shear wall expert

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Software Package

Design Expert version 2.3

Shear WallExpertDesign and detailing of reinforcedconcrete shear walls

User Manual

All rights reserved

2013


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Column Expert v 2.3/2013Design and detailing of reinforced concrete shear walls

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THE PROGRAM.......................................................................... 3 FILES ................................................................................................... 3

Open file .................................................................................................................. 3 Save file .................................................................................................................. 3

INPUT DATA ......................................................................................... 4 Working with tables .................................................................................................. 4 Materials data .......................................................................................................... 5 Material tables .......................................................................................................... 5 Geometrical data ...................................................................................................... 5

CROSS SECTIONS FOR CONFINED ZONES ............................................ 6 Load sections into the current project .......................................................................... 6 Assign sections to confined zones ............................................................................... 6 RC Sections Library ................................................................................................... 7

Import and remove sections .................................................................................. 8 Add a new section ................................................................................................ 8 Modify existing section .......................................................................................... 8 Delete a section ................................................................................................... 8 Filter .................................................................................................................. 8

Draw sections ........................................................................................................... 9 Settings .............................................................................................................. 9 Section shape and dimensions ............................................................................... 9 Main bars .......................................................................................................... 10 Shear links ........................................................................................................ 10 Section check .................................................................................................... 10 Detailing requirements to Eurocode 2 and Eurocode 8 ............................................ 11 Save section ...................................................................................................... 12

RESULTS ............................................................................................ 13 Elevation view and allign ......................................................................................... 13 Check for compliance with Eurocode 8 ....................................................................... 13 Detailing settings .................................................................................................... 13

Ductility class .................................................................................................... 13 Concrete cover .................................................................................................. 14 Detailing ........................................................................................................... 14 Drawing ............................................................................................................ 14 Bill of Materials .................................................................................................. 14 Drawing scale .................................................................................................... 14

Generation of reinforcement drawing ........................................................................ 14 Export to ZWCAD (AutoCAD) and other applications .................................................... 15

WORKING WITH DESIGN EXPERT CAD ............................................... 15 Commands ............................................................................................................ 15 Managing screen view ............................................................................................. 16

Zoom In............................................................................................................ 16 Zoom Out ......................................................................................................... 16 Zoom Window ................................................................................................... 16 Zoom All ........................................................................................................... 16 Pan .................................................................................................................. 16 Using a wheel mouse .......................................................................................... 17 Coordinate input ................................................................................................ 17

Select and deselect objects ...................................................................................... 17 Single click ........................................................................................................ 17 Select by window ............................................................................................... 17 Select all ........................................................................................................... 18


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Deselect all ....................................................................................................... 18 Modify objects ........................................................................................................ 18

Delete .............................................................................................................. 18 Move ................................................................................................................ 18 Rotate .............................................................................................................. 18 Scale ................................................................................................................ 18 Mirror ............................................................................................................... 18 Stretch ............................................................................................................. 18

Copy ..................................................................................................................... 19 Method of transformation .................................................................................... 19 Number of repetitions ......................................................................................... 19 Pick points ........................................................................................................ 19

Print graphics ......................................................................................................... 19 Copy graphics to other applications ........................................................................... 19

About the programShear Wall Expert is created for design and detailing of reinforced concrete shear walls inbuildings. Wall lengths, storey heights and slabs thicknesses are filled in tabular form.Geometry and reinforcement for confined zones are entered using the powerful cross sectioneditor, similar to Column Expert. You can enter arbitrary concrete shapes, locations of barsand shear links. Cross sections are stored in library and can be reused later. Checks forcompliance with Eurocode detailing rules can be performed. Detailed drawing of the whaleshear wall with views and sections is generated automatically. Drawing is created in DesignExpert own embedded CAD environment and can be saved as ZWCAD (AutoCAD) command file(script) or directly transferred to ZWCAD (AutoCAD).

Files

Input data for each project is saved in a file with extension *. sha . Design output is written toa *. sha.html file in HTML format.

Open file

Opening of a *. sha file is performed by the button. A standard dialog is displayed. Selector write down file name and path and click " Open ".

Save file

Saving a file to disc is performed by the button. A standard dialog appears where youshould enter file path and name. If file already exists, you can overwrite it or specify different

name. To save a file with different name select " Save As... " submenu.


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Input data

Working with tables

Most of the input data is filled in tables. The following commands are used with tables:

- add a row press the Ins key or the Up button or when you go to the last column pressEnter to open a new row;

- delete a row press Backspace or Down button. Some tables have a fixed size and you

cannot add or delete rows;

- move the focus with a single cell use keyboard arrows , , , ;

- move the focus to the first or last row press Page Up , Page Down , Home , End ;

- edit cell contents press F2 or just start writing an input box is opened in the current cell

- end of cell edit press Enter or arrow the new data is saved to the cell;

- cancel of cell edit press Esc existing data remains in the cell;

- delete cell contents select single or multiple cells and press Del ;

- area selection - use Shift + arrows ( Page Up , Page Down , Home , End ) or press left mouse

button over the first corner, drag to the opposite corner and release the button. You can alsoclick the first corner, hold shift key and click the second corner;


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- S 1 , S 2 numbers of cross sections, for the left and right confined zones, respectively.First, you need to create the sections using the cross section editor or insertthem from the section library. See Cross section for confined zones bellow.Sections are collected in a list on the left side. Values S1 and S2 in the tableshould correspond to sections in the list.

- v , S v diameter [mm] and spacing [cm] of vertical bars for the web mesh;

- h , S h diameter [mm] and spacing [cm] of horizontal bars for the web mesh.

- H pl slab thickness.

You can easily copy data from one row to others by pressing Ctrl+C and Ctrl+V.

Cross Sections for confined zones

Load sections into the current project

Before you draw the shear wall, you need to load or create thecross sections you will be working with. You should also assignthe cross section numbers to each column on each floor.

Sections can be loaded from the RC Sections Library to the Sections list on the left by clicking the button. If a sectioncannot be found in the library, then click the " New " button. Adialog will appear where you can draw the new section. You needto save the section to a file in order to add it to the list. The"Open " button opens the selected section from the list forediting. The " Remove " button removes the selected sections

from the list, but does not delete them from the library. Numbersreferencing the removed sections in the table are removed aswell and higher section numbers are automatically decreased.

You can select sections in the list by clicking the left mousebutton or by using arrows keys. Hold Shift or Ctrl key to selectmore than one section. Picture of the current section is displayedbelow the list. Each section receives a number. The followingdata is also displayed for information:

Ab concrete area [cm 2 ];

As main reinforcement area [cm 2];

% reinforcement ratio;

N section capacity for compression N = AbRb + AsRsc [ kN].

Section capacity is provided for information only.

Assign sections to confined zones

Sections are assigned to the confined zones by filling their numbers into "S1" and "S2"columns in the Dimensions table. You can assign a section to multiple storeys as follows:

1. Select a range of cells in the table.

2. Select a section in the list.


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3. Click the button.

You can also double click on the section instead 2 and 3.

RC Sections Library

With this program you can build a library, containing detailed drawings of cross sections withdifferent dimensions and reinforcements, which can be used later on. Each time you create asection it is saved in the library and can be used multiple times in the future.

You can open the library by clicking the button above the section list in the main window.

All sections in the library are loaded into the left panel. Selected sections for the currentproject are listed in the right panel. If you click a section with the mouse you will see a picturebellow.


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Import and remove sections

You can select only those sections that you need for the current project. This will make yourfurther work easier by handling smaller amount of information. You should select the requiredsections in the left panel Section Library and transfer them to the right panel ImportedSections . You can either drag them with the left mouse button or click the Import button. You can import all sections in once by using the All button.

You can remove all unnecessary section from the imported list by transferring them back fromright to left panel with the mouse or by Remove and All buttons.

You can use the filter option to find sections more easily. Select criteria and set from and to margins. Press On . Only sections that satisfy all criteria will remain in the list

Add a new section

Press the New button. The Design Expert CAD window is displayed, where you canenter or draw section dimensions and reinforcement. When you finish you should save thesection to a file in order to add it to the library.

Modify existing section

Select a section to be modified and click the Open button. Selected section is opened inthe Design Expert CAD window, where you can modify section dimensions andreinforcement and save it.

Delete a section

Select sections to be deleted and click the Delete button. You will be prompted toconfirm and then sections will be permanently deleted from the hard disc.

Filter

With the filter option you can view only those sections that satisfy the specified criteria:

- B section width [cm];

- H section height [cm];

- bars number of bars;

- diameter of bars [mm];

- mu reinforcement ratio [%].

You should set bottom and top margins for each criterion and press On to apply the filter. Ifyou want to change the criteria press Off , make your changes and then press back On .Press Off to deactivate the filter.


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Draw sections

Settings

With the " Settings " button you can open a dialog where you can enter the ductility class(DCL, DCM or DCH) and concrete cover to main (bars) and shear reinforcement (links).Requirements of design codes are built into the program. If ductility class is DCL then non-seismic code requirements are applied (Eurocode 2). If it is DCM or DCH, seismic coderequirements are applied (Eurocode 8). Concrete cover applies to current and future sections

only. Existing sections are not affected.

Section shape and dimensions

Select section shape by the toolbar ( , , , , or - general), enter dimensions asshown on the respective picture and click the Enter button. Dimensions for different shapesare displayed bellow:

General sections can be entered in two ways tabular or graphical.


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Tabular enter coordinates for outline points and click the Enter button. If the automatic option is checked main bars and shear links are automatically created as well.

Graphical click the button and draw the section by pointing with the mouse. (see Working with graphical environment... ). Click with the right mouse button to finish.

You can also import a section directly from a ZWCAD/ AutoCAD drawing by using thebutton. The section should be drawn as closed polyline. You will be prompted to click thesection in the current drawing in ZWCAD (AutoCAD).

Main bars

Enter diameter and coordinates of bars centers. All bars in a section have the same diameter.There are two ways to enter bars data:

Tabular select bars count and enter coordinates into the table. When you change the count,bars are automatically arranged uniformly along the perimeter for rectangular and circularsections.

Graphical click the " Draw " button. Enter positions of bars by clicking with the left mousebutton in the drawing. Click with the right button to finish. Concrete cover is maintainedautomatically. If you click closer to concrete edge, bars are moved inside at the requireddistance depending on the concrete cover. That is how you can snap to concrete edge and thenget your bars inside the concrete.

Shear links

You should specify the numbers of those bars that are located at link corners (P1 - P4). Youcan have 2 to 4 bars for each link.

You can fill the numbers in the respective columns it the table. Current link is updated on thedrawing with each input. Links can be opened or closed. For a closed link, last column Cshould contain the starting bar number.

You can draw the link with the " Draw " button. Click near to corner bars consequently.Input is finished when you select four bars or click with the right button. Then you areprompted to close the link. Answer Yes for closed or "No " for opened link. Then link is drawnautomatically with all required bends and hooks.

Section check

You can check if the section complies with code requirements for the specified ductility class.Program verifies section dimensions, reinforcement ratio, bars spacing (minimum andmaximum), spacing between link bends, minimum diameters for bars and links, concrete coveretc.


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Detailing requirements to Eurocode 2 and Eurocode 8

Detailing parameters, used for the automated detailing of shear walls are listed in the tablebelow. References to the corresponding sections in Eurocode are provided in brackets.

Wall dimensions DCM DCH

Minimum width Bw,min 150 mm or H s /20

( 5.4.1.2.3 (1) ) ( 5.5.1.2.3 (2) )

Minimum length/width ratio Lw / Bw,min 4

( 5.1.2 (1) )

Minimum critical zone height H cr,min Lw, H w /6

( 5.4.3.4.2 (1) ) ( 5.5.3.4.5 (1) )

Critical zone height not greater than H cr,max

6 storeys of less 2 Lw , H s more than 6 storeys 2 Lw, 2 H s

( 5.4.3.4.2 (1) ) ( 5.5.3.4.5 (1) )

Minimum length of confined zone Lc,min 0.15 Lw, 1.5 B w

( 5.4.3.4.2 (6) ) ( 5.5.3.4.5 (6) ) Minimum width of confined zone

Bc,min For Lc 2 B w Lc 0.2 L w 200 mm, H s /10For Lc < 2 B w Lc < 0.2 L w 200 mm, H s /15( 5.4.3.4.2 (10) ) ( 5.5.3.4.5 (8) )

Horizontal and vertical web mesh DCM DCH

Minimum reinforcement ratio w,min -0.002

( 5.5.3.4.5 (13) )

Maximum diameter d vh,min -8 mm

( 5.5.3.4.5 (13) )

Minimum clear spacing between bars a min 50 mmMaximum spacing between bar centers svh,max -

250 mm, 25 d vh ( 5.5.3.4.5 (15) )

Maximum bar diameter d vh,max - Bwo /8

( 5.5.3.4.5 (14) )

Maximum spacing between S-shaped links d S,max 500 mm

( 5.5.3.4.5 (14) )

Longitudinal reinforcement in confined zone DCM DCH

Minimum diameter d bL,min 12 mm

Minimum reinforcement ratio min 0.005( 5.4.3.4.2 (8) )

Maximum reinforcement ratio max 0.04

Minimum clear spacing between bars a min 50 mm

Maximum spacing between bar centers a L,max 200 mm 200 cm

Maximum spacing between legs of shear links a h,max 200 mm

( 5.4.3.4.2(10) ) 200 cm

( 5.5.3.4.5(8) )

Mandrel diameter for bending of bars d m For 16 mm - d m = 4 For >16 mm - d m = 7

Anchoring lengthl bd

f bd = 2.25 1 2 f ctd , l b,rqd = d L /4 sd / f bd l bd = 1 2 3 4 5 l b,rqd > l b.min

l b.min = max{0.6 l b,rqd ,10 d L , 10 cm}


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Lapping lengthl 0

l 0 = 1 2 3 5 6 l b,rqd , 6 = 1.5 forlapping more than 50% of bars

Shear reinforcement in confined zones DCM DCH

Minimum diameter d w,min 6 mm

( 5.4.3.4.2 (9))( 5.4.3.2.2 (11) )

6 mm0.4 d bL( f ydL / f ydw ) 1/2

( 5.5.3.4.5 (10) ) ( 5.5.3.2.2 (12) )

Maximum spacing between shear links centers

scr,max

bo /28 d bL

175 mm( 5.4.3.4.2(9) )

bo /36 d bL

125 mm( 5.5.3.2.2(10) )

Maximum spacing along bar lapping length s l,max

bc /4, 100 mm(5.6.3 (3) )

Area of one leg across bar lapping length Ast

s d bL /50 f ydL / f ydw (5.6.3 (4) )

Anchoring length inside the concrete l bw 10 d bw

List of symbols:

H s clear storey height;

H w total height of the shear wall;

Lw total length of the shear wall in plan;

Bw web thickness;

Bc confined zone width;

Bc confined zone width;

d vh diameter of horizontal (v) and vertical (h) mesh;

Bwo thickness of confined concrete core along web;

d bL diameter of longitudinal reinforcement;

f ydL design yield strength of longitudinal reinforcement;

f ydw design yield strength of shear reinforcement;

bo width of confined concrete core in the end zones;

d b w diameter of shear links.

Save section

You should save the section in order to useit further. Click the button. A dialog isdisplayed with general information aboutthe section and results from codecompliance checks. Enter section nameonly without path. Name is recommendedto include information about shape,dimensions and reinforcement count anddiameter.


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Results

Elevation view and allign

Next step after selection of sections is to review the geometry and align the shear wall in

height. Click the button. Graphical window is activated and elevations are drawn includingdimensions and floor levels. Wall sections at different stories are aligned at centers alongbuilding height.

Sections can be shifted left or right at each storey by using the respective grips. Select a gripand drag it to the new location using the mouse. You can also move multiple grips at a timeusing the Move command. Eccentricity relative to the original position is displayed in thedrawing.

Check for compliance with Eurocode 8

Sections for confined zones can be checked immediately after drawing in Cross section editor.

That allows you to build a library with "checked" sections that can be used multiple times.Additional checks for shear wall dimensions and mesh reinforcement are performed just beforedrawing, after you press the button.

Detailing settings

There are various settings including reinforcement detailing rules, drawing type and scale, etc.The Settings dialog is displayed using the button. Detailed descriptions of all settings areprovided bellow.

Ductility class

Different requirements to reinforcement detailing are applied depending on specified ductilityclass (s ee Detailing requirements above):


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DCL low ductility;

DCM medium ductility;

DCH high ductility.

If you select DCL then non-seismic code requirements are applied (Eurocode 2). If ductilityclass is DCM or DCH, seismic code requirements are applied (Eurocode 8).

Concrete cover

This setting is applied only for drawing of new sections. Existing sections do not changeautomatically. Clear distance from surface of main reinforcement to concrete edge is taken tobe the greater value of:

- specified concrete cover to bars or

- concrete cover to links + links diameter.

Detailing

You can select whether main bars are be straight or shifted at top to allow barson the upper storey to fit easily.

Regardless this option, when a bar goes out of the column on the upper storey, it is shifted tofit inside the column. This is controlled by the Maximum shift setting. Bars that should bebended more than maximum shift will not continue to the upper storey. If there are upper barsthat are cannot by lapped with lower bars, additional short starters are provided in the lowercolumn.

You can overwrite default link spacing and lap lengths. No condensation means no denserlink spacing in critical zones. All links will have the same spacing along the column.

Drawing

Bars dimensions and total lengths are rounded to the numbers specified in Rounding section. You can also select external CAD (ZWCAD or AutoCAD ) to export to.

Bill of Materials

Bending schedule includes detailed dimensions, total count, length and unit and total weightfor each bar mark.

Bill of quantities includes reinforcement weight (kg) for each diameter and total, concretevolume (m 3) and area of formwork (m 2).

Drawing scale

Separate scale factors can be entered for main views and sections. Text size is specified fortext after printing. Actual height of letters in the drawing is calculated using the scale factor.

Generation of reinforcement drawing

Click the button to generate the reinforcement drawing. Button is enabled only when youare in Shear Wall Drawing . The Settings dialog is displayed first. Click Save if youhave changed some settings and would like to apply them or click Exit otherwise.Reinforcement drawing is generated automatically based on the input data. Main bar arelabeled as (01, 02 etc.) and shear links are labeled as (101, 102 etc.). Lengths and counts arecalculated automatically for all marks. Code requirements are applied to the reinforcement


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detailing. Drawing is created into the embedded Design Expert CAD environment. You canmodify the drawing if you unlock it with the button and use the respective commands.

Export to ZWCAD (AutoCAD) and other applications

Click the button to export the drawing to ZWCAD/AutoCAD. Version 2011 or higher issupported for ZWCAD and 2000 or higher is supported AutoCAD. If ZWCAD/AutoCAD is openedthen drawing is sent to the active document. If it is not opened then new session is startedautomatically.

Drawing is made from lines, polylines, texts, dimension lines, circles and solid hatches. Thereare no blocks or other complex objects and drawing can be easily edited. In order to achievebetter results set "Text Placement" to be "Over the Dimension Line, Without a Leader" in theproperties of the current dimension. Objects are distributed in layers such as AXES, CONC,

BARS, "SEC, TEXT etc.

You can export a script file with all commands necessary for drawing the beam with the

"Save script file *.scr " submenu. Script can be loaded into ZWCAD/AutoCAD with the SCRIPT command or "Tools \Run Script..." menu. Export to other CAD systems can bedeveloped on request. You can also export the drawing as bitmap or metafile to otherapplications through system clipboard.

Working with Design Expert CADVersion 2.3 of Design Expert includes embedded graphical environment with a lot ofcommands to review, edit and print drawings.

Commands

Each command can be activated by typing its full name or some of the aliases into thecommand line or by the respective button in the toolbar. Descriptions of all graphicalenvironment commands are provided in the following table:

Command Alias DescriptionCOPYBMP CB Copies drawing to Clipboard as Bitmap

COPYMETAFILE CM Copies drawing to Clipboard as Metafile

DELETE E, D, DEL Deletes selected objects

DESELECTALL DE, DESEL Deselects all objects

DISTANCE DI, DIST Measures distances

GRID GR Turns grid on/off

MIRROR MI Mirrors objects in the drawingMOVE M, MO Moves objects in the drawing

ORTHO OR Turns orthogonal drawing on/offOSNAP OS Turns snap to points on/off the

PRINT PR, PRN Prints current drawing display

REDO RE Restores last command

REDRAW RD Redraws the screen

REPLICATE CP, CO, COPY Copies objects in the drawing

ROTATE RO Rotates objects in the drawing

RTPAN PA, PAN Moves the screen view

SCALE SC Scales objects in the drawingSELECT SE, SEL, READY Enters select mode


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SELECTALL A, ALL, SELALL Selects all objects

SNAP SN Turns coordinate snap on/off

UNDO U Undoes last command

ZOOMIN ZI, Z+ Increases screen view

ZOOMLIMITS ZL, ZA, ZE Increases screen view to fit all objects in the drawing

ZOOMOUT ZO, Z- Decreases screen view

ZOOMWINDOW ZW Increases screen view to fit the selected window

The following commands are available only in section drawing window:

Command Alias DescriptionACAD Transfers the drawing into ZWCAD (AutoCAD)

BAR B Draws main bars

CHECK Checks design code requirements for the section

EXIT E, X, EX Ends current drawing session

HELP Displays user manual

LINK L Draws shear links

NEW N Opens a new file

OPTIONS OP, OPT Displays settings dialog

QUIT Q Same as EXIT

SAVE S, SA, SAV Saves a file to disc

SECTION SE, SEC Draws section outline

Managing screen view

All objects in the drawing are defined by their coordinates in Cartesian coordinate system ,

which is projected on the screen in certain scale. This view can be scaled and moved using thefollowing commands:

Zoom In

Press the button. Screen view scale is increased by 25%.

Zoom Out

Press the button. Screen view scale is decreased by 25%.

Zoom Window

Press the button. Click with left mouse button. Move the cursor to create a rectangle aroundthe area you want to zoom and click again. The image is zoomed to fit the selected area intothe screen.

Zoom All

Press the button. This command scales and centers the view to fit all objects into theprogram window.

Pan

Click the button. Enter first point, move the cursor at the desired direction and enter secondpoint. Screen view is moved at the direction and distance, defined by the vector between thetwo points.


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Using a wheel mouse

If you have a wheel mouse with three buttons you can pan and zoom without the abovecommands. Click and hold the middle button, move the mouse and release the button to panthe screen view. Roll the wheel forward and backward to zoom in and zoom out the screenview, respectively.

Coordinate input

All objects in the drawing are defined in O XY coordinate system, projected to the screen. Somecommands require entering of point coordinates. There are two ways to enter pointcoordinates:

1. By clicking with the left mouse button at the preferred point. Current cursor coordinates aredisplayed in status bar when moving the mouse. Precision tools Snap , OSnap can help youto snap the cursor to the grid or to existing points in the drawing. The Ortho option canrestrain the cursor movement to horizontal or vertical line. When precision tools are turned offthen a mouse click produces inaccurate coordinates depending on the current view scale.

2. By typing the coordinates from the keyboard. Write coordinates in the command line andpress Enter . It is not necessary to click into the command line first. It is activatedautomatically when you press the first key. The following formats are allowed:

Name Format Example Description

Absolute X ; Y 10,5;15 Absolute coord inates in coordinate system.

Relative _ ; _25;35 Relative distances "25" and "35" along and from the last entered point.

Polar < ; L


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Select all

Click the button or press Ctrl+A . You will select all objects, except those which are inlocked layers.

Deselect all

Click the button or press Ctrl+D or sc . All selected objects will be deselected. To deselecta single object, click on it with right mouse button. The Undo command undoes the lastselection.

Modify objects

Delete

Removes all selected objects from both memory and screen. In case of error objects can berestored using the Undo command immediately after that. Delete command is started by

the button or Del key.

Move

Moves the selected objects along the specified translation vector. Command is performed inthe following sequence: 1) Select objects. 2) Press the button. 3) Pick the coordinates ofthe first and the second point of the translation vector.

Rotate

Rotates the selected objects around the specified centre and angle of rotation. You arerequired to enter two points. The first point defines the rotation centre and the second one isfor the angle. Angle is measured from the positive X axis towards the vector defined by thepoints. Command is performed in the following sequence: 1) Select objects. 2) Press thebutton. 3) Enter first and second point.

Scale

Scales the selected objects with a specified factor. This command requires two points: The firstone is for the base point and the second one defines the scale factor. Command is performedin the following order sequence: 1) Select objects. 2) Press the button. 3) Enter first andsecond point.

Mirror

Mirrors the selected objects about a line, defined by two points. Command is performed in thefollowing order: 1) Select objects. 2) Press the button. 3) Enter first and second point.

Stretch

Geometric objects can be modified by stretching their grip points. Select the object first. Clickwith left button on the desired point to catch it . Move the cursor to the new position and clickagain to release it. Stretching a centre of a circle moves the circle, and stretching points at 0 ,90, 180, 270 changes the radius. If you had picked a point and you want to release it,press Esc or rig ht mouse button.


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Copy

Creates multiple copies of the selected objects. Command is started with the button. The Copy dialog appears where you have to define the following parameters:

Method of transformationThe coordinates of the copied objects are calculated from the coordinates of the source objectsthrough the preferred transformation as follows:

- translation ; - rotation ; - copy ; - mirror .

Number of repetitions

Objects can be copied multiple times as specified.

Pick points

The Copy dialog disappears and the user is prompted to enter two points that define thetransformation parameters (vector of translation, angle of rotation etc.) If the First-Second option is selected, these points define the position of the second object relative to the first andthe others are located after it. If the option First-Last is selected, these points define theposition of the last object relative to the first and the others are located between them.

Print graphics

Current screen view can be printed with the button. A dialog box for selection of printer andpaper format is displayed. Press " Start " to send the drawing directly to the printer. Only partof the drawing which is visible in the program window is printed.

Copy graphics to other applicationsThe drawing can be copied to the Clipboard and then pasted to a CAD program or text editor(e.g. Word ) and printed. Only part of the drawing which is visible in the program window iscopied. Two formats are supported:

- Raster ( Bitmap ) Command name is " COPYBITMAP ". Data for the color of each pixel inthe image is stored. Image quality decreases when image is resized. Image can be openedwith MS Paint .

- Vector ( Metafile ) Command name is " COPYMETAFILE ". Coordinates of geometricalobjects and their equations are stored. Pixels are calculated each time, when the image isdisplayed on screen. In that case the image can be resized without affecting the quality. Whenimage contains a lot of objects it gets heavier and raster format is preferable. It can be pastedto other programs in two formats - Metafile and Enhanced Metafile . The second one isrecommended. The program MS Word converts it to Word Picture after insertion. If you tryto edit the picture, it is possible to damage it.

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