shaun kennedy · 2016-04-29 · shaun kennedy friday, 16 october 2015 what is biofiltration?...
TRANSCRIPT
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Plant species selection stormwater biofilters & wetlands For amenity & resilience
Shaun Kennedy
Friday, 16 October 2015
What is Biofiltration?
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Stormwater runoff
delivered into
biofilter
Temporary
ponding
Infi
ltra
tio
n
Physical,
chemical and
biological
treatment
processes
Attenuation
of flow and
volume
Discharge downstream,
collection for re-use or
exfiltration into
surrounding soils
CRCWSC Adoption Guidelines
Version 2 October 2015
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Why Biofiltration?
• Healthy streams – Efficient at nutrient retention
– Rich in biodiversity
– High intrinsic value
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Why Biofiltration?
• Most urban streams are degraded e.g. ‘Urban Stream Syndrome’ – Walsh et al. 2005
Internationally – King et al. 2011
• There are multiple stream ‘stressors’
• Altered hydrology is a big one – (e.g. Burns et al., 2012)
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Sometimes it rains…
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Why Biofiltration?
• Planning level: towards hydrological regime >> closer to pre-development
• Local level: Green space, urban biodiversity, amenity, reduced heat island
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What is Biofiltration?
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Stormwater runoff
delivered into
biofilter
Temporary
ponding
Infi
ltra
tio
n
Physical,
chemical and
biological
treatment
processes
Attenuation
of flow and
volume
Discharge downstream,
collection for re-use or
exfiltration into
surrounding soils
CRCWSC Adoption Guidelines
Version 2 October 2015
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Examples
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Examples
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Examples
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Examples
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Examples
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Plant selection
CRCWSC Adoption Guidelines Table 14 – Detailed Considerations • Root characteristics • Survival
– sandy medium, low OM, withstand prolonged drying with intermittent inundation
• Site specific characteristics – i.e. assess site and use a functional design approach – Underlying soil type, catchment size, WQ, aspect/micro-climate, streetscape
interactions
• Hydraulic gradient • Resilience = Diversity • Plant forms (clumping vs spreading) • Aesthetics
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Mulch
• Organic mulch not recommended
• Gravel mulch restricts – plant spread,
– heat stress,
– impedes removal of accumulated sediments
• Answer: Use high planting density
>> But what should we plant?
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DRAFT – in development
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Nitrogen removal
Objective Effective Medium or Mixed performance with
different conditions
Poorer performers
Nitrogen
removal
Baumea juncea
Baumea rubiginosa
Carex appressa
Carex tereticaulis
Ficinia nodosa
Goodenia ovata
Juncus amabilis
Juncus flavidus
Juncus pallidus
Juncus subsecundus
Melaleuca ericifolia
Melaleuca incana
Melaleuca lateritia
Medium
Poa labillardieri
Poa sieberiana
Sporobolus virginicus
Effective in wet/ poorer in dry
Allocasurina littoralis
Cyperus gymnocaulos
Juncus kraussii
Leptospermum continentale
Effective in dry/poorer in wet
Poa poiformis
Acacia suaveolens
Astartea scoparia
Austrodanthonia caespitosa
Banksia marginata
Dianella revoluta
Dianella tasmanica
Gahnia trifida
Gahnia sieberiana
Hakea laurina
Hypocalymma angustifolium
Leucophyta brownii
Lomandra longifolia
Microlaena stipoides
Pomaderris paniculosa
Rytidosperma caespitosum
Pathogen
removal
Carex appressa
Leptospermum continentale
Melaleuca incana
Palmetto buffalo
Dianella tasmanica
Poa labillardieri
Sporobolus virginicus
Infiltration
capacity
Melaleuca incana
Melaleuca ericifolia
Iron removal Carex appressa
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Table 4. List of known plant species tested for their performance in stormwater biofilters (Chandrasena et al., 2014; Feng et al., 2012; Le Coustumer et al., 2012; Oversby, 2014; Read et al., 2008)
CRCWSC Adoption Guidelines
Version 2 October 2015
Pre-European Vegetation of Adelaide
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DEWNR
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Red Gum Flat – Belair NP
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Remnants (Relics) – Happy Valley
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Pre-European Vegetation
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DEWNR
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Intact Native Grasslands in SE Australia
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Intact Native Grasslands in SE Australia
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Intact Native Grasslands in SE Australia
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Intact Native Grasslands in SE Australia
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Topperwein NFR, near Nangwarry
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Adelaide MLR Region – applicable species
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Preferred Position:
I = Requires seasonal inundation to survive
T = Terrestrial plant that can tolerate inundation
Current availability:
Ra = Rare
Av = Available from indigenous plant growers
Plant forms:
• Clumping Sedges
• Spreading Sedges
• Mat-forming
• Herbs
• Seasonal colour
• Trees & Shrubs
Adelaide MLR Region – Clumping sedges
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Species Effective nitrogen removal Water dependency
Baumea articulata Yes I +
Baumea juncea Yes I +
Baumea rubiginosa Yes I +
Carex appressa Yes I +
Carex tereticaulis Yes I
Juncus krausii Yes I
Juncus pallidus Yes I
Juncus subsecundus Yes I
Cyperus gymnocaulos Yes I
Ficinia nodosa Yes I / T
Gahnia filum No / Unknown I / T
Preferred Position:
I = Requires seasonal inundation to survive
T = Terrestrial plant that can tolerate inundation
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Adelaide MLR Region
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Preferred Position:
I = Requires seasonal inundation to survive
T = Terrestrial plant that can tolerate inundation
Current availability:
Ra = Rare
Av = Available from indigenous plant growers
Plant forms:
• Clumping Sedges
• Spreading Sedges
• Mat-forming
• Herbs
• Seasonal colour
• Trees & Shrubs
Adelaide MLR Region – Spreading sedges
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Carex inversa var. inversa T / I Ra
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Adelaide MLR Region – Spreading sedges
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Carex inversa var. inversa
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Inlet
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Inlet -2
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The Value of spreading plants
DENSITY plants/m2 6 8 12
spacing (m) 0.41 0.35 0.29
Scenario:
total rain garden area (m2) 1000 1000 1000
plants required 6000 8000 12000
cost / unit supply & install $4 $4 $4
$24,000 $32,000 $48,000
difference $8,000 $16,000
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“Dense planting is strongly recommended in biofilters to enhance
water treatment and reduce the occurrence of weeds and erosion.” – CRCWSC Adoption Guidelines 2015
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Chorizandra enodis T / I Ra
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Adelaide MLR Region
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Chorizandra enodis T / I Ra
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Adelaide MLR Region – Spreading sedges
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Chorizandra enodis
Adelaide MLR Region – applicable species
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Preferred Position:
I = Requires seasonal inundation to survive
T = Terrestrial plant that can tolerate inundation
Current availability:
Ra = Rare
Av = Available from indigenous plant growers
Plant forms:
• Clumping Sedges
• Spreading Sedges
• Mat-forming
• Herbs
• Seasonal colour
• Trees & Shrubs
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Adelaide MLR Region – Mat-forming
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Mimulus repens T / I Av
Adelaide MLR Region – Mat-forming
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Mimulus repens T / I Av
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Adelaide MLR Region – Mat-forming
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Selliera radicans T / I Av
Adelaide MLR Region – Mat-forming
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Montia fontana I Ra
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Adelaide MLR Region – useful species plants
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Preferred Position:
I = Requires seasonal inundation to survive
T = Terrestrial plant that can tolerate inundation
Current availability:
Ra = Rare
Av = Available from indigenous plant growers
Plant forms:
• Clumping Sedges
• Spreading Sedges
• Mat-forming
• Herbs
• Seasonal colour
• Trees & Shrubs
Adelaide MLR Region – Herbs
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Glycine tabacina T Ra
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Adelaide MLR Region – Herbs
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Mentha diemenica T Ra
Adelaide MLR Region – Herbs
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Mentha satureioides T/ I Ra
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Adelaide MLR Region – Seasonal Colour
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Brachyscome graminea T/I Ra
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Calocephalus citreus T Av
Adelaide MLR Region – Seasonal Colour
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Coronidium gunnianum BT/ I Ra
Adelaide MLR Region – Seasonal Colour
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Microceris lanceolata T Av
Adelaide MLR Region – Seasonal Colour
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Pauridia vaginata var. vaginata I Ra
Adelaide MLR Region – Seasonal Colour
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Ranunculus papulentus T/ I Ra
Adelaide MLR Region – Seasonal Colour
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Ranunculus lappaceus T Av
Adelaide MLR Region – Seasonal Colour
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Wahlenbergia luteola T Av
Adelaide MLR Region – Seasonal Colour
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Wahlenbergia luteola - Robsart St Parkside, City of Unley
Adelaide MLR Region – Seasonal Colour
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Patersonia occidentalis T / I Av
Adelaide MLR Region – Seasonal Colour
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Xerochrysum bracteatum T Av
Adelaide MLR Region – Seasonal Colour
Adelaide MLR Region – Shrubs
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Goodenia ovata T Av
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Adelaide MLR Region – Shrubs
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Goodenia ovata T Av
Adelaide MLR Region – Trees
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Acacia melanoxylon T Av
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Trees, Shrubs & Grasses
Trees: • Pittosporum angustifolium • Melaleuca lanceolata • Eucalyptus cosmophylla • Exocarpos cupressiformis Tall shrubs: • Bursaria spinosa • Callistemon rugulosus • Callistemon sieberi • Banksia marginata
Native Grasses: • Poa labillardieri • Poa poiformis • Microlaena stipoides • Rytidosperma sp. (13 Adelaide species)
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Seed production
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Seed production
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Seed production
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Seed production
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Seed production
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Seed production – Greening Australia NSW
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Seed production – Dr. Paul Gibson-Roy, Greening Australia, NSW
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Time lapse Photos
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SA Water Noarlunga Downs Wetland
Time lapse Photos
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Time lapse Photos
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Time lapse Photos
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Time lapse Photos
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Time lapse Photos
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Time lapse Photos
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Plant images
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Native Plant Growers – Adelaide Metro Region
• http://www.naturalresources.sa.gov.au/adelaidemtloftyranges/plants-and-animals/native-plants-animals-and-biodiversity/urban-biodiversity
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Questions??
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