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The primary function of shampoo is to clean hair and scalp.

THE TERM:The word comes from the Hindi “to press”.

Originally used in English for “massaging” It still describes part of process of a Turkish bath. 

The first shampoos contained soaps (Sodium, potassium and ammonium salts of oleic and coconut fatty acids), but these days they are based on non-soap detergent (synthetic detergents have replaced soaps as the primary surfactant in shampoos because of their superior performance in hard water).

 

The first large-scale development of non-soap detergent took place in Germany during the

First World War (because fats were in short supply)

 

The technology of complex shampoo emulsion has also become more important as a result of the development of effective two in one shampoo, which clean and condition hair at

the same time.

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1. Should easily spread over the hair.2. Produce a rich, creamy lather and stable

foam which easily rinsed out with water.3. After drying, the hair should be left in

lustrous condition and easily manageable.4. Surfactant level must be relatively high 10-

20%.5. Viscosity at least 2000 cps6. Must exhibit low skin and eye irritation.

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1. If they used with hard water or low pH, they leave the hair with dull, tacky coating.

2. Soap solutions are alkaline, causing roughening of scales of the cuticle, giving rise to dullness and fly effect.

(Amine soap gives neutral solutions). Nowadays, most shampoos are based on ٭

synthetic detergent.  

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The alkyl and alkyl ether sulfate represent two most widely used classes of surfactant for the formulation of shampoos.

1. Alkyl sulphates C12H25O.SO3 Na+ → SLS C12H25O.SO3HN(CH2CH2OH)3 → TLS  They are usually mixture,C12 lauryl, C14 myristyl, C16 cetyl, C18 stearyl.

Coconut oil contains 50% each of C12 and C14.Lauryl produces the most lather and myristyl the richest lather.

alkyl sulphate clean the hair well, and leave it shiny, but they٭

tend to strip the hair, leaving it unmanageable.

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2. Ether sulphates C12H25 (OCH2CH2)n O.SO3Na +

Foaming potential decreases with the increase of the number of (OCH2CH2) group, while mildness

and solubility increases. The optimum is 2-3.They are generally more soluble than alkyl

sulphates.

3. Miscellaneous anionic surfactantThey are not widely used but incorporated

with primary ones as secondary surfactants, or used in specialty product.

E.g. sulfosuccinates , linear alkylbenzene sulfonate .

 

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Cationic surfactant in shampoo formulations is more limited than that of surfactant classes.They are not as effective detergents due to their ability to strongly bind to hair’s negatively charge surface, and not efficiently removed during rinsing. Cetrimide is an example

CH3

| C16H33 ― N+ ― CH3 Br– | CH3

 

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Shampoos containing only one of the previous types of detergents tends to be harsh, and

it’s therefore necessary to add an auxiliary detergent, usually weak detergents which:

1. Increase the viscosity of the shampoo.2. Stabilize the foam.3. Have conditioning effect on the hair.4. Increase the solubility of the primary

detergent.

For example, polyoxyehtylene lauryl ether C12H25 (OCH2CH2)23

 THE MAIN THREE TYPES OF NON-IONIC

DETERGENTS: 

1. Fatty alkanolamaides ( The ethanol amides) They work as foam and viscosity enhancers. The main component is the uncharged nonionic amide.

The major concern in formulating with alkanolamides is the potential for free amine, particularly diethanolamine (DEA),

to form carcinogenic n-nitrosamines.

E.g. lauric diethanolamide O ║ CH2CH2OH C11H23C-N CH2CH2OH  

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2. Amine oxide

Are prepared by the oxidation of tertiary amines with hydrogen peroxide. They are best known for their

ability to enhance foam characteristic, and provide thick, creamy, more stable lather at moderately acidic pH. 

CH3

| CH3 (CH2)11 ― N → O

| CH3

e.g. Lauryldimethylamine oxide

Nonionic surfactant are generally not used as primary surfactants in shampoos due to inferior foaming characteristics, which result from their large surface area per molecule and the lack of charge on the surface films in nonionic foams. The advantage of the use of nonionic is their ability to reduce eye irritation and sting.

 

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Ampholytes (Amphotrics) - They have very low irritation potential and are almost completely non-

stinging to the eyes.

- Can be formulated in many types of shampoos.- Should avoid low pH when formulating because the amphotric become positively charged since this can result in increased irritation.   CH3 | _ C12H25 ― N + ― CH 2COO N- lauryl betaine | CH3

Many additives associated with shampoos are added to provide various additional benefits to the product; some are critical and others are optional.

1. Viscosity modifiers

- Auxiliary detergents and conditioning polymers can provide a thickening effect to a shampoo.

- Salts increase viscosity of detergent solutions, NaCl 1-2%, Ammonium chloride at pH well below 7 to avoid liberation of ammonia, salting out mechanism (bell-shaped curve).

- Cellulose derivatives (0.5-1.5%) 2. Weak organic acids A shampoo having the same pH as hair would do the least damage.

Hair pH = 5-6 , S. Detergent pH = 6-8 ٭An addition of citric acid will decrease pH to optimum pH 5.5

  

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3. Opacifiers The opacifying agent are usually stearates (stearic acid, magnesium stearate, ethylene glycol monostearate), are used in less than 1% concentration to give creamy appearance.

 

4. Antioxidants/ Sequestrants / UV Absorber Antioxidants are included in shampoo formulation to avoid

oxidation of unsaturated components, such as vegetable oil. Sequestering agent is included in shampoo to prevent

discoloration and to improve the performance of the anti microbial agents by forming soluble complex with metal ions.

Shampoo in clear packaging should contain a UV absorber, e.g. benzophenone-4, to protect against color fading and other reasons upon prolonged exposure to light.

5. PreservativesAre essential component of a shampoo formulation to protect against microbial growth.

E.g. parabens.16

Shampoos are also involved in damage of hair, either directly; through removal of structural components of the hair fibers, of indirectly; through removal of protective deposits on the hair.

 

1. Direct damage:Studies indicated that the nonkeratinious regions of the hair, which include the endocuticle, or inner portion of the cuticle, and the cell membrane complex are susceptible to damage by surfactant molecules.Exposure to shampoos can have deleterious effect on hair structure over time.

 

2. Indirect damage:It is a result of fiber abrasion occurring when hairs are rubbed against each other during cleaning. More important is the removal of sebum from the fiber surface during shampooing (sebum act as natural lubricant for hair).

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Shampoo formulations are classified into four basic functions:Cleaning, mild (or baby), conditioning, and antidandruff.

 ٭ Mild or baby shampoos is required to allow

only minimal eye, scalp, and skin irritant.They often contain mild surfactant systems, such as nonionics and amphotrics.

  

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Cleansing shampoo 

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Ingredient %Ammonium lauryl sulfate 15

Cocamide DEA 2

Cocamidopropyl betain 2

Fragrance 0.7

Preservative 0.5

Citric acid 0.3

Ammonium chloride 0.2

Color 0.001

Water q.s

Baby shampoo

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Ingredient %PEG-80 sorbitan

laurate12

Sodium trideceth sulfate

5

Sodium lauroamphoacetate

5

PEG-120 methyl glucose dioleate

2

Cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine

1

Fragrance 0.7

Preservative 0.5

Color 0.01

Water q.s

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Does hair need conditioner?Conditioners are formulated to impart conditioning to hair, for example; improve combing, softness, and manageability, in addition to the usual cleaning benefits.

 Physical damaging effect:♦ Wind, weather, ultraviolet radiation, brushing and

combing. Chemical damaging effects:1.Shampoos which remove natural lipids2.Dyeing require preliminary bleaching3.Bleaching with alkaline hydrogen peroxide

Drastic treatment which cause severe weakening of the hair fibers and loss of elasticity

4. Permanent waving Where peroxide and thioglycollate attack the disulphide and peptide bonds of keratin.

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Conditioning term is difficult to define

The process of conditioning involves at least four functions:

1. Rendering the hair manageable, easy to comb and set.

2. Preserve its natural appearance and luster.3. Exerting a softening effect.4. Giving “BODY” to the hair.

  

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Oil adheres to hair fibers → body + luster + lubrication Excessive greasiness can be overcome by applying the lipid in the form of diluted O/W emulsion and by using high melting point lipids, such as cetostearyl alcohol.

 Vegetable oil, lanolin and its soluble derivatives

(POE or quaternaries), synthetic esters, sebum substitutes, Octyl stearates and Squalene

 Silicones have high refractive indices, and are

therefore good luster producing compounds.  

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Keratin contains more acid groups than basic groups, and therefore tend to attract positively charged molecules and ions.

1.Cationic compounds (quaternary ammonium

compounds), a typical example → cetrimide2.Amidoamides (tertiary amines).a typical example →

stearamidopropyl dimethylamine lactate3.Alkanolamide, example → Coconut diethanolamides4.Ampholytes, example → N- alkylbetaines as anti

irritant.5.Polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP). 

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The conditioning effects of weak acids have been known since ancient times (lemon juice, vinegar)

1.They dissolve calcium and magnesium deposits.2.Neutralize excess alkali after bleaching or

permanent waving.3.Precipitate the soluble keratin products resulted

from the rupture of peptide bonds by the action of peroxide or thiglycollate.

A suitable lipid mixture is emulsified with cationic surfactant → O/W and a small quantity of weak organic acid and protein can be added.

   

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Proteins are actually mixture of:

1.Proteins2.polypeptides3.peptide4.amino acids

We can prepare them by hydrolyzing protein usually with enzyme → Collagen, Milk, Oats, Wheat, Soya.

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Its recommended that protein hydrolsates are used before, with or after the chemical process.

  

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Cosmetic process without protein with protein

Bleaching Cuticle removed Cuticle intact

Waving Extensive damage Swelling, but no damage

Absorption of protein fragments has been demonstrated in several ways:

1.Treatment with – methionine was found

to retain radioactivity after rinsing.2.Stronger color and ninhydrin, transverse

section stained more deeply3.Hydroxyprolin of collagen ( analysis)

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Undamaged Absorbed

Moderatelybleached

Bleachedwater

0.08% 0.2% 3.0%

 

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Ingredient concentration %

Primary surfactant 12-20

Dehydrogenated tallow Phthalic acid amide

4-7

Dimethicone 0.5-3

Cocamide DEA 1-5

Miscellaneous q.s

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