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Shaping the Future of Production in South Africa

Preliminary Country Readiness Results

Contents

• Shaping the Future of Production System Initiative Overview

• Country Readiness for the Future of Production

• Country Readiness Assessment – Preliminary Global Results and Insights

• Future of Production in South Africa – A Closer Look

• Appendix

2

3

Shaping the Future of Production The Context

How can the transformation of production

systems, from R&D to the consumer, drive

innovation, sustainability and employment?

We are at the threshold of a new industrial revolution, characterized by

a confluence of emerging technology breakthroughs from mobile

connectivity, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, next-

generation robotics, 3D printing, wearables and genetic

engineering to nanotechnology, advanced materials,

biotechnology and others.

These technologies, combined and connected, will transform

manufacturing and production systems with unprecedented speed and

scope, impacting business models, economic growth, employment and

sustainability. Businesses in manufacturing and distribution sectors and

policy-makers need new approaches and capabilities. They must work

together to build truly innovative and sustainable production systems

that benefit all people.

Global Future Council

and other experts

Civil society experts

and organizations

Partner companies

(chief executives and

deputies)

Senior ministers,

international

organization heads and

deputies

Core Community

4

Country Readiness for the Future of Production

Employment and Skills for the Future of Production

Technology and Innovation

for the Future of Production

Accelerating Sustainable

Production Issue

Implementation

approach

Stakeholder

type

Multinational corporations SMEs Government

Shaping the Future of Production Structure

Stewardship Board

1 2 3

4

1

The Future of Production in ASEAN

South Asia Countries of interest

5

Focus of today’s workshop

5

Assess country

readiness

Use a data-driven approach to help leaders assess

country readiness for the future of production and learn

from peer countries

Accelerate

engagement

Identify policy and action levers to help government

leaders, industry, academia, and civil society define and

implement joint actions to prepare and transition effectively

to future realities

Establish

common

framework

Establish common framework with consistent, objective

criteria to enable global leaders to speak a common

language for an increasingly complex topic

Policy and

action levers

Accelerate engagement by facilitating multiple stakeholder

dialogue, monitoring, and agenda setting and build an

enduring community

The Country Readiness project seeks to assess national readiness for the Future of

Production and identify and catalyze joint actions to transform production systems

Key Research Questions

What actions should countries prioritize to improve

the conditions necessary to transform production

systems and advance to the next stage of

development?

How well is a country positioned for the future and

what are its relative strengths and areas of

improvement?

What is the best way to catalyze structured dialogue

and joint action between government and business

leaders?

What are the key levers required to effectively

transform production systems in light of rapidly

emerging technologies?

Project Objectives

6

Technology &

Innovation

Human

Capital

Global Trade &

Investment

Institutional

Framework

Sustainable

Resources

Structure of Production Drivers of Production

Demand

Environment

Future of Production Capabilities Scorecard Future of Production Capabilities

Country preparedness to capitalize

on emerging technologies to

transform their production systems

Current baseline of production

Technological

advancement and

the ability to

generate

innovations

Capacity,

education, and

agility of the labor

force

Ability to

participate in

international

trade and attract

foreign

investment

Access to

resources and

sustainable use of

resources

Access to

demand and

structure of

consumption

The diversity and

sophistication of

production as well

as the

manufacturing

share in the

economy

Effectiveness of

institutions, rules,

regulations, in

shepherding

technological

development and

novel businesses

Capability to effectively incorporate emerging

technologies into production processes and value chains

Complexity and

Scale

The diagnostic model framework uses two main dimensions to assess country

readiness and identify strengths and improvement opportunities by area

7

Technology &

Innovation

Human

Capital

Global Trade

& Investment

Institutional

Framework

Sustainable

Resources

Structure of Production Drivers of Production

Demand

Environment

Technology

Platform

Ability to

Innovate

Labor Force

Future Skills

Trade

Investment

Government

Innovation &

Quality Protection

Resources

Sustainable

Practices

Domestic

Demand

Market

Acceptance

Complexity

Scale

• Availability & use of

ICT

• Digital Security &

Data Privacy

• Industry Activity

• Research Intensity

• Available Financing

• Labor Force Skills

• Inclusivity

• Migration

• Education

Outcomes

• Agility &

Adaptability

• Trade Linkages

• Trade Performance

• Trade

Infrastructure

• Barriers to Trade

• Investment, FDI

and Capital Flows

• Quality

• Consistency

• Tax Rates

• IP Protection

• Certifications &

Accreditation

• Energy & Input

Costs

• General

• Air & Climate

• Water

• Market Size

• Structure of

Consumption

Future of Production Capabilities Scorecard

• Economic

Complexity

• Manufacturing

Value Added

The country readiness assessment is conducted using a data-driven

approach with 86 metrics distributed across the drivers, categories, and sub-

categories

8

Rather than receiving a ranking, countries are assigned to one of the four

country archetypes, which reflect relative positioning for the future

9

8.5 7.5 6.0 8.0 7.0 6.5 4.5

1.5

7.0

4.0

9.0

7.5

6.5

5.0

4.5

8.0

2.5 4.0

3.5

3.0

6.0

5.5

2.5

2.0

5.5 3.5 2.0 5.0 1.5 3.0

India

Germany

United States

Slovenia Indonesia

South Africa

Vietnam Mexico

Structure of Production

Drivers of Production

Japan

Australia

Korea, Rep.

Switzerland

Russian Federation

Philippines

Singapore

Thailand

United Arab Emirates

High Potential

Followers Legacy Champions

Global Leaders

Europe

Latin America and the Caribbean

English Speaking North America-High income South Asia

East Asia and the Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa

Middle East and North Africa

Eurasia

The country archetype framework has been applied to conduct analysis1 of

the 100 countries included in the beta model

DRAFT RESULTS FOR DISCUSSION

Source: A.T. Kearney Analysis; America Makes

1. Axes are on a 10 point scale but have been zoomed to show variances between countries; country archetype lines drawn on average drive and structure scores for Top 80 countries

https://www.americamakes.us/

Countries can learn from their archetype group as they develop their own unique

strategies and target sectors and value chain segments for growth

10

PRELIMINARY – FOR DISCUSSION

High Potential Followers Legacy Champions Global Leaders

Sectors

Where to target

growth?

Value Chain

Which segments to

focus on?

Inclusive

Growth

How to support

SMEs and leverage

MNCs?

Focus on a few growth poles to capitalize on

competitive advantages

Full-spectrum of value

chain; emphasize

highest value segments

Pursue leapfrogging2 opportunities in emerging sectors leveraging tech convergence

Move to higher value

segments in existing

sectors

Expand into adjacent

sectors, leveraging

value chain strengths

Co-invest with MNCs in

moonshots and

international expansion

Build bottom-up capabilities and seek to strengthen

areas of strength

Co-invest with MNCs to

expand SME networks


build SME networks


anchor new clusters

Consolidate lead across

sectors, edge out to

unique products1

Enable SME-led growth Increase SME productivity Formalize SME base

Transformation Journey

1. Hidalgo and Hausmann propose the concept of economic complexity – a measurement of knowledge in a society that gets translated into the products it makes (diversity, ubiquity)

2. Latecomers absorb what the technological leaders have to offer and leap to a new stage of development. See next page for more detail.

11

Technology &

Innovation Human Capital

Global Trade &

Investment

Institutional

Framework

Sustainable

Resources


Demand

Environment

The transformation framework gives guidance on where different country archetypes

should invest first across the drivers to advance to the next stage of development

• Establish minimum

technological

platform

– Cell networks

– Broadband speed

and internet use

– Digital security

• Co-invest with

MNCs to establish

new clusters and

facilitate technology

transfer

• Pilot near-term

innovative technical

training programs

with industry

– Classroom theory

– On-the-job training

• Develop long-term

strategy to improve

educational

outcomes and

address skills gaps

– Primary

– Secondary

– Technical

• Invest in trade

infrastructure

– Infrastructure

quality

– Logistics

performance

• Attract sticky FDI in

sectors and

segments of focus

through smart

incentives

• Strengthen national

security and mitigate

political risks

• Improve quality and

consistency of

governance:

– Rule of law

– Regulatory

efficiency

– Policy stability

• Direct government

funding to most

successful programs

• Protect IP and

facilitate

investments

leveraging it

• Seek opportunities

to reduce energy &

input costs

• Seek opportunities

to improve

profitability with

sustainable

practices using 4IR

technology

• Increase capture of

local demand

• Increase capture of

regional demand

Transformation Framework:

Follower Focus Areas

PRELIMINARY – FOR DISCUSSION

Highest priority drivers

#1 #1

Contents

• Shaping the Future of Production System Initiative Overview

• Country Readiness for the Future of Production

• Country Readiness Assessment – Preliminary Global Results and Insights

• Future of Production in South Africa – A Closer Look

• Appendix

12

Tertiary

sector

Secondary sector Primary sector

South Africa’s primary and secondary sectors are experiencing slower growth

rates than the tertiary sector

13

Mining and quarrying

8%

Total

2%

Agriculture, forestry and

fishing

100%

Electricity, gas and water

4%

69%

4%

Construction Other Manufacturing

13%

1.6% -0.3% 1.0% 1.9% -0.8% 2.1%

X GDP CAGR since 2010 (at 2010 constant prices)

0.1%

Contribution to GDP per sector (2016)

Source: StatsSA, A.T. Kearney

South Africa’s manufacturing sector has experienced a net reduction in

employment since 2010

14

2016

105

115

2011

95

125

2014 2013 2015

130

100

110

120

140

0

135

2010 2012

Electricity, gas and water supply

Construction

Manufacturing

Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing

Mining and quarrying

Other

Employment by sector (Base 2010 = 100)


South Africa’s production and utilization of metals, textiles and furniture have

declined in recent years

15

3.0

1.0

0.0

2

2.0

0 -5 -3

-0.5

-8 -1 5 1 7

3.5

4.0

4 8 3

0.5

1.5

2.5

6 -2 -6 -9

-1.0

-7 -10 -4

-1.5

Change in volume of production (CAGR, %)

Glass and non-metallic mineral products

Radio, television and professional equipment

Motor vehicles and parts

Change in production utilization (%)

Petroleum, chemical products, rubber and plastic products

Food and beverages

Electrical machinery

Basic iron and steel and metal products and machinery

Textiles, clothing, leather and footwear

Furniture and other manufacturing including tobacco

Wood and wood products, paper;

Changes in production and utilization (2010 to 2016)


South Africa is one of the best positioned followers in the country readiness

assessment and has clear potential to advance through investment in key drivers

16

3.5

5.5

5.0

2.0

1.0

4.0

4.5

1.0 5.0

3.0

6.0

1.5

2.5

3.0 4.0 3.5 2.5 2.0 4.5 1.5

Oman

Zambia

Tunisia Ukraine


Uruguay


Albania

Tanzania

Ethiopia

Algeria

Senegal

Dom. Rep.

Sri Lanka

Mauritius

Cambodia

Ghana Kenya

Cameroon

Lebanon Morocco

Croatia

Nigeria

Egypt

S. Africa Colombia

Bangladesh

Greece

Chile

Turkey

Indonesia

Vietnam

Peru

Pakistan

1. Axes are on a 10 point scale but have been zoomed to show variances between countries

Europe

Sub-Saharan Africa Eurasia

Middle East and North Africa

Latin America and the Caribbean

South Asia

East Asia and the Pacific

Followers

Best-fit line

South Africa has a unique set of challenging opportunities to capture as it

navigates its transformation journey in this era of unprecedented change

17

WEAKNESSES

• Rising costs of production • Relatively low productivity levels in comparison to

other BRICS nations • Lack of highly skilled labour • Uncertainty of government policy

STRENGTHS

• Established and diversified manufacturing base • Well developed and efficient supporting

infrastructure (e.g. logistics infrastructure) • Presence of a large number of multinational

companies in South Africa • Proximity to growing African markets

OPPORTUNITIES

• Improved competitiveness due by harnessing of automation, optimisation and digitisation (incl. re-skilling of employees)

• Increased exports to fast growing African markets and recovery in commodity prices

• Increased exports of high margin and high growth technology products

THREATS

• Competition from low-wage high-productivity nations like China, India and Brazil

• Slowed domestic demand in South Africa’s local and key export markets

• Labour unrest characterized by frequent labour strikes

• Political and currency volatility

Appendix

18

19

Understanding the Country Readiness for Future of Production

Matrix

s

Top 80

Structure of

Production

Countries

Avg

Best-fit line

Country Archetype 1 Country Archetype 2

Country

Explanatory Notes 10

0 10 0

2

3

4

5

Country Archetype 4 Country Archetype 3

6

7

1

3

4

2

5

6

Axes: Drivers score (weighted average of six

drivers) on y-axis; Structure score (weighted

average of two metrics) on x-axis

Scale: 0 – 10 scale, with 10 being the best

Zoom: Graphs shown on smaller scale to show

variances between countries

Top 80 Structure of Production Countries

Avg: Dotted lines representing the average driver

score and average structure score for the top 80

countries in structure of production score,

included in the model divide the 2X2 matrix into

four country archetypes

Country Archetypes: Four country archetypes

provide different perspectives on a country’s

readiness for the future of production

Country Plotting: Every country plotted based

on its weighted driver and structure scores and

assigned to an archetype

Best-fit line: country position and distance from

the line illustrate actual level of investment for the

future compared to expected level of investment

Dri

ve

rs o

f P

rod

ucti

on


1

7

Countries above the line:

higher than expected level of

investment for the future

Countries below the line:

lower than expected level of

investment for the future

Data Collection by Country for Sub-Saharan Africa

Rank Country Metric

1 Bosnia & Herz. 100%

2 Brazil 100%

3 Colombia 100%

4 Estonia 100%

5 Georgia 100%

6 Greece 100%

7 Hungary 100%

8 Indonesia 100%

9 Italy 100%

10 Kazakhstan 100%

11 Malaysia 100%

12 Mexico 100%

13 Philippines 100%

14 Poland 100%

15 Portugal 100%

16 Moldova 100%

17 Romania 100%

18 Russia 100%

19 Singapore 100%

20 Slovenia 100%

21 South Africa 100%

22 Spain 100%

23 Sri Lanka 100%

24 Thailand 100%

25 Turkey 100%

26 Ukraine 100%

27 Albania 99%

28 Australia 99%

29 Austria 99%

30 Bulgaria 99%

31 Chile 99%

32 Costa Rica 99%

33 Croatia 99%

34 Cyprus 99%

Rank Country Metric

35 Czech Republic 99%

36 Denmark 99%

37 Ecuador 99%

38 Finland 99%

39 France 99%

40 Germany 99%

41 Japan 99%

42 Latvia 99%

43 Lithuania 99%

44 Netherlands 99%

45 New Zealand 99%

46 Norway 99%

47 Pakistan 99%

48 Korea, Rep. 99%

49 Sweden 99%

50 Tunisia 99%

51 United Kingdom 99%

52 Uruguay 99%

53 Algeria 98%

54 Argentina 98%

55 Armenia 98%

56 Belgium 98%

57 Canada 98%

58 China 98%

59 Guatemala 98%

60 Ireland 98%

61 Jordan 98%

62 Malta 98%

63 Mongolia 98%

64 Morocco 98%

65 Panama 98%

66 Peru 98%

67 Qatar 98%

68 Slovak Republic 98%

Rank Country Metric

69 Switzerland 98%

70 United States 98%

71 Azerbaijan 97%

72 Bangladesh 97%

73 Egypt 97%

74 El Salvador 97%

75 Ghana 97%

76 Iceland 97%

77 India 97%

78 Israel 97%

79 Kenya 97%

80 Lebanon 97%

81 Luxembourg 97%

82 Mauritius 97%

83 Saudi Arabia 97%

84 Senegal 97%

85 Serbia 97%

86 Vietnam 97%

87 Zambia 97%

88 Cambodia 95%

89 Dominican Rep. 95%

90 Ethiopia 95%

91 Kuwait 95%

92 Kyrgyz Republic 95%

93 Paraguay 95%

94 Tanzania 95%

95 Venezuela 95%

96 Botswana 94%

97 Cameroon 94%

98 Honduras 94%

99 Iran, Islamic Rep. 94%

100 Namibia 94%

101 Nepal 94%

102 Jamaica 93%

Rank Country Metric

103 Montenegro 93%

104 Mozambique 93%

105 Nigeria 93%

106 Uganda 93%

107 Madagascar 92%

108 Malawi 92%

109 Nicaragua 92%

110 Oman 92%

111 Macedonia, FYR 92%

112 UAE 91%

113 Zimbabwe 91%

114 Benin 90%

115 Bolivia 90%

116 Trinidad & Tob. 90%

117 Yemen 90%

118 Bahrain 88%

119 Mali 88%

120 Tajikistan 88%

121 Hong Kong SAR 88%

122 Bhutan 87%

123 Congo, DR 87%

124 Guinea 86%

125 Rwanda 86%

126 Brunei Dar. 85%

127 Burundi 85%

128 Lesotho 85%

129 Sierra Leone 84%

130 Côte d'Ivoire 83%

131 Haiti 83%

132 Burkina Faso 81%

133 Gambia, The 81%

134 Lao PDR 81%

135 Liberia 80%

136 Mauritania 80%

Rank Country Metric

137 Chad 79%

138 Seychelles 79%

139 Gabon 78%

140 Cape Verde 77%

141 Swaziland 77%

142 Barbados 74%

143 Libya 73%

144 Suriname 73%

145 Guyana 72%

146 Angola 71%

147 Belize 71%

148 Myanmar 71%

149 Puerto Rico 71%

150 Syria 69%

151 Timor-Leste 67%

152 Taiwan, China 66%

153 Belarus 60%

154 Togo 56%

155 Uzbekistan 52%

156 Niger 51%

157 Sudan 49%

158 Congo 48%

159 Iraq 48%

160 Afghanistan 45%

161 Maldives 45%

162 Turkmenistan 45%

163 Bahamas 44%

164 Cuba 44%

165 Cent. Afr. Rep. 42%

166 Comoros 42%

167 Eritrea 42%

168 Fiji 42%

169 Guinea-Bissau 42%

170 Papua N. Guinea 41%

Rank Country Metric

171 Solomon Islands 41%

172 Dominica 40%

173 Saint Lucia 40%

174 Samoa 40%

175 Djibouti 38%

176 Equatorial

Guinea 38%

177 Sao Tome and

Principe 38%

178 Antigua and

Barbuda 36%

179 Grenada 36%

180 Kiribati 36%

181 Saint Vincent and

the Grenadines 36%

182 Tonga 36%

183 Somalia 35%

184 Vanuatu 35%

185 Saint Kitts and

Nevis 31%

186 South Sudan 30%

187 Marshall Islands 26%

188

Micronesia

(Federated

States of)

26%

189 Andorra 24%

190 D.P.R.K 24%

191 Palau 24%

192 Liechtenstein 23%

193 Monaco 21%

194 San Marino 20%

195 Tuvalu 19%

196 Nauru 15%

20

Not included in model Sub-Saharan Africa

Metric

Technolo

gy &

Innovation

Mobile-cellular telephone connections per 100

inhabitants

% of population using internet

Firm-level technology absorption

Fixed (wired)-broadband speed; Mbit/s

Fixed broadband Internet monthly cost (US$)

ICT enabled new business model generation

Secure internet servers per 1,000 internet users

Number of new businesses registered

State of cluster development

Number of university affiliated incubators / accelerators

Extent to which companies embrace disruptive ideas

University-industry collaboration in R&D

High and medium-high tech manufactures

Production process sophistication

Metric

Technolo

gy &

Innovation

Company investment in emerging technologies

Government procurement of advanced technology

products

Capacity for innovation

R&D, % spend of GDP

Number of researchers, FTE per population

Number of scientific and technical journal articles per

GDP PPP

Triadic patents (volume, log base of 10)

Number of PCT patents, applications / population

Three year value of venture capital deals (value, log

base of 10)

Number of venture capital deals per GDP PPP

Number of joint ventures / strategic alliances per GDP

PPP

Availability of risk capital

Total # of Technology & Innovation Metrics in Beta Model = 27

Future of Production Capabilities Scorecard Metrics

Metric

Hum

an C

apital

Pop. with tertiary degree, % of pop. age 25+

Pop. with secondary education, % of pop. age 25+

Manufacturing employment, % of total pop. age 15+

Availability of engineers and scientists

Knowledge-intensive employment, % of total employed

Availability of digital skills

Female labor market participation rate

Unemployment rate, 10 year average

Tertiary inbound mobility ratio, % of tertiary enrollment

Migration, net (inflows and outflows)

Number of universities in QS World University rankings

Quality of math and science education

Quality of primary education

Adult literacy rates, % of pop. age 15+

On-the job training

Hiring and firing practices

Support for reskilling

Metric

Glo

bal T

rade &

Investm

ent

Net trade of intermediate goods

Value chain connectivity

Trade, % of GDP

Goods exports, % of GDP

Infrastructure quality

Logistics performance

AON terrorism and political risk

Burden of customs procedures

Applied tariff rate

Non-tariff barriers

Greenfield investments (value, log base of 10)

FDI stocks and flows, % GDP 10 year average (value, log

base of 10)

FDI Inflows, % GDP 10 year average (value, log base of 10)

Total # of Human Capital Metrics in Beta Model = 17 Total # of Global Trade & Invest. Metrics in Beta Model = 13


Metric

Institu

tional F

ram

ew

ork

Efficiency of government spending

Regulatory efficiency

Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes

Corruption Perceptions Index

Legal system adaptability

Rule of Law Index

Government ensuring policy stability

Total tax rate, % of profits

IP protection regulation

Software piracy rate, % of software installed

Number of ISO 9000 certified sites per GDP PPP

Number of ISO certificates in industrial sectors (number, log

base of 10)

Metric

Susta

inable

Resourc

es

Energy intensity- level of primary energy, % GDP PPP

Energy imports, % of energy use

Alternative and nuclear energy, % of total energy use

Environmental risk exposure

ISO 14000 applicants per GDP PPP

Trend in carbon intensity per kWh

Fine particulate matter exceedance

Average exposure to fine particulate matter

Baseline water stress

Wastewater treatment

Total # of Institutional Framework Metrics in Beta Model = 12 Total # of Sustainable Resources Metrics in Beta Model = 10


Metric

Dem

and E

nvironm

ent

Domestic market size index

Foreign market size index

Exposure to new ideas from the outside

Intensity of local competition

Metric

Str

uctu

re o

f P

roduction

Economic complexity

Manufacturing value add as % of GDP

Manufacturing value add (value, log base of 10)

Total # of Demand Environment Metrics in Beta Model = 4 Total # of Structure of Production Metrics in Beta Model = 3


Drivers of Production1 – Sub-Saharan Africa


1

3

4

2

0

Cam

ero

on

Tan

zan

ia

Nig

eri

a

Gh

an

a

Sen

eg

al

Reg

ion

Avg

.

Ken

ya

Mau

ritiu

s

So

uth

Afr

ica

Glo

bal A

vg

.

Zam

bia

Eth

iop

ia

Technology & Innovation

0

4

2

1

3

5

Nig

eri

a

Eth

iop

ia

Cam

ero

on

Zam

bia

Reg

ion

Avg

.

Sen

eg

al

Ken

ya

Gh

an

a

So

uth

Afr

ica

Glo

bal A

vg

.

Tan

zan

ia

Mau

ritiu

s

Human Capital

25 1. Axes are on a 10 point scale but have been zoomed to show variances between countries



4

2

0

1

3

5

Cam

ero

on

Eth

iop

ia

Sen

eg

al

Tan

zan

ia

Nig

eri

a

Ken

ya

Reg

ion

Avg

.

Zam

bia

Gh

an

a

Mau

ritiu

s

So

uth

Afr

ica

Glo

bal A

vg

.

Global Trade & Investment

0

2

4

6

1

3

5

Reg

ion

Avg

.

Zam

bia

Tan

zan

ia

Ken

ya

Gh

an

a

Sen

eg

al

Glo

bal A

vg

.

Eth

iop

ia

So

uth

Afr

ica

Mau

ritiu

s

Cam

ero

on

Nig

eri

a

Institutional Framework




6

4

2

0

Mau

ritiu

s

Sen

eg

al

Ken

ya

Reg

ion

Avg

.

Nig

eri

a

So

uth

Afr

ica

Zam

bia

Cam

ero

on

Tan

zan

ia

Gh

an

a

Glo

bal A

vg

.

Eth

iop

ia

Sustainable Resources

6

4

2

0

3

1

5

Cam

ero

on

Zam

bia

Sen

eg

al

Mau

ritiu

s

Reg

ion

Avg

.

Gh

an

a

Glo

bal A

vg

.

Ken

ya

Nig

eri

a

So

uth

Afr

ica

Tan

zan

ia

Eth

iop

ia

Demand Environment


Structure of Production1 – Sub-Saharan Africa


6

4

2

0

1

3

5

Nig

eri

a

Gh

an

a

Eth

iop

ia

Tan

zan

ia

Cam

ero

on

Ken

ya

Glo

bal A

vg

.

So

uth

Afr

ica

Reg

ion

Avg

.

Sen

eg

al

Zam

bia

Mau

ritiu

s

Complexity

5

4

3

2

1

0

Tan

zan

ia

Zam

bia

Reg

ion

Avg

.

Sen

eg

al

Mau

ritiu

s

Ken

ya

Cam

ero

on

Nig

eri

a

Glo

bal A

vg

.

So

uth

Afr

ica

Gh

an

a

Eth

iop

ia

Scale


Drivers of Production1 – G20


8

6

4

2

0

Tu

rkey

Ind

on

esia

Mexic

o

Bra

zil

Ru

ssia

Ind

ia

Sau

di A

rab

ia

Italy

So

uth

Afr

ica

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Scale


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