shad

Gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) was the only clupeid collected

during 1983. They first appeared in larval net samples in April and peak

7-2

densities (2,500 fish/1,000 m3 ) occurred in May and decreased thereafter

(Figure 7.3). In May the highest densities of gizzard shad occurred at

Area V (4,850 fish/1,000 m3 ), while the highest densities were at Area P

in June (3,500 fish/1,000 m3 ). Catches of gizzard shad in larval traps

were low because of the pelagic nature of this species. Push net samples

taken during May and early June had significantly higher densities of

gizzard shad than during April, late June, or July (Table 7.2) indicating

peak spawning occured during mid-May and early June. Analysis also

indicated significantly higher densities at Areas V and P than Area E

(Table 7.2).

Sunfishes

Sunfishes were composed of three main taxa: Lepomis spp., which in-

cluded redbreast, green, pumpkinseed, warmouth, bluegill, and redear sun-

fishes; Micropterus salmoides, the largemouth bass; and Pomoxis spp., the

black and white crappies. They were the most abundant group of larval

fish caught representing 84% of the fish collected.

Lepomis spp. were the most abundant larvae accounting for 96% of the

sunfish and 80% of the larval fish collected in 1983. Densities

calculated from push net samples peaked in June and August at 8,800-8,500

fish/1,000 m3 (Figure 7.3). The highest density collected in June was at

Area E (24,300 fish/1,000 m3 ). This density was an order of magnitude

greater than all other areas. The towing route at Area E is near a known

Lepomis spp. spawning bed and the high density probably resulted from

towing through a school of larvae. The highest density in August occurred

at Area H (17,900 fish/1,000 m3). Densities of larvae at Area H from

April to August were significantly greater than other areas (Table 7.2).

Food availability may explain this since the high zooplankton densities

also found at Area H (Section 5.0) would have helped to increase larval

survival.

Peak catch rates in larval traps occurred in June (46 larvae/24

hours) (Figure 7.4). Catch rates were highest at Area V in June (88

larvae/24 hours) and Area H in August (66 larvae/24 hours). No

7-3

significant difference was seen among areas (Table 7.2). A significantly

greater catch rate was seen at Station 3 than at Station I in larval traps

(Table 7.2). Slightly more vegetation occurs at Station 3 in several of

the areas; and as larvae sought shelter in the vegetation near the trap,

they were more vulnerable to collection.

Densities of larval fish at Harris Lake during 1983 were higher than

several new lakes in the southeast. Buchanan and Scott (1979) found peak

densities of larval centrarchids (over 90% Lepomis spp.) in Normandy

Reservoir, Tennessee, to be 2,200 larvae/1,000 m3 during the second year

after impoundment. Peak densities of larval Lepornis spp. at Little Bear

Creek Reservoir, Tennessee, during the second year of impoundment were

only 292 larvae/lO00 m3 (Scott and Buchanan 1979). Peak densities at

Harris Lake during 1983 were much higher at over 8,800 larvae/1,000 m3 .

Such high reproduction is not expected to continue in the future and

should decrease and level off at lower levels.

Crappie first appeared in larval push nets in April, and peak den-

sities occurred early in May at 930 larvae/1000 m3 (Figure 7.3). Numbers

decreased steadily after May and no crappie larvae were collected after

June 1. Densities of larvae in May were significantly greater than April

or June. Water temperatures during May (19'-20'C) were optimum for spawn-

ing of crappie (Hardy 1978). No significant difference in density was

seen between stations. Catches of crappie in larval traps were low,

reaching only 2 fish/24 hours in May (Figure 7.4).

Peak densities of centrarchids (90% crappie) at Normandy Reservoir

during the third year of impoundment were 780 larvae/1000 m3 (Buchanan and

Scott 1979). Peak densities of crappie during the second year of impound-

ment of Little Bear Creek Reservoir were only 78 larvae/1000 m3 (Scott and

Buchanan 1979) compared Harris Lake's peak density of 930 larvae/I000

m3 . This high density indicated good reproduction of crappie during 1983

at Harris Lake.

Numbers of largemouth bass collected in larval traps and push nets

were very low. This is not a function of low reproduction but more of

7-4

gear selectivity. Numbers of juvenile and adult largemouth bass were much

higher in other gear types.

Darters

Darters (Etheostoma spp.) were first collected in push net samples in

March. Peak densities occurred in early April at 530 larvae/1000 m3

(Figure 7.3) with the highest densities found at Area H. The early April

densities were significantly higher than the late April densities (Table

7.2). Catch rates of darters in larval traps were low throughout the year

peaking at only 0.5 fish/24 hours (Figure 7.4).

7.3.2 Juvenile and Adult Fish

Juvenile and adult fish were sampled with gill nets, fyke nets, and

electrofishing. Gizzard shad, largemouth bass, bluegill, and brown bull-

head were the four most abundant species collected representing 66% of the

total juvenile and adult fish collected (Table 7.3). Black crappie, an

important sport fish, ranked seventh in abundance. The catch rates for

the above gear types are presented in Tables 7.4 through 7.6.

Gizzard Shad

Gizzard shad abundance ranged from 11.4 fish/24 hours at Area V to

2.0 fish/24 hours at Area H in gill nets (Table 7.4). Catches in fyke

nets ranged from 3.3 fish/24 hours at Area P to 1.1 fish/24 hours at Area

E (Table 7.5). Electrofishing results showed no differences in abundance

seen among areas and significantly higher catches during August than

during November and February (Table 7.7). Catches ranged from 22.5 fish/

hour at Area E to 9.0 fish/hour at Area H (Table 7.6). No differences

between years or transects were seen in electrofishing samples.

Largemouth Bass

Catch rates of largemouth bass ranged from 1.4 fish/24 hours at Area

V to 0.1 fish/24 hours at Areas E and H in gill nets (Table 7.4) and from

7-5

1.0 fish/24 hours at Area P to no fish caught in Area V in fyke nets

(Table 7.5). Electrofishing samples showed no significant differences for

quarters or areas (Table 7.7). Catch rates were highest at Area P (86.5

fish/hour) and lowest at Area E (44.5 fish/hour) (Table 7.6). Mean

electrofishing catch rates over years showed that a significantly higher

catch rate occurred at Area P than at Area E (Table 7.7) reflecting more

suitable habitat at Area P.

Brown Bullhead

Gill net catch rates of brown bullhead ranged from 4.1 fish/24 hours

at Area H to 1.1 fish/24 hours at Area V (Table 7.4). The highest catch

rates by fyke nets also occurred at Area H (0.4 fish/24 hours) (Table

7.5). No brown bullheads were caught with fyke nets at Areas E and P

during 1983. Electrofishing catch rates were significantly higher during

May than in the other three quarters (Table 7.7). No significant

differences were seen among areas. Catches were highest at Area P (17.0

fish/hour) followed by Areas H, E, S, and V (Table 7.6).

Brown bullheads showed a decline in abundance from 1982 to 1983 in

gill net catches. Reasons for this decline are unknown but may be due to

year-to-year variations. Mean catch rates for electrofishing showed sig-

nificantly higher catches at Areas P and H than Area E (Table 7.7).

Bluegill

Bluegill catch rates in gill nets ranged from 0.5 fish/24 hours at

Area S to 0.1 fish/24 hours at Areas E and H (Table 7.4). The highest

catch rate occurred at Area P (3.3 fish/24 hours) and the lowest at Area V

(0.6 fish/24 hours) in fyke nets (Table 7.5). Electrofishing showed abun-

dance of bluegill to be significantly greater at Areas V and P than at

Area E during 1983 (Table 7.7). Catch rates were 63.0 fish/hour at Area

V, 38.0 fish/hour at Area P, and 14.5 fish/hour at Area E (Table 7.6). No

significant differences were noted between quarters with electrofishing.

7-6

Bluegill showed significant increases in abundance from 1982 to 1983

in electrofishing samples (Table 7.7). Electrofishing also showed a sig-

nificantly higher abundance at Area P than Area E.

Black Crappie

Numbers from gill nets ranged from 0.7 fish/24 hours at Area V to 0.2

fish/24 hours at Areas P and S (Table 7.4). Fyke net numbers were from

4.6 fish/24 hours at Area V to 0.8 fish/24 hours at Area H (Table 7.5).

Electrofishing showed Area V with the highest abundance (4.5 fish/hour)

and Area S with the lowest (1.0 fish/hour) (Table 7.6). These con-

sistently higher catches at Area V were probably due to low net avoidance

because of high turbidity caused by runoff from the plant construction

site.

These low catch rates made statistical analysis inappropriate and

reflect this species' preference for deeper water.

Total Fish

Densities of total fish caught by gill nets were significantly

greater at Areas S and V than Areas P, E, and H (Table 7.7). Catches at

Area S were 26.2 fish/24 hours, while catches were 20.4 fish/24 hours at

Area V (Table 7.4). The mean for Areas P, E, and H was 10.4 fish/24

hours. No differences were noted among quarters for gill nets or among

quarters or areas for fyke nets and electrofishing.

Year-to-year differences were indicated in fyke net sampling with a

significantly higher abundance during 1983 than 1982 (Table 7.7). No

differences were found with gill nets or electrofishing.

7.3.3 Auxiliary Reservoir

Sampling in the auxiliary reservoir (Area Z) was conducted once

during 1983 (August). A total of 12 species of fish was caught. Yellow

bullhead was the most abundant species captured in gill nets, while hybrid

7-7

sunfish were most abundant in fyke nets and pumpkinseed in electrofishing

samples (Table 7.8). The low number of fish caught was most likely due to

high water temperatures (31°C) at the surface during August. This was

most evident with largemouth bass, with none being captured with gill nets

or electrofishing. Electrofishing was the most successful gear in col-

lecting largemouth bass in the main lake; but because of its limited depth

range, it was not able to collect bass that may have moved to deeper,

cooler water. Sampling will be conducted during the spring of 1984 to get

a better idea of the fish diversity in the auxiliary reservoir.

7.4 Summary

Sampling during 1983 was expanded over that of 1982. More stations

were added and an intensive larval fish program was implemented.

Larval fish densities peaked during June (11,000 fish/I,000 m3) and

August (8,500 fish/1,000 m3 ). Significantly higher densities were col-

lected at Area H than in other areas. Lepomis s.pp. was the most abundant

group of larval fish collected. Their density also peaked in June (8,800

fish/1,000 m3 ) although the highest single trip density of 24,300 fish/

1,000 m3 occurred at Area E during August. Significantly higher densities

of Lepomis spp. were collected at Area H than all other areas.

Densities of larval fish collected at Harris Lake were higher than

those found at other new lakes in the Southeast. Such high densities are

not expected to continue but do indicate a good year of reproduction at

Harris Lake during 1983.

Gizzard shad, largemouth bass, bluegill, and brown bullhead accounted

for 66% of the adult fish collected. Gizzard shad catches in gill nets

and fyke nets were higher during 1983 than 1982. Brown bullhead catches

in gill nets declined from 1982 to 1983. Bluegill showed an increase in

abundance from 1982 to 1983 in all gear types. Catch rates of total fish

were significantly higher during 1983 than 1982 in fyke nets. Overall,

fisheries sampling indicated that the fish community at Harris Lake con-

tinued a healthy development during 1983.

7-8

Table 7.1 Fish species collected from Harris Lake during. 1983.

Scientific Name Common Name 1982 1983

Anguil lidaeA nguiila rostrata

Cl upei daeDorosomta cepedianum

Umbri dueU mbra pygmaea

EsocidaeEsox a m eri•canus a m ericanusE. niger

CyprinidaeC Zinosto m is funduloidesN toe migonus crysoleucasNotropis spp.N. alborusN. aZtipin-nisN. analostanusN. petersoni

Catastomi daeErimyzon spp.E. oblongusM oxosto ma m acrolepidotu mM. robustu m

Ictal uridaeIctaZurus spp.I. brunneusI. catusI. mezlasI. natalisI. nebulosusI. platycephalusI. punctatusN oturus spp.N. insignis

Aphredoderi daeA phredoderas sayanus

PoeciliidaeGa am busia affinis

freshwater eelsAmerican eel

herringsgizzard shad

mudmi nnowseastern mudminnow

pikesredfin pickerelchain pickerel

x x

x x

x

X

carps and minnowsrosyside dacegolden shinerunidentified shinerwhitemouth shinerhighfin shinersatinfin shinercoastal shiner

suckersunidentified chubsuckercreek chubsuckershorthead redhorsesmallfin redhorse

bullhead catfishesunidentified bullheadsnail bullheadwhite catfishblack bullheadyellow bullheadbrown bullheadflat bullheadchannel catfishunidentified madtommargined madtom

pirate perchespirate perch

l i vebearersmosquitofi sh

x

xX

X

xx

xxxxxxx

xxx

xxxxxxx

xx

xxxxxxxxxx

x x

x x

7-9

Table 7.1 (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name 1982 19836

Centrarchidae SunfishesA canthmachus pomotis mud sunfish X XC entr-2rchus macroptemrs flier X XEnneacanthus spp. unidentified sunfish

(Enneacanthus) X XE. gloriosus bluespotted sunfish X XLepomis spp. unidentified sunfish X X

(Lepomis) X XLepomis sp. hybrid sunfish X XL. aurttus redbreast sunfish X XL. cyanelus green sunfish X XL. qibbosus pumpkinseed X XL. gulosus warmouth X XL. macroch,"s bluegill X XL. microlophus redear sunfish X XMicropterus salmoides largemouth bass X XPomOXiq spp. unidentified crappie X XP. annularis white crappie X XP. n~iromaculatus black crappie X X

Percidae PerchesEtheostoma spp. unidentified darter X XE. fusiform e swamp darter XE. olmstedi tessellated darter XE. serrifena m sawcheek darter X

7-10

Table 7.2 Results of ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range comparison forselected species caught in push nets and larval traps at HarrisLake during 1983.

Push Nets. Larval Traps

Total Fish

Trip Date

Area

* 5 6 10 8 7 4 9 3 111 2

* HVPSE

Total Fish

Area

Station

* VSHE P

* 3 1

Area * Station NS

Gizzard Shad Lepomis spp.

Trip Date

Area

*

*

453672VPHSE

Area

Station

NS* 3 1

Area * Station NS

Lepomis spp.

Trip Date

Area

* 510867911

* HSVEP

Crappie

Trip Date

Area

Darters

Trip Date

Area

NS

4325

* 1342

NS

NS - not significant - P >* - significant - P < .05

.05

Trip dates are as Follows: I = April 7, 2 = April 19, 3 = May 3, 4 = May17, 5 = June 1, 6 = June 14, 7 = June 29, 8 = July 12, 9 = July 26, 10 =

August 10, 11 = August 23.

7-11

Table 7.3 Actual numbers of fish caught (all gear types combined) inorder of abundance at Harris Lake during 1983

Species Number % of Total

Gizzard shad 830 24.0Largemouth bass 698 20.2Bluegill 449 13.0Brown bullhead 288 8.3Golden shiner 235 6.8Pumpkinseed 191 5.5Black crappie 162 4.7Warmouth 106 3.1Flier 96 2.8Green sunfish 70 2.0Redear sunfish 64 1.9Redbreast sunfish 56 1.6Yellow bullhead 53 1.5Flat bullhead 43 1.2Chain pickerel 30 < 1.0Hydrid sunfish 27 < 1.0Snail bullhead 19 < 1.0American eel 8 < 1.0

Creek chubsucker 4 < 1.0Redfin pickerel 4 < 1.0Satinfin shiner 4 < 1.0White crappie 4 < 1.0Bluespotted sunfish 2 < 1.0Pirate perch 2 < 1.0Black bullhead I < 1.0Unidentified bullhead 1 < 1.0Channel catfish I < 1.0Unidentified chubsucker 1 < 1.0Unidentified fish 1 < 1.0Highfin shiner 1 < 1.0Mosquitofish 1 < 1.0Mud sunfish 1 < 1.0Smallfin redhorse 1 < 1.0

Total 3454 100

7-12

Table 7.4 Fish (number and weight/24 hours) collected with gill nets from Harris Lake during 1983.

Area E Area H Area P Area S Area VSpecies Number Weight (g) Number Weight (g) Number Weight (g) Number Weight (g) Number Weight (g)

I-.jC..

Gizzard shadRedfin pickerelChain pickerelGolden shinerUnidentified chubsuckerCreek chubsuckerSmallfin redhorseSnail bullheadBl ack bul l headYellow bullheadBrown bullheadFlat bullheadChannel catfishPirate perchSunfish (hybrid)Mud sunfishFlierRedbreast sunfishGreen sunfishPumpkinseedWarmouthBluegillRedear sunfishLargenouth bassBlack crappie

4.2

0.I0.6

0.1

0.12.10.1

0.10.1

0.30.10.1

0.10.1

0.10.4

671.0

87.153.3

56.0

14.6329.7

19.8

0.74.6

28.38.75.1

12.08.8

12.731.3

2.0

0.11.0

0.10.1

0.54.10.3

0.1

0.10.8

0.10.10.1

0.10.3

229.0

75.281.7

54.132.5

89.0614.5

85.9

1.0

4.089.9

7.5 837.1 10.9 1405.6 11.40.1

0.3 330.3 0.4 227.6 0.30.4 21.6 8.4 726.1 2.4

0.10.1 17.9 0.1

0.1 17.1 0.1 17.1

0.21.80.30.1

0.2

0.7

0.30.10.10.2

0.20.2

23.3278.5

80.9235.7

17.3

91.6

14.112.311.131.0

37.336.3

0.81.80.4

184.1281.6

98.1

0.30.10.81.10.4

1418.17.9

132.3161.5

15.3

103.739.9

219.3186.5116.9

15.611.36.2

7.338.2

1.0

0.10.70.10.50.10.60.2

125.3

5.374.319.842.88.5

214.842.6

0.40.10.20.30.20.2

1.40.7

40.314.57.7

21.115.47.3

313.435.9

Total 8.7 1342.5 9.7 1435.2 12.7 2075.5 26.2 3541.3 20.4 2856.8

Totals may differ from sums due to rounding.

Table 7.5 Fish (number and weigbt/24 hours) collected with fyke nets from Harris Lake during 1983.

Area E Area H Area P Area S Area VSpecies Number Weight (g) Number Weight (g) Number Weight (g) Number Weight (g) Number Weight (g)

Gizzard shadGolden shinerCreek chubsuckerUnidentified bullheadSnail bullheadYel 1 ow bul l headBrown bullheadFlat bullheadSunfish (hybrid)FlierRedbreast sunfishGreen sunfishPumpki nseedWarmouthBluegillRedear sunfishLargemouth bassWhite crappieB1 ack crappie

1.1 120.1 1.5 225.8 3.30.10.1

472.118.737.5

0.50.4

213.1109.8

0.2

0.40.1 45.2 0.4

0.10.1

0.1

1.6

0.10.11.9

15.315.7

11.3

206.7

27.618.5

247.5

1.00.8

0.6

2.40.10.1

0.8

78.9

113.0133.5 0.3

0.3132.2 0.8101.9 1.3

0.161.7 1.7

0.3392.1 3.3

18.6 0.140.1 1.0

0.2114.5 2.8

119.027.4

123.7194.4

19.7173.8

60.0528.8

12.8252.9

31.8427.9

2.4

0.10.20.20.40.11.50.5

1.20.42.5

0.2

2.3

379.5

47.669.891.5

138.221.0

209.258.4

146.957.7

453.5

2.3

0.10.10.10.31.00.30.70.1

0.10.10.60.1

0.14.6

301.7

68.141.187.5

307.040.584.122.5

13.320.274.612.1

16.5670.1

24.6

361.4

Total 6.3 1031.1 8.5 1412.2 15.9 2501.6 12.0 2059.2 10.7 1759.2

Totals may differ from sumns due to rounding.

Table 7.6 Fish (number and weight/hour) collected by electrofishing from Harris Lake during 1983.

Area E Area H Area P Area S Area VSpecies Number Weight (g) Number Weight (g) Number Weight (.g) Number Weight (g) Number Weight (7g

I-.!,

American eelGizzard shadRedfin pickerelChain pickerelGolden shinerHighfin shinerSatinfin shinerCreek chubsuckerYell ow bul l headBrown bul l headMosquito fishSunfish (hybrid)FlierBluespotted sunfishRedbreast sunfishGreen sunfishPumpkinseedWarmouthBluegillRedear sunfishLargemouth bassBlack crappie

1.522.51.03.01.5

165.03998.536.5

361.5152.0

1.09.0

2.51.0

229.01485.0

1206.082.0

1.5268.0 17.07.0 1384.0 15.0

1.013.5

1.0

223.52336.0

64.0

192.03033.0

177.0444.5

1.028.0695.0569.5

1202.52456.5782.0

9203.5506.0

1.00.5

2.01.0

21.04.5

14.52.0

44.51.5

99.037.5

202.5104.5

1370.5395.0

1099.6170.5

4508.0215.5

2.00.5

3.54.5

15.56.021.511.066.5

3.5

0.519.0

250.571.0

416.5438.5953.0633.0679.0

1256.06995.5492.0

1.53.51.01.07.57.512.538.06.5

86.53.5

14.00.5

4.0

1.07.0

0.51.0

5.02.5

17.05.0

35.03.5

46.51.0

102.01210.5

77.0150.5

546.5167.5840.5562.0

1336.5123.0

5727.5136.5

1912.50.5

0.58.0 4.0

0.52.00.51.03.50.53.5

3.59.08.0

15.063.07.0

75.04.5

35.03241.0

765.5135.0

0.52.3

112.0167.5635.0

0.5354.5

310.5612.5715.0

1413.01613.5262.0

12060.5672.5

Total 129.0 14200.1 163.0 17867.0 203.0 21914.0 143.5 12901.0 220.5 23108.3

Totals may differ from sums due to rounding.

Table 7.7 Results of ANOVAselected specieselectrofishing at

and Duncan's multiple range comparisoncaught in gill nets, fyke nets,

Harris Lake during 1983 and 1982-1983.

forand

Source Gill Nets Fyke Nets Electrofishinq

Total Fish

Month

Area

Year

Gizzard shad

Month

NS*r

NSNSSVP E H

N S

N S

N S

* 85112

NS

NS

Area

Year

Largemouth bass

Month

Area

Year

Area (1982-1983)

Brown bullhead

Month

Area

Year

Area- (1982-1983)

Bluegill

Month

Area

Year

Area (1982-1983)

NS

NS

NS

PHE

* 58211

NS

NS

P H E

NS* VPHSE

NS* P H E

Crappie

Month

Area

Year

NS

NS

NSNS

NS

NS - ANOVA not significant - P > 0.5* - ANOVA significant - P < .05

7-16

Table 7.8 Fish collected with gill nets and fyke nets and byelectrofishing at Area Z (auxiliary reservoir) during August1983.

Gill Nets Fyke Nets ElectrofishingNumber Weight Number Weight Number Weightper (g) per per (g) per per (g) per

Species 24 hours 24 hours 24 hours 24 hours Hour Hour

Redfin pickerel 0.1 18.1 2 34

Golden shiner 0.1 2.1 15 93

Snail bullhead 0.1 8.2

Yellow bullhead 16.8 2204.4 0.4 221.2 2 171

Brown bullhead 0.6 190.7 0.2 81.5

Flat bullhead 0.9 147.7

Hybrid sunfish 0.6 47.3 1.8 363.8 2 51

Green sunfish 0.4 9.6 30 451

Pumpkinseed 0.7 13.0 84 1323

Warmouth 1.0 42.0 1.0 262.0 3 74

Bluegill 1.1 28.8 1.7 143.5 6 155

Redear sunfish 0.3 46.8 1 9

Largemouth bass 0.8 254.2

Total 22.6 2711.9 6.1 1373.0 145 2361

Totals may differ due to rounding.

7-17

DENSITY

320001

E 24 000 .

ý7 160 00ýUi

28000ý

z -

AREA E

P 19 A A 319 .9 .1.9 .9* A A 19 019~ A p p A 3 2 2 II 2 2 91 19 19 3* a 3 3 2 2 a 3U I I. 3 19 P 1 19I 3 3 I 3 I 2 ~ I I 3 I 2 2 9 2* 19 7 3 2 7 I 4# 19* 3 19 0 I *

DENSIT

32000'

E 24000

16000'

8000"

z0

DENS'IT

32000

E 24000

2 16000

8000

z 0

y

t

IA A a j j v J J It a a a 91

a91 7 71 1 3 1 3 1 2

V AREASDENSITY

32000-

E 24000,

16000-

8000,I

AREA H

AREA P

-32

m24

ni

C

0

*-32

m

-16 3-,

-4C

0

32

m

24 9

16 >C

8 m

0

r A A P 1 J J J J J1 A A 9 03

11 A P X A 0 2 U U 3 2 1 C a1. 3 3 LE a * I I V

3 3 19 3 19 2 1 a I a

-v AREA V

P19~~ ~ u u91..... A A o01£~~~ ~~ L 1 23 9 19 1

ALL AREASDENSIT32000 -1

719~~~ 19 A 3101.. .1 A .

i I 3 I 2 I I 2 I3 3 2 3 19 I 4 3 3 3 3 $ • I 2

r : A A 3 P9 J1 1 J3 J J A

3333.'' 33199.9. UI a9 a It 3 I 1 0 19 t

89 2 7 1 1 I 1

Figure 7.1 Larval fish push net density estimates and temperature in Harris Lke during 1983.

7-18

DENSITY

100

080

0I60

c 40.w

D2 201,K

DENSIT

100

S80

060

S40

20

z 20

FY

AREA H

TEMPERATURE

CATCH RATE

K-..m

40 C430 m

m

S20210

o-oI-2o

1-,,---19 A A P J9 4 J

a9 7 a9 1 7 1 1

44 A 19 a91U 0j U C CL L 19 0 P

2 19 6 2 70 2 1

DENSlT

100"

U)3 80-0

8 0-

cc 40

20S20

z0

TY

AREA P

CATCH RATE TEMPERATURE

P 19 A A 1919 A P p A19 19 19 19 1I 2 19 I 1919 19 2 * 19

9944 4 44A U U 19 U U1 1919 ml. II 19 9 2 I 1919 I 9 19 2 19

11 U IC *919 19 p

a 2 19 6 a

-4

-o

-30 ;

-20o

-Io0-0

rn

-4o-40 C4-3D m

20-10 0

DENSIT

100-

0

S60

- 40'3U,

: 2

z0 r

-Y

TEMPERATURE

ýCATCH RAIT Eý

AREA S

f mI a A 19. P9 j 4 I J A A IC A P P A A U U U . .

*~~~ ~~ Lmm 1 9 1 9 I L 19 9 P I

-4-m

*0C-m

-40 C-30 M-20-0-100

0

-4

m

r 40C-30 m'-20-0

-101

- I-0

DENSITY100

2•80

01 60- C/

c~40-LLI

20

z

AREA VDENSITY

100

U so

0

S60-

cE 40,LLJ

Dz

ALL AREAS

Figure 7.2 Larval fish trap catch rates by area in Harris Lake during 1983.

7-19

DENSITY3200

E 2400

v 1600aw 0

So

-

GIZZARD SHADTEMPE RATURE\

AI~ENSITY'T

tFN A A "S " S .3 ;3 .3 .3 ; A;

V^ V U U U U w

1 ft 7 : 7 1 4 0 26 9 at a It S

Pl

DENSITY32000"

E 24000

-- 16000

: 8000

0

Lepornis spp................

-32

-24

rnmS-16

-32 -I

C-24

-Sm

0 0

-0

32

M-24

-16

C

8 m 0M

r-4

7'

DENSITY

A A J J A' J J A

DENSIT'

3200

E2400

E 1600Ul

0

DENSIT

3200

Y5Y

DARTERSTEMPERATURE.

/i•j

//

{:DENSITY

0

U)M

Z

2400

1600

800 -

0

r A A KI J J3 .3 J3 J A 8 fft ft 'S V N N L L ft f -

a * t 7 7 I 4 ot 2 f t t f

Y

CR A PPIE T

.. TEMPERATURE

-32

M-24rnM

-16 >'

C

0€-81

J/ \- DENSITY

C~~~~ A r % U Z a

0 ft 0 : ;t 7 4 ft 2 ft f 3 aft 2

Figure 7.3 Larval fish density estimates from push nets for gizzard shad,Lepomis spp., darters, and crappie from Harris Lake during 1983.

7-20

M Leporin tspp.

0 40 140O-39 i TEMPERATURE 3 -n

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I CRAPPIE 4

1 TEMPERATURE m

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(nO. CARTER

0

0.4 -40

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-]'" -2 t-

0.2 20

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M .1 LO - 0rC B.A -• 10 %

7: I-" CATCH RATE 0

4-U 0U l - I' -T -"" .. .. 1 ... .. •-' I- -|.. . I''" ' T .... " --

F M A A H M J J J J J A A S 0 NE A P P A A U U U U U U U E C 0B A A R Y Y N N N L L G 6 P 7 VI 2) 6 I A I a 1 2 I 2 I 2 2 I 2B B 7 0 3 7 1 4 9 2 6 B 3 B I 2

Figure 7.4 Larval fish trap catch rates for Lepomis spp., crappie. and darters fromHarris Lake during 1983.

7-21

8.0 TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES

8.1 Introduction

In 1983 specific monitoring programs were conducted for all classes

of terrestrial vertebrates of the Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant

site. The primary objective of this monitoring was the characterization

of postimpoundment terrestrial vertebrate populations. A second objective

was to gather data on these populations to aid in developing and

implementing the SHNPP Wildlife Management Plan.

Monitoring in 1983 continued to be focused on the four study areas

(SA5, SA6, SA7, and SA8), the Harris Lake and shoreline areas, the

auxiliary reservoir, and the roadside bird survey route (Figure 1.1).

Several new studies were added to more systematically monitor certain

species. A wild turkey survey was added to determine if some areas of the

site have turkeys present. An evening amphibian shoreline survey was

added to determine which species were using the Harris Lake and lake

margin for breeding. The small mammal trapping study was discontinued in

1983, and a mammal scent station survey was initiated. This survey

provided population index values for species like the red fox, gray fox,

bobcat, and raccoon on the SHNPP site. These studies were evaluated for

future use based on the data collected in 1983.

8.2 Amphibians and Reptiles

8.2.1 Methods

Amphibians and reptiles were sampled in 1983 through timed-area

searches of the four study areas (SA5, SA6, SA7, and SA8), evening

amphibian shoreline call count surveys, and by recording any miscellaneous

observations. Because of the addition of the monthly (February-June)

evening amphibian shoreline survey and review of 1982 data, the frequency

of timed-area searches was reduced from six sample periods in 1982 to two

sample periods in 1983. In 1982 these searches were conducted monthly

from March through August.

8-1

Ninety-minute timed-area searches were conducted on the four study

areas--SA5, SA6, SA7, and SA8. During the first 60-minute period, 2

observers searched 100 stations on each study area by turning rocks, logs,

and leaves around stumps. The final 30 minutes were spent searching the

lake margin and the general study area. All amphibians and reptiles

encountered during this period were recorded by species. Species were

identified using standard field guides (Conant 1975; Smith 1978; Martof

et al. 1980) and taxonomic keys.

The evening amphibian shoreline call count surveys were also

conducted at each of the four study areas as well as two additional

areas. These additional areas were located on the Big Branch Creek and

the Buckhorn Creek arms of Harris Lake. Amphibian call surveys were

initiated at official sunset and continued until all six study sites were

sampled. Two biologists listened at specific points along the reservoir

margin at each site for 15 minutes. All calls heard were recorded by

species and by location.

8.2.2 Results and Discussion

In 1983, 14 species of amphibians were identified by call or actual

observation through the combination of the timed-area searches and the

evening shoreline amphibian surveys (Table 8.1). In 1982, 16 species of

amphibians were identified through 6 monthly timed-area searches and

miscellaneous observations. Therefore, the reduction of effort on timed-

area searches with the addition of evening surveys produced similiar

results to those obtained in 1982. The species lists are identical except

for two species (squirrel tree frog and spotted salamander) observed only

in 1982.

Eleven species of amphibians were observed during the two timed-area

searches. The species seen most frequently were the northern cricket frog

and Fowler's toad. In the June survey, large numbers (approximately 160)

of small toads were observed along the reservoir margin, but these were

not identified to species.

8-2

The evening shoreline amphibian call count survey added only three

species to the list of amphibians observed during 1983. These species

were the bullfrog, the upland chorus frog, and the pickerel frog. The

shoreline survey helped to identify those species using the lake and lake

margin to breed and the time when each species was most actively calling

(Figure 8.1). The southern leopard frog, northern cricket frog, upland

chorus frog, northern spring peeper, and American toad were all calling as

early in the year as February. The northern cricket frog was not heard on

the March or April survey, and the upland chorus frog was not heard during

April. Neither of these gaps was interpreted as a true termination of the

breeding period since both species were heard calling again in May. The

bullfrog, green frog, pickerel frog, and Fowler's toad were not heard

until the April survey. These observations are in general agreement with

the breeding dates given in Martof et al. (1980).

Through the combination of timed-area searches and miscellaneous

observation records., 14 species of reptiles were observed in 1983 at the

SHNPP site (Table 8.2). Fourteen species of reptiles had also been ob-

served in 1982, although these species lists are not identical. The

reptile species observed most frequently in 1983 were the northern fence

lizard, the black rat snake, and the eastern worm snake. All three

species are common throughout the Piedmont region of North Carolina

(Martof et al. 1980). The Florida cooter observed in 1983 had not been

previously documented.

8.3 Avifauna

8.3.1 Methods

Birds (avifauna) on the SHNPP site were monitored in 1983 through

roadside bird surveys, woodland bird surveys, waterfowl surveys, and wild

turkey surveys as well as through miscellaneous observations. For all

surveys, species were identified using standard field guides (Peterson

1980; Robbins et al. 1966).

8-3

Roadside bird surveys, were conducted twice during each quarter at

sunrise with the direction of the 16-km route from Merry Oaks to the Buck-

horn Dam reversed on the second morning. Beginning at the zero kilometer

point, all birds seen or heard were recorded at each of ten 1.6-km

intervals for a three-minute period. Species observed while traveling to

the next stop were also recorded in a separate column on the data sheet.

Woodland bird surveys were conducted in both winter and spring during

1983. A winter survey had not been performed in 1982. Fifty points

located around the margin of Harris Lake were each sampled in January and

in May. All species. seen or heard during a ten-minute period were

recorded as singing males, males, or "other" (unidentified). The four

study areas (SA5, SA6, SA7, and SA8) were also sampled. Surveys were

initiated daily at or within 30 minutes of official sunrise and ended 3

hours later. A habitat classification of predominantly pine, hardwood, or

mixed pine-hardwood timber type was recorded for each sample point.

Waterfowl surveys were conducted at various points (WS-1 through WS-3

and WS-5 through WS-7) along the Harris Lake margin and auxiliary reser-

voir biweekly during January-March and October-December 1983 (Fig-

ure 1.1). All members of the family Anatidae (ducks, geese, and swans)

observed from each point were recorded by number and species. Also

recorded were any other water birds observed from the following

families: Gavidae (loons), Podicepedidae (grebes), Phalacrocoracidae

(cormorants), Ardeidae (herons), Laridae (gulls, terns, and skimmers),

Scolopacidae (sandpipers), Charadriidae (plovers), Alcedinidae (king-

fishers), and Accipitridae (hawks, eagles, and ospreys).

Wild turkey surveys were conducted weekly during the months of March

and April. The SHNPP site was divided into eight survey areas. Two

observers visited each of the survey areas at least once during the two-

month period. Surveys began 20 minutes before official sunrise and lasted

for up to 3 hours after sunrise. At the beginning of each period, the

observers listened for turkey calls. Taped calls or a box caller were

then used in an attempt to elicit a response.

8-4

8.3.2 Results and Discussion

During the 1983 monitoring period, 95 species of birds were observed

overall surveys (Table 8.3). The yearly average for species observed

during the 11-year period (1972-1982) was 96 species. The 1983 total

compares favorably with this 11-year average and indicates no change in

species numbers.

Roadside Bird Survey

During the winter quarter of the roadside avifauna survey, 27 species

were observed on the 2 morning surveys compared to 28 in 1982. The

Shannon-Wiener diversity value (3.6) for this quarter was one of the

lowest since the survey was initiated. A large flock of brown-headed

cowbirds (200 individuals) affected the evenness component of the index

and thus reduced the diversity value. During the spring quarter, 34 total

species were observed; 41 species were observed during the summer quarter;

and 23 species were observed during the fall quarter. The maximum number

of birds observed by species during the surveys and the resulting relative

abundance and observation statistics for each quarter are presented in

Tables 8.4 through 8.7. When the 1983 diversity values for each quarter

(winter--3.6, spring--4.5, summer--4.5, fall--3.9) were compared with

diversity values from prior surveys, no trends were detectable.

Woodland Bird Survey

A total of 24 species were identified during the winter woodland bird

survey. Twenty species were identified in habitat classified as predomi-

nantly hardwood, nineteen species were identified in pine habitat, and

sixteen species were identified in mixed pine-hardwood stands

(Table 8.8). The bird species identified across the most sampling points

(> 15 samples) with the greatest total number of individuals (> 18

individuals) for the winter survey were the robin, the blue jay, the

American crow, the Carolina chickadee, and the tufted titmouse.

8-5

For the spring sampling period, 39 species were identified across the

3 habitat types. A total of 31 species were observed in both hardwood and

pine habitat types, and a total of 30 species were identified in mixed

pine-hardwood habitat (Table 8.8). The bird species which occurred across

the most sample points (> 15 samples) with the greatest number of total

individuals (> 18 individuals) were the red-eyed vireo, the tufted tit-

mouse, the pine warbler, the ovenbird, the American crow, the wood thrush,

the yellow-billed cuckoo, and the bobwhite. For the spring survey, each

singing male was counted as a breeding pair doubling the numbers actually

heard or observed for some species.

For both the winter and spring surveys, most species identified were

observed in all three habitat types. In many instances, sample points

included birds heard along the lake margin since points were located 75 m

from the shoreline. These shoreline areas were often more characteristic

of field habitat than of the three specified timber types. This inclusion

of lake margin species distorts the identification of certain species with

certain habitat types. It also caused certain species not typically

classified as "woodland birds" to be included in counts at a particular

sampling point.

Waterfowl Survey

Use of the Harris Lake and the auxiliary reservoir by waterfowl and

water birds was monitored for the second year. Twenty species were

observed during 1983 waterfowl surveys (Table 8.9). The bird species

observed most frequently and in the greatest numbers during the.waterfowl

surveys were the pied-billed grebe, the mallard, and the American coot.

One species, the Caspian tern, had not been observed previously at the

SHNPP site. Potter et al. (1980) stated that this species occurs inland

as a spring and fall transient, usually around large lakes in late April

or early May and from August through early October. This bird was

observed at Harris Lake on October 18, 1983.

8-6

Game Birds

Seventeen species classified as game birds were observed during

various surveys on the SHNPP site (Table 8.10). Thirteen species are

classified as waterfowl, and four species are classified as upland game

birds. Neither the American woodcock nor the wild turkey had been ob-

served in 1982 on the SHNPP site. The presence of both of these species

was documented in 1983. The wild turkey survey resulted in only one ob-

servation during 1983. A second wild turkey observation was made during

the spring mammal scent station survey when a distinct track was left at

one station near the main dam of Harris Lake.

Endangered Species

The bald eagle, a federally protected endangered species, was ob-

served seven different times at Harris Lake from June through November

during 1983. In June two adults were observed together at the Buckhorn

Creek arm of the lake. Four other sightings were of a single adult, and

two were of an immature bird seen once in October and once in November.

The red-cockaded woodpecker which was observed in November of 1982 was not

observed during 1983.

8.4 Mammals

8.4.1 Methods

Mammals were monitored at SHNPP in 1983 by scent station sampling and

miscellaneous observations. The scent station procedure, initiated in

1983, was conducted in April and November. This technique is used to

detect trends in relative abundance for certain carnivore populations by

calculating indices of visitation rates (Linhart and Knowlton 1975;

Roughton 1979; Sumner and Hill 1980). Most scent station sampling has

been conducted over large areas such as entire states or regions (Roughton

1979). The sampling program at the SHNPP site was modified for use on a

smaller scale by having shorter lines and shorter intervals between

stations. This technique involves establishing lines with scent stations

8-7

at 0.32-km intervals for 1.6 km (six stations/line) on roads throughout

the Harris site. To ensure independent sampling, survey lines were a

minimum of 3.2 km apart or separated by topographic barriers (e.g., arms

of the lake). At each station a 0.91-m diameter circle along the shoulder

of the road was cleared of debris. Powdered lime was placed in the circle

and brushed to a smooth finish. Pure red fox or wildcat urine was placed

in the center. These two scents were alternated along each line. The

lime provided a medium in which tracks could be recorded as animals

investigated the scent. Each line was checked daily over a two-day

period. From the tracks observed, an index of visitation rate was

calculated using the formula presented by Linhart and Knowlton (1975):

total animal visits x 1000 = Index

total operative station nights

The indices will be compared annually to detect population trends.

Miscellaneous mammal observations were also made while conducting all

biological monitoring programs at the SHNPP site.

8.4.2 Results and Discussion

Eleven species of mammals were observed at the SHNPP site during 1983

(Table 8.11). Three species were recorded as miscellaneous observations,

and eight were recorded during scent station sampling.

During the April and November sampling, there were a total of 128

operable station nights. A station night is defined as each night a

station is set. During the April sampling, lines 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, and

11 were established, while lines 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, and 13 were sampled during

November (Figure 1.1). Lines 2, 3, and 5 had high index values for the

dog because of hunting dogs that were present in these areas during the

November sampling. Lines 4, 6, and 10 were not sampled in November

because of heavy vehicle traffic observed along these lines during the

April sampling. In addition, line 10 was not sampled in November because

of high house cat and dog visitation from nearby homes. Index values for

each species per line are presented in Table 8.12.

8-8

Since the scent station sampling was initiated in 1983, the service-

ability of these data was limited. Index values for each individual line

can be compared on an annual basis but must not be compared with those of

other lines. In order to state that relative abundance is a function of

visitation rates, one must make the assumption that the density of a given

species is sufficiently consistent with visitation rates (Roughton

1979). However, the scent station sampling is a useful technique for

detection of mammal presence at the SHNPP site. The 1983 data will pro-

vide background information from which future data can be compared for

notable trends in mammal populations.

8.5 Summary

Monitoring of terrestrial vertebrate populations at the SHNPP site in

1983 showed no substantial changes in species numbers or diversity for any

class of terrestrial vertebrates. In addition to previously established

studies, several new studies were added to the program during 1983 and

evaluated. for future use.

A total of 14 species of amphibians and 14 species of reptiles were

observed over all surveys in 1983. Many of the same species observed

during 1982 were observed again in 1983. The evening shoreline amphibian

survey successfully defined which species use the Harris Lake for breeding

and the chronology of their reproductive activity. The survey did not

make a substantial contribution to the total number of species observed.

Roadside bird surveys have been conducted at the SHNPP site since

1974. Shannon-Wiener diversity values for 1983 showed no trends when

compared with previous values. This survey continues to document the most

common and visible bird species on the SHNPP site. Winter and spring

woodland bird surveys added additional information by identifying winter

residents and birds breeding in the area. Most species heard or observed

ranged across the three habitat types.

The Harris Lake and the auxiliary reservoir continued to be used by

waterfowl and water birds. The pied-billed grebe, the mallard, and the

8-9

coot were the species observed most frequently and in the greatest

numbers. Thirteen of the twenty species observed during waterfowl surveys

were classified as gamebirds. Four other species classified as upland

gamebirds were observed during varfous other surveys. Only one

observation of a wild turkey was made as a result of the turkey surveys.

One other turkey observation was made during the mammal scent station

survey.

During 1983, seven observations were made over Harris Lake of the

bald eagle, a federally protected endan'gered species. This is the third

consecutive year that eagles have been observed over Harris Lake.

The mammal scent station survey documented the presence of mammals

from the target group (bobcat, gray fox, and raccoon) through identifica-

tion of their tracks. Several survey lines were relocated or deleted

between the spring and fall surveys to reduce the incidence of visitation

by domestic mammals. Despite this change, the index values for dogs were

higher in the fall survey due to its coincidence with hunting season.

8-10

Table 8.1 Amphibian species observed at the SHNPP site during 1983.

Scientific Name Common Name

Salamanders

Notophthalmus viridescens

Ambystoma opacum

Plethodon glutinosus

Toads

Bufo americanus

B. woodhousei fowleri

Frogs

Acris crepitans

Hyla versicolor

H. crucifer

Pseudacris triseriata

Rana catesbeiana

R. clam itans

R. palustris

R. utricularia

Narrow-mouthed toads

Gastrophryne carolinensis

red-spotted newt

marbled salamander

slimy salamander

*

*

American toad

Fowler's toad

*r

*r

*r

northern cricket frog

gray treefrog

northern spring peeper

upland chorus frog

bullfrog

green frog

pickerel frog

southern leopard frog

eastern narrow-mouthed toad

# = Species identified in timed-area searches

* = Species identified in evening amphibian shoreline call count survey

8-11

Table 8.2 Reptilian species observed at the SHNPP site during 1983.

Scientific Name Common Name

Turtles

Chrysemys concinna

C. floridana

C. picta

Clemmys guttata

Terrapene carolina

Lizards

Sceloporus undulatus

Scincilla lateralis

Cnemidophorus sexlineatus

Snakes

Carphophis amoenus

Coluber constrictor

Elaphe obsoleta

Heterodon platyrhinos

N erodia erthrogaster

N. sipedon

river cooter

Florida cooter

eastern painted turtle

spotted turtle

eastern box turtle

northern fence lizard

ground skink

six-lined racerunner

eastern worm snake

northern black racer

black rat snake

eastern hognose snake

red-bellied water snake

northern water snake

# = Species identified during timed-area searches

* = Species identified by miscellaneous observation

8-12

Table 8.3 Birds observed at the SHNPP site during 1983.

Scientific Name Common Name

Gavi idaeGavia immer

PodicipedidaePodilymbus podiceps

Phal acrocoracidaePhalacrocorax auritus

ArdeidaeArdea herodiasCasmerodius albusButorides striatus

AnatidaeMergus merganserM. serratorLophodytes cucullatusA. platyrhynchosA. rubripesA. $treperaA. americanaA. discorsAix sponsaAythya collarisBucephala albeolaOx-yura jam aicensis

CathartidaeCathartes aura

AccipitridaeCircus cyaneusAccipiter striatusButeo jamaicensisHaliaeetus leucocephalusPandion haliaetus

PhasianidaeColinus virginiaanusMeleagris gallopavo

Ral IidaeFulica americana

Charadri idaeCharadrius vocif erus

ScolopacidaeScolopax minor

LaridaeLarus speciesL. delawarensisSterna caspia

Loonscommon loon

Grebespied-billed grebe

Cormorantsdouble-crested cormorant

Heronsgreat blue herongreat egretgreen-backed heron

Swans, geese, and duckscommon merganserred-breasted merganserhooded mergansermallardAmerican black duckgadwal1American wigeonblue-winged tealwood duckring-necked duckbuffleheadruddy duck

New world vulturesturkey vulture

Hawks and eaglesnorthern harriersharp-shinned hawkred-tailed hawkbald eagleosprey

Pheasants, grouse, and quailsbobwhite

wild turkeyRails

American cootPlovers

killdeerSandpipers

American woodcockGulls, terns, and skimmers

unidentified gullring-billed gullCaspian tern

8-13

Table 8.3 (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name

ColumbidaeZenaidura macroura

Cucul idaeCoccyzus amrericanus

StrigidaeStrix variaOtus asioBubo virginianus

CaprimulgidaeCaprimulgus vociferus

ApodidaeChaetura pelagica

AlcedinidaeCeryle alcyon

PicidaePicoides villosusP. pubescensSphyrapicus variusMelanerpes erythrocephalusM. carolinusColaptes auratus

TyrannidaeContopus virens

HirundinidaeProgne subisHirundo rusticaTachycineta bicolor

CorvidaeCyanocitta cristataCorvus brachyrhynchos

ParidaeParus bicolorP. carolinensis

Certhi idaeCerthia americana

TroglodytidaeThryothorus ludoviciarius

MuscicapidaePolioptila caeruleaHylocichla mustelinaCatharus guttatusTurdus migratoriusSialia sialis

Pigeons and dovesmourning dove

Cuckoosyellow-billed cuckoo

Typical owlsbarred owleastern screech owlgreat horned owl

Nightjarswhip-poor-will

Swiftschimney swift

Kingfishersbelted kingfisher

Woodpeckershairy woodpeckerdowny woodpeckeryellow-bellied sapsuckerred-headed woodpeckerred-bellied woodpeckernorthern flicker

Tyrant flycatcherseastern wood pewee

Swallowspurple martinbarn swallowtree swallow

Jays and crowsblue jayAmerican crow

Titmicetufted titmouseCarolina chickadee

Creepersbrown creeper

WrensCarolina wren

Old world warblers and thrushesblue-gray gnatcatcherwood thrushhermit thrushAmerican robineastern bluebird

8-14

Table 8.3 (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name

MimidaeMimus polyglottosToxostoma rufurn

Bombyci 1 lidaeBombyciZla cedrorum

SturnidaeSturnus vulgaris

VireonidaeVireo olivaceusVireo griseus

EmberizidaeMolothrus aterAgelaius phoeniceusSturnella magnaQuiscalus quisculaZonotrichia albicollisSpizella passerinaS. pusiZla.Junco hyemalisMelospiza melodiaPipilo erythrophthalmusCardinalis cardinalisGuiraca caeruleaPasserina cyaneaPiranga olivaceaP. rubraMniotilta variaParula americanaD. coronataD. dominicaD. pinusDendroica discolorSeiurus aurocapillusGeothlypis trichasIcteria virensWilsonia citrinaSetophaga ruticilla

FringillidaeCarduelis tristis

PasseridaePasser doam esticus

Mimic thrushesmockingbirdbrown thrasher

Waxwingscedar waxwing

Starlingsstarling

Vireosred-eyed vireowhite-eyed vireo

New world passerinesbrown-headed cowbirdred-winged blackbirdeastern meadowlarkcommon gracklewhite-throated sparrowchipping sparrowfield sparrowdark-eyed juncosong sparrowrufous-sided towheecardinalblue grosbeakindigo buntingscarlet tanagersummer tanagerblack-and-white warblernorthern parula warbleryellow-rumped warbleryellow-throated warblerpine warblerprairie warblerovenbirdcommon yellowthroatyellow-breasted chathooded warblerAmerican redstart

FinchesAmerican goldfinch

Old world sparrowshouse sparrow

8-15

Table 8.4 Results of two avifauna surveys conducted at the SHNPP siteduring January 1983.

Percent of Percent ofSpecies Total Surveys

Decreasing Order Maximum No. Maximum No. in Whichof Abundance Observed Observed Observed

Brown-headed cowbird 200 59.35 50American crow 23 6.82 100Cedar waxwing 20 5.93 50Dark-eyed junco 19 5.64 100Common grackle 16 4.75 50White-throated sparrow 11 3.26 100Blue jay 7 2.08 100Mourning dove call 7 2.08 100Red-tailed hawk 4 1.19 100Rufous-sided towhee 3 0.89 50Northern flicker 3 0.89 100Red-bellied woodpecker 3 0.89 50Unidentified sparrow 2 0.59 100Eastern bluebird 2 0.59 50American robin 2 0.59 50Carolina chickadee 2 0.59 50Cardinal 2 0.59 100Red-winged blackbird 2 0.59 50Carolina wren 1 0.30 100Mockingbird 1 0.30 50Field sparrow 1 0.30 50Eastern meadowlark 1 0.30 50Downy woodpecker 1 0.30 50Hairy woodpecker 1 0.30 50Belted kingfisher 1 0.30 50Northern harrier 1 .0.30 50Great blue heron 1 0.30- 50

TOTAL 337

8-16

Table 8.5 Results of two avifauna surveys conducted at the SHNPP siteduring April 1983.

Percent of Percent ofSpecies Total Surveys

Decreasing Order Maximum No. Maximum No. in Whichof Abundance Observed Observed Observed

Common grackle 40 21.51 100Yellow-rumped warbler 12 6.45 50Unidentified bird 11 5.91 100American robin 11 5.91 100Carolina chickadee 8 4.30 100Rufous-sided towhee 8 4.30 100Blue jay 8 4.30 100Carolina wren 7 3.76 50Pine warbler 7 3.76 100Cardinal 7 3.76 100American crow 7 3.76 100Eastern bluebird 6 3.23 100Mourning dove-call 6 3.23 100House sparrow 5 2.69 50Ovenbird 5 2.69 100Purple martin 4 2.15 50Tufted titmouse 3 1.61 100Prairie warbler 3 1.61 50American goldfinch 3 1.61 50Northern flicker 3 1.61 50Hermit thrush 2 1.08 50Mockingbird 2 1.08 100Common yellowthroat 2 1.08 50Barn swallow 2 1.08 50Eastern meadowlark 2 1.08 100Red-winged blackbird 2 1.08 100Red-bellied woodpecker 2 1.08 50Hooded warbler 1 0.54 50Yellow-throated warbler 1 0.54 50Northern parula warbler 1 0.54 50White-eyed vireo 1 0.54 50White-throated sparrow 1 0.54 50Brown-headed cowbird 1 0.54 50Downy woodpecker 1 0.54 50Green-backed heron 1 0.54 50

TOTAL 186

8-17

Table 8.6 Results of two avifauna surveys conducted at the SHNPP siteduring July 1983.

Percent of Percent ofSpecies Total Surveys

Decreasing Order Maximum No. Maximum No. in Whichof Abundance Observed Observed Observed

Mourning dove call 46 19.33 100House sparrow 31 13.03 100American crow 20 8.40 100Bobwhite covey call 15 6.30 150Carolina wren 11 4.62 100Indigo bunting 11 4.62 100Rufous-sided towhee 9 3.78 100Chimney swift 8 3.36 100Red-bellied woodpecker 8 3.36 100Cardinal 7 2.94 100Blue jay 7 2.94 100Wood thrush 6 2.52 100Blue grosbeak 6 2.52 100Yellow-breasted chat 5 2.10 100Mockingbird 4 1.68 100Common yellowthroat 4 1.68 100Yellow-billed cuckoo 4 1.68 100Eastern bluebird 3 1.26 100Tufted titmouse 3 1.26 50Brown thrasher 3 1.26 50Prairie warbler 3 1.26 100Carolina chickadee 2 0.84 100Red-eyed vireo 2 0.84 100Barn swallow 2 0.84 50Purple martin 2 0.84 100American robin 1 0.42 50Ovenbird 1 0.42 100Summer tanager 1 0.42 50Scarlet tanager 1 0.42 50Field sparrow 1 0.42 100Chipping sparrow 1 0.42 50Common grackle 1 0.42 50Eastern meadowlark 1 0.42 100Red-winged blackbird 1 0.42 50Brown-headed cowbird 1 0.42 50Starling 1 0.42 50Eastern wood pewee 1 0.42 50Northern flicker 1 0.42 100Belted kingfisher 1 0.42 50Green-backed heron 1 0.42 50Great blue heron 1 0.42 50

TOTAL 238

8-18

Table 8.7 Results of two avifauna surveys conducted at the SHNPP siteduring October 1983.

Percent of Percent ofSpecies Total Surveys

Decreasing Order Maximum No. Maximum No. in Whichof Abundance Observed Observed Observed

American crow 13 19.40 100Mourning dove call 8 11.94 100Carolina wren 5 7.46 100Blue jay 5 7.46 100Unidentified bird 4 5.97 50House sparrow 4 5.97 100Rufous-sided towhee 3 4.48 100Northern flicker 3 4.48 50Red-bellied woodpecker 3 4.48 100Eastern bluebird 2 2.99 100Pine warbler 2 2.99 100Cardinal 2 2.99 100Wood duck 2 2.99 50Unidentified sparrow 1 1.49 50Carolina chickadee 1 1.49 100Mockingbird 1 1.49 100Common grackle 1 1.49 50Eastern meadowlark 1 1.49 50Starling 1 1.49 50Yellow-bellied sapsucker 1 1.49 50Belted kingfisher 1 1.49 50Eastern screech owl 1 1.49 50Red-tailed hawk 1 1.49 50Great blue heron 1 1.49 50

TOTAL 67

8-19

Table 8.8 Birds observed during spring and winter woodland bird surveysat the SHNPP in 1983.

Hardwood Pine Pine-HardwoodSpecies Spring Winter Spring Winter Spring Winter

Acadian flycatcher * * *American crow * * * * * *American robin * * * * *Belted kingfisher *Blue jay * * * * * *Blue-gray gnatcatcher * * *Bobwhite * * *Brown creeperBrown-headed cowbird *Cardinal * * * * *Carolina chickadee * * * * * *Carolina wren * * * * * *Common yellowthroat * * *Downy woodpecker * * * * *Eastern meadowlark * *Eastern phoebe * *Eastern wood pewee * * *Golden-crowned kinglet * *Great blue heron *Great crested flycatcher *Green-backed heron *Hairy woodpeckerHermit thrush *Hooded warbler * * *Indigo bunting * * *Mourning dove * * *Northern flicker * * *Northern parula warbler *Ovenbird * * * *Pine warbler * * *Prairie warbler * *Red-bellied woodpecker * * * *Red-eyed vireo * *Red-tailed hawk *Red-winged blackbird *Ruby-crowned kinglet * *Rufous-sided towhee * * * *Song sparrow * *Summer tanager * *Tufted titmouse * * * * *Turkey vulture * *Unidentified bird * *.* *Unidentified empidonax *Unidentified sparrow * *Unidentified woodpecker * *White-throated sparrow *Wood thrush *Yellow warblerYellow-bellied sapsuckerYellow-billed cuckoo * * *Yellow-breasted chat * * *Yellow-throated vireo * *

8-20

Table 8.9 Bird species observed at Harris Lake during waterfowl surveysconducted in 1983.

American black duck

American coot

American wigeon

Bald eagle

Belted kingfisher

Caspian tern

Common loon

Double-crested cormorant

Gadwall

Great blue heron

Great egret

Hooded merganser

Killdeer

Mallard

Osprey

Pied-billed grebe

Ring-billed gull

Ring-necked duck

Ruddy duck

Wood duck

Table 8.10 Avian game species observed at the SHNPP site during 1983.

Common merganser

Red-breasted merganser

Hooded merganser

Mallard

American black duck

Gadwall

American wigeon

Blue-winged teal

Wood duck

Ring-necked duck

Bufflehead

Ruddy duck

Bobwhite

Wild turkey

American coot

American woodcock

Mourning dove

8-21

Table 8.11 Mammals observed at the SHNPP site during scent stationsampling and miscellaneous observations during 1983.

Species Common Name

Canidae

Urocyon cinereoargenteus

Canis familiaris

Castoridae

Castor canadensis

Cervidae

Odocoileus virginianus

Didelphiidae

Didelphis marsupialis

Felidae

Fells domesticus

Lynx rufus

Leporidae

Sylvilagus floridanus

Mustelidae

Lutra canadensis

Procyonidae

Procyon lotor

Sciuridae

Sciurus carolinensis

gray fox

dog

beaver

whitetail deer

opossum

house cat

bobcat

eastern cottontail

river otter

raccoon

eastern gray squirrel

8-22

Table 8.12 Mammal scent station index of abundance values for SHNPPduring 1983.

Index

Line Number Species April November

1 Raccoon 167 83

2 Dog 83 286

Bobcat 83

3 Dog 500

4 Dog 167

House cat 83

5 Gray squirrel 91

Dog 417

6 Opossum 83

Eastern cottontail 167

9 Raccoon 83

10 Dog 333

House cat 167

11 Dog 100

13 Gray fox 300

Gray squirrel 100

Raccoon 100

8-23

BULLFROG

GREENFROG

FOWLER'STOAD

PICKERELFROG

SOUTHERNLEOPARD

FROG

NORTHERN

I, CRICKETFROG

UPLANDCHORUS

FROG

NORTHERN _SPRINGPEEPER

AMERICANTOAD

FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL

Figure 8.1 Initiation and duration of active calling by amphibians breeding in Harris Lake during 1983.

9.0 VEGETATION

9.1 Introduction

Botanical surveys were carried out at the Shearon Harris Nuclear

Power Plant (SHNPP) site from 1972 to 1974 by Aquatic Control, Inc., a

consulting firm, for CP&L (Aquatic Control, Inc., 1973, 1975) and since

then by CP&L (CP&L 1978a, 1978b, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984). These

studies were designed to collect baseline data and to monitor changes in

the flora of the site during the period prior to filling Harris Lake.

In December 1980 Buckhorn Creek was impounded, and Harris Lake gradu-

ally filled until it reached normal operational elevation in early 1983

(Figure 1.2). The original botanical study areas utilized prior to 1982

were abandoned, and four new terrestial study areas (SA5, SA6, SA7, and

SA8) were established in the spring of 1982. Data were collected from

these plots in 1982 to provide information on the species composition,

density, and distribution of vegetation that existed in the area immedi-

ately around the lake. This information was gathered to provide a basis

for detecting possible effects of filling the lake on this vegetation.

The same information was collected again in 1983 from these study areas.

In addition, surveys were initiated during 1983 to qualitatively

monitor the aquatic vegetation of Harris Lake and the auxiliary reser-

voir. These surveys were conducted for two purposes: (1) to monitor the

development of populations of native, indigenous species of aquatic macro-

phytes and (2) to detect the possible introduction of troublesome exotic

aquatic species such as Hydrilla verticullata, Egeria densa, or Myriophyllum

Spicatum.

9.2 Methods

9.2.1 Terrestrial Vegetation

Detailed descriptions of the locations, establishment, and methods

utilized are discussed in the 1982 Environmental Monitoring Report (CP&L

9-1

1984). The only change in methods utilized in 1983 was a reduction from

three surveys in 1982 to one survey in 1983. This reduction was made be-

cause of the lack of significant information gathered by the two addi-

tional surveys. The 1983 survey was conducted during September 6 through

9.

9.2.2 Aquatic Vegetation

Aquatic vegetation surveys were conducted on March 28, May 13,

August 19, and November 8.

Portions of the shoreline of Harris Lake and the auxiliary reservoir

were surveyed by boat. These surveys were conducted by slowly traversing

the perimeter and noting the occurrence of all aquatic macrophytes. Spec-

imens were collected of all species that could not be readily identified

in the field. These samples were returned to the laboratory for identifi-

cation.

Because of the great length of the two shorelines, the surveys were

concentrated in specific areas. In Harris Lake, these included the White

Oak Creek (above and below the SR 1127 bridge) and Little White Oak Creek

branches, portions of Tom Jack Creek (near the cooling tower makeup water

canal), and the area west of the main dam. In the auxiliary reservoir,

surveys were concentrated in and near the emergency service water intake

canal and the two unnamed arms that extend to U.S. Highway I (Figure 1.1.).

These areas were selected to represent the various habitats of Harris

Lake and the auxiliary reservoir. Also, they included the areas where the

possibility of introduction of troublesome exotic species critical to

power plant operations was greatest.

9-2

9.3 Results and Discussion

9.3.1 Terrestrial Vegetation

Few changes occurred in the community composition and structure of

the vegetation around Harris Lake between 1982 and 1983. Most of these

changes occurred in the herbaceous stratum, especially in a 2- to 3-meter-

wide zone immediately adjacent to the lake. High water levels during

spring and early summer eliminated most terrestrial species from this

newly formed riparian zone. These were replaced with aquatic species.

Sample Area 5 (SA5)

Canopy vegetation at SA5 in 1983 consisted of the same individuals

present in 1982. Table 9.1 lists those trees and their diameters for both

1982 and 1983. All trees increased in diameter and none exhibited any

signs of stress.

Understory vegetation in 1983 consisted of one sweet-gum (Liquidambar

styraciflua) with a diameter of 2.0cm. This tree was listed as a component

of the shrub stratum in 1982.

Shrub species consisted of two red maples (Acer rubrum), seven sweet-

gums, one St. Johns-wort (Hypericum stans), one mockernut hickory (Carya

tomentosa), and three winged sumacs (Rhus copallina). This was a signifi-

cant increase over the 1982 total (four individuals) and was attributed to

natural regeneration.

Herbaceous vegetation at SA5 changed significantly from 1982 to

1983. Cover in 1982 was approximately 100% from the edge of the lake to

the limit of clearing and consisted mostly of terrestrial species typical

of upland habitats. In 1983, 0.8 m of the plot nearest Harris Lake was

covered by water, and immediately upwards from this was a zone of water

primrose (Ludwigia leptocarpa) about 2 m wide. Also included in this zone

was rush (Juncuseffusus) and bulrush (Scirpuscyperinus).

9-3

Above this zone of emergent aquatic species, the herbaceous vegeta-

tion was dominated by the same terrestrial species that grew there in

1982. These included various species of Panicum, Solidago, Arndropogon, and

Luzula as well as Danthonia sericea, Rhus copallina, and Campsis radicans.

Sample Area 6 (SA6)

As was the condition at SA5, canopy vegetation at SA6 in 1983 con-

sisted of the same individual trees that grew there in 1982. Table 9.2

summarizes the data from this sample area. Two trees appeared to decrease

in diameter, but these decreases were attributed to errors in sampling.

No signs of stress were observed in this sample area.

Understory vegetation increased over 1982 numbers to five dogwoods

(Cornus florida), one white oak (Quercus alba), two mockernut hickories, one

sweet hickory (C. glabra), and one sweet-gum.

Shrubs decreased from 35 individuals to 7 but continued to be domi-

nated by loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum),

hickories, sweet-gum, and viburnum (Viburnum rafinesquianum). Many of the

dead shrubs were located at the lower portion of the plots and were inun-

dated by high spring water levels.

Herbaceous vegetation at SA6 was dominated by the same terrestrial

species that existed there in 1982. These were Potentilla canadensis, Pani-

cum spp., Parthenocissus quinquefolia, and Lonicera japonica. Nearest to the

lake, a zone existed that had been inundated during spring. No vegetation

grew in this zone; but just above it, water primrose grew in portions of

the study area.

9-4

Study Area 7 (SA7)

Canopy vegetation at SA7 in 1983 was almost identical to that of

1982. There was one less white oak in 1983 than in 1982. This individual

may have been damaged in clearing the reservoir, and the loss of this one

tree is not considered significant. The diameters at breast height (DBH)

and numbers of these trees for 1982 and 1983 are given in Table 9.3.

Understory vegetation in 1983 consisted of red maple, yellow poplar

(Liriodendron tulipifera), and American ash (Fraxinus americana). These were

the same species that grew in SA7 in 1982.

The shrub stratum was composed of many species and many individ-

uals. The dominants included red maple, fringe tree (Chionanthus amenr-

canus), viburnum, black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), white oak, mockernut hickory,

and redbud (Cerciscanadensis). Viburnum was the most dominant species.

Herbaceous vegetation at SA7 in 1983 consisted of the same terres-

trial species that grew there in 1982. Only a few individual aquatic

emergent species occurred at the edge of the water. These were Scirpus

cyperinus and Juncus effusus. The remainder of the herbaceous vegetation

was dominated by Potentilla canadensis, Solidago spp., Panicum spp., Smilicina

racemosa, and Stellaria sp.

Sample Area 8 (SA8)

Numbers of canopy individuals at SA8 increased by one tree from 1982

to 1983 as a result of the growth of the understory. All trees increased

in diameter or stayed the same. Diameters, numbers, and species are given

in Table 9.4.

Understory vegetation in 1983 continued to be represented by one

black gum, one dogwood, one unidentified tree in the Roseaceae family, and

three sweet hickories.

9-5

Shrubs consisted of many viburnums, red maple, mockernut hickory,

white oak, and black gum. These were mostly seedlings of canopy and

understory species.

Herbaceous vegetation at SA8 continued to be sparse. Water from the

lake had covered the lower quarter of the plot, and this zone was essen-

tially bare. Above this zone, the same species that grew there in 1982

were present in 1983. These consisted of Eupatorium sp., Vitis rotundifolia,

Gelsemium sempervirens, and Smilicena racemosa. No aquatic species were

encountered.

9.3.2 Aquatic Vegetation

During 1983 a total of 25 species of plants were observed growing in

or adjacent to Harris Lake and the auxiliary reservoir (Table 9.5). Many

of these species were not truly aquatic but persisted there from prior to

the filling of the lakes.

The large percentage of emergent species (68%) reflected the rela-

tively early successional stage of the vegetation. Because many of the

emergent plants were not aquatic species, a large number of them were dead

or exhibited stress symptoms (due to inundation) by the end of the sum-

mer. These included many woody species such as willow oak (Quercus phel-

los), water oak (Q. nigra), red maple, sweet-gum, and American ash.

However, the presence of truly aquatic shoreline emergents such as cat-

tails (Typha latifolia), bulrushes (Scirpus cyperinus and S. atrovirens),. rush

(Juncus effusus), spike-rush (Eleocharis obtusa), and primrose (Ludwigia

leptocarpa) was an indication of the future dominant emergent vegetation

expected to inhabit the shoreline areas.

Submerged vegetation comprised 16% of all aquatic species and was

represented by pondweed (Potamogeton diversifolius), spike-rush (Eleocharis

acicularis), bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris), and parrot-feather (Myriophyl-

lum brasiliense). These occurred mostly in the upper ends of the White Oak

Creek and Buckhorn Creek arms of Harris Lake. Submerged vegetation was

absent from the auxiliary reservoir.

9-6

Floating leaf vegetation consisted of one small stand of American

lotus (Nelumbo lutea), several small patches of watershield (Brasenia schre-

beri), one isolated patch of Hydrochloa caroliniana, and several small

patches of water fern (Azolla caroliniana). These four species accounted

for 16% of the total number of aquatic species obserVed, and all occurred

in the White Oak Creek arm of Harris Lake.

In general, the vegetation of Harris Lake and the auxiliary reservoir

was dominated by emergent species that were relics of the previous terres-

trial vegetation. In the spring of 1983, many of these appeared to be

growing normally. However, by the end of the summer, signs of stress such

as leaf curling, premature leaf coloration, or leaf browning were evident

in many of these individuals indicating that they would not survive.

The balance of the vegetation was composed of indigenous species of

aquatic plants that grew within their respective ranges. No evidence of

troublesome exotic species was observed.

9.4 Summary

The terrestrial vegetation adjacent to the shoreline of Harris Lake

was essentially unchanged from 1982 to 1983. Canopy, understory, and

shrub species composition were almost identical in both years.

The greatest change occurred in the herbaceous stratum. Rising water

levels during spring and early summer caused many of the terrestrial spe-

cies to be replaced by emergent aquatic species, especially primrose.

This change occurred in a narrow band about two meters wide adjacent to

the shoreline of the lake. Above this band, no changes were detected.

The aquatic vegetation of the auxiliary reservoir and Harris Lake was

dominated by shoreline emergent species such as cat-tails, bulrushes, and

primrose. Many of the emergent woody species that existed in the shallow

areas were remnants of the terrestrial community that existed there prior

to filling. These exhibited stress symptoms by the end of the summer, and

many appeared dead or severely stressed. Submerged vegetation was sparse

9-7

and confined to the shallow areas of the major tributaries of the Harris

Lake. Pondweed and bladderwort were the dominant species encountered.

Floating leaf vegetation was dominated by watershield and water fern.

In general, the vegetation of Harris Lake and the auxiliary reservoir

was typical of a developing aquatic community. Many of the terrestrial

species growing in the reservoirs appeared to be dying and were in the

process of being replaced by aquatic emergent species. No exotic intro-

ductions were observed.

9-8

Table 9.1 Canopy vegetation observed at Sample Area 5site during 1982 and 1983.

at the SHNPP

1982 1983

Species Number DBH * (cm) Number DBH (cm)

Pinus echinata 1 24.7 1 24.9

P. taeda 1 28.3 1 28.7

Quercus phellos 1 9.5 1 9.7

Acer rubrum 1 7.7 1 7.9

Carpinus caroliniana 4 9.5 (mean) 4 9.6 (mean)

DBH = Diameter at breast height.

Table 9.2 Canopy vegetation observed at Sample Area 6 at the SHNPPsite during 1982 and 1983.

1982 1983Species Number DBH * (cm) Number DBH (cm)

Pinus echinata 1 22.6 1 23.1

Cornus florida 1 11.7 1 11.4

Oxydendrum arboreum 1 9.1 1 9.6

Nyssa sylvatica 1 30.0 1 29.2

Liquidacmbar styraciflua 3 9.8 (mean) 3 10.8 (mean)

Quercus alba 4 22.8 (mean) 4 23.2 (mean)

Q. rubra 2 15.8 (mean) 2 15.9 (mean)

*DBH = Diameter at breast height.

9-9

Table 9.3 Canopy vegetation observed at Sample Area 7site during 1982 and 1983.

at the SHNPP

1982 1983

Species Number DBH* (cm) Number DBH (cm)

Acer rubrum 1 12.2 1 13.0

Carya tomentosa 1 15.9 1 15.7

Quercus velutina 1 35.8 1 36.3

Q. alba 2 14.3 (mean) 1 14.2

* Diameter at breast height.

Table 9.4 Canopy vegetation observed at Sample Area 8 at the SHNPPsite during 1982 and 1983.

1982 1983

Species Number DBH* (cm) Number DBH (cm)

Quercus alba 3 13.9 (mean) 5 11.1 (mean)

Pinus echinata 3 23.2 (mean) 3 23.8 (mean)

Fagus grandifolia 4 9.5 (mean) 4 10.0 (mean)

Oxydendrum arboreum 1 11.2 0 -

Liquidambar styraciflua 1 20.6 1 21. 1

Carya glabra 1 8.6 1 9.9

Fraxinus am ericana 1 9.6 1 9.6

Acer rubrum 1 17.6 1 17.8

* DBH = Diameter at breast height.

9-10

Table 9.5 Macrophytes observed in or adjacent to Harris Lake and theauxiliary reservoir during 1983.

Family Species Habit*

Azollaceae

Typhaceae

Potamogetonaceae

Poaceae

Cyperaceae

Cyperaceae

Cyperaceae

Cyperaceae

Juncaceae

Salicaceae

Betulaceae

Fagaceae

Fagaceae

Polygonaceae

Nelumbonaceae

Cabombaceae

Hamamelidaceae

Callitrichaceae

Aceraceae

Onagraceae

Haloragaceae

Oleaceae

Bignoniaceae

Lentibulariaceae

Asteraceae

Azolla caroliniana

Typha latifolia

Potamogeton diversifolius

Hydrochloa caroliniensis

Eleocharis obtusa

E. acicularis

Scirpus cyperinus

S. atrovirens

Juncus effusus

Salix nigra

Betula nigra

Quercus phellos

Q. nigra

Polygonun sp.

Nelumbo lutea

Brasenia schreberi

Liquidambar styrac~iflua

Callitriche heterophylla

Acer rubrum

Ludwigia leptocarpa

Myriophyllum brasiliense

Fraxinus americana

Campsis radicans

Utricularia vulgaris

Mikania scandens

*E= Emergent

F = Floating leaf

S = Submerged

9-11

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1975. Baseline biota of the Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plantstudy area June 1973-May 1974. A report to Carolina Power & LightCompany. Aquatic Control, Seymour, IN.

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CP&L. 1978a. Annual Report: Shearon Harris Nuclear Plant baseline moni-toring program 1976 and 1977. Carolina Power & Light Company,Raleigh, NC.

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Conant, R. 1975. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of Eastern andCentral North America. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, MA.

Cooper, C. M. 1981. A population study of diptera (insecta) of GranadaReservoir, Mississippi. J. Freshwater Ecol. 1(3):251-265.

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Green, R. H. 1979. Sampling design and statistical methods forenvironmental biologists. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Hardy, J. 0., Jr. 1978. Development of fishes of the mid-Atlantic Bight,an atlas of egg, larval, and juvenile stages. Volume III.Aphredoderidae through Rachycentridae. U.S. Dept. Int., Fish Wildl.Serv., Biol. Serv. Progr. FWS/OBS-78/12, Washington, DC.

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Hynes, H. B. N. 1970. The ecology of running waters. University ofToronto Press, Toronto, Ont.

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Oglesby, R. T. 1977. Phytoplankton summer standing crop and annualproductivity as functions of phosphorus loading and various physicalfactors. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34:2255-2270.

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