sharp park under siege bo links and richard harris mackenzie’s...

Sharp Park Under Siege – Bo Links and Richard Harris

Content by Bo Links and Richard Harris (http://www.sfpublicgolf.com/) Originally posted at Golf Club Atlas (http://www.golfclubatlas.com/in-my-opinion/sharp-park/) Printed from www.persimmongolftoday.org

MacKenzie’s Sharp Park

Under Siege

A classic Depression-Era

public seaside links, designed

by a master, is in jeopardy

by Bo Links and Richard Harris

Sharp Park, located on Salada Beach in the San Francisco coastside suburb of Pacifica, shares

the distinction with the Eden Course at St. Andrews, as the world’s only Alister MacKenzie-

designed, municipal seaside golf links. But this rare and beautiful golf gem, which opened in

1932, is today under relentless political attack by a tag-team of golf-skeptics and environmental

absolutists, who are demanding that the City of San Francisco plow the golf course under and

replace it with a wetlands restoration project.

To save this important golf legacy, the national and international golf communities will have to

rise to the occasion.



MacKenzie transformed these dunes into...

A Great Walk, Endangered

At the same time San Francisco is preparing to host the 2009 President’s Cup in October at

another great public course (Harding Park), the city’s Board of Supervisors have directed the

Recreation and Park Department to study the alternative possibilities of (1) closing Sharp Park,

(2) reducing it to 9 holes, or (3) preserving and modifying the 18-hole course to create new

habitat for threatened frog and snake species which now share the property with the golfers.

To avert the international limelight of President’s Cup media coverage, officials at Rec and Park

are waiting “ until after the President’s Cup press bus rolls out of town “ before they make the

study public.



In the meantime, Bay Area golf enthusiasts, historic preservationists, including the Washington,

D.C.-based cultural Landscape Foundation[1], and others who treasure Sharp Park, including

Pacifica Mayor Julie Lancelle, are fighting to rescue Dr. MacKenzie’s muni masterpiece. As of

this writing, the battle for Sharp Park has been joined. The outcome “ with implications for

golfers and golf courses everywhere “ hangs in the balance.

How in the world did we get to this point? And what can be done about it?

... one of America's great cultural landscapes.

The Gold Rush, A Gift, and The Making of Sharp Park

Sharp Park Golf Course occupies approximately 120 acres of a 400 acre park “ most of it

forested wilderness “ bequeathed to the City of San Francisco in 1917 by the executors of the

estate of Honora Sharp, the widow of George Sharp, a prominent San Francisco attorney who

sailed around Cape Horn and arrived in San Francisco in 1849. He made a fortune during and

after the Gold Rush but dropped dead in a local courtroom while pleading a case in 1882. The

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gift from Mrs. Sharp’s estate is subject to the condition that the property will revert to the Sharp

family heirs unless it is used exclusively for a public playground or park.

Historic photographs show that before the golf course, the land was predominantly a barren and

deserted stretch of sand dunes surrounding the Laguna Salada (Spanish for salty lake), a brackish

lagoon located in an area designated on the 1892 US Geological Service topographic map as Salt

Valley.[2]

In 1930, when San Francisco’s two existing public courses at Lincoln Park and Harding Park

were oversubscribed with enthusiastic golfers, the man who created Golden Gate Park had a

brainstorm. Why not build a third course on the land that had been donated by Mrs. Sharp? So

John McLaren, the legendary steward of San Francisco open space and parkland, floated the idea

of a seaside public golf course at Sharp Park. McLaren’s handpicked architect, Dr. Alister

MacKenzie, was retained by unanimous vote of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors to build

the City’s third municipal course in the dunes at Salada Beach.

You will never see a more eclectic group of golfers anywhere.

MacKenzie was by then a Bay Area resident, with an office in Oakland, and a recent string of

Northern California architectural successes, including Cypress Point (1928), Pasatiempo (1929),




Claremont (Oakland, 1929, remodel) Lake Merced (Daly City, remodel 1928-29) California Golf

Club (South San Francisco, remodel 1928), and Meadow Club (Fairfax, 1926).

Dr. MacKenzie designed Sharp Park in 1930-31, leaving construction supervision to his partners

Chandler Egan (two-time U.S. Amateur champion, 1904 Olympic golf silver medalist, and

designer of a string of outstanding courses in Oregon and Washington) and Robert Hunter, both

of whom worked with MacKenzie when he remodeled Pebble Beach for the 1929 U.S. Amateur

Championship. They were joined by Jack Fleming, who had been the construction foreman at

Cypress Point.

The Good Doctor’s Golf Prescription: beauty, fun, accessibility and pleasurable excitement

Born in 1870 in Yorkshire, England, Alister MacKenzie received a medical education at

Cambridge, and served as a British Army surgeon in the Second Boer War in South Africa in the

1890s. He later quit the practice of medicine and went into partnership in turn-of-the-20th

-

century London with H.S. Colt the first-ever business dedicated solely to golf architecture.

One of the reasons why I, a medical man, decided to give up medicine and take to golf

architecture was my firm conviction of the extraordinary influence on health of pleasurable

excitement, especially when combined with fresh air and exercise, MacKenzie explained. How

frequently have I with great difficulty persuaded patients who were never off my doorstep to take

up golf, and how rarely, if ever, have I seen them in my consulting room since.[3]

As consulting architect at St. Andrews in the early 1920s, MacKenzie was the first to chart the

swales, hollows and pits which characterize the fairways of the Old Course. Golf in its early

days was always played on commons or links land which bordered the sea, MacKenzie

explained. The natural characteristics of this type of land made it easily the most suitable for the

game.[4]

Golfers the world over have come to know Dr. MacKenzie as one of history’s greatest golf

architects, whose courses circle the globe from New Zealand (Titirangi) to Australia (Royal

Melbourne and New South Wales) to Argentina (The Jockey Club) to England (Alwoodly and

Moortown), Ireland (Cork and Lahinch) and, of course, Scotland (Blairgowrie, and his work at

St. Andrews, including assisting H.S. Colt in designing the Eden Course).

MacKenzie in America

In the United States, Dr. MacKenzie worked primarily in the Midwest (where he built university

courses at the University of Michigan and Ohio State, and the great layout at Crystal Downs in

Northern Michigan) and California. Indeed, his final resting place is Santa Cruz, overlooking

Monterey Bay, 90 miles south of San Francisco, where his ashes were scattered at Pasatiempo,

the wonderful up-and-down course he built for Marion Hollins. Bobby Jones played Pasatiempo

on opening day in 1929 and it was that experience, as well as the fact that MacKenzie (working

again for Mrs. Hollins) had also recently designed the amazing new course at nearby Cypress

Point, that caused the game’s greatest amateur (and some say greatest player) to retain





MacKenzie to construct Jones’s dream course, Augusta National, on an abandoned nursery in

rural Georgia.

In 1920, MacKenzie published “Golf Architecture,” the first-ever book on the subject of golf

course design, in which he enumerated key principles of golf architecture, including:

The course should have beautiful surroundings [T]he course should be arranged so that the weaker player with the loss of a stroke, or portion

of a stroke, shall always have an alternate route open to him” “[T]here should be a complete absence of the annoyance and irritation caused by the necessity

of searching for lost balls” and “[T]he long handicap player or even the absolute beginner should be able to enjoy his round in

spite of the fact that he is piling up a big score.”[5]

Dr. MacKenzie was a devotee of natural beauty, and an artist in the tradition of Lancelot

Capability Brown, the 17th Century father of English naturalistic landscape design. The chief

object of every golf architect or greenkeeper worth his salt, MacKenzie said, “is to imitate the

beauties of nature so closely as to make his work indistinguishable from Nature herself.”[6]

“My reputation, he continued, has been based on the fact that I have endeavored to conserve the

existing natural features and, where these were lacking, to create formations in the spirit of

nature herself. In other words, while always keeping uppermost the provision of a splendid test

of golf, I have striven to achieve beauty . . . . This excellence of design is more felt than fully

realized by the players, but nevertheless it is constantly exercising a subconscious influence upon

him and in course of time he grows to admire such a course as all works of beauty must be

eventually felt and admired.”[7]

An ardent advocate of municipal golf, MacKenzie hope[d] to live to see the day when there are

the crowds of municipal courses, as in Scotland, cropping up all over the world. There can be no

possible reason against, and there is every reason in favor of, municipal courses.[8]

Unfortunately for public golfers, MacKenzie worked mostly for private developers, so very few

of his courses are publicly accessible. Most golfers only hear about MacKenzie’s greatness

when the world’s best play the Masters every April at Augusta National. Similarly, most

American golfers never get closer to a genuine seaside links than their couches and TV sets

every summer during the British Open.

The Miracle at Salada Beach

But for the past 77 years, lucky San Francisco muni players and visitors have had Sharp Park “

the Pacific Coast’s answer to North Berwick “ a place where a remarkably diverse golfing

clientele of all races, languages, social classes, and genders pull their carts, hit their shots, and

enjoy a beer and a sandwich in a charming 19th

hole pub, for a modest weekday greens fee under

$30. The Spanish hacienda-style clubhouse was a Works Progress Administration construction

project, designed by an associate of Willis Polk, who in turn was head of the San Francisco







office of Chicago-based master planner Daniel Burnham. In other words, when constructing

Sharp Park “ in the dark days of the Great Depression “ San Francisco went first-class all the

way.

The clubhouse at Sharp Park is a WPA classic.

As for the course design, Dr. MacKenzie made the most of the opportunity handed him by John

McLaren. Deploying state-of-the-art machinery and innovative engineering techniques, he

dredged the Laguna Salada, converting it from a brackish marsh into a fresh water lake, then set

about surrounding the lagoon with golf holes. Sharp Park incorporates MacKenzie’s prescription

that a golf course should be a place of surpassing natural beauty, and that the game should

foremost be a fun and healthful pastime, equally playable and enjoyable by persons of all

abilities.

At Sharp Park, MacKenzie combined features in one place that he had scattered over other

layouts. His original design included holes featuring multiple tees (Nos. 2, 5, and 14), double

fairways (Nos. 5 & 10), cross bunkering (No. 16), fairways in the sand dunes (Nos. 3 & 7) and

several holes bordering the inland lake (Nos. 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 and 11). There were tees on spits in

the water, and island landing areas. Two of the holes were clearly inspired by MacKenzie’s Lido



Hole which catapulted him to fame in 1914 when he won a design contest sponsored by Country

Life magazine.

Looking at Sharp Park is like viewing a John Constable painting of an English landscape.

The plans were drawn in 1930-31, and while MacKenzie was attending to business in Europe,

his colleague Chandler Egan supervised construction. Egan marveled at the site’s remarkable

seascape, prompting local reporters to refer to the course as a second St. Andrews. Everyone

associated with the project fully intended it to become the finest municipal golf course in

America.[9]

Indeed, local press reports analogized the effort to build Sharp Park as nothing less than an

attempt to bring a touch of Scottish coastland on the Pacific Shore. One report said the joint

effort of McLaren and MacKenzie would create a seaside municipal course of outstanding

character akin to those of the English and Scottish coasts.[10]

When the course opened for play on April 16, 1932 it played 6,173 yards to a par of 71. The

local press echoed Egan’s theme, noting that the course presented a thorough test of golf and a

perfect seaside layout. One report commented that [p]icuresque dunes and a lagoon or so dot the

landscape to add their charm and hazards to the golfer’s day.[11]






Modern architectural scholars have come to regard MacKenzie’s design at Sharp Park as one of

America’s greatest public courses. Daniel Wexler, America’s leading exponent of lost courses,

has lauded Sharp Park as a marvelous golf course, featuring seaside holes, two double fairways,

a large lake, and a cypress-dotted setting fairly reminiscent of Monterey. It was, in short, a

municipal masterpiece.[12] In a call for restoration, Wexler observed, after surveying hundreds

of public and private courses from coast to coast, that the original Sharp Park would have to

stand well out in front as America’s finest municipal golf links.[13]

Tom Doak, perhaps the country’s most noted authority on golf course renovation, has cited

Sharp Park as a milestone, evidencing an evolution in Dr. MacKenzie’s style even at the height

of his fame as the country’s most sought-after golf architect.[14]

One of today’s most prolific golf architecture critics, Geoff Shackelford, echoes these themes,

saying: Certainly no municipal-course design has ever come close to matching the overall

package of beauty and affordable links-style golf. [15]

MacKenzie himself, in his comprehensive (and long lost) manuscript, The Spirit of St. Andrews,

praised Sharp Park and San Francisco’s public golf facilities in general:

“The municipal courses in San Francisco are far superior to most municipal courses. The

newest, which we constructed at Sharp Park, was made on land reclaimed from the sea. The

course now has a great resemblance to real links land.” [16]








This sea wall protects the course from the ocean, which is only a wedge shot away. Two of

MacKenzie's original holes were right on the beach, but erosion and flooding forced the City to

move inland with the construction of four new holes in 1941.

Urban legend long had it that portions of the original course were washed away in the 1930s by

powerful winter storms. But in truth, the course weathered the storms until 1941, when the

original strand holes (Nos. 3 and 7) were replaced by an unreinforced sea wall, and four excellent

new holes were built by MacKenzie’s associate Jack Fleming, who by then had become San

Francisco’s supervisor of golf. The new holes were built (following MacKenzie’s death in 1934)

in a canyon east of the rest of the golf course, located on the other side of what was then state

Highway 1. (An aerial photograph taken in March 1941 shows the original course still intact; the

picture was taken just prior to the building of Fleming’s four new holes.)

Sharp Park Today

In 2009, twelve of Sharp Park’s current 18 holes are MacKenzie originals, and an additional two

holes lie in original fairways, but without original greens. While the course has seen trees

mature, traps grassed-in, a stream or two culverted, and withstood other relatively minor insults

of the golf course aging process, the unmistakable fact is that 14 of 18 holes track MacKenzie’s

original routing. A comparison of the present-day course with the original routing maps proves



the point, as do the hole-by-hole descriptions penned by Jack Fleming for one of the San

Francisco newspapers for the course opening in 1932.[17]

Those familiar with MacKenzie’s style will immediately recognize the Good Doctor’s trademark

heaving, tumbling greens at current holes 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, and 18. Fairway

undulations and mounds on current holes 1, 3, 9, 10, 14, and 16 mimic the famous fairway

bumps and hollows at the Old Course at St. Andrews. And the deception bunker 50 yards in

front at the right side of the current 14th

green is a classic bit of MacKenzie’s renowned use of

camouflage principles.

A walking tour of the current course not only reveals the original green contours and the

locations of original bunkers, but a detour through the ice-plant strewn sand dunes in the shadow

of the sea wall also reveals three of the lost holes abandoned in 1941 when the new holes were

built east of Highway 1.

The lost holes are there, waiting to be reclaimed!

Overarching the design details at Sharp Park is MacKenzie’s beautiful landscape architecture.

The Monterey Cypress that define several fairways[18] frame picturesque views of the

mountains and headlands surrounding the low-lying golf course. It is as if the Good Doctor had





set the fortunate golfer down in the middle of an early 19th

Century English romantic landscape

painting by John Constable.

This picture shows portions of the original 4th and 8th holes.

Although time and underfunded maintenance have taken the edge off many of the original

features, Sharp Park is still unmistakably a great golf course“ a MacKenzie classic, and an

American masterpiece. But it is more than that. Sharp Park incorporates Dr. MacKenzie’s faith

in the capacity of public golf to help enormously in increasing the health, the virility and the

prosperity of nations . . . .[19] It is a public golf companion piece to the Golden Gate Bridge: a

monumental engineering and artistic feat, created in the depths of the Great Depression by a

great artist, to inspire and uplift the public spirit.




This shot is in the vicinity of the original (and lost) fourth green. Are we standing in a

MacKenzie bunker?

In the throes of the Great Recession of the early 21st Century, the Good Doctor’s Golf

Prescription remains timely.

Who Would Want to Destroy Such a Place?

A golf course is real estate. Those who hold it eventually have to contend with those who covet

it. That time has arrived for Sharp Park.

The charge to destroy the golf course is lead by powerful forces, including the San Francisco

Neighborhood Parks Council, a public parks advocacy organization, funded partly by taxpayer

dollars, whose founder and spokeswomen Isabel Wade has publicly denigrated golf as

“predominantly a male sport and frankly … a white sport” and not a family-oriented sport that

you do with other folks.[20] Joining in the attack is the Tucson-based Center for Biological

Diversity, a controversial organization specializing in Endangered Species Act litigation, which

in September, 2008 issued a notice-of-intent-to-sue-letter to the City of San Francisco, alleging

depredations to the endangered San Francisco Garter Snake and California Red-legged Frog at

the golf course. The running drama of the CBD’s threats and its related campaign to turn the




golf course into a dedicated frog and snake preserve, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors

May, 2009 Ordinance directing study of development alternatives at Sharp Park, and the golf

communitys reaction, is described in detail in recent news reports.[21]

To be sure, the snake and frog are federally-listed, and are reputed to live in and about the ponds

on the golf course, and on land adjacent to the course. And for their part, the golfers and golf

course supporters think that golfers, snakes, frogs, and All God’s Creatures can live and let live

at Sharp Park, and that the creatures native habitat and the historic golf course can both be

dramatically improved, for he benefit of all.

But there is considerable irony here. The snake and frog are freshwater species, and historic

photos show that before the golf course, the area was mostly barren dunes surrounding the

brackish Laguna Salada. According to scientific studies, Laguna Salada prior to the golf course

was unlikely to have been home to either species, due to the high salt content of the water.[22]

And the first scientific records of the San Francisco Garter Snake at the property are studies

made in the mid-1940s[23]long after golf course irrigation and the construction of the first sea

wall in 1941 had changed Sharp Park’s hydrology from brackish to freshwater.

A west coast version of The Old Course.






So now the environmental absolutists campaign to drive the golfers off and close the very golf

course that attracted the frog and snake in the first place, strikes golfers as beyond common

sense, and beyond responsible science. It is Out of Bounds.

Reflections – And a Call to Action

Whether the golfers will be able to keep the course or whether it will be converted to a frog and

snake preserve are real political questions in San Francisco and in Pacifica.

Unless the golfing world stands up to demand preservation of Dr. MacKenzie’s historic seaside

public links, and unless money is raised within the golfing community to help preserve golf at

Sharp Park while at the same time enhancing natural habitat for the endangered species in and

about the property, this great work of golf’s greatest architect will be lost forever.

If a golf course with Sharp Park’s historic legacy and devoted multicultural clientele can be

destroyed by a combination of anti-golf prejudice and over-aggressive use of the Endangered

Species Act, no golf course is safe. For these reasons, the San Francisco Public Golf Alliance

solicits the support of golfers everywhere to save this municipal masterpiece.

For more information, contact either Bo Links ([email protected]) or Richard Harris

([email protected]) or go to our website (www.sfpublicgolf.com). Once there, sign up

for updates, make your voice heard, and contribute your support to the cause.

HOLE DESCRIPTIONS

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.sfpublicgolf.com/



As shown on this map of the original MacKenzie layout, 12 of the original holes are still in play.

A portion of another hole is in use, and remnants of several "lost holes" remain in the dunes west

of the lagoon.

Written by Jack Fleming

As published in the San Francisco Call-Bulletin, 1932

Hole 1 (current 11th

hole) – 409 yards – Par 4

A fairly long two shot hole slightly dog legged. No particular difficulties to a straight hitter.



This was the original opening hole, and a test at that: over 400 yards back in 1932.


hole, shortened to a 3-par) – 262 yards – Par 4



This hole original was a short par 4 with double tees and a routing that crossed a corner of the

lagoon. Today, it is a stout three par, backed against the sea wall with ocean breezes always in

play.

A short two shotter. Drive must clear an arm of lake at about 100 yards, but a wide fairway

available at 175 yards out. Green set back against trees and trapped in right front.

Hole 3 (lost) – 420 yards – Par 4

One of the ocean holes constructed on the beach in a slight depression bounded by sand and sand

grass embankment on left, trees on right. Entrance to green slightly advantageous from left on

account of traps.

Hole 4 (lost) – 120 yards, Par 3

A one shotter. Green very large, but well trapped in front and right, trees left and rear.





This hole was one of two that MacKenzie modeled after his famous "Lido Hole“ the design entry

he submitted in 1914 to Country Life magazine that launched his career.

A lakeside hole and one of the most interesting holes on the course, similar to Dr. MacKenzie’s

ideal golf hole [a reference to the Lido Design]. Three tees, four routes. Easy route probably will

cost at least one extra stroke to get on while the other combinations of tees and routes give

rewards proportionate to their respective risks.



This hole was one of two that MacKenzie modeled after his famous "Lido Hole" the design entry

he submitted in 1914 to Country Life magazine that launched his career.


A difficult par. Green well trapped.

Hole 7 (lost; paralleled current 16th


Similar to No. 2, but in opposite direction. A trap endangers the short player on his second, but

properly played as a two shot hole a par is possible.


A dogleg, quite difficult for two shots. Drive is blind and over trees if played close to get in

opening for a good second. Plenty of fairway, however, for those who play short and do not care

to risk trees on right for possible par. The wide play practically requires three strokes to get on.





The modern day 13th as viewed from behind the old 9th tee.

A lakeside hole with wide, sandy beach on water side. Back tee should be used by all, as water

carry is very short and close to tee. Requires three good shots to get on if dogleg is played, but

possibly a very long sure approach will get in under par.


hole – left fairway now part of marsh) – 382 yards – Par 4



This is the other hole MacKenzie modeled after his Lido Hole. The original design, like that of

the original 5th hole, featured two fairways. The one on the left, closest to the lagoon, was a

peninsula much like the Lido design. It offered the shorter route to the green, a temptation for the

adventurous player. Today, the lagoon feature has been lost, but the hole still presents a

challenge as it follows a gentle curve around the hazard. A mound and camouflage bunker

protect the green.

One of the best holes, two tees, four possible routes, sand and water carries optional. The ideal

shot is an accurately placed ball on an island with a water carry on both first and second shots. If

well placed on first, the green opens well for a pitch and run second. All other approaches to the

green are guarded.

Hole 11 (currently 15th


A fairway-less short hole. Water and sand carry, trap green. Green, however, is long and should

receive an average straight ball easily.



Fairway flat, double dogleg. Not difficult except to get two good straight drives in succession.



Hole 13 (current 3rd


Passing the clubhouse from No. 12 green to No. 13 tee. The thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth

are all holes of a different type than the lakeside and ocean holes. No 13 is an upland type of

hole of average difficulty. The green is well trapped.

Hole 14 (shortened; current 8th


This sporty par 4 was originally the 14th hole. The green is well protected and one can readily

see how MacKenzie's original green must have heaved and flowed with the bumps and hollows

that are there today.

This short hole has two tees. The tee with the carry across the creek opens into green easily,

while on crossing creek to the other tee a more difficult shot over a trap at the green is

encountered. Directly into prevailing winds.

Hole 15 (current 2nd




Originally the 15th hole, this is another mid-range four par to a green that was a MacKenzie

classic: rolling and undulating to provide no end of excitement for players of all abilities. There

are indications on the ground today to indicate that the original green most likely wrapped

around the bunker, which itself was shaped somewhat like a cloud another Mackenzie hallmark.

Similar to No. 12. At present along the edge of the county road, which it is planned to re-locate.

No. 15 green is near clubhouse.

Hole 16 (current 1st hole) – 363 yards – Par 4

A nice hole with two optional routes and a creek to cross.





This par 5 was the original 17th hole. The green is framed beautifully by cypress trees, planted

by John McLaren, the man who created Golden Gate Park. MacKenzie credited him with

planning around the golf course to enhance the beauty of the natural landscape.

A long hole down the south property line. The green is on a 15 foot fill.



The finishing hole is long and hazardous if not successfully played on both long shots, but the

green is wide, open and nicely rolling in order to lend interest to the many thrilling final

decisions which will no doubt be made on it. A clump of trees guards the green on the left.



This 1941 aerial photo shows that the urban legend of the course washing away shortly after it

opened, is a myth. The picture shows the original course almost fully intact prior to the creation

of four new holes inland, on the other side of a state highway.

The End

[1] Landslide, The Cultural Landscape Foundation, â€œAlister MacKenzie’s Sharp Park, July,

2009. [Note: links to this and all sources cited can be found in the News and Resources section

of the San Francisco Public Golf Alliance website: http://www.sfpublicgolf.com/news.html]

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http://www.sfpublicgolf.com/news.html



[2] Williams & Associates, Laguna Salada Resource Enhancement Plan, ( June, 1992) , at pp.2-

3, and Fig. 2.

[3] Alister MacKenzie, The Spirit of St. Andrews, (Sleeping Bear Press 1995) at p. 246



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