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Preface

Active Social Studies is a comprehensive series of social studies for classes 1 to 8. It has been well designed keeping in view the age level and the requirement of the learners. Each book of this series is accompanied with a Teacher’s Resource Book.

Active Social Studies Teacher’s Resource Book has been prepared keeping in mind the benefits of the teachers as well as the students. It covers both scholastic and co-scholastic aspects of the students overall learning and development. Also, it is an initiative to help the teachers teach various skills and concepts to the learners in a meaningful manner. The method employed in this set is intended to encourage independent thinking.

Salient features:

• The teachers can plan their teaching process well ahead by going through this resource book.

• It comprises answers to coursebook exercise.

In a nutshell, we have made an earnest effort to prepare the resource book teacher-friendly. We are sure that it would be able to serve the purpose for which it is prepared.

—Publisher

ContentsHISTORY 5-32Chapter 1 : When, Where and How? 5Chapter 2 : The Expansion of British Power 6Chapter 3 : Rural Life and Society 8Chapter 4 : Tribal Communities 9Chapter 5 : Indian Crafts and Industries 11Chapter 6 : The Great Revolt of 1857 12Answer to Assignment-1 and Model Test Paper-1 15Chapter 7 : Education in British Rule 17Chapter 8 : Reforms in Indian Society 19Chapter 9 : Caste Reform Movements 21Chapter 10 : Colonialism and Urban Change 23Chapter 11 : Changes in the Arts 24Chapter 12 : The Nationalist Movement 26Chapter 13 : India After Independence 28Answer to Assignment-2 and Model Test Paper-2 30

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE 33-48Chapter 1 : The Constitution and Need for Laws 33Chapter 2 : Ideals of Our Constitution 34 Chapter 3 : The Parliamentary System 36 Chapter 4 : The Judiciary 38Answer to Assignment-1 and Model Test Paper-1 39Chapter 5 : The Police and the Court 42Chapter 6 : Marginalisation and Social Justice 44Chapter 7 : The Government and Economic Development 45Answer to Assignment-2 and Model Test Paper-2 46

GEOGRAPHY 49-68Chapter 1 : Our Resources 49Chapter 2 : Natural Resources: Land, Soil and Water 50Chapter 3 : Natural Resources: Natural Vegetation and Wildlife 53Chapter 4 : Minerals and Power Resources 55Answer to Assignment-1 and Model Test Paper-1 57Chapter 5 : Agriculture 59Chapter 6 : Major Crops and Agricultural Development 61Chapter 7 : Industries 63Chapter 8 : Human Resources 65Chapter 9 : Disaster and Its Management 66Answer to Assignment-2 and Model Test Paper-2 67

5Active Social Studies Teacher’s Resource Book-8

CHAPTER - 1

WHEN, WHERE AND HOW?ExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (d)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Historians have tried to divide history into ancient, medieval and modern periods. 2. Modern period in India started in the eighteenth century. 3. The East India Company set up its first factories at Surat. 4. The British called the Revolt of 1857 the Sepoy Mutiny.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (T) 5. (F)

D. Answer the following questions in short. 1. History is the study of the past as it is described in written documents. Factors like

diversification of subjects, geographical expansion and changes in thinking and philosophy led to the study of history over time.

2. Indian system of education saw no change under the British because the British colonial rulers did not show any interest in education.

3. Primary sources refer to all original documents and other forms of literary evidence. 4. Main sources of modern history in India can be divided into the following two categories— (i) Primary sources—It contains archaeological sources, indigenous records and survey

reports. (ii) Secondary sources—It contains works and books of historians. 5. The eighteenth century is taken as the starting point of the modern period of Indian

history. The modern period, when India came into contact with Europeans, had a great impact on Indians. Some of the defining features of the modern era are scientific progress, industrialisation, colonisation and urbanisation or growth of towns/cities.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. With the passing of Aurangzeb, old powers began to emerge on the political horizon of India.

New powers like the Marathas, the Sikhs, the Rohillas, the Pathans and the Rajputs began to emerge and came into focus.

2. From time to time the British conducted surveys to demark territories and to fix land revenue. These surveys provide important information. Mapping was an important part of

HISTORY

6 Active Social Studies Teacher’s Resource Book-8

these surveys. The British made a large number of topographic maps. This exercise was undertaken every ten years. It provides useful information.

3. Archaeological remains such as monuments and artefacts are scattered in different parts of the country. India Gate, Taj Mahal, Parliament House and so many other structures are examples of archaeological remains.

4. With the passing of Aurangzeb the old edifice began to crumble, giving place to new ideas and new institutions. Old powers began to emerge on the political horizon of India. The once mighty Mughals gradually slipped to the background and new powers like the Marathas, the Sikhs, the Rohillas, the Pathans and the Rajputs began to steal the show. The natural conflicts invited different foreign powers like the Portuguese, the Dutch, the English and the French to try for supremacy and establish their open empire in India.

Do and Learn (Do it yourself)

CHAPTER - 2

THE EXPANSION OF BRITISH POWERExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c)

B. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (T) 3. (F) 4. (F) 5. (F)

C. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Two effects of the Battle of Plassey are— (i) The French were no longer a significant force in Bengal. (ii) The Battle of Plassey and the resultant victory of the British East India Company led to

puppet governments installed by them in various states of India. 2. Lord Wellesley started Subsidiary Alliance in India. 3. Lord Dalhousie was the Governor General who annexed Punjab. 4. Birjis Qadr was the last Nawab of Awadh. 5. The British expanded their power through oppression, discrimination and fraud. They made

the use of evil policies to the conquer the land. They suppressed the common people more and extracted more taxes from the peasants. During this period, four Anglo-Mysore wars took place which brought Mysore under British control.

6. There were four administrative agencies in the British administrative structure. These are—civil service, army, police and judiciary. It was extremely difficult for Indians to go England and compete with Englishmen. In the British army, the highest Indian officer could only be a subedar. In the police service Indians were excluded from higher posts.


D. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. The Carnatic wars were a series of military conflicts in the middle of the 18th century in India.

The conflicts involved numerous nominally independent rulers and their vassals, struggles for succession and territory, and included a diplomatic and military struggle between the French East India Company and the British East India Company. As a result of these military contests, the British East India Company established its dominance among the European trading companies within India. The French company was pushed to a corner and was confined primarily to Pondicherry. The East India Company’s dominance eventually led to control by the British company over most of India and eventually to the establishment of the British Raj.

2. On being appointed the Diwan of the provinces of Bengal, the East India Company acquired greater power and authority. It was free to make use of the vast resources of Bengal. Till then, in order to buy goods, it had to import gold and silver from Britain. After the assumption of the Diwani, the Company could use the revenues from Bengal to finance its expenses.

3. From 1757 to 1857, the East India Company used a variety of political, economic and diplomatic methods to annex Indian kingdoms. The subsidiary alliance was one such method, According to the terms of this alliance, Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces. They were to be protected by the Company, and had to pay for the subsidiary forces that the Company had to maintain for the purpose of protecting them. If Indian rulers failed to make the payment, then part of their territory was taken away as penalty. For example, in 1801, the Nawab of Awadh was forced to give over half of his territory to the Company for failing to pay for the subsidiary forces.

4. The British tried to annex Indian states by hook or by crook. Till Maharaja Ranjit Singh was alive the British did not touch Punjab and maintained cordial relations with him. The rich province of Punjab was very promising as it would prove to be a rich source of generating revenues for the Company hence after Ranjit Singh’s death they engaged in a constant tussle with his successors and finally annexed it.

5. The British divided the territories they held in India into provinces. These provinces were Bengal, Bombay and Madras. They were called Presidencies. Governor General was the over all acting head. The district was looked after by the collector. He supervised over the administration of the district and the revenue collection. There were four administrative agencies during the British rule—civil service, army, police and judiciary.

6. The British needed a large army to protect its trade, defend the empire, to extend its territory and to put down internal rebellions. The army raised by the Company was loyal and disciplined unlike the armies of the Indian rulers which were unruly and ill paid. The Company sepoys were trained in the use of latest arms. Armies of the Presidencies of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta developed independently. The soldiers lived in cantonments and wore European type uniforms. The army was well-trained and equipped.



CHAPTER - 3

RURAL LIFE AND SOCIETYExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d)

B. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (T) 3. (T) 4. (F) 5. (F)

C. Fill in the blanks. 1. Villages lost their importance under the British rule. 2. Ryotwari System was introduced in Madras and Bombay presidencies. 3. Under the Mahalwari System, the land collectively belonged to the village community. 4. Under the British rule the land was made village property. 5. Agriculture was the main source of income for the British.

D. Answer the following questions in short. 1. The Permanent Settlement System was introduced by Lord Cornwallis. 2. Ryot means farmers. 3. The three land revenue settlements introduced by the British are—Zamindari System,

Ryotwari System and Mahalwari System. 4. Main features of the permanent settlement were— (i) It was aimed at ensuring stable revenue for the East India Company. (ii) The rajas and taluqdars were in charge of collecting revenue. (iii) The revenue amount was fixed and was never to be increased in future. 5. Colonial economic policies, the new land revenue system, the colonial administrative

and judicial systems, and the ruin of handicrafts leading to the over-crowding of land, transformed the agrarian structure and impoverished the peasantry. In the vast zamindari areas, the peasants were left to the tender mercies of the zamindars. This forced the peasants to borrow money from the moneylenders.

6. The production of cash crops or commercial crops like cotton, jute, oilseeds, etc., instead of food grains of sale in the market is referred to as commercialisation of agriculture.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Under the Ryotwari System the peasant, as owners of land, paid revenue directly to the state

officials. There was no one who stood between them to claim rent. Yet revenue demand in the Ryotwari areas tended to be very high. Unlike in Bengal it was never permanently fixed, leaving the room open for periodic increases in the revenue burden.

In the Mahalwari System, the ownership rights of the peasants were recognised; the responsibility of revenue collection was entrusted with the village headman and the village leaders who also had performed similar functions before the advent of the British rule.


2. During 1859-60 in Bengal, the Indigo Rebellion was a programme of non-cooperation with the planters. Thousands of cultivator refused to sow indigo on their land. The cultivators attacked the indigo factories. The agents of the planters were beaten up in many places. The cultivators also socially boycotted Indian servants working in European owned plantations, even women-owned plantations. At some places the local zamindars also joined the cultivators. Worried by the rebellion, the British government appointed the Indigo Commision in 1869. The Commission enquired into the system and held the planters guilty.

3. During the reigns of Sher Shah Suri and Akbar, the system was that land revenue was collected directly by the officers of the state and could be paid either in cash or in kind, though cash payments were encouraged. Thus, the peasant called ryot held his land directly from the crown. But, in the 18th century, with the growing clout of the British, the tax collectors tended to be hereditary and the right of collection of revenue from the cultivator came to be considered as a right and a possession. By the Permanent Settlement in Bengal, Bihar and Odisha, the zamindars were recognised as proprietors of the land on the condition that they would pay the government rent on a fix date. The peasants had no proprietary rights and were subject to ejection from the land unless they purchased it by paying the zamindar a special additional fee and price.

4. Overall effects of the introduction of the new revenue settlements in India were as follows— (i) The Permanent Settlement had far reaching impact on the economy. (ii) All the systems of collecting land revenue were oppressive to the cultivators. (iii) Permanent Settlement created a class of landlords who ruined the peasantry. (iv) It also provided financial security to the zamindars. Many of the wastelands and forests

became cultivable. (v) The zamindars took no interest in the development of land. (vi) The position of actual cultivators of the soil worsened as they could be evicted by the

zamindars for non-payment of dues. (vii) In the long run this settlement benefitted the landlords more than the government. 5. Agriculture is governed by commercial consideration i.e. certain specialised crops began to be

grown not for consumption in villages but for sale in markets, is known as commercialisation of agriculture.

Do and Learn(Do it yourself)

CHAPTER - 4

TRIBAL COMMUNITIESExerciseMultiple Choice QuestionsA. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Most tribals lived by hunting and gathering forest produce.


2. The tribal living in Central India and North-east practised Jhoom cultivation. 3. Kanhu and Sidhu were the leaders of the Santhal rebellion. 4. Munda rebellion was led by Birsa Munda. 5. Tribals called the outsiders Dikus.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (T) 5. (F)

D. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Tribals were usually the original inhabitants of vast tracts in western, central, southern,

eastern and northeastern parts of the country. 2. Sidhu and Kanhu were the leaders of the Santhal rebellion. 3. Once the crop is harvested, the cultivation is shifted to another land. It is known as shifting

agriculture. 4. Birsa Munda was the leader of the Munda rebellion. 5. The study of various tribal culture and their lifestyles is part of the science of anthropology.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. After the introduction of the Permanent Settlement, the Santhals were not only deprived

of their ownership of land but were also obliged to pay revenue to the British. When the British captured their land, they retreated into deep forests, far from the towns and cities. Zamindars and moneylenders also exploited them. Interference of Christian missionaries in their socio-religious life also added to their discontentment. Finally, they rose in revolt.

2. Birsa Munda was the leader of the Munda rebellion. Mundas of Chota Nagpur revolted in 1831 and were joined by the Hos. The revolt spread over a large area including Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Palamu and Singhbhum. It could be suppressed only after extensive military operations in March 1832.

3. When the British arrived, India was having a thick forest cover which were mostly inhabited by the tribals who in their own way had an association of harmonious sustenance with nature. But with increasing British commercial interests in the vast diversity of crops and minerals in India, who started cutting down forests and thus came in conflict with tribals.

The tribals were made to pay land revenue and often debarred from their lands, they were not allowed to practice Jhum cultivation, forced to beg and the missionary influence who tried to convert them and persuade them to leave their centuries old traditions. This evoked widespread discontent in the tribal resulting in several tribal uprisings such as Santhal, Munda, Gonds, Lushai, Bhil, Kols etc. who waged all out struggles against the Britishers to safeguard their lands and their traditions.

4. Under the British rule, the functions and powers of the tribal chiefs changed considerably. Though they were allowed to keep their land titles over a cluster of villages and rent out lands, the administrative, judicial and economic powers they enjoyed before the arrival of the British were no longer in force. They were required to follow the British laws, pay tribute to the British and discipline the tribal groups on behalf of the colonial masters. As a result, they lost the authority they had earlier enjoyed among their people, and were unable to fulfil their traditional functions.



CHAPTER - 5

INDIAN CRAFTS AND INDUSTRIESExerciseMultiple Choice QuestionsA. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (b)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. The British began modern and mechanised methods of production in India. 2. Indian cotton and silk goods, known for its quality and fine texture. 3. The Indian craft items were very popular. 4. The British rulers of India did not conceive of an industrialised India. 5. In the 19th century, tea plantations were also started.C. Match the following. 1. (d) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c)

D. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (T) 3. (F) 4. (F) 5. (T) 6. (T)

E. Answer the following questions in short. 1. The British introduced modern and mechanised methods of textile production in India. 2. Lucknow, Agra, Benaras, Dhaka, Multan, Surat, Madurai, Delhi and Jaipur are some of the

places of specialised crafts. 3. Cotton textiles and jute industries were setup by the British. 4. Jamshedji Tata was the founder of Tata Iron and Steel Company in 1907. 5. Some of the important causes behind the de-industrialisation of India during the British rule

were as follows— (i) Impact of the Industrial Revolution (ii) Loss of royal patronage (iii) Loss of external markets (iv) Coercive tactics used by the British (v) Indifference of the British rulers

F. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. The rise of capitalism and machine-made industries which heralded the Industrial Revolution

in England and European countries gave a big jolt to the handicraft industry in India. These developments called for a change in methods of British colonial exploitation in India and the need was felt to replace mercantile capitalism by free trade capitalism. The Indian artisans took to dacoity, loot and plunder without work.

2. The factors which led to the decline of Indian handicrafts in the nineteenth century are the following—


(i) Machine-made goods particularly cotton textiles became available in Britain as a result of Industrial Revolution. These textile clothes were cheap, durable and easily available.

(ii) Mechanised printing of cloth had also been introduced in Britain, Indian cloth could not compete with the mill-made cloth, imported from England.

(iii) The goods going from India to Britain had to pay a high duty to discourage Indian exports.

(iv) The East India Company granted special priviledges to the British manufacturers in India.

3. India’s textiles sector is one of the oldest industries in Indian economy dating back several centuries. The Indian textiles industry is extremely varied, with the hand-spun and handwoven textiles sectors at one end of the spectrum, while the capital intensive sophisticated mills sector at the other end of the spectrum. The textiles industry is also labour intensive and is one of the largest employers.

4. The British started systematically exploiting Indian agriculture to suit its needs. This exploitation first began when Indian farmers were forced to grow indigo. Indigo was cultivated on large agricultural fields called plantations. The indigo was used as a dye in textile manufacturing. Tea plantations were based in Assam, Bengal and South India. Tea estates were owned by the British. Other plantations were of coffee, rubber and cinchona which were encouraged in South India.

5. In the creation of a myriad of textile traditions, there is a contribution of each and every region of India. A rich variety of woollen textiles is produced in the hilly regions of the country. Crafts which have emerged quite naturally in response to the climate are the Kashmiri shawls, woollen garments and carpets. The barren and semi-barren regions like Rajasthan and Gujarat usually prefer embroidered bright coloured textiles. The coastal areas of south eastern regions prefer light coloured fabrics, particularly cotton and silk textiles were very popular over there.


CHAPTER - 6

THE GREAT REVOLT OF 1857ExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (b)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. The Revolt of 1857 was the outcome of the changing conditions of the time. 2. The commercial policy of the British was directly opposed to Indian trade and commerce. 3. Lord William Bentinck introduced many social reforms in India.


4. In 1856, a new model of the Enfield rifle was introduced. 5. The Revolt of 1857 at Lucknow was led by Begum Hazrat Mahal.

C. Match the following. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (e) 5. (a)

D. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (F) 5. (T) 6. (T)

E. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow and Jhansi were four centres of the Revolt of 1857. 2. Mangal Pandey was the first martyr of the Revolt of 1857. 3. Bahadur Shah Zafar was declared as the king of the rebels. 4. Begum Hazrat Mahal was the wife of Wajid Ali Shah and the Begum of Awadh. 5. Kunwar Singh led the Revolt of 1857 in Bihar.

F. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. There are two main views regarding the character of the Revolt of 1857— (i) Mutiny of Sepoys—The Revolt of 1857 was described as a Mutiny of the Sepoys by

British historians like Lawrence, Holmes, Seelry, Marshal, Trevelyan and Robertson. These historians took the view that the discontent prevalent among the Indian sepoys was the major cause of the revolt.

(ii) First War of Independence—On the other hand, Indian historians call the Revolt of 1857 the First War of Independence. Historians like V.D. Savarkar, Ashok Mehta and K.M. Pannikar have described the Revolt as such.

2. Though, it is quite evident that the Revolt of 1857 might have begun as a mutiny of sepoys, it soon revealed its true colours as a platform for mass struggle. That is why it is correct to call it the First War of Independence.

3. The Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar led the Revolt of 1857. Nana Sahib, Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi, Maulavi Ahmad Shah of Faizabad, Begum Hazrat Mahal of Awadh, Kunwar Singh of Bihar and General Bakht Khan of the Mughal army were some of the important leaders of the Revolt. The rulers of Hyderabad, Patiala, Gwalior, Nabha, Baroda and Jaipur along with the Gorkha and the Sikh leaders, sided with the English.

4. Political Causes— (i) When the Peshwa Baji Rao died, his adopted son, Nana Sahib was refused the pension

which his father had been getting. (ii) The claim of the adopted son of the ruler of Jhansi was not accepted and the state of

Jhansi was annexed by the British. Economic Causes— (i) As a result of the Industrial Revolution, machine-made English cloth was cheaper than

local Indian handloom fabrics. Hence, it won the Indian market at the expense of the indigenous textile industry. The weavers employed in the textile industry lost their jobs and became diehard opponents of the English.

(ii) The commercial policy of the British was directly opposed to Indian trade and commerce. Customs duty was imposed on Indian goods being exported to England as


a result of which the demand for Indian goods decreased and Indian trade suffered a severe setback.

(iii) During the British rule, both agriculture as well as agriculturists suffered. Zamindars were accepted as the owners of the land. As a result, the peasants wanted to rid themselves of this tyrannical system.

(iv) Heavy taxes had been levied on the Indian people but they did not have the capacity to pay them. Hence, coercion or extortion was inevitable.

5. There were also many unsatisfactory features in the Indian army which led to discontent among the Indian troops. These include—

(i) There was a great degree of inequality of treatment between Indian and European troops. The officers no longer treated the men under them with due consideration. Low salaries and ill treatment meted out to Indian sepoys shook their loyalty to the British and to the army they had set up.

(ii) The discipline in the army had also become very lax. This was due to the system of promotion by seniority. Able military officers were also sometimes transferred to civil posts. For these reasons, only a few officers really cared about the welfare and sentiments of the men under them.

(iii) Most of the company’s army consisted of Brahmins and Thakurs of East India. Being high caste Hindus, they were very sensitive to a variety of infringements that affected their orthodox way of life. But as the army’s scope of operations increased, the earlier atmosphere of tolerance towards these demands of higher caste Hindus hardened, and concessions such as segregation of barracks, and separate mess arrangements could no longer be maintained.

(iv) The General Services Enlistment Act passed for new recruits required them to serve anywhere in the empire. This Act also fanned the flames of anger against the British.

6. In 1856, a new model of the Enfield rifle was introduced and issued to the Indian sepoys in place of the earlier rifles. The cartridges were said to be greased with the fat of cows and pigs. Though, the British government denied the truth of this allegation. The Indian sepoys refused to use these cartridges, since the paper covering of the cartridges had to be bitten off before they could be loaded into the rifle. These greased cartridges offended the religious sentiments of both the Hindus and Muslim sepoys.

7. After the British established political power in India they passed many laws to reform the Indian society.

(i) Laws were passed to stop the practice of Sati and to encourage the remarriage of widows.

(ii) English language education was actively promoted. (iii) In 1850, a new law was passed to make conversion to Christianity easier. This law

allowed an Indian, who had converted to Christianity, to inherit the property of his ancestors.

8. Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi and Bihar were the main centres of Revolt of 1857. The revolt of 1857 is an event of great importance in the history of modern India. In a way, it was the last attempt by the deposed and marginalized Indian ruling class, soldiers, peasants and workers to throw off the British yoke. So widespread and so violent was the Revolt that it took the British more than a year to put it down.


9. Mangal Pandey, Bahadur Shah Zafar, Tantia Tope, Nana Sahib, Begum Hazrat Mahal, Rani Laxmi Bai and Kunwar Singh were some of important leaders of the revolt of 1857.

Mangal Pandey — He triggered off the revolt at Barrackpore by refusing to use the cartridges. He fired at an English officer, was arrested and subsequently hanged — the first martyr of the revolt.

Bahadur Shah Zafar II — The rebels of 1857 declared Bahadur Shah Zafar as their leader. They captured Delhi. Bahadur Shah was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment and deported to Rangoon, where he died in 1862.

Nana Sahib — He was the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II. He led the revolt at Kanpur and captured the fort.

Tantia Tope — He was an able commander of Nana Sahib. He was known for his sense of patriotism and his skill in guerilla warfare.

Begum Hazrat Mahal — She led the revolt at Lucknow. She acted as the regent of her son. She organised an all-out attack on the British. Lucknow was captured in 1858 by British forces after a long battle. The Begum slipped away to Nepal.

Rani Laxmi Bai — She led the revolt in Central India. She was supported by Tantia Tope and both of them put up stiff resistance against the English. The Rani died in 1858, fighting bravely till the end.

Kunwar Singh — He led the revolt in Bihar. He was the Raja of Jagdishpur. He had many encounters with the British. Kunwar Singh died while fighting with the British. After his death, his younger brother Amar Singh fought with the British forces.

10. Causes of the Revolt of 1857 Induction of new Enfield rifles in the army, whose cartridges used fat of cow and pig. Hindu

and Muslim soldiers protested against this. There was discrimination among the British and Indian soldiers. British soldier’s behaviour was rude against the Indian soldiers. The policies used by the British for territorial annexation (Doctrine of Lapse, Subsidiary Alliance) angered the Indian rulers. There was fear that the British were converting Hindus and Muslims to Christianity. The social reforms introduced by the British made people angry.

EffectsoftheRevolt East India Company’s rule ended in India and the rulership was handed over to Queen

Victoria. Reforms were introduced in the army and all steps were taken so that no such incident occurs in the future. Indians were assured of better governance. It was declared that there will be no discrimination and people will have more power and respect. Doctrine of Lapse was withdrawn.


Assignment-1 (Based on Chapters 1 to 6)

(Do it yourself)

Model Test Paper-1 (Based on Chapters 1 to 6)

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b)


B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Modern period in India started in the eighteenth century. 2. The Third Anglo-Mysore war was fought between Tipu Sultan and the English. 3. Under the Mahalwari System, the land collectively belong to the village community. 4. The tribals living in Central India and the North-east generally practised Jhoom

cultivation. 5. The Tata Iron and Steel Company was set up in 1907 by Jamshedji Tata.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (T) 3. (T) 4. (T)

D. Answer the following questions. 1. The eighteenth century is taken as the starting point of the modern period. The modern

period, when India came in contact with Europeans, had a great impact on Indians. Some of the defining features of the modern era are scientific progress, industrialisation, colonisation and urbanisation or growth of towns/cities.

2. From 1757 to 1857, the East India Company used a variety of political, economic and diplomatic methods to annex Indian kingdoms. The Subsidiary Alliance was one such method. According to the terms of this alliance, Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces. They were to be protected by the Company, and had to pay for the subsidiary forces that the Company had to maintain for the purpose of protecting them. If Indian rulers failed to make the payment, then part of their territory was taken away as penalty. For example, in 1801, the Nawab of Awadh was forced to give over half of his territory to the company for failing to pay for the subsidiary forces.

3. Mysore was another state which challenged the authority of the British. Four Anglo-Mysore wars took place which brought Mysore under British control.

4. In 1856, a new model of the Enfield rifle was introduced and issued to the Indian sepoys in place of the earlier rifles. The cartridges were said to be greased with the fat of cows and pigs. Though, the British government denied this allegation, the Indian sepoys refused to use these cartridges, since the paper covering of the cartridges had to be bitten off before they could be loaded into the rifles. These greased cartridges offended the religious sentiments of both the Hindu and Muslim sepoys.

5. Causes of the Revolt of 1857 Induction of the new Enfield rifles in the army, whose cartridges were greased with the fat

of cow and pig. Hindu and Muslim soldiers protested against this. There was discrimination among the British and Indian soldiers. British soldier’s behaviour was rude against the Indian soldiers. The policies used by the British for territorial annexation (Doctrine of Lapse, Subsidiary Alliance) angered the Indian rulers. There was fear that British were converting Hindus and Muslims to Christianity. The social reforms introduced by the British made people angry.

EffectsoftheRevolt East India Company’s rule ended in India and the rulership was handed over to Queen

Victoria. Reforms were introduced in the army and all steps were taken so that no such incident occurs in the future. Indians were assured of better governance. It was declared that there will be no discrimination and people will have more power and respect. Doctrine of lapse was withdrawn.


E. Match the following. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c)

CHAPTER - 7

EDUCATION IN BRITISH RULEExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Till the nineteenth century education in India was largely religious. 2. The proposal of the Charter Act of 1813 was forwarded by Lord Macaulay. 3. English language created a feeling of oneness amongst the Indians. 4. Hunter Commission promoted primary and girl’s education. 5. The Jamia Millia was later shifted to Delhi. 6. Mahendralal Sircar set-up the Indian Association for Cultivation of Science in 1876.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (F) 3. (F) 4. (T) 5. (T) 6. (F)

D. Match the following. 1. (e) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)

E. Answer the following questions in short. 1. The first government aided educational institute was called Madarsa. 2. Charles Wood Despatch of 1854, Hunter Commission of 1882, Raleigh Commission of 1902

and Sadler Commission of 1917 were four educational commissions under the British. 3. In 1917, the Government of India appointed the Sadler Commission to study and report on

the problems of Calcutta University. 4. For the first time British rulers thought of educating Indians and for that they introduced the

Charter Act of 1813. 5. Drawbacks of English education— (i) English education produced only clerks as Indians were not appointed to the higher

posts. (ii) As the people knew about British policies, they started criticizing the British. (iii) About ninety percent of Indians remained illiterate due to the English education system. (iv) Many people became supporters of the British. 6. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekanand, Rabindranath Tagore, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and

Dr. Zakir Hussain were some of the Indian leaders and reformers who came forward in the field of education.


F. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. The Wood’s Despatch of 1854 laid down that the study of Indian languages was to be

encouraged and that English should be taught wherever there was a demand for it. It recommended many improvements like setting up of facilities for university level education in India. It led to the establishment of the three universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. These measures had led to establishment of a large number of schools and also resulted in some uniformity in higher levels. This despatch often described as the ‘Magna Carta of modern education in India’. Recommendations of Wood’s Despatch of 1854—

(i) Establishment of a separate department of education for its administration. (ii) The foundation of universities at the three Presidency towns. (iii) Stress on mass education, female education and improvement of vernaculars. (iv) The establishment of new middle schools. (v) An education department was to be set up in every province. 2. Benefits of English education are as follows- (i) It provided jobs to Indians knowing English which promoted it further. (ii) It brought people of different regions together. (iii) English language created a feeling of oneness amongst the Indians. (iv) Knowledge of western literature revolutionised Indian thoughts. (v) With the opening up of universities, higher education began to gain importance. (vi) English became the official language replacing Persian. 3. Hunter Commission of 1882 was the first education commission in the history of modern

India. It was appointed by Lord Rippon to review the progress of education in India since the Wood’s Despatch of 1854. The Hunter Commission submitted its report in October 1883. The Hunter Commission recommended that-

(i) Primary schools should be managed by local bodies like district boards and municipalities.

(ii) Government should maintain only a few colleges, secondary schools and other essential institutions.

(iii) The Commission encouraged private enterprise in the field of education. (iv) Both Municipal and Local Self Government boards keep a separate school fund. (v) The Commission made recommendations for female education. 4. In 1917, the Government of India appointed the Sadler Commission to study and report

on the problems of Calcutta University. This Commission felt that the improvement of secondary education was a necessary condition for the improvement of university education. The following were the main recommendations of Sadler commission:

(i) A twelve year school course was recommended. (ii) For the administration and control of secondary education, the Commission

recommended the setting up of a Board of Secondary and Intermediate Education. (iii) It stressed the need for extension of facilities for female education and recommended

the establishment of a special board for women’s education in Calcutta university. (iv) The necessity of providing substantial facilities for training of teachers was emphasized.

New universities came into existence during 1916-21, namely Banaras, Patna, Mysore, Aligarh and Lucknow.


5. The East India Company took several measures in promoting education in India after 1857. Hunter Commission promoted primary and girl’s education. Lord Curzon appointed Universities Commission in 1902 under Thomas Raleigh. Indian Universities Act of 1904 was passed under its recommendations. This Act enabled the universities to assume teaching function, mandatory strict guidelines for affiliation. These provisions led to substantial measures to improve higher education. The Government of India passed a resolution on education for opening of universities in 1913. The government also tried to improve training of teachers.

6. (a) Growth of Press — After the Rowlatt Act and the Press Act of 1910 were repealed, a beginning was made with the Indianisation of the press. The British first started newspapers and journals in local regional languages. It created a feeling of nationalism and patriotism. The early newspapers published in different languages were the Hindu, The Amrit Bazar Patrika, The Kesri, The Maratha, The Swadesha Mitran, The Prabhakar, The Indian Mirror.

These newspapers played an important role in uniting and mobilizing the people. During the entire freedom struggle they played the most constructive role.

(b) Growth of science — During the freedom struggle in early 20th century growth of science and scientific thought made the most outstanding contribution to freedom. Many scientific societies were set up. Mahendralal Sircar set up the Indian Association for Cultivation of Science in 1876. The Indian Science Congress Association was set up in 1920’s Scientific Journals were begun to publish. India produced many scientists of world fame and some of them are recipients of the Nobel Prize. These were C.V. Raman and Subramanyan Chandrasekhar. S. Vishvesvaraya made significant contributions in a variety of fields ranging from engineering, development of hydroelectricity, construction of dams. This helped the Indians to come to terms with modern world.


CHAPTER - 8

REFORMS IN INDIAN SOCIETYExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a)

B. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (T) 3. (T) 4. (T) 5. (T) 6. (F)

C. Fill in the blanks. 1. Raja Rammohan Roy was a pioneer in introducing reforms for women. 2. The efforts of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar led to the passing of Hindu Widow Remarriage

Act.


3. Prarthana Samaj was started in Bombay in 1867. 4. Begum Rokeya was a fierce champion of women’s social causes. 5. The Arya Samaj was founded by Dayanand Saraswati.

D. Match the following. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (f) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (e)

E. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Social evils such as child marriage, female infanticide and sati had crept into Indian society. 2. Raja Rammohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Swami Vivekanand, Keshab Chandra

Sen, Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Pandita Ramabai, Jyotiba Phule and K. Veersalingam were some of the prominent leaders of the reformation movement.

3. Principles propagated by Brahmo Samaj are— (i) Righteousness is the only way of life. (ii) Brahmo Samaj embraces secular principles but oppose sectarianism and imposition of

religious belief into governance. (iii) Brahmo Samaj rejects narrow theism, idolatry, ascetism and symbolism. (iv) Brahmo Samaj rejects the need for formal rituals, priests or places for worship.

F. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Swami Vivekanand founded the Ramakrishna Mission, which helped in the reconstruction

of society in many ways. The mission preaches harmony of all religions and upliftment of women. He urged people to respect women while himself working for women’s education and upliftment.

2. Social and educational works of the Arya Samaj are as follows: (i) The Arya Samaj denounced Sati. It resulted in the decline of Sati. (ii) It advocated widow remarriage. (iii) It was greatly opposed to child marriage. (iv) It set up orphanages and widow ashrams. (v) It laid great emphasis on women’s education. 3. Social evils such as superstition, harsh discrimination against women and institutionalized

inequalities plagued the Indian society. These evils went with a rigidly stratified, caste-based social structure. Social evils such as child marriage, female infanticide and Sati had crept into Hindu society. Caste system was predominant in India. Child marriage was common and widow remarriage was prohibited.

4. During the period 1813-1857 the East India Company initiated some useful social reforms in India. These social reforms were as follows-

(i) Suppression of Sati — It is estimated that during the period 1815-18, there were 800 cases of Sati in Bengal alone.

(ii) Ban on Female Infanticide — This practice was banned in 1795. This evil was boldly addressed during the administration of Lord Harding.

(iii) Suppression of Human Sacrifice — Lord Harding suppressed the practice of human sacrifices. However, it took a long time to eradicate.

(iv) Widow remarriage — Raja Rammohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Mahadev


Ranade, Jyotiba Phule and Maharishi Karve campaigned in favour of widow remarriage for a long time. Finally, in 1856 the colonial government passed an Act allowing Hindu widows to remarry.

5. Raja Rammohan Roy was a pioneer in introducing reforms for women through Brahmo Samaj. To Rammohan Roy Sati was a grave crime which needed to be established. In 1829, practice of Sati was banned and made punishable by law. Apart from Sati, Rammohan Roy also raised his voice against the purdah system, polygamy, and the abuses of the caste system. He pleaded for education of women, widow remarriage, and abolition of untouchability. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar opposed polygamy and child marriage. He played an important role in the passing of the Widow Remarriage Act.

Keshab Chandra Sen laid stress on social reforms such as female education, inter-caste marriages and widow remarriage. He condemned social evils like child marriage, polygamy and casteism.


CHAPTER - 9

CASTE REFORM MOVEMENTSExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (a)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. The caste system also exists among the Christians, Muslims and Sikhs. 2. The caste system divided society into various groups. 3. Jyotiba travelled to various villages for mass awakening. 4. Kanduri Veerasalingam was a social reformer of Andhra Pradesh. 5. Narayan Guru revolted against casteism. 6. Urban people in India are less regid about the caste system rather than rural people.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (F) 3. (F) 4. (T) 5. (T) 6. (F)

D. Match the following. 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (e) 4. (b) 5. (d)

E. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Varna is the religious word for caste. 2. The lowest varna of the Indian caste system is known as untouchables. 3. Raja Rammohan Roy, Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Swami Vivekanand, Jyotiba Phule,


K. Veerasalingam, Sri Narayan Guru, E.V. Rama Swami Naicker and Bhim Rao Ambedkar were some of the social reformers of India.

4. E.V. Ramaswami Naicker was a social reformer of Tamil Nadu. 5. B.R. Ambedkar established Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha. 6. The caste system divided the society into various groups and hindered its progress. Many

untouchables converted to other religions because they saw no hope in sticking with them.

F. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Society treats untouchables very badly. The untouchables had almost no rights in the

society. In some parts of India, the attitude towards the untouchables was harsh and strict. Untouchables were not allowed to enter the cities and villages freely. People of higher castes were advised not to touch untouchables. That is why untouchability is one of the worst features of our society.

2. Kanduri Veerasalingam was a social reformer of Andhra Pradesh. He fought against untruth and fought for education of women. He dedicated his entire life to the cause of upliftment of women in his society. He fought to abolish child marriages. He also fought against the system of concubines called nauch system. He attacked the devdasi practice in society.

3. B.R. Ambedkar wanted to rid the society from the exploitation of harijans. He started an organisation in Bombay called ‘Bahiskrit Hitakarini Sabha’ for the moral and material progress of the untouchables. He demanded separate electoral for untouchables and rendered free legal help to the depressed classes. He provided constitutional guarantees and protection for a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom of religion, the abolition of untouchability and the outlawing of all forms of discriminations.

4. Sri Narayan Guru was a sage and social reformer of India. He revolted against casteism. He established the Sri Narayan Dharmaparipalana Yogam for propagating social reforms. He established schools and temples which were open to all castes.

5. Mahatma Gandhi agitated against the militias of the landlords (mostly British) in 1918 at Champaran. He took up cudgels against the practice of untouchability. He worked for the upliftment of the backward classes and provided necessary facilities for education. He moved systematically towards the abolition of the caste system. He encouraged inter-caste marriages to minimise this practice.

6. In reforming the evils of Indian society the reformers played an important role. The lower castes struggled for caste equality a number of times. The lower castes in Maharashtra, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh organised themselves to fight against the oppression of the upper caste. Tribal people rose in defence of their rights. People’s participation in demonstrations, public meetings and movements weakened the caste system. The Constitution of India forbid practising untouchability, discriminating a person based on his castes is legally forbidden.



CHAPTER - 10

COLONIALISM AND URBAN CHANGEExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b)

B. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (T) 3. (F) 4. (T)

C. Fill in the blanks. 1. Indraprastha, the first city of India is believed to have been established on the right bank of

the river Yamuna. 2. Siri Fort was constructed by Ala-ud-din Khilji. 3. Jama Masjid was built between 1650 and 1656. 4. By the Act of Government of India, 1935, provincial autonomy was given to Indian states. 5. Lord Dalhousie appointed a commission on the state of affairs in public works.

D. Match the following. 1. (d) 2. (e) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. After 1800 British colonial policies determined the course of urbanisation in all parts of India.

During British rule in India, the administrative factor played an important role in the process of urbanisation. This was because of their changed perceptions as conquerors, rulers and administrators. The British had established three new cities—Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.

2. The urbanisation in India has been taking place since 2350 BC. For about 2500 years, India has had a more or less continuous history of urbanisation from around 600 BC. Urbanisation is closely linked with the rise and decline of kingdoms and dynasties in the medieval period. The Europeans, who ruled over India for nearly 150 years, brought about the final important influence on Indian urbanisation. After 1800 British colonial policies determined the course of urbanisation in all parts of India, till 1947 and independence changed the equation.

3. De-urbanisation is a demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas. It is along with sub-urbanisation inversely related to urbanisation. It first took place as a reaction to inner-city deprivation and overcrowding.

For the sake of convenience of trade the British developed new centres of trade like Calcutta, Madras and Bombay on eastern and western coastal areas, respectively. In late 18th century these places became as presidency cities under the British rule. These cities which were very important, right from the ancient as well as during the Mughal period, gradually lost their importance. Simultaneously, many towns manufacturing specialised goods declined due to a drop in the demand for what they produced. Old trading centres and ports couldn’t survive when the flow of trade moved to the new centres. Trade and exports via the earlier important ports of Surat, Masulipatnam, etc. failed dramatically. At the same time, the earlier centres of


regional power collapsed when local rulers were defeated by the British and new centres of administration emerged.

4. It was the introduction of the railways which revolutionised the Indian transport system. The railways were mostly trunk lines connecting major seaports with main trading centres and manufacturing town. Now every railway station functioned as a trading point, where products were exchanged or stored. With this heavy blow to traditional trade routes, the supporting infrastructure along these old routes, comprising wholesalers, retailers, moneylenders, traditional buyers and patrons, goods carriers, godowns, fuel and food depots also collapsed. This further contributed to the decline of the old trading centres.

5. During the medieval period trade and commerce developed. One of the towns that became famous due to trade and commerce is Dhaka (Bangladesh), which is famous for malmal and hence became a port. Other towns which developed and became famous were—

(i) Krishnanagar for clay models; (ii) Agra for marble and perfumery; (iii) Murshidabad for silk; and (iv) Jaipur for palatial buildings. 6. The development of self-government in the three presidency towns—Calcutta, Bombay

and Madras required different approaches, depending on their own peculiar problems. A parliamentary statute authorised the Governor-General to appoint a police force to maintain law and order in these towns. Simultaneously, they were given the power to levy taxes on owners and occupiers of houses, sanitation, etc. A police system was established by the Police Act of 1861.


CHAPTER - 11

CHANGES IN THE ARTSExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Subramania Bharati was a great Tamil poet. 2. Raja Rammohan Roy was a great innovator of Bengali literature. 3. The reformers started many newspapers and journals in regional languages. 4. Howrah Bridge is the Gateway to Kolkata. 5. Classical music has mainly two styles. 6. British rule prohibited the public performance of dance.


C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (T) 3. (T) 4. (T) 5. (T) 6. (T)

D. Match the following. 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (e) 4. (c) 5. (b)

E. Answer the following questions in short. 1. William Jones was an Anglo-Welsh philologist and a scholar of ancient India. 2. Munshi Premchand, Rabindranath Tagore, Mohammad Iqbal, Subramania Bharati, R.K.

Narayan were some of great writers in Indian languages. 3. Bharatnatyam, Kathak, Kathakali and Kuchipudi are some of classical dances of India. 4. Rabindranath Tagore composed Jana, Gana, Mana—our national anthem. He has written

enormous amounts of poems, songs, novels and plays in Bengali. He set up a department of art at Shanti Niketan.

5. Write short notes on (a) Victoria Memorial — It was built to commemorate Queen Victoria’s twenty-five years

reign over India. It is a white marble building at the southern end of Calcutta Maidan. This is probably the most imposing of all British structures in India.

(b) Gateway of India — It was built to commemorate the visit of King George V and Queen Mary to Bombay. It was opened in 1924 by the Viceroy. It is built from yellow basalt.

F. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Earlier literature was confined to religion and mythology in the form of poems. But the

literature of 19th century differ from earlier literature. Now literature also began to be written in prose. The freedom struggle influenced the literature of this period. New forms of writing like novels, short stories, dramas, essays etc., also became popular. The literature in the 19th century contributed towards the rising of the national consciousness.

2. During the 19th century Hindi became a popular medium of expression. Bhartendu Harish Chandra earned popularity as the father of modern Hindi prose, while Munshi Premchand earned popularity in Hindi literature. Premchand wrote about the misery of poor and oppressed classes in Indian society. Surya Kant Tripathi ‘Nirala’, Jayshankar Prasad, Ramchandra Shukla, Mahadevi Verma, Sumitra Nandan Pant are other famous writers of Hindi literature.

3. Indian classical music is popular all over the world. Classical music has mainly two styles—The Hindustani style and the Carnatic style. The Hindustani style is popular in North India and is based on the ragas. Indian classical music is mainly a vocal instrumental art. The period from 1857 to 1947 saw the emergence of Chennai as the capital of Carnatic music in the south.

4. The British rule in India is referred to as the period of renaissance in the history of Indian art. Rabindranath Tagore set up a department of art at Shantiniketan. The Bengal school became very famous in painting. Around 1850, three art schools had also been established in Madras, Calcutta and Bombay. The paintings of Jamini Roy are among the most recognizable of Indian paintings. His works has since been declared as national treasures of India. Raja Ravi Verma took to Indian mythology and tradition as the theme of his works.

5. The architecture of Mumbai is a blend of Gothic, Victorian, Art Deco, Indo-Saracenic and contemporary architectural styles. Gateway of India, Victoria Terminus, Secretariat,


University Library, Raja Bhai Tower, Churchgate etc. are some of the examples. Many grand buildings were constructed in Chennai in the later 19th century and the beginning

of the 20th century. The Victorian Indo-Saraceint style came to the forefront in Chennai. This style was Indian from the outside and British inside, the facade built with an Indian touch while the interior was solely Victorian. Chennai Central Railway Station, the Law Courts, Presidency College and Senate House are some of the examples.


CHAPTER - 12

THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENTExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. The foundation of Indian National Congress was laid in 1885 by A.O. Hume. 2. The song Vande Mataram was written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. 3. The Indian Councils Act, passed in 1909, was popularly known as Morley-Minto Reforms. 4. The Congress decided to boycott the visit of the Simon Commission, who visited India in

1927. 5. In 1932, Gandhiji re-launched the Civil Disobedience Movement.

C. Match the following. 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (e) 4. (b) 5. (c)

D. Write short notes on 1. RowlattAct— It was a legislative act passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in Delhi

on March 18, 1919, indefinitely extending the emergency measures of preventive indefinite detention, incarceration without trial and judicial review enacted in the Defence of India Act 1915 during the First World War.

2. Jallianwala Bagh — The Jallianwala massacre happened on 13th April 1919 in Amritsar. It is named after the Jallianwala Bagh in the northern Indian city of Amritsar. On April 13, 1919, British Indian army soldiers started shooting on an unarmed gathering of men, women and children. The shooting lasted for about ten minutes, killing more than one thousand people and injuring more than 2000 people.

3. Salt Satyagraha — It was an act of non-violent civil disobedience in colonial India initiated by Mahatma Gandhi to produce salt from the sea water in the coastal village of Dandi, as was the practice of the local populace until British officials introduced taxation on salt production, deemed their sea-salt reclamation activities illegal, and then repeatedly used force to stop it. The 24 day march began from 12 March 1930 and continued till 5 April 1930 as a direct action


campaign of tax resistance and non-violent protest against the British salt monopoly, and it gained worldwide attention which gave impetus to the Indian independence movement and started the nationwide civil disobedience movement.

4. Khilafat Movement — Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was a significant Islamic movement in India during the British rule. This was an attempt by the Indian Muslim community to unite together in support of the Turkish empire ruled by the Khalifa, which was attacked by European powers. Two brothers—Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, along with Maulana Abul Kalam Azad organized an anti-British mass movement of Muslims in India. The Khilafat Movement, aimed against the British government, received the support of Mahatma Gandhi, who related his Non-cooperation Movement with it.

5. Simon Commission — The Indian Statutory Commission was a group of seven Members of Parliament of United Kingdom under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon. The Commission arrived in British Raj (India) in 1928 to study constitutional reforms in Britain’s most important colonial dependency. The Congress decided to boycott the Simon Commission. It was called an ‘All white commission’ because no Indian member was included in it. Public hartals, demonstrations, black flags and loud slogans of ‘Simon go back’ greeted the Commission whereever it went.

E. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Following causes led to the national movement in India— (i) Religious awakening (ii) Vital role of social reformers (iii) Impact of western education (iv) Development of means of communication (v) Impact of Indian press and literature (vi) Racial discrimination (vii) Denial of higher jobs to Indians (viii) Economic exploitation of Indians 2. The period from 1905 was known as the era of extremism in the Indian national movement.

Aggressive nationalists believed that success could be achieved through bold means. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh were important aggressive leaders.

3. The revolutionary movement for Indian independence is a part of the Indian independence movement comprising the actions of the underground revolutionary factions. Groups believing in armed revolution against the ruling British fall in this category, as opposed to the generally peaceful civil disobedience movement spearheaded by Mahatma Gandhi.

Gadar Party was a predominately Sikh organisation that started operating abroad in 1913 with the view to do away with the British rule in India. The party collaborated with revolutionaries inside India and helped them get arms and ammunition. Lala Hardayal was a prominent leader of the Gadar Party.

4. Swadeshi and Boycott Movements were two sides of the same coin, intended as an economic challenge to British rule. Swadeshi Movement was based on the principle of self-reliance, which refers manufacturing and using indigenous goods, Boycott Movement was based on the philosophy of passive resistance. It involved withdrawing all cooperation to the government by boycotting everything British.

F. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. The British government remained rigid and uncompromising. The Rowlatt Act was also not

withdrawn. Hence, Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha in protest against the incidents in Punjab and Turkey. On 1st August 1920, he started the Non-cooperation


Movement, challenging the government. 2. Civil Disobedience Movement was a form of non-cooperation to pressurise the government

to concede to demands. It was done by breaking laws and suffering the consequences. The movement began with the Salt Satyagraha. Gandhiji decided to break the Salt Law made by the British government. The British government imposed tax on collection of salt, which was an item of daily use. On 6th April, 1930 Gandhiji reached Dandi and violated the law by picking up a handful of salt. This movement created turmoil in the rank and file of the British government.

3. Along with the reform movements of the period developed the literature of the 19th century. It was completely taken over by the problems of people and a new patriotic mood. A large number of poems and songs were produced during the 1860s and 70s. They referred to the decline of the handicraft industry and social problems. The greatest influence remained that of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s Anand Math in 1882. Its patriotic song Vande Mataram became so popular that it has since become our national song. In Central India, Bhartendu Harishchandra started the play for the use of swadeshi articles through his plays and writings. Premchand, a famous Hindi writer wrote extensively on poor conditions of the Indians under the British. Mahatma Ghandhi’s autobiography ‘The Story of My Experiments with Truth’ gives a detailed account of the political movements within the freedom struggle.

4. The Non-Cooperation Movement had awakened the masses politically. The involvement of different social groups made it a truly mass movement. Mahatma Gandhi organised Kheda Peasant Movement in Gujarat against the collection of land revenue, which the peasants could not pay due to failure of crops. This movement influenced the British government to issue secret orders directing that revenues should be recovered only from those peasants who could pay, and to forego collection in other cases.

Different classes and strata of population joined the national movement as it developed between 1918 and 1922. The workers were the first to act. The largest strikes in 1918-19 took place in Ahmedabad, Madras, Bombay and Calcutta, where majority of industrial workers were concentrated. In 1928, the Bombay government increased revenue demand by 22 percent despite the fall in cotton prices. Secondly, the demand for land was so high that the rental charged by the landlords outstripped the amount of revenue they paid to the government. The Bardoli Movement was aimed at undoing this injustice.


CHAPTER - 13

INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCEExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. The Constituent Assembly sat down to prepare a constitution for free India.


2. The parametres of India’s foreign policy were set by Jawaharlal Nehru. 3. India has always been opposing racial discrimination. 4. The race for armament causes economic depression.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (T) 3. (F) 4. (T) 5. (F) 6. (F)

D. Match the following. 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b)

E. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. The policy on the basis of which a government decides its relations with other countries of

the world is called the foreign policy. 2. The three main features of India’s foreign policy are as follows— (i) To safeguard the economic and other national interests. (ii) To uphold the sovereignty and integrity of the country. (iii) To promote international peace, security and cooperation. 3. Marshal Tito (President of Yugoslavia), Dr. Sukarno (President of Indonesia), G.A. Naseer

(President of Egypt) and Jawaharlal Nehru (Prime Minister of India) played an important role in the formation of NAM.

4. India has always been opposing racial discrimination. It had opposed it in South Africa between the whites and the blacks and favoured the policies of Dr. Nelson Mandela.

5. India has always been a strong supporter of disarmament and favoured total disarmament. India has taken largest initiatives for a nuclear free world and has vehemently opposed nuclear arms race.

F. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. The economic development in India followed socialist-inspired politicians for most of its

independent history, including state-ownership of many sectors. India’s per capita income increased at only around 1% annualised rate in the three decades after its independence. Since the mid-1980s, India has slowly opened up its markets through economic liberalisation. After more fundamental reforms since 1991 and their renewal in the 2000s, India has progressed towards a free market economy.

2. Non-alignment is the most important and basic feature of our foreign policy. After the Second World War, United States and the former USSR (present Russia), two super powers tried to win over as many of the small independent nations as possible. It is known as Cold War between these two super powers. India decided not to commit to any big powers. In such a situation, Jawaharlal Nehru put forth his concept of non-alignment for the common aspirations of newly liberated countries of Asia and Africa in March 1957. In this regard, a conference consisting of 25 countries was held in Bandung (Indonesia) in April 1955. This became a forum for the birth of Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

3. SAARC stands for South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives are members of SAARC.

4. Write short notes on the following: (a) Opposition to colonialism and imperialism—India has always opposed the policy of

imperialism and colonialism because India herself had suffered a lot under the British.


India took the stand of anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism and anti-racialism in its foreign policy, right from the beginning. It also extended material and moral support to those countries which are still struggling for their freedom, supported countries like Togoland, Tunisia, Algeria, Ghana and criticised the French aggression in Cyprus. It also opposed US intervention in Vietnam. It took a firm stand against racial discrimination that was practised in South Africa.

(b) Regional Cooperation—In the present unipolar world the regional organisations have a special role to play. In 1985, in Dhaka (Bangladesh) a body named South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) came into existence in order to maintain regional cooperation among the South Asian countries. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives are its members. Its main objective includes mutual cooperation in all fields.

(c) Respect for human rights—India has always followed the UN Declaration of Human Rights. These human rights have been included in the Indian Constitution. For the proper implementation of the human rights we have appointed a Human Rights Commission in India.

5. Panchsheel means five principles. Jawaharlal Nehru was the chief architect of India’s foreign policy. He realistically enunciated the five principles of coexistence called Panchsheel. These five principles led to founding of the Non-Align Movement. These are—

(a) The mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty (b) Non-aggression (c) Non-intervention in each other’s internal affairs (d) Mutual benefit and equality (e) Peaceful coexistence 6. India has not signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) due to its discriminatory

nature. The big powers are making pressures that India should sign and not use nuclear weapons at the time of any kind of war. Though, India has refused to sign this treaty but it declared that it would not use nuclear weapons first during a war.



(Do it yourself)


A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (b)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. The proposal of Charter Act of 1813 was forwarded by Lord Macaulay. 2. Hunter Commission promoted primary and girl’s education. 3. Prarthana Samaj was started in Bombay in 1867. 4. The caste system also exists among the Christians, Muslims and Sikhs.


5. By the Act of 1935, provincial autonomy was given to Indian states. 6. The Constituent Assembly sat down to prepare a constitution for free India.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (T) 3. (F) 4. (F) 5. (T) 6. (T)

D. Answer the following questions in short. 1. For the first time British rulers thought of educating Indians and for that they introduced a

Charter Act of 1813. 2. Social evils such as child marriage, female infanticide and sati had crept into Indian society. 3. The lowest varna of the Indian caste system is known as untouchables. 4. Kanduri Veerasalingam was a social reformer of Andhra Pradesh. He fought against untruth

and fought for education of women. He dedicated his entire life to the cause of upliftment of women in his society. He fought to abolish child marriages. He also fought against the system of concubines called nauch system. He attacked devdasi practice of society.

5. De- urbanisation is a demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas. It is along with sub urbanisation inversely related to urbanisation. It first took place as a reaction to inner-city deprivation and overcrowding.

For the sake of convenience of trade the British developed new centres of trade like Calcutta, Madras and Bombay on eastern and western coastal areas respectively. In late 18th century these places became as presidency cities under the British. These cities which were very important right from the ancient as well as during the Mughal period gradually lost their importance. Simultaneously many towns manufacturing specialised goods declined due to a drop in the demand for what they produced. Old trading centres and ports couldn’t survive when the flow of trade moved to the new centres. Trades and exports via the earlier important ports like Surat, Masulipatnam, etc. failed dramatically. At the same time, the earlier centres of regional power collapsed when local rulers were defeated by the British and new centres of administration emerged.

6. India has always been opposing racial discrimination. It had opposed it in South Africa between the whites and the blacks and favoured the policies of Dr. Nelson Mandela.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. The Wood’s Despatch of 1854 laid down that the study of Indian languages was to be

encouraged and that the English should be taught wherever there was a demand for it. It recommended many improvements like setting up of facilities for university level education in India. It led to establishment of three universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. These measures had led to establishment of a large number of schools and also resulted in some uniformity in higher levels. This Despatch often described as the ‘Magna Carta of modern education in India’. Recommendations of Wood’s Despatch of 1854—

(i) Establishment of a separate department of education for its administration. (ii) The foundation of universities at the three presidency towns. (iii) Stress on mass education, female education and improvement of vernaculars. (iv) The establishment of new middle schools. (v) An education department was to be set up in every province.


2. Raja Rammohan Roy was a pioneer in introducing reforms for women through Brahmo Samaj. To Rammohan Roy Sati was a grave crime which needed to be established. In 1829, practice of Sati was banned and made punishable by law. Apart from Sati, Rammohan Roy also raised his voice against the purdah system, polygamy, and the abuses of the caste system. He pleaded for education of women, widow remarriage, and abolition of untouchability. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar opposed polygamy and child marriage. He played an important role in the passing of the Widow Remarriage Act.

Keshab Chandra Sen laid stress on social reforms such as female education, inter-caste marriages and widow remarriage. He condemned social evils like child marriage, polygamy and casteism.

3. Kanduri Veerasalingam was a social reformer of Andhra Pradesh. He fought against untruth and fought for education of women. He dedicated his entire life to the cause of upliftment of women in his society. He fought to abolish child marriages. He also fought against the system of concubines called nauch system. He attacked the Devdasi practice in society.

4. De-urbanisation is a demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas. It is along with sub urbanisation inversely related to urbanisation. It first took place as a reaction to inner-city deprivation and overcrowding.

For the sake of convenience of trade the British developed new centres of trade like Calcutta, Madras and Bombay on eastern and western coastal areas respectively. In late 18th century these places became presidency cities under the British rule. These cities which were very important, right from the ancient as well as during the Mughal period, gradually lost their importance. Simultaneously, many towns manufacturing specialised goods declined due to a drop in the demand for what they produced. Old trading centres and ports couldn’t survive when the flow of trade moved to the new centres. Trades and exports via the earlier important ports like Surat, Masulipatnam, etc. failed dramatically. At the same time, the earlier centres of regional power collapsed when local rulers were defeated by the British and new centres of administration emerged.

5. The British rule in India is referred to as the period of renaissance in the history of Indian art. Rabindranath Tagore set up a department of art at Shantiniketan. The Bengal school became very famous in painting. Around 1850, three art schools had also been established in Madras, Calcutta and Bombay. The paintings of Jamini Roy are among the most recognizable of Indian paintings. His works since been declared as national treasures of India. Raja Ravi Verma took to Indian mythology and tradition as the theme of his works.

6. SAARC stands for South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives are members of SAARC.


SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE

CHAPTER - 1

THE CONSTITUTION AND NEED FOR LAWSExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Our constitution is the written law of the land. 2. The law for prohibition of liquor has been included in the Directive Principles of State Policy

in Part IV of our constitution. 3. Our constitution came into effect on 26 January, 1950. 4. According to the census of India, the sex ratio has declined between 1991 and 2001. 5. Intoxicating drinks ruin lives and destroy families.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (F) 3. (F) 4. (F) 5. (T)

D. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Constitution is a system or document of fundamental principles and rules according to which

a nation, state or a corporation is governed. 2. The Constitution is very important for a nation. It has more importance in a democratic form

of government. Our Constitution contains valuable information regarding the structure, organs, duties and responsibilities of the government.

3. The Indian Constitution is a living document because it was made in a way to adjust to the changing times and the situations of the country. It accepts modifications and amendments easily. Thus, the Indian Constitution changes with changing times therefore, it is known as a living document.

4. The term dissent means refusal to abide by law. 5. Rule of law means that all citizens are equal in the eyes of law.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Dowry in India has become a social problem leading to suicide and bride burning. Demand

for dowry has reached such dimensions that the birth of daughter is often considered as a financial burden on the family.

2. Female foeticide is the termination of a female foetus from the womb of mother through abortion in an illegal manner for some assumed cultural reasons. To curb the practice of female foeticide, the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse- (PNDT) Act was passed in 1994 by parliament. It was brought into effect from 1 January 1996. This Act bans sex determination tests. It also prohibits any advertisement of pre-natal


sex determination. Any violation of the PNDT Act can result in imprisonment and fine. 3. The perpetual habit of liquor consumption, another social evil that has resulted in ruining

many lives. Many people waste their had earned money on liquor and put their money into liquor and put the economic burden of managing the house on women. It is a major cause behind wife beating and domestic violence, intoxication drinks ruin lives, destroy families and kill thousands on the roads. Mahatma Gandhi was very much against the use of intoxicating drinks.


CHAPTER - 2

IDEALS OF OUR CONSTITUTION

ExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (c)

B. Match the following. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (e) 5. (c)

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (T) 5. (T) 6. (F)

D. Fill in the blanks. 1. The Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 December in the year 1946. 2. The Constituent Assembly adopted the resolution made by the Drafting Committee. 3. The Preamble to the Constitution set out the basic principles of the Indian republic. 4. The head of the Indian union is President. 5. Fundamental law of the land is the Constitution. 6. Directive Principles can help us to attain the goal of equal opportunities.

E. Answer the following questions in short. 1. The Constitution begins with a Preamble. The entire philosophy of the Constitution of India

is explained in the Preamble. 2. The way in which human rights are manifested in the everyday lives of people at every level

of society is known as social justice. 3. Fundamental Rights is a charter of rights contained in Part III of the Constitution of India.

These rights enjoy a special status. 4. Articles 29-30 of our Constitution states that everyone has the right to develop and preserve

their culture. Cultural and educational rights allow every citizen of India to have cultural and educational freedom.


5. Right to constitutional remedies states that the citizens have the right to approach the Supreme Court directly for the enforcement of their fundamental rights.

6. The Constitution of India provides six Fundamental Rights. These are— (i) Right to equality (ii) Right to freedom (iii) Right against exploitation (iv) Right to freedom of religion (v) Cultural and educational rights (vi) Right to constitutional remedies 7. Duty is an act or a course of action that is required of one by position, social custom, law or

religion.

F. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Fraternity assures the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation. It

indicates spirit of brotherhood which is essential to maintain the unity of the nation. 2. Cultural and educational rights allow every citizen of India to have cultural and educational

freedom. People belonging to different communities also have the right to establish their own educational institutions. The government also helps and encourages the development of the cultural activities of different regions and communities.

3. The real meaning of socialism for India was establishment of social, economic and political equality. It aimed at bridging the gap between the rich and the poor.

A secular state is one which is impartial towards all religions. This means that there will be no state religion. All religions will be treated equally.

A federation has two levels of government. One at the central level and another at the state or regional level. Both these governments have their separate range of powers. The powers are divided between the union and the state governments.

Liberty is a right or privilege, especially a statutory one. Right to liberty cannot be unlimited. It has certain restrictions and certain duties attached with it.

4. Fundamental duties infuse a feeling of patriotism and brotherhood in all men, women and children to dedicate themselves to the cause of the nation.

Four fundamental duties are as follows— (i) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood and to respect the dignity

of women. (ii) To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform. (iii) To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture. (iv) To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.



CHAPTER - 3

THE PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a)

B. Match the following. 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (e) 4. (b) 5. (c)

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (F) 3. (F) 4. (F) 5. (T) 6. (T)

D. Fill in the blanks. 1. The President of India is the constitutional head of the country. 2. The President can nominate 12 members of the Rajya Sabha. 3. The Vice President is the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha. 4. The Vice President is the chairman of the Council of States. 5. A Minister of State assists the Cabinet Ministers and the Ministers of State (Independent

Charge). 6. The Vice President is elected for a period of five years.

E. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Two executive powers of the President are— (i) The President appoints the Prime Minister and on advice of the Prime Minister he/she

appoints the other ministers of the Council of Ministers. (ii) All Executive Orders are issued in the name of the President. 2. The President has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha. 3. In order to occupy the post of President of India, a person must be— (i) A citizen of India (ii) At least 35 years of age (iii) Qualified to be a member of the Lok Sabha. (iv) Not holding any office of profit under the central, state or local governments. (v) He/she should not be a Member of the Parliament or State Legislature. 4. The lower house of the Parliament is called the Lok Sabha which is the representative body

of people. It is called the House of the People. The Council of States is the upper house or the second chamber of parliament. It is known as

the Rajya Sabha. 5. The Council of Ministers consists of three categories of ministers—Cabinet Ministers,

Ministers of State (independent charge) and Ministers of State. Cabinet Ministers are the seniormost leaders of the party, holding charge of major ministries such as home, defence,


finance etc. They form the cabinet. Ministers of State with independent charge are in-charge of comparatively small ministries. They are not a part of the Cabinet and attend its meetings only when invited. Ministers of State are who assist the Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State (independent charge).

6. The President may for violation of the Constitution, be removed from office by impeachment. The resolution to impeach the President may be moved in either house of the Parliament.

7. In case of disagreement between the two houses of the parliament, the deadlock is resolved by a joint session of two houses which is presided over by the Speaker.

F. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. The three executive powers of the President are— (i) The President appoints the Prime Minister and on the advice of the Prime Minister he/

she appoints the other ministers of the Council of Ministers. (ii) The President appoints the Governors of the states, the Attorney General of India,

Comptroller and Auditor General of India, the chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission, the Chief Election Commissioner, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and High Courts.

(iii) All Executive Orders are issued in the name of the President. The three legislative powers of the President are— (i) The President addresses the first session of the Parliament after election. (ii) He/She has the power to summon or close the session of the Parliament. (iii) Without the President’s signature, no bill can become law. 2. The President can, on appeal for mercy reduce the sentence of or grant pardon to any person

sentenced by the courts, within the Indian territory. He/ she can even change a death sentence. A buget containing the estimates of income and expenditure of the Union Government for

the coming financial year is placed before Parliament with the prior consent of the President. He may advance money to the Union Government to meet an unforeseen expenditure out of a special fund known as the Contingency Fund of India. The President appoints the Finance Commission which makes recommendations on some specific financial matters.

3. The Council of Ministers has enormous powers and manifold responsibilities. These include— Legislative functions — The Council of Ministers formulates the policies, submits and

explains them to parliament, and seek its approval since the ruling party has a majority in Parliament. The Cabinet may move an amendment to the Constitution.

Financial functions — The Cabinet is responsible for whole of the expenditure of government and for raising necessary revenues to meet it. The Finance Minister submits the Budget to the Parliament.

Executive functions — The Cabinet formulates different policies for the nation and executes the Five Year Plans. The Cabinet is essentially a policy framing body. The Council of Ministers are responsible to the Lok Sabha, not as individuals alone, but collectively also.

4. The Council of Ministers formulates the policies, submits and explains them to Parliament, and seek its approval since the ruling party has a majority in the Parliament. Its policies get acceptance easily except when its own members are not in favour of that policy. The Cabinet may move an amendment to the Constitution.



CHAPTER - 4

THE jUDICIARYExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. The maximum number of judges in the Supreme Court is 30. 2. The entire judicial system in our country revolves around laws passed by the Parliament. 3. The Supreme Court and the High Courts exercise advisory jurisdiction over Lower Courts. 4. The court of a Sessions Judge tries criminal cases. 5. The courts at the district level are known as Subordinate Courts.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (F) 3. (F) 4. (T) 5. (F)

D. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Supreme Court is the highest judicial body in India. 2. The President of India appoints the Chief Justice and other judges of the Supreme Court. 3. Civil cases are generally brought by private individuals or corporations seeking to collect

money owed or monetary damages. A criminal case is brought by the local, state or federal government in response to a suspected violation of law and seeks a fine, a jail sentence or both.

4. To qualify for appointment as a judge of the High Court, the person (i) Should be a citizen of India. (ii) Should have 10 years of experience as an advocate of a High Court or two or more such

courts in succession. (iii) Should have at least ten years experience as a Judicial Officer in the territory of India. 5. Like the Supreme Court of India, the High Courts also enjoys the original and appellate

jurisdiction. It also enjoys supervisory jurisdiction. 6. Lok Adalats are popular courts which decide cases at much quicker speed. The cases in Lok

Adalats are solved through mutual understanding. No appeal can be made against the order of the Lok Adalat.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Functions of the Supreme Court are as follows— (i) Original jurisdiction — The Supreme Court decides disputes between the (a) Government of India and the State Government (b) Government of India and any other states (c) between two or more states. This jurisdiction applies to the court where the case

originates.


(ii) Appellate jurisdiction — The Supreme Court hears appeals against some decisions of the High Court in three types of cases-

(a) civil (b) criminal (c) interpretation of the constitution. (iii) Advisory jurisdiction — A court exercises advisory jurisdiction when it gives advice

on matters relating to the Constitution. The court may report its opinion after such hearing as it think fit.

(iv) Protection of fundamental rights — The judiciary protects the fundamental rights of the citizens. To protect the fundamental rights of the citizens, the judiciary can issue the writs or directions to the concerned authorities.

2. Powers of the High Courts are given below— (i) Original jurisdiction — A High Court exercises original jurisdiction in cases involving

protection of fundamental rights, disputes related to state elections and cases where interpretation of the constitution is needed.

(ii) Appellate jurisdiction — Appeals in civil and criminal cases can be made before the High Court against the decisions of the Subordinate Courts. The High Court can give fresh verdict in such cases. In criminal cases appeals lie against the judgements of Sessions Judge or an Additional Sessions Judge. A sentence of death must be confirmed by the High Court before it can be carried out.

(iii) Supervisory jurisdiction — The High Court controls and supervises the working of the lower courts. It also regulates the appointment of subordinate services in the lower courts.

It also regulates the appointment of subordinate services in the lower courts. (iv) Administrative powers — The High Court has the authority to supervise and control

the affairs of all the tribunals and subordinate courts functioning within its territorial jurisdiction. The High Court is also a Court of Record.

3. There are different courts in each district to decide the civil and criminal cases. The highest criminal court of the district is the court of Sessions Judge. Below the court of the Sessions Judge are the courts of Metropolitan Magistrates or Judicial Magistrates. The lowest unit of the district judicial administration is the Nyaya Panchayat.

4. District courts are subordinate courts where civil cases are tried. The revenue courts deal with cases of land records and settle matters relating to payment of revenue.

5. The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President of India in consultation with the Chief Justice of Supreme Court and the Governor of the state. The other judges of the High Court are appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice of Supreme Court, chief justice of the high court and Governor of the state.



(Do it yourself)



A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Our Constitution is the written law of the land. 2. Intoxicating drinks ruin lives and destroy families. 3. The Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 December in the year 1946. 4. The President can nominate two members in the Lok Sabha. 5. The Vice President is the Chairman of the Council of States. 6. The maximum number of judges in the Supreme Court is 30.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (F) 5. (T) 6. (F)

D. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Constitution is a system or document of fundamental principles and rules according to which

a nation, state or a corporation is governed. 2. The term dissent means refusal to abide by law. 3. The Constitution begins with a Preamble. The entire philosophy of the Constitution of India

is explained in the Preamble. 4. Articles 29-30 of our Constitution states that everyone has the right to develop and preserve

their culture. Cultural and educational rights allow every citizen of India to have cultural and educational freedom.

5. The President has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha. 6. In case of disagreement between the two houses of the Parliament, the deadlock is resolved

by a Joint Session of two houses which is presided over by the Speaker. 7. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body in India. 8. Lok Adalats are popular courts which decide cases at much quicker speed. The cases in Lok

Adalats are solved through mutual understanding. No appeal can be made against the order of the Lok Adalat.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Dowry in India has become a social problem leading to suicide and bride burning. Demand

for dowry has reached such dimensions that the birth of daughter is often considered as a financial burden on the family.

2. Female foeticide is the termination of a female foetus from the womb of mother through abortion in illegal manner for some assumed cultural reasons. To curb the practice of female foeticide, the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse (PNDT) Act was passed in 1994 by Parliament. It was brought into effect from 1 January 1996. This Act bans sex determination tests. It also prohibits any advertisement of pre-natal sex determination. Any violation of the PNDT Act can result in imprisonment and fine.

3. Fundamental duties infuse a feeling of patriotism and brotherhood in all men, women and


children to dedicate themselves to the cause of the nation. Four fundamental duties are as follows— (i) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood and to respect the dignity

of women. (ii) To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform. (iii) To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture. (iv) To safeguard public property and to abjure violence. 4. The real meaning of socialism for India was establishment of social, economic and political

equality. It aimed at bridging the gap between the rich and the poor. A secular state is one which is impartial towards all religions. This means that there will be

no state religion. All religions will be treated equally. A federation has two levels of government. One at the central level and another at the state

or regional level. Both these governments have their separate range of powers. The powers are divided between the union and the state governments.

Liberty is a right or privilege, especially a statutory one. Right to Liberty cannot be unlimited. It has certain restrictions and certain duties attached with it.

5. The President can, on appeal for mercy reduce the sentence of or grant pardon to any person sentenced by the courts, within the Indian territory. He/ she can even change a death sentence.

A budget containing the estimates of income and expenditure of the Union Government for the coming financial year is placed before Parliament with the prior consent of the President. He may advance money to the Union Government to meet an unforeseen expenditure out of a special fund known as the Contingency Fund of India. The President appoints the Finance Commission which makes recommendations on some specific financial matters.

6. Functions of the Supreme court are as follows— (i) Original jurisdiction — The Supreme Court decides disputes between the (a) Government of India and the State Government (b) Government of India and any other states (c) between two or more states. This jurisdiction applies to the court where the case

originates. (ii) Appellate jurisdiction — The Supreme Court hears appeals against some decisions of

the High Court in three types of cases- (a) civil (b) criminal (c) interpretation of the Constitution. (iii) Advisory jurisdiction — A court exercises advisory jurisdiction when it gives advice

on matters relating to the Constitution. The court may report its opinion after such hearing as it think fit.

(iv) Protection of fundamental rights — The judiciary protects the fundamental rights of the citizens. To protect the fundamental rights of the citizens, the judiciary can issue the writs or directions to the concerned authorities.



CHAPTER - 5

THE POLICE AND THE COURTExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. The police is the primary law enforcement agency. 2. There are two types of judicial cases. 3. The officer-in-charge of the police station cannot refuse to register an FIR. 4. The police files the chargesheet in the police station. 5. The Public Prosecutor is appointed by the state.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (T) 3. (F) 4. (T) 5. (T)

D. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Civil Court and Criminal Court are the two types of courts. 2. An FIR is the First Information Report. 3. Civil Court and Criminal Court are the two types of courts in a district. 4. The police is an official group of people who have been employed by the state. They prevent

and solve crimes and keep public order. 5. Criminal cases involve an action that is considered to be harmful to society as a whole.

Conspiracy and fraud cases are examples of criminal cases. 6. FIR is very important because it is on the basis of this report that the police start its

investigations. 7. A chargesheet is a formal document of accusation prepared by enforcement agencies.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. After the occurrence of an offence, the procedure of filing an FIR is described as follows— (a) As a person giving the information or making a complaint, one can demand that the

information recorded by the police is read over after being written down. (b) The information meets the officer in-charge at the police station and narrates the

sequence of events. (c) Once the information has been recorded by the police, it must be signed by the person

giving the information. (d) You can send your report in writing to the Superintendent of Police concerned along

with the details of the incident concerning the refusal of the in-charge of the local police station in registering your case.

(e) You can file private complaint before the court having jurisdiction.


(f) The report should be signed only after verifying that the information recorded by the police is as per the details given.

(g) The officer will write it down. The information given should be signed by the person who has given it.

(h) This report is then entered in a book which is kept by the officer-in-charge. (i) A copy of the FIR can be obtained from the police. In an FIR the following details are recorded— (i) Name and address. (ii) Date, time and location of the incident being reported. (iii) In case of theft, details of property stolen. The section of the law which applies to the

offence. (iv) Witness if any. 2. The accused is given the opportunity to defend himself or herself. He can hire a lawyer of

his choice to defend the case. The defence lawyer is appointed by the accused. The defence lawyer can cross-examine the witness to prove that the accused is not guilty. He takes all the trouble in presenting strong evidence which may defend his client and prove his innocence so that he is set free.

3. The proceeding regarding a case starts in a court on the basis of the chargesheet filed against the accused. The court listens to the arguments of the accused and decides carefully. If the court finds that the personal appearance of the person is essential, it issues summons to the concerned person directing him to appear in court on a particular day and time. If the person doesn’t appear, the court can issue a warrant against him. It then directs the police to arrest him.

Judge conducts the trial impartially in an open court. The judge hears all the witnesses produced by the prosecutor and those charged with an offence. The judge, on the basis of the evidence presented and in accordance with appropriate laws, decides whether the accused is guilty of some offence or is innocent in the eyes of law.

The accused is given the opportunity to defend himself. He can hire a lawyer of his choice to defend himself. He can hire a lawyer of his choice to defend the case. If the court finds the accused guilty, the court awards punishment. The quantum of punishment depends upon the nature and severity of the crime committed.

4. The highest police official in a district is the Superintendent of Police. He is assisted by other police officers such as Deputy Superintendent of Police, Inspector, Sub-Inspector, Assistant Sub-Inspector, Head Constable and Chaukidar in maintaining law and order in the district.



CHAPTER - 6

MARGINALISATION AND SOCIAL jUSTICEExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. In providing social justice, the Constitution recognises Part IV. 2. Article 16 of the Constitution provides equality in opportunities for jobs. 3. About 15 percent jobs under the government are reserved for the scheduled castes. 4. Government of India passed Untouchability Act in 1955. 5. Article 29 and Article 30 of Constitution is about protection of interests of minorities.C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (T) 5. (T)

D. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. Marginalisation is a social process by which some sections of the society are confined to a

lower social standing. 2. The Other Backward Classes are those castes/ communities that are notified as socially and

educationally backward classes by the state governments or those that may be notified as such by the central government from time to time.

3. Muslims and Sikhs are two communities that have been notified as minorities. 4. Reservation is a form of affirmative action whereby a percentage of seats are reserved in the

public sector units. 5. Untouchability is a practice in which some lower caste people are kept at a distance, denied

of social equality and made to suffer from some disabilities for their touch, considered to be contaminating or polluting the higher caste people.

6. The practice of carrying human excreta in baskets on their heads by sweepers is called manual scavenging.

7. Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993 is against human scavenging.E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. The Constitution provides a three-pronged strategy to improve the situation of SCs and

STs— (i) Protective arrangements — Such measures are required to enforce equality, to provide

punitive measures for transgressions, to eliminate established practices that perpetuate inequalities, etc. A number of laws were enacted to implement the provisions in the constitution. The Untouchability Practices Act, 1955, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993 are some of the examples.

(ii) Affirmative action— Provide positive treatment in allotment of jobs and access to higher education as a means to accelerate the integration of the SCs and STs with mainstream society.


(iii) Development- provide resources and benefits to bridge the socio-economic gap between the SCs and STs and other communities.

2. In our society there still exist feeling of superiority of caste and birth. We can experience the practice of untouchability in everyday life around us, especially in rural and semi urban areas. Also in big metro cities, the inhuman practice of manual scavenging is still there.

3. On the basis of directive principles of state policy, many directives have been laid down for the welfare of women. These are—

(i) Article 39 provides that the citizen, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood. It provides equal pay for equal work for both men and women. It provides that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength.

(ii) Article 42 makes provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief.


CHAPTER - 7

THE GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a) B. Fill in the blanks. 1. The fifth Five Year Plan was launched in 1974. 2. The fifth Five Year Plan was terminated in 1979. 3. The first Five Year Plan gave the highest priority to agriculture. 4. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NAREGA) came into force in the year 2006. 5. NABARD gives loan to the farmers, workers and village industries.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (T) 3. (T) 4. (F) 5. (T)

D. Answer the following questions in short. 1. The purpose of setting up the planning commission was to promote a rapid rise in the

standard of living of the people by efficient exploitation of the resources of the country, increasing production, and offering opportunities to all for employment in the service of the community.

2. Twelfth Five Year Plan is currently in operation. 3. Bhakra Nangal and Hirakud are the two multipurpose river valley projects of India. 4. Chemical fertilizers are synthetic substances that provide the necessary nutrients for healthy

plant growth and development.


5. Public sector is that group of companies which is owned, controlled and managed by the government.

6. The cottage industry mainly include preparing basket, ropes, toys, clay, wooden articles etc. These are generally carried on by workers in their own houses.

7. The objectives of Bharat Nirman Plan are as follows— (i) Construction of all weather roads to connect all villages and provide clean drinking

water. (ii) Provide telephones for communication, to provide electricity in rural areas and

construction of 60 lakh houses for the poor.E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Price rise is regarded as a serious economic problem because it causes a number of significant

costs to an economy, including the following— (i) Price rise erodes the value of money and assets. (ii) It redistributes income between groups (iii) It has a negative effect on the balance of payments. (iv) It causes uncertainty and falling investment. (v) It can create unemployment. 2. Planning is the making of major economic decisions. What and how is to be produced and to

whom it is to be allocated—by the conscious decision of a determinate authority, on the basis of a comprehensive survey of the economic system as a whole.

3. Green Revolution led to an increased output in agriculture. The production of food grains has increased to more than double since independence. High-yield variety seeds were developed to increase agricultural production, especially of essential crops, such as wheat, rice and cotton.

4. The following steps have been taken by the government to promote rural development— (i) Social security programmes for aged and pregnant women were undertaken for the

rural areas. (ii) National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) is the most important programme

that directly touches the lives of the poor. (iii) The Bharat Nirman Plan was started for the development of rural areas in 2005.Do and Learn (Do it yourself)


(Do it yourself)


A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. The police is the primary law enforcement agency.


2. The Public Prosecutor is appointed by the state. 3. In providing social justice, the Constitution recognises Part IV. 4. Government of India passed Untouchability Act in 1955. 5. The fifth Five Year Plan was launched in 1974. 6. The fifth Five Year Plan was terminated in 1979.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (F) 5. (T) 6. (F)

D. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Civil and Criminal Court are the two types of courts. 2. First Information Report. 3. A chargesheet is a formal document of accusation prepared by enforcement agencies. 4. Marginalisation is a social process by which some sections of the society are confined to a

lower social standing. 5. The practice of carrying human excreta in baskets on their heads by sweepers is called manual

scavenging. 6. Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993 is against human scavenging. 7. Public sector is that group of companies, which is owned, controlled and managed by the

government. 8. Chemical fertilizers are synthetic substances that provide the necessary nutrients for healthy

plant growth and development.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. After the occurrence of an offence, the procedure of filing an FIR is described as follows— (a) As a person giving the information or making a complaint, one can demand that the

information recorded by the police is read over after being written down. (b) The information meets the officer in-charge at the police station and narrates the

sequence of events. (c) Once the information has been recorded by the police, it must be signed by the person

giving the information. (d) You can send your report in writing to the Superintendent of Police concerned along

with the details of the incident concerning the refusal of the in-charge of the local police station in registering your case.

(e) You can file private complaint in the court having jurisdiction. (f) The report should be signed only after verifying that the information recorded by the

police is as per the details given. (g) The officer will write it down. The information given should be signed by the person

who has given it. (h) This report is then entered in a book which is kept by the officer-in-charge. (i) A copy of the FIR can be obtained from the police. In an FIR the following details are recorded— (i) Name and address.


(ii) Date, time and location of the incident being reported. (iii) In case of theft, details of property stolen. The section of the law which applies to the

offence. (iv) Witness if any. 2. The accused given the opportunity to defend himself. He can hire a lawyer of his choice to

defend the case. The defence lawyer is appointed by the accused. The defence lawyer can cross-examine the witness to prove that the accused is not guilty. He takes all the trouble in presenting strong evidence which may defend his client and prove his innocence so that he is set free.

3. The Constitution provides a three-pronged strategy to improve the situation of SCs and STs—

(i) Protective arrangements — Such measures are required to enforce equality, to provide punitive measures for transgressions, to eliminate established practices that perpetuate inequalities, etc. A number of laws were enacted to implement the provisions in the constitution. The Untouchability Practices Act, 1955, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993 are some of the examples.

(ii) Affirmative action— Provide positive treatment in allotment of jobs and access to higher education as a means to accelerate the integration of the SCs and STs with mainstream society.

(iii) Development — Provide resources and benefits to bridge the socio-economic gap between the SCs and STs and other communities.

4. On the basis of Directive Principles of State Policy, many directives have been laid down for the welfare of women. These are—

(i) Article 39 provides that the citizen, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood. It provides equal pay for equal work for both men and women. It provides that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength.

(ii) Article 42 makes provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief.

5. Price rise is regarded as a serious economic problem because it causes a number of significant costs to an economy, including the following—

(i) Price rise erodes the value of money and assets. (ii) It redistributes income between groups (iii) It has a negative effect on the balance of payments. (iv) It causes uncertainty and falling investment. (v) It can create unemployment. 6. The following steps have been taken by the government to promote rural development— (i) Social security programmes for aged and pregnant women were undertaken for the

rural areas. (ii) National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) is the most important programme

that directly touches the lives of the poor. (iii) The Bharat Nirman Plan was started for the development of rural areas in 2005.


GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER - 1

OUR RESOURCESExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Soil is an example of natural resources. 2. Land, water and soil are natural resources. 3. The biotic resources are capable of reproduction. 4. Coal, petroleum and gas together are known as non-renewable resources. 5. The non-renewable resources are also called exhaustible resources.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (F) 5. (F)

D. Match the following. 1. (e) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)

E. Distinguish between the following. 1. Potential and actual resources — The resources which exist in a region and could be used in

future, but are not yet developed to their full potential are called potential resources. Resources that are already being utilised by humans are called actual resources. 2. Renewable and non-renewable resources — Renewable resources are those which can be

used continuously year after year. They do not get exhausted and can be replenished. Non-renewable resources can be used only once. After use, they either get exhausted or become unfit for further consumption.

3. Biotic and abiotic resources — Biotic resources are obtained from living organisms, such as plants and animals. Abiotic resources are obtained from non-living or physical environment. Land, water, air, gold, copper, iron, petrol, rocks, minerals, natural gas etc. are abiotic resources.

4. Natural and human-made resources — The gifts of nature in the form of natural endowments fall under the category of natural resources. Rocks, land, air, water, soil, minerals, natural vegetation and fossil fuels are examples of natural resources. Human-made resources are created by human beings with the help of the materials available in the environment. Machines, synthetic materials, buildings, houses are examples of human-made resources.

F. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Resources are gifts of nature which are used by man to fulfil his needs and desires and to

achieve individual and social aims.


2. The three types of resources are—natural resources, human-made resources, and human resources.

3. A reserve is a protected area of importance for wildlife, flora, fauna or features of geological or other special interest, which is reserved and managed for conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research.

4. Machines, synthetic materials, buildings and houses are examples of human-made resources. 5. Resource conservation means to use the resources according to need and the minimisation of

waste.

G. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. The exploitation of resources is serious threat to Earth’s life support systems. These include— (i) Loss of biodiversity — Ecosystems with higher levels of biodiversity are more stable

and resilient. (ii) Unsustainable agriculture — Most of our agriculture is out of balance, putting a lot

of stress on Earth’s life support systems. Modern day agriculture usually consists of a monoculture, which leads to unstable ecosystems.

(iii) Population growth — This growth is damaging Earth’s organs which is responsible for changing the balance of gases in the atmosphere.

(iv) Deforestation — Trees have been providing oxygen, filtering and cleaning the water, purifying the air, preventing soil erosion in farm lands and also providing us with food. Deforestation is seriously diminishing Earth’s capacity to provide for us today and for the generations to come.

(v) Overuse of non-renewable energy — Burning of fossil fuel pollutes the air and releases carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas and has the effect of trapping energy from the Sun in the Earth’s atmosphere. This affects global weather patterns causing drastic changes and endangering earth’s survival.

2. Resources are gifts of nature. Resources have three main characteristics—Utility, limited availability and potential for depletion or consumption.

3. Technology is essential for resources to be developed, nurture the best resources, without technology the future generation will not succeed in achieving milestones that are required for our country to succeed.

4. Conservation of natural resources is essential to preserve resources for future generations. Since there exists a close relationship between man, plants and animals, and the environment in which they live, the concern for health of the environment is also a goal of conservation.


CHAPTER - 2

NATURAL RESOURCES: LAND, SOIL AND WATERExerciseMultiple Choice QuestionsA. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d)


B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Both natural and man-made resources are included in resources. 2. Resources which are obtained from non-living things are called abiotic resources. 3. Land covers about 30 percent of the Earth’s surface. 4. Weathering of rocks is affected by composition of rock. 5. Rock dams are used to check the flow of water. 6. Rain water harvesting is mostly practised in desert and urban areas.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (T) 3. (F) 4. (F) 5. (T)

D. Distinguish between the following. 1. Soil formation and soil erosion — Soil is formed under specific natural conditions. Soil

formation is a slow process which takes thousands of years to get a 2.3 metre thick layer of soil. Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms. Soil erosion refers to the weathering away of a field’s topsoil by the natural physical forces of water and wind or through forces associated with farming activities such as tillage.

2. Bed rock and parent rock — Bed rock, a deposit of solid rock that is typically buried beneath soil and other broken or unconsolidated material. It is made up of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rock. The original rock from which the soil is formed is called the parent rock. They influence the colour, texture, chemical properties, mineral content and permeability of the soil.

3. Contour ploughing and strip cropping — In the contour ploughing method, the farmer ploughs along a slope rather than up and down the slope. It reduces erosion and check the flow of water. Strip cropping is the method of growing different crops in narrow strips, usually along the natural contours of the land.

4. Alluvial and black soils — Alluvial soils occur along rivers and represent the soil materials that have been deposited by the rivers during flood. Black soil has been formed by weathering and decomposition of the basaltic rocks of the lava plateau. Its black colour is due to the presence of the high content of humus and iron oxide.

5. Bhangar and Khadar — The alluvial soil found in the large part of north India is called Bhangar. It is an old soil which is alluvial in nature and is above the flood levels of the rivers in the region. In the plains, the younger deposits of soil are known as Khadar. These soils are very good for intensive cultivation.

6. Fresh water and saline water — The main difference between salt water and fresh water is the salinity content. Both contain salt or sodium chloride, but fresh water contains only small amounts of salt. Oceans and seas are saline water ecosystems, while rivers, lakes, streams and ponds are freshwater ecosystems.

E. Give reasons for the following. 1. There are many reasons, physical and human, to explain differences in levels of development

between countries. Factors such as climate and government type are important to a country’s development.

2. Soil conservation is important because soil is crucial for many aspects of human life as it provides food, filters air and water and helps to decompose biological waste into nutrients for new plant life.


3. As the plants in your garden feed, they deplete nutrients in the soil. Some plants take more from the soil than others while some actually add nutrients. For these reasons it is important to practise crop rotation to maintain or improve soil fertility.

4. The world’s available freshwater supply is not evenly distributed throughout the world, due to wide variations in seasonal and annual precipitation. The growing pressure of human activities compounds the scarcity of freshwater, people exert on available resources.

5. Water from lakes, rivers or streams and many groundwater sources may contain disease causing germs called pathogens, which can lead to water borne infections. Water borne illness can lead to severe reactions and serious complications. Disinfection kills or removes pathogens from drinking water, reducing health risks.

F. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Land, air and water are the three most important natural resources. 2. We use land for different purposes such as cultivation of crops, grazing of animals, mining,

constructing roads, setting up of industries, settlement, and so on. 3. The remains of dead plants and animals provide organic matter which decomposes, is known

as humus. It gets mixed up with the soil and forms an essential part of it. 4. There are six main factors that determine soil formation. They are—parent rock material,

climatic conditions, topography, humus, time and agents of erosion. 5. Shelter belts consist of trees or shrubs planted as a barrier to reduce wind speed and to

protect crops, livestock, buildings, work areas and roads from wind and snow as well as enhance biodiversity.

6. Northern Africa, Central and West Asia, the Middle-east part of South Asia and parts of South America are the four regions that face water scarcity.

7. Rainwater harvesting is an important method of conserving water. Rainwater can be collected in storage tanks and later be used to fill up wells and tube wells to recharge ground water.

G. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. There are six main factors that determine soil formation. They are—parent rock material,

climatic conditions, topography, humus, time and agents of erosion. Parent rock material — The original rock from which the soil is formed is called the parent

rock. Climatic conditions — Climatic conditions exert both direct and indirect influence on soil

formation. Topography — The topography or slope of the land in a particular region, is also important

on a steep slope. Humus — The remains of dead plants and animals provide organic matter which decomposes,

is known as humus. It gets mixed up with the soil and forms an essential part of it. 2. Soil conservation is the protection of soil from chemical as well as physical deterioration.

Some of the methods used by farmers across the world to conserve soil and to derive optimum benefits are—

(i) Afforestation — It is the most effective method to conserve soil. Row of trees or plants should be planted at short distances in the field to provide shelter belt.

(ii) Rotation of crops — It is a system of cultivating different crops on the same land in each year. This prevents any one type of nutrient from being exhausted from the soil.


(iii) Strip cropping — It is the method of growing different crops in narrow strips, usually along the natural contours of the land.

(iv) Contour ploughing — In this method, the farmer ploughs along a slope rather than up and down the slope. It reduces erosion.

(v) Terrace farming — This is a process in which hill slopes are used as cultivable land. The farmer cuts terraces into slopes to create flat areas to grow crops.

3. Following are the various ways in which water is useful to us— (i) We use water for our domestic purposes like drinking, cooking, bathing, washing etc. (ii) Water from rivers and lakes used for irrigation thereby helping agricultural practices. (iii) Underground water is drawn through well and tube wells and used for both domestic

as well as agricultural purposes. (iv) Plants absorb water from the soil, water also forms an important constituent of the

body and weight of animals. (v) Water is required for our industries for cleaning and cooling the machines. (vi) When water falls from a height as in waterfalls or dams, it can be harnessed to generate

hydroelectricity. 4. Conservation of water includes both to make it available for consumption for longer time

and to protect it from pollution. This can be done by adopting the following measures: (i) Water is polluted by industries which discharge their waste products, like nitrates,

metals and pesticides into water. This can be controlled by treating the impurities before releasing them into water bodies.

(ii) In domestic use, wastage of water should be avoided. Taps shouldn’t be unnecessarily kept open. Waste water from kitchens may be used to fill up air coolers or for gardening.

(iii) Planting of trees and other plants, can slow down the surface run off and improve seepage of water reservoirs which can be replenished by afforestation.

(iv) Sprinklers are a very effective method of irrigation. They can irrigate even undulating land.

Rainwater harvesting is an important method of conserving water.


CHAPTER - 3

NATURAL RESOURCES—NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFEExerciseMultiple Choice QuestionsA. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b)

B. Match the following. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c)


C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (F) 5. (T)

D. Distinguish between the following. 1. Evergreen forests and deciduous forests — Evergreen forests are found in areas having

hot and humid climate. Trees in these forests are tall, thick with various growth. Ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber and cinchona are some of the well-known trees of evergreen forests. Deciduous forests are found in monsoon Asia. These forests are less dense than the rainforests. The trees are of medium height and shed their leaves in the dry season. Teak, sal, sandalwood, bamboo, eucalyptus are some of the important trees of deciduous forests.

2. Tropical grasslands and temperate grasslands — Tropical grasslands are found between the equatorial forests and the tropical deserts. This region consists of small trees, shrubs and grass. Many parts of these grasslands are used for livestock rearing and farming. Temperate grasslands are found in the interiors of continents in the mid latitudes. They are known by different names in different regions. These treeless grasslands are situated in the interiors of most of the continents.

E. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Natural vegetation of an area means the plants that grow naturally in that area and not due

to any human activity. 2. Ecosystems are essential to human life, providing us with innumerable and invaluable

services. These ecosystem services are the goods and services derived from natural and managed ecosystems upon which human welfare depends and include everything from clean air and water to food and fuel.

3. In the hot dry deserts of the world, rainfall is low and vegetation cover negligible. Only drought resistant plants or xerophytes can grow. Cactus, date palms and acacias belong to this category.

4. Mammals such as jaguar, anteater and giant otter, birds like harpy eagle, toucan and hoatzin, dart poison frog and freshwater fish like piranha are found in the Amazon Basin.

5. Australia is famous for its marsupial animals. The kangaroo and the wallaby are two examples. The duck billed platypuses, emus, lyre birds, kingfishers or kookaburras are other significant animals and birds.

6. CITES is an international body, which stands for the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora. They say that the conservation of wildlife and forests have to go together, as the existence of animals depend largely on forests.

F. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Tropical rainforest vegetation is found in areas having hot and humid climate. Trees in these

forests are tall, thick with various growth. Some of the well known trees found in these areas are—ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber and cinchona.

Tropical deciduous forests are found in monsoon Asia. These forests are less dense than the rainforests. The trees are of medium height and shed their leaves in the dry season.

2. The tropical grasslands are found between the equatorial forests and the tropical deserts. This region consists of small trees, shrubs and grass. The trees are mostly thorny and stunted with reduced leaves that help retain moisture. Such grasslands are called Savanna. Many parts of these grasslands are used for livestock rearing and farming.


3. Large scale cutting of trees during the last few decades has led to ecological imbalances. To conserve forests the most important measure is to plant more trees. Large scale afforestation programmes should be taken up by the government and other local agencies. Some of the initiatives taken are as follows—

(i) Protecting the forest reserves (ii) Increasing the area under forest cover (iii) Discouraging the practice of shifting cultivation. (iv) Protecting forests from forest fires. 4. The wildlife found in different continents are as follows— Africa — Swamps and grasslands are home to elephants, hippopotamuses, rhinoceros and

crocodiles. The continent has the largest number of hooved animals such as deer, giraffes, zebra as well as cheetahs and leopards in numerous wildlife reserves.

Australia — Australia is famous for its marsupial animals. The kangaroo and the wallaby are two examples. The duck billed platypuses, emus, lyre birds, kingfishers or kookaburras are other significant animals and birds.

Europe — Europe has wolves, wild boars, sheep, rabbits and foxes. The birds include partridges, larks, cuckoos, skylarks and nightingales.

North America — The cold Tundra region is home to fur- bearing animals like polar bear, musk ox, arctic fox and reindeer. In the Taiga forests, caribou elk, moose, bear, rabbits and dogs are found. Birds like bald eagle, spotted owl and crane are found here. We can find mooses, elks, bisons, badgers, beavers and hedgehogs in other parts of the continent.

Asia — Animals such as monkeys, sloths, free frogs, tree lizards and tree iguanas are found here. Elephants, tigers, leopards, monkeys, deer, rhinoceroses and various kinds of snakes are found in the monsoon forests. Fur-bearing animals like lynxes, minks, sables, polar bears, musk oxen and Arctic foxes are found in Taiga and Tundra regions.

Antarctica — Penguins are native to this continent. Snow petrel, several types of seals and albatrosses inhabit the coastal areas, especially during the summer season.

5. India is home to hundreds of species of mammals, reptiles and thousands of birds. The varied climate and landscape make it an ideal place for the wildlife to survive. The great rivers like the Ganges, Yamuna and Brahmaputra and the dense forests of the Himalayas and the Western Ghats add to the ecosystem, encouraging further growth of the varied species.


CHAPTER - 4

MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCESExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d)

B. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (F) 3. (F) 4. (F) 5. (F)


C. Distinguish between the following. 1. Metallic and non-metallic minerals — Metallic minerals are those from which metals such

as iron, copper, aluminium, gold, silver, etc. are derived. They are found as ores. We get metals, such as iron, gold and copper from metallic minerals. Most of the metallic minerals are found in igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Non-metallic minerals include limestone, sulphur, potash, nitrate, mica, gypsum etc. Most of the non-metallic minerals are found in sedimentary rocks.

2. Conventional and non-conventional resources — The sources of power such as coal, petroleum, natural gas and nuclear energy are called conventional energy sources. Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal and biogas energy are called non-conventional energy sources.

3. Thermal power and hydel power — The thermal power is produced by burning coal, petroleum or natural gas in thermal generators. Hydel power is derived from the force of running water driving the hydro turbines.

D. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Minerals are substances that have specific chemical compositions and physical properties.

They do not occur in a pure form. 2. Iron is the most important among all the metals. The iron that we use is the form of iron ore.

Iron has many uses. 3. The extraction of mineral resources from the Earth is called mining. 4. Different kinds of products, like petrol, diesel, kerosene, wax, plastics and lubricants are

obtained by refining crude mineral oil. About two-thirds of the total reserves of petroleum are located around the Persian Gulf in

South-west Asia. Petroleum in India is found at Digboi in Assam, Mumbai High and the deltas of Krishna and Godavari rivers.

5. The four nuclear power plants in India are— (i) Tarapur in Maharashtra (ii) Kakrapar in Gujarat (iii) Kota in Rajasthan (iv) Kaiga in Karnataka

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Coal is obtained from decayed plants and trees which got buried under sediments. They

become decomposed and compressed in course of time due to action of heat and pressure they got changed into black coal. It is widely used for cooking, smelting of iron ore, generation of electricity, steam engines and chemical industries. China, USA, Russia, Germany, France and Poland are leading coal producing countries of the world.

2. Wind energy describes the process by which wind is used to generate electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. A generator can convert mechanical power into electricity. Some wind farms have been developed in Tamil Nadu and along the coast in Gujarat.

3. Energy produced from the forces of sun, wind and tides are called non-conventional sources of energy. This energy is abundant, renewable, pollution free and eco-friendly. Solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy and tidal energy are sources of non-conventional energy. Wind mills are in use in England, France and the Netherlands. USA, New Zealand, Japan,


Iceland, Philippines and Central America are the leading producers of geothermal energy in the world. Countries such as Russia, France and India have developed tidal energy.

4. Some methods of conserving power resources are mining the use of fossil fuels, saving electricity and using alternative sources of power. In our daily routines, we can conserve energy by turning off lights when not required and only using appliances when they can be utilized optimally. Carpooling, cycling and using public transport are effective energy saving ideas.



(Do it yourself)


A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Land, water and soil are natural resources. 2. Rock dams are used to check the flow of water. 3. Sprinkling are a very effective method of irrigation. 4. Tidal forests are found in the deltas of the rivers. 5. Sulphur is a non-metallic mineral.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (T) 3. (F) 4. (F)

D. Distinguish between the following. 1. Biotic and abiotic resources — Biotic resources are obtained from living organisms, such as

plants and animals. Abiotic resources are obtained from non-living or physical environment. Land, water, air, gold, copper, iron, petrol, rocks, minerals, natural gas etc. are abiotic resources.

2. Natural and human-made resources — The gifts of nature in the form of natural endowments fall under the category of natural resources. Rocks, land, air, water, soil, minerals, natural vegetation and fossil fuels are examples of natural resources. Human-made resources are created by human beings with the help of the materials available in the environment. Machines, synthetic materials, buildings, houses are examples of human-made resources.

3. Bed rock and parent rock — Bed rock, a deposit of solid rock that is typically buried beneath soil and other broken or unconsolidated material. It is made up of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rock. The original rock from which the soil is formed is called the parent rock. They influence the colour, texture, chemical properties, mineral content and permeability of the soil.

4. Evergreen forests and deciduous forests — Evergreen forests are found in areas having hot and humid climate. Trees in these forests are tall, thick with various growth. Ebony,


mahogany, rosewood, rubber and cinchona are some of the well-known trees of evergreen forests. Deciduous forests are found in monsoon Asia. These forests are less dense than the rainforests. The trees are of medium height and shed their leaves in the dry season. Teak, sal, sandalwood, bamboo, eucalyptus are some of the important trees found in deciduous forests.

E. Give reasons for the following. 1. Soil conservation is important because soil is crucial for many aspects of human life as it

provides food, filters air and water and helps to decompose biological waste into nutrients for new plant life.

2. As the plants in your garden feed, they deplete nutrients in the soil. Some plants take more from the soil than others while some actually add nutrients. For these reasons it is important to practise crop rotation to maintain or improve soil fertility.

3. The world’s available freshwater supply is not evenly distributed throughout the world, due to wide variations in seasonal and annual precipitation. The growing pressure of human activities compounds the scarcity of freshwater, people exert on available resources.

F. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Resources are gifts of nature which are used by man to fulfil his needs and desires and to

achieve individual and social aims. 2. Resource conservation means to use the resources according to need and the minimisation of

waste. 3. Shelter belts consist of trees or shrubs planted as a barrier to reduce wind speed and to

protect crops, livestock, buildings, work areas and roads from wind and snow as well as enhance biodiversity.

4. Rainwater harvesting is an important method of conserving water. Rainwater can be collected in storage tanks and later be used to fill up wells and tube wells to recharge groundwater.

5. Minerals are substances that have specific chemical compositions and physical properties. They do not occur in a pure form.

6. The four nuclear power plants in India are— (i) Tarapur in Maharashtra (ii) Kakrapar in Gujarat (iii) Kota in Rajasthan (iv) Kaiga in Karnataka

G. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Technology is essential for resources to be developed, nurture the best resources, without

technology the future generation will not succeed in achieving milestones that are required for our country to succeed.

2. There are six main factors that determine soil formation. They are—parent rock material, climatic conditions, topography, humus, time and agents of erosion.

Parent rock material — The original rock from which the soil is formed is called the parent rock.

Climatic conditions — Climatic conditions exert both direct and indirect influence on soil formation.


Topography — The topography or slope of the land in a particular region, is also important on a steep slope.

Humus — The remains of dead plants and animals provide organic matter which decomposes, is known as humus. It gets mixed up with the soil and forms an essential part of it.

3. Large-scale cutting of tress during the last few decades has led to ecological imbalances. To conserve the forest the most important measure is to plant more trees. Large-scale afforestation programmes should be taken up by the government and other local agencies. Some of the initiatives taken are as follows—

(i) Protecting the forest reserves (ii) Increasing the area under forest cover (iii) Discouraging the practice of shifting cultivation. (iv) Protecting forests from forest fires. 4. Coal is obtained from decayed plants and trees which got buried under sediments. They

become decomposed and compressed in course of time due to action of heat and pressure they got changed into black coal. It is widely used for cooking, smelting of iron ore, generation of electricity, steam engines and chemical industries. China, USA, Russia, Germany, France and Poland are leading coal producing countries of the world.

CHAPTER - 5

AGRICULTUREExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Agriculture is the most ancient economic activity of mankind. 2. Shifting cultivation is known as Punam Krishi in Kerala. 3. Coffee and rubber are two plantation crops. 4. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world. 5. An example of fodder crop is maize.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (T) 5. (T)

D. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Agriculture includes not only cultivation of soil and growing of crops but rairing livestock as

well forestry and fishing are also considered to be a part of agriculture. 2. Characteristics of shifting cultivation are— (i) In shifting cultivation, people clear the forest by cutting and burning the required area. (ii) The ash produced by burning vegetation increases the fertility of soil. (iii) Cultivation is done with very primitive tools like digging sticks and hoes.


3. Nomadic herding is practised by people who rear cattle, sheep, camel and yak. They move from place to place in search of natural vegetation and foods.

4. In the mixed farming, crop cultivation and animal rearing are practised on the same farm. 5. The farming practice in which cattle are reared for milk and milk products which are sold

to urban centres is known as dairy farming. Modern machinery and scientific methods of breeding are used. A large labour force is required to look after the cattle and huge amount of capital needs to be invested.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Some factors that influence the agriculture in a region are— (i) Climate — Climate plays an important role in crop cultivation. Some crops like rice

and jute require more moisture and thus grow in areas of high rainfall while wheat and millets grow in the drier areas.

(ii) Soil — Soil also play an important role in crop cultivation. Fertile sandy soil is very useful for the cultivation of wheat, while black lava soil is suitable for growing cotton.

(iii) Relief — Relief or the height of a place above sea level also plays an important role. Relief and altitude have also a great bearing on the agricultural activities. Mountain slopes are good for tea and coffee cultivation.

Factors like cost of farming, market for a commodity transport facilities, availability of labour, capital, system of land ownership and government policy also influence agriculture of a region.

2. There are two types of farming practices— (i) Subsistence farming (ii) Commercial farming Subsistence farming — Agriculture done to support the family of the small farmer and not

for commercial use is called subsistence agriculture. It includes three types of agricultural practices—nomadic herding, shifting cultivation and intensive agriculture.

Commercial agriculture — Agriculture for sale of crops and making profit is called commercial agriculture. In commercial agriculture, crops are grown and animals are rared for commercial purposes.

3. Plantation is a well-managed and organised system of agriculture. Trees and bushes are planted which give yield over a period of years. Different crops may be grown in plantations but their general characteristics are similar. The plantations are managed like industrial units. Tea plantation in India is an example of plantation agriculture.

4. Rice and wheat are the two most important food crops in the world. Rice is the main food crop of the world. It is the staple food for nearly half of the world’s

population. It grows best in the hot and wet tropical and subtropical regions. Rice requires temperatures of about 25oC during the growing season. Rainfall required is 150-200 cm and the fields should be flooded. Fertile alluvial soil with a clayey sub-soil is best suited for rice. Chemical fertilizers and insecticides are also used. A lot of manual labour is required as most of the work is done by hand.

Rice is mainly grown in the south-east Asian countries like China, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Japan, Indonesia, South Korea, Thailand, Myanmar etc.

Wheat is the chief food crop in the mid-latitude and dry sub-tropical regions. It requires


about 15°C temperature and rainfall between 50 and 75 cm. There should no frost. The weather should be cool and moist at the time of growing while bright sunshine is required when it ripens. Sandy loamy soil is suitable and so are black soils. Chemical fertilizers and insecticides are used in adequate quantities. The main wheat producing countries are Russia, the USA, Canada, Australia, China, Argentina and India.


CHAPTER - 6

MAjOR CROPS AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENTExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world. 2. Cotton and jute are the two fibre crops. 3. Tea and coffee are two plantation crops. 4. The land holding in India are small due to the land ceiling law. 5. Intensive agriculture is mostly practised on the prairies.

C. Distinguish between the following. 1. Subsistence Agriculture and Commercial Agriculture — Subsistence agriculture is a self-

sufficiency farming system in which the farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their family.

Commercial agriculture is a large-scale production of crops for sale, intended for widespread distribution to wholesalers or retail outlets.

2. Intensive Farming and Extensive Farming — Intensive farming involves various types of agriculture with higher levels of input and output per cubic unit of agricultural land area.

Extensive farming is an agricultural production system that uses small inputs of labour, fertilizers and capital, relative to the land area being farmed.

3. White and Green revolution — White revolution also known as operation flood, was a plan of three phases by the National Dairy Development Board to revitalise India’s dairy production until India became self-sufficient in milk. Green revolution refers to a set of research and development of technology transfer initiatives occuring between the 1930s and the late 1960s that increased agricultural production worldwide.

4. Beveragecropsandfibrecrops— Beverages are drinks like coffee, tea etc. The crops grown to produce these beverages are called beverage crops. Fibre crops are field crops grown for their fibres, which are traditionally used to make paper, cloth or rope.

D. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Shifting agriculture is an agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily,


then abandoned and allowed to revert to their natural vegetation while the cultivator moves on to another plot.

2. Nomadic herding is an ecological system of agriculture. It is carried on mainly to produce food for the family and to fulfill the needs of clothing, shelter and recreation.

3. Jute is known as ‘golden fibre of India’. 4. Jute is used widely in agricultural and manufacturing sectors. It is used to make ropes, mats,

gunny bags, packaging, textile and non-textile products. India and Bangladesh are leading producers of jute.

5. Green revolution has been successful in the northern and north-western parts of India, mainly in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Our agricultural scientists are developing better quality seeds and methods. Double and multiple cropping is followed and crop rotation methods have been adopted. Agricultural universities were set up to train the farmers.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Some factors that influence the agriculture in a region are— (i) Climate — Climate plays an important role in crop cultivation. Some crops like rice

and jute require more moisture and thus grow in areas of high rainfall while wheat and millets grow in the drier areas.

(ii) Soil — Soil also play an important role in crop cultivation. Fertile sandy soil is very useful for the cultivation of wheat, while black lava soil is suitable for growing cotton.

(iii) Relief — Relief or the height of a place above sea level also plays an important role. Relief and altitude have also a great bearing on the agricultural activities. Mountain slopes are good for tea and coffee cultivation.

Factors like cost of farming, market for a commodity transport facilities, availability of labour, capital, system of land ownership and government policy also influence agriculture of a region.

2. Intensive subsistence farming aims to get the maximum produce from a small plot of land. In overpopulated regions such as India, China, Japan and other south-east Asian countries, many crops are grown on the same land. This type of farming is mostly practised in the densely populated countries of the monsoon region. Due to a long growing season and fertile soil the farmer is able to grow two or three crops annually on the same land.

3. Rice is one of the major food or cereal crop of the world. It is the main crop cultivated in the hot and humid regions. It requires high temperature and high rainfall for its growth. It grows well in alluvial soil with a clay subsoil.

Sugarcane is a plantation crop which grows to a height of about three metres or more. The crop grows best when temperature is around 25°C and rainfall last for six to seven months.

Cotton is a fibre crop which grows well in areas of high temperature, light rainfall with 210 frost free days. Cotton grows well in black and alluvial soils.

Jute grows well in warm and wet climate. Alluvial soil, rich in salts, is suitable. Coffee is a tropical plant which requires warm and wet climate and a well-drained loamy

soil. It is grown on hill slopes at an altitude of 500 to 1500 metres above sea level. Coffee needs temperature ranging from 14°C to 26°C and rainfall of about 150 cm.

4. Tea and coffee are two beverage crops. Tea requires cooler climate and well-distributed high rainfall throughout the year. It requires well-drained loamy soil and its cultivation is confined


to hill slopes. Temperature of 25°C is most suitable. It requires warm temperature and well-distributed rainfall of 250 cm or more.

Coffee is a tropical plant which requires warm and wet climate and a well-drained loamy soil. It is grown on hill slopes at an altitude of 500 to 1500 metres above sea level. Coffee needs temperature ranging from 14°C to 26°C and rainfall about 150 cm.

China, India, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Japan, Indonesia, Uganda and Bangladesh are leading tea producing countries. Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia and Indonesia are leading coffee producing countries.

5. Agriculture in India is mainly of intensive subsistance type. Agriculture depends mainly on the monsoon rain which is uncertain, unreliable and irregular. Most of the farm work, such as ploughing, irrigation, harvesting and threshing are done by animals and members of farmer’s family. Green revolution has changed agricultural practices in India. Our agricultural scientists are developing better quality seeds and methods. Double and multiple cropping is followed and crop rotation methods have been adopted.

Farming in USA is mainly commercial in nature and is very different from Indian farming. In USA, most of the farms are big, running into thousands of acres. There is manual labour involved. Production is on a large scale and farmers earn huge profits. The affluent standard of US farmers has resulted in highly scientific methods of cultivation, like use of high yielding varieties of seeds, fertilizers, better methods of irrigation, soil conservation techniques and use of combine harvesters. Scientific methods are applied for pest control.


CHAPTER - 7

INDUSTRIESExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (c)

B. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (T) 5. (T)

C. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Pastoral-based industries obtain their raw materials from animals like sheep, goats and cows.

Examples are leather goods, woollen textiles, processed meat and dairy products. 2. Cooperative sector industries are owned and managed by a group of people who form their

cooperative society. Generally the members are the producers of raw materials. Sugar mills, dairy cooperatives and the handloom industry are examples of this type.

3. Iron and steel industry is a basic industry. Iron and steel are used in the manufacturing of machine tools and different equipments used by other industries.

4. The major hub of the IT industry are located in Bengaluru. It has got the best type of training infrastructure required for computer industry.


D. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. On the basis of the nature of ownership, industries can be classified as given below– (i) Private sector industries — Private sector industries are owned and managed by an

individual or a group of individuals. Dabur India Limited, Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company (TELCO), Tata Iron and Steel Company, Reliance Industries and Hindustan Aluminium Company (Hindalco) are some of the most important names in this category.

(ii) Public sector industries — These are owned and managed by the central or state government or their agencies. Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL) and Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL) are examples of public sector industries.

(iii) Joint sector industries — These are owned and managed jointly by private firms and government agencies. The partners share the investment and employment is generated. Maruti Udyog Ltd. is a good example.

(iv) Cooperative sector industries — These are owned and managed by a group of people who form a cooperative society. Sugar mills, dairy cooperatives and the handloom industry are examples of this type.

(v) Multinational corporations — They are set up in collaboration with foreign investors. These types of industries are owned and managed by the members of two or more countries. Maruti Udyog Ltd. and Coca Cola are its examples.

2. The location of an industry depends on a number of factors. Such factors are availability of raw materials, availability of energy resources, means of transport and communication, cheap and efficient human labour, market demand and availability of water. These factors are vital for the survival as well as success of any industry.

3. Factors responsible for the development of the cotton textile industry at Ahmedabad are as follows–

Ahmedabad is situated in the heart of a cotton growing area, hence the major raw materials are easily available. The humid climate is ideal for spinning and weaving. The flat terrain and easy availability of land is suitable for the establishment of the mills. The densely populated state of Gujarat provides both skilled and semi-skilled labour. Well-developed road and rail networks permits easy transportation of textiles to different parts of the country, thus providing easy access to the market.

4. Cotton textile is one of the oldest industries in the world. During ancient times, cotton textiles were prouduced using hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques. The rapid development of the cotton textile industry since the industrial revolution was due to a series of inventions in England in the later 18th century. During the last two hundred years, the number of textile mills have steadily grown in different parts of the world.

Cotton textiles are mainly produced in the USA, China, India, Russia, the UK, Japan, Brazil, France, Spain, Italy and Egypt.



CHAPTER - 8

HUMAN RESOURCESExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (d)

B. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (T) 3. (T) 4. (T) 5. (T)

C. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Human resources are the greatest resource of a country because they produce wealth and

can raise the standard of living. 2. The number of people living in one square kilometre is called the density of population. 3. Sex ratio means the number of females per 1000 males. 4. Birth rate is the number of births per thousand population in a given place over a period

of time. Death rate refers to number of deaths per thousand people in the population of a country over a period of time.

5. Mineral resources, industries, means of transport, urbanisation, government policies and growth of population are the economic and social factors that influence distribution of population.

6. Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and Andorra have low growth rate of population.D. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Geographical factors affecting population distribution are topography, climate, soil, water

and minerals. It can only be explained through the interaction of different physical, social, cultural and economic factors.

The physical factors include relief, climatic conditions, natural vegetation, soil and water availability. Other factors include mineral deposits, industries, transportation, urbanisation and migration.

2. Thickly populated regions have favourable climatic conditions, fertile soil, level land and good transport network. They have rich agricultural lands and are also highly industrialised and urbanised areas. The main areas are — Eastern and South-Eastern Asia, Western Europe, Eastern and central part of North America.

Sparsely populated areas have harsh climatic conditions, either very cold or very hot and are therefore, not favourable for habitation. Hot deserts such as the Sahara, the Kalahari desert, the Arabian desert and the Great Australian desert are all sparsely populated areas. The popular regions — the Arctic region in the north and the Antarctica in the south are the most sparsely populated regions in the world.

3. Population of India shows that due to decrease in birth and death rates, the base of the pyramid has become less broad, as in the case of developed country. In case of Japan the base is narrow which means low birth rate makes the number of children growing into adults less. As the death rate is also low the old age population will be more.

4. The quality of the population is what finally determines the growth rate of the country. The following three factors add to make a population of high quality–


(i) Literacy rate — The literacy rates in developed countries is much higher than developing countries. Eighty percent of the world population is literate. The economic and social development of the country depends to a great extent on the literacy level of its population.

(ii) Health of a person indicated by life expectancy — Age composition refers to the number of people in each age group. Generally, the population of a country is broadly divided into children (0-14 years), adults (15-59 years) and aged (60 years and above)

(iii) Skill formation acquired by the people of the country—skilled, energetic, ambitious young people with proper attitude towards development constitute the feature resources of a country.


CHAPTER - 9

DISASTER AND ITS MANAGEMENTExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (d)

B. Match the columns. 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (e) 5. (d)

C. Fill in the blanks. 1. A hazard causing destruction is called a disaster. 2. Little or no rain causes drought. 3. An earthquake is measured on a Richter scale. 4. People living in the earthquake prone areas should live in wooden houses. 5. The forecasting of cyclones is done by the Meteorological Department.

D. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (T) 3. (T) 4. (T) 5. (T)

E. Distinguish between the following. 1. Droughtandflood—Drought is a condition of abnormally dry weather in some areas. It is a condition of unusual scarcity of water in the areas where otherwise rainfall remains

moderate to normal. A flood occurs when a sudden influx of water submerges areas of land causing danger to the

life and property of people living there. 2. Natural hazard and man-made hazard — Natural hazards are very big accidents caused by

the natural forces. Earthquakes, droughts, floods, tsunamis and cyclones are natural hazards. Man-made hazards include train accidents, plane crashes, industrial or nuclear accidents, biological disasters, terrorist attacks and the use of weapons of mass destruction.

3. Tsunami and cyclone — Tsunami waves originate at the sea floor because of different reasons like earthquake, volcanic eruption or undersea landslide. Cyclone is a violent storm that originates in the tropical seas.


F. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Disasters are sudden events s.uch as floods, earthquakes, cyclones, accidents, droughts and

epidemics. 2. A flood occurs when a sudden influx of water submerges areas of land causing danger to the

life and property of people living there. 3. The areas of West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Uttar

Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab are flood prone areas of India. 4. Cyclone is a violent storm that originates in the tropical seas. 5. Effects of droughts include — Famine due to lack of water for irrigation, shortage of water

for industrial use, creates desertification and soil erosion, creates malnutrition, dehydration and related diseases.

6. Rainwater harvesting is a technique of collection and storage of rainwater into natural reservoirs or tanks, or the infiltration of surface water into subsurface aquifers.

G. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Precautions against earthquake are as follows— (i) Immediately try to rush to the nearest open space. (ii) Never stand near a high building, a tree or an electric pole. (iii) Learn the basic first-aid functions. (iv) If you are not able to move out of a falling building then, hide yourself under a strong

table or under a slab. Do not stand in a hall. Corners are safe places. (v) Never use a lift during an earthquake. (vi) If outdoors, keep away from trees, sign boards, buildings, poles and electric wire. 2. Precautions against floods are as follows– (i) One should inform the people immediately about the danger. (ii) People should listen to radio or watch television for warning and advice. (iii) People should move to roof of the house and carry all the essential commodities. (iv) Switch off power and electrical appliances. (v) Arrangements should be made to divert the flow of water. (vi) Keep the first-aid kit ready, especially for diarrhoea and snake bites. 3. Precautionary measures taken in tsunami prone areas are as follows— (i) The tsunami warning systems should be installed in high risk zones. (ii) Know the height of your street above sea level and the distance from the coast. The

areas of great risk are in areas below sea level and within two kms from the coast. (iii) In some areas, the sea water may recede up to 800 m from the coast. Do not enter this

temporary dry area, the sea water may rush back soon.Do and Learn (Do it yourself)


(Do it yourself)


A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a)


B. Fill in the blanks. 1. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world. 2. The land holdings in India are small due to the land ceiling law. 3. Intensive agriculture is mostly practiced on the prairies. 4. An earthquake is measured on a Richter scale. 5. The forecasting of cyclones is done by the Meteorological Department.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (T) 5. (T)

D. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Nomadic herding is practised by people who rear cattle, sheep, camel and yak. They move

from place to place in search of natural vegetation and foods. 2. Jute is known as ‘golden fibre of India’. 3. The number of people living in one square kilometre is called the density of population. 4. The areas of West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Uttar

Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab are flood prone areas of India.E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Agriculture in India is mainly of intensive subsistence type. Agriculture depends mainly

on the monsoon rain which is uncertain, unreliable and irregular. Most of the farm work, such as ploughing, irrigation, harvesting and threshing are done by animals and members of farmer’s family.

Farming in USA is mainly commercial in nature and is very different from Indian farming. In USA, most of the farms are big, running into thousands of acres. There is manual labour involved. Production is on a large scale and farmers earn huge profits. The affluent standard of US farmers has resulted in highly scientific method of cultivation, like use of high yielding varieties of seeds, fertilizers, better methods of irrigation, soil conservation techniques and use of combine harvesters. Scientific methods are applied for pest control.

2. The location of an industry depends on a number of factors. Such factors are availability of raw materials, availability of energy resources, means of transport and communication, cheap and efficient human labour, market demand and availability of water. These factors are vital for the survival as well as success of any industry.

3. Geographical factors affecting population distribution are topography, climate, soil, water and minerals. It can only be explained through the interaction of different physical, social, cultural and economic factors.

The physical factors include relief, climatic conditions, natural vegetation, soil and water availability. Other factors include mineral deposits, industries, transportation, urbanisation and migration.

4. Precautions against floods are as follows– (i) One should inform the people immediately about the danger. (ii) People should listen to radio or watch television for warning and advice. (iii) People should move to roof of the house and carry all the essential commodities. (iv) Switch off power and electrical appliances. (v) Arrangements should be made to divert the flow of water. (vi) Keep the first-aid kit ready, especially for diarrhoea and snake bites.

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